51
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Lynn NA, Martinez E, Nguyen H, Torres JZ. The Mammalian Family of Katanin Microtubule-Severing Enzymes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:692040. [PMID: 34414183 PMCID: PMC8369831 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.692040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The katanin family of microtubule-severing enzymes is critical for cytoskeletal rearrangements that affect key cellular processes like division, migration, signaling, and homeostasis. In humans, aberrant expression, or dysfunction of the katanins, is linked to developmental, proliferative, and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we review current knowledge on the mammalian family of katanins, including an overview of evolutionary conservation, functional domain organization, and the mechanisms that regulate katanin activity. We assess the function of katanins in dividing and non-dividing cells and how their dysregulation promotes impaired ciliary signaling and defects in developmental programs (corticogenesis, gametogenesis, and neurodevelopment) and contributes to neurodegeneration and cancer. We conclude with perspectives on future katanin research that will advance our understanding of this exciting and dynamic class of disease-associated enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Lynn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Emily Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hieu Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jorge Z. Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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52
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Buijs RR, Hummel JJA, Burute M, Pan X, Cao Y, Stucchi R, Altelaar M, Akhmanova A, Kapitein LC, Hoogenraad CC. WDR47 protects neuronal microtubule minus ends from katanin-mediated severing. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109371. [PMID: 34260930 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Axons and dendrites are long extensions of neurons that contain arrays of noncentrosomal microtubules. Calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated proteins (CAMSAPs) bind to and stabilize free microtubule minus ends and are critical for proper neuronal development and function. Previous studies have shown that the microtubule-severing ATPase katanin interacts with CAMSAPs and limits the length of CAMSAP-decorated microtubule stretches. However, how CAMSAP and microtubule minus end dynamics are regulated in neurons is poorly understood. Here, we show that the neuron-enriched protein WDR47 interacts with CAMSAPs and is critical for axon and dendrite development. We find that WDR47 accumulates at CAMSAP2-decorated microtubules, is essential for maintaining CAMSAP2 stretches, and protects minus ends from katanin-mediated severing. We propose a model where WDR47 protects CAMSAP2 at microtubule minus ends from katanin activity to ensure proper stabilization of the neuronal microtubule network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin R Buijs
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jessica J A Hummel
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mithila Burute
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Xingxiu Pan
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yujie Cao
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Stucchi
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands; Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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53
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Huang J, Liang Z, Guan C, Hua S, Jiang K. WDR62 regulates spindle dynamics as an adaptor protein between TPX2/Aurora A and katanin. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212395. [PMID: 34137789 PMCID: PMC8240853 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
WDR62 is a microcephaly-related, microtubule (MT)-associated protein (MAP) that localizes to the spindle pole and regulates spindle organization, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we show that WDR62 regulates spindle dynamics by recruiting katanin to the spindle pole and further reveal a TPX2–Aurora A–WDR62–katanin axis in cells. By combining cellular and in vitro experiments, we demonstrate that WDR62 shows preference for curved segments of dynamic GDP-MTs, as well as GMPCPP- and paclitaxel-stabilized MTs, suggesting that it recognizes extended MT lattice. Consistent with this property, WDR62 alone is inefficient in recruiting katanin to GDP-MTs, while WDR62 complexed with TPX2/Aurora A can potently promote katanin-mediated severing of GDP-MTs in vitro. In addition, the MT-binding affinity of WDR62 is autoinhibited through JNK phosphorylation-induced intramolecular interaction. We propose that WDR62 is an atypical MAP and functions as an adaptor protein between its recruiting factor TPX2/Aurora A and the effector katanin to orchestrate the regulation of spindle dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuobi Liang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cuirong Guan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shasha Hua
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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54
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Guerreiro A, De Sousa F, Liaudet N, Ivanova D, Eskat A, Meraldi P. WDR62 localizes katanin at spindle poles to ensure synchronous chromosome segregation. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212394. [PMID: 34137788 PMCID: PMC8240857 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the WDR62 gene cause primary microcephaly, a pathological condition often associated with defective cell division that results in severe brain developmental defects. The precise function and localization of WDR62 within the mitotic spindle is, however, still under debate, as it has been proposed to act either at centrosomes or on the mitotic spindle. Here we explored the cellular functions of WDR62 in human epithelial cell lines using both short-term siRNA protein depletions and long-term CRISPR/Cas9 gene knockouts. We demonstrate that WDR62 localizes at spindle poles, promoting the recruitment of the microtubule-severing enzyme katanin. Depletion or loss of WDR62 stabilizes spindle microtubules due to insufficient microtubule minus-end depolymerization but does not affect plus-end microtubule dynamics. During chromosome segregation, WDR62 and katanin promote efficient poleward microtubule flux and favor the synchronicity of poleward movements in anaphase to prevent lagging chromosomes. We speculate that these lagging chromosomes might be linked to developmental defects in primary microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Guerreiro
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Filipe De Sousa
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Radiation Oncology Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Liaudet
- Bioimaging Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daria Ivanova
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anja Eskat
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Meraldi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Translational Research Centre in Onco-hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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55
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Barisic M, Rajendraprasad G. Mitotic poleward flux: Finding balance between microtubule dynamics and sliding. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100079. [PMID: 34085708 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Continuous poleward motion of microtubules in metazoan mitotic spindles has been fascinating generations of cell biologists over the last several decades. In human cells, this so-called poleward flux was recently shown to be driven by the coordinated action of four mitotic kinesins. The sliding activities of kinesin-5/EG5 and kinesin-12/KIF15 are sequentially supported by kinesin-7/CENP-E at kinetochores and kinesin-4/KIF4A on chromosome arms, with the individual contributions peaking during prometaphase and metaphase, respectively. Although recent data elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying this cellular phenomenon, the functional roles of microtubule poleward flux during cell division remain largely elusive. Here, we discuss potential contribution of microtubule flux engine to various essential processes at different stages of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Barisic
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Girish Rajendraprasad
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Copenhagen, Denmark
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56
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Ho UY, Feng CWA, Yeap YY, Bain AL, Wei Z, Shohayeb B, Reichelt ME, Homer H, Khanna KK, Bowles J, Ng DCH. WDR62 is required for centriole duplication in spermatogenesis and manchette removal in spermiogenesis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:645. [PMID: 34059773 PMCID: PMC8167107 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
WDR62 is a scaffold protein involved in centriole duplication and spindle assembly during mitosis. Mutations in WDR62 can cause primary microcephaly and premature ovarian insufficiency. We have generated a genetrap mouse model deficient in WDR62 and characterised the developmental effects of WDR62 deficiency during meiosis in the testis. We have found that WDR62 deficiency leads to centriole underduplication in the spermatocytes due to reduced or delayed CEP63 accumulation in the pericentriolar matrix. This resulted in prolonged metaphase that led to apoptosis. Round spermatids that inherited a pair of centrioles progressed through spermiogenesis, however, manchette removal was delayed in WDR62 deficient spermatids due to delayed Katanin p80 accumulation in the manchette, thus producing misshapen spermatid heads with elongated manchettes. In mice, WDR62 deficiency resembles oligoasthenoteratospermia, a common form of subfertility in men that is characterised by low sperm counts, poor motility and abnormal morphology. Therefore, proper WDR62 function is necessary for timely spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis during male reproduction. Uda Ho et al find that loss of centriolar scaffold protein WDR62 in mouse testis leads to defects in spermatogenesis. They find that WDR62 deficiency leads to centriole underduplication in spermatocytes and delayed manchette removal in spermatids due to delayed Katanin p80 accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uda Y Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Chun-Wei Allen Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yvonne Y Yeap
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amanda L Bain
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhe Wei
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Belal Shohayeb
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Melissa E Reichelt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hayden Homer
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Josephine Bowles
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dominic C H Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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57
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Barisic M, Rajendraprasad G, Steblyanko Y. The metaphase spindle at steady state - Mechanism and functions of microtubule poleward flux. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:99-117. [PMID: 34053864 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mitotic spindle is a bipolar cellular structure, built from tubulin polymers, called microtubules, and interacting proteins. This macromolecular machine orchestrates chromosome segregation, thereby ensuring accurate distribution of genetic material into the two daughter cells during cell division. Powered by GTP hydrolysis upon tubulin polymerization, the microtubule ends exhibit a metastable behavior known as the dynamic instability, during which they stochastically switch between the growth and shrinkage phases. In the context of the mitotic spindle, dynamic instability is furthermore regulated by microtubule-associated proteins and motor proteins, which enables the spindle to undergo profound changes during mitosis. This highly dynamic behavior is essential for chromosome capture and congression in prometaphase, as well as for chromosome alignment to the spindle equator in metaphase and their segregation in anaphase. In this review we focus on the mechanisms underlying microtubule dynamics and sliding and their importance for the maintenance of shape, structure and dynamics of the metaphase spindle. We discuss how these spindle properties are related to the phenomenon of microtubule poleward flux, highlighting its highly cooperative molecular basis and role in keeping the metaphase spindle at a steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Barisic
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Girish Rajendraprasad
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yulia Steblyanko
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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58
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Xu S, Wu X, Wang P, Cao SL, Peng B, Xu X. ASPM promotes homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair by safeguarding BRCA1 stability. iScience 2021; 24:102534. [PMID: 34142045 PMCID: PMC8184511 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (HR) is essential for ensuring genome stability. Abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated (ASPM) gene encodes a spindle protein that is commonly implicated in primary microcephaly. We found that ASPM is recruited to sites of DNA damage in a PARP2-dependent manner. ASPM interacts with BRCA1 and its E3 ligase HERC2, preventing HERC2 from accessing to BRCA1 and ensuring BRCA1 stability. Inhibition of ASPM expression promotes HERC2-mediated BRCA1 degradation, compromises HR repair efficiency and chromosome stability, and sensitizes cancer cells to ionizing radiation. Moreover, we observed a synergistic effect between ASPM and PARP inhibition in killing cancer cells. This research has uncovered a novel function for ASPM in facilitating HR-mediated repair of DSBs by ensuring BRCA1 stability. ASPM might constitute a promising target for synthetic lethality-based cancer therapy. ASPM is recruited to sites of DNA damage in a PARP2-dependent manner. ASPM promotes DSB-end resection to facilitate HR repair. ASPM prevents HERC2 from accessing to BRCA1 and ensuring BRCA1 stability. Inhibition of ASPM sensitizes cancer cells to ionizing radiation and PARP inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.,Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Xingxuan Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,Shenzhen University-Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena Joint PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Sheng-Li Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,Shenzhen University-Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena Joint PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,Shenzhen University-Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena Joint PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
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59
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Li Y, Deng M, Liu H, Li Y, Chen Y, Jia M, Xue H, Shao J, Zhao J, Qi Y, An L, Yu F, Liu X. ABNORMAL SHOOT 6 interacts with KATANIN 1 and SHADE AVOIDANCE 4 to promote cortical microtubule severing and ordering in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:646-661. [PMID: 32761943 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant interphase cortical microtubules (cMTs) mediate anisotropic cell expansion in response to environmental and developmental cues. In Arabidopsis thaliana, KATANIN 1 (KTN1), the p60 catalytic subunit of the conserved MT-severing enzyme katanin, is essential for cMT ordering and anisotropic cell expansion. However, the regulation of KTN1-mediated cMT severing and ordering remains unclear. In this work, we report that the Arabidopsis IQ67 DOMAIN (IQD) family gene ABNORMAL SHOOT 6 (ABS6) encodes a MT-associated protein. Overexpression of ABS6 leads to elongated cotyledons, directional pavement cell expansion, and highly ordered transverse cMT arrays. Genetic suppressor analysis revealed that ABS6-mediated cMT ordering is dependent on KTN1 and SHADE AVOIDANCE 4 (SAV4). Live imaging of cMT dynamics showed that both ABS6 and SAV4 function as positive regulators of cMT severing. Furthermore, ABS6 directly interacts with KTN1 and SAV4 and promotes their recruitment to the cMTs. Finally, analysis of loss-of-function mutant combinations showed that ABS6, SAV4, and KTN1 work together to ensure the robust ethylene response in the apical hook of dark-grown seedlings. Together, our findings establish ABS6 and SAV4 as positive regulators of cMT severing and ordering, and highlight the role of cMT dynamics in fine-tuning differential growth in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Meng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Haofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Min Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jingxia Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yafei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Lijun An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xiayan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
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60
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Wang J, Liang J, Li H, Han J, Jiang J, Li Y, Feng Z, Zhao R, Tian H. Oncogenic role of abnormal spindle‑like microcephaly‑associated protein in lung adenocarcinoma. Int J Oncol 2021; 58:23. [PMID: 33786609 PMCID: PMC8012022 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a common malignant cancer worldwide. It is urgent to explore its underlying molecular mechanism and identify novel diagnostic biomarkers. Abnormal spindle-like microcephaly (ASPM) has recently received considerable attention due to its function in tumor progression. However, its role in LUAD is unclear. The present study aimed to explore the clinical role of ASPM in LUAD. Seven pairs of LUAD and adjacent normal tissues were collected to identify potential LUAD biomarkers using transcriptome sequencing. The association between ASPM expression and LUAD progression was evaluated using bioinformatics analysis and data obtained from clinical specimens. Using small interfering RNA technology, the function of ASPM was analyzed in the LUAD H1299 and A549 cell lines. Transcriptional profiling of ASPM-deficient H1299 cells was then performed to determine the downstream targets of ASPM. Using databases and clinical specimens, it was revealed that ASPM expression was frequently elevated in LUAD tissues, and this upregulation was highly associated with LUAD progression. ASPM served as an oncogenic regulator of LUAD cell proliferation and metastasis. Mechanistically, ASPM facilitated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and 740 Y-P, an activator of this pathway, restored the migratory ability of ASPM-knockdown LUAD cells. The current study identified ASPM as an independent prognostic biomarker of LUAD that served an important oncogenic role in regulating LUAD cell metastasis by promoting EMT via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Targeting ASPM may therefore be a therapeutic strategy for treating LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261000
| | - Jinghui Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Haixia Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jingyi Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yongmeng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Zitong Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Renchang Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Hui Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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61
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Hao W, Zhao H, Li Z, Li J, Guo J, Chen Q, Gao Y, Ren M, Zhao X, Yue W. Identification of potential markers for differentiating epithelial ovarian cancer from ovarian low malignant potential tumors through integrated bioinformatics analysis. J Ovarian Res 2021; 14:46. [PMID: 33726773 PMCID: PMC7968266 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-021-00794-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), as a lethal malignancy in women, is often diagnosed as advanced stages. In contrast, intermediating between benign and malignant tumors, ovarian low malignant potential (LMP) tumors show a good prognosis. However, the differential diagnosis of the two diseases is not ideal, resulting in delays or unnecessary therapies. Therefore, unveiling the molecular differences between LMP and EOC may contribute to differential diagnosis and novel therapeutic and preventive policies development for EOC. Methods In this study, three microarray data (GSE9899, GSE57477 and GSE27651) were used to explore the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between LMP and EOC samples. Then, 5 genes were screened by protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, receiver operating characteristic (ROC), survival and Pearson correlation analysis. Meanwhile, chemical-core gene network construction was performed to identify the potential drugs or risk factors for EOC based on 5 core genes. Finally, we also identified the potential function of the 5 genes for EOC through pathway analysis. Results Two hundred thirty-four DEGs were successfully screened, including 81 up-regulated genes and 153 down-regulated genes. Then, 5 core genes (CCNB1, KIF20A, ASPM, AURKA, and KIF23) were identified through PPI network analysis, ROC analysis, survival and Pearson correlation analysis, which show better diagnostic efficiency and higher prognostic value for EOC. Furthermore, NetworkAnalyst was used to identify top 15 chemicals that link with the 5 core genes. Among them, 11 chemicals were potential drugs and 4 chemicals were risk factors for EOC. Finally, we found that all 5 core genes mainly regulate EOC development via the cell cycle pathway by the bioinformatic analysis. Conclusion Based on an integrated bioinformatic analysis, we identified potential biomarkers, risk factors and drugs for EOC, which may help to provide new ideas for EOC diagnosis, condition appraisal, prevention and treatment in future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13048-021-00794-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wende Hao
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Zhefeng Li
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Jie Li
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Jiahao Guo
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Meng Ren
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China.
| | - Wentao Yue
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China.
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Safieddine A, Coleno E, Salloum S, Imbert A, Traboulsi AM, Kwon OS, Lionneton F, Georget V, Robert MC, Gostan T, Lecellier CH, Chouaib R, Pichon X, Le Hir H, Zibara K, Mueller F, Walter T, Peter M, Bertrand E. A choreography of centrosomal mRNAs reveals a conserved localization mechanism involving active polysome transport. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1352. [PMID: 33649340 PMCID: PMC7921559 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Local translation allows for a spatial control of gene expression. Here, we use high-throughput smFISH to screen centrosomal protein-coding genes, and we describe 8 human mRNAs accumulating at centrosomes. These mRNAs localize at different stages during cell cycle with a remarkable choreography, indicating a finely regulated translational program at centrosomes. Interestingly, drug treatments and reporter analyses reveal a common translation-dependent localization mechanism requiring the nascent protein. Using ASPM and NUMA1 as models, single mRNA and polysome imaging reveals active movements of endogenous polysomes towards the centrosome at the onset of mitosis, when these mRNAs start localizing. ASPM polysomes associate with microtubules and localize by either motor-driven transport or microtubule pulling. Remarkably, the Drosophila orthologs of the human centrosomal mRNAs also localize to centrosomes and also require translation. These data identify a conserved family of centrosomal mRNAs that localize by active polysome transport mediated by nascent proteins. Centrosomes function as microtubule organizing centers where several mRNAs accumulate. By employing high-throughput single molecule FISH screening, the authors discover that 8 human mRNAs localize to centrosomes with unique cell cycle dependent patterns using an active polysome targeting mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adham Safieddine
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France. .,Equipe Labélisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France. .,ER045, PRASE, and Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Emeline Coleno
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Equipe Labélisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Soha Salloum
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Equipe Labélisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,ER045, PRASE, and Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Arthur Imbert
- MINES ParisTech, PSL-Research University, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, Fontainebleau, France.,Institut Curie, Paris, Cedex, France.,INSERM, U900, Paris, Cedex, France
| | - Abdel-Meneem Traboulsi
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Equipe Labélisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Oh Sung Kwon
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Marie-Cécile Robert
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Equipe Labélisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Gostan
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Charles-Henri Lecellier
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Equipe Labélisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Racha Chouaib
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Equipe Labélisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,ER045, PRASE, and Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Xavier Pichon
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Equipe Labélisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Hervé Le Hir
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Kazem Zibara
- ER045, PRASE, and Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Florian Mueller
- Imaging and Modeling Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3691 CNRS, C3BI USR 3756 IP CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Walter
- MINES ParisTech, PSL-Research University, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, Fontainebleau, France.,Institut Curie, Paris, Cedex, France.,INSERM, U900, Paris, Cedex, France
| | - Marion Peter
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Equipe Labélisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Edouard Bertrand
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France. .,Equipe Labélisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France. .,Institut de Génétique Humaine, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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63
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Habicht J, Mooneyham A, Hoshino A, Shetty M, Zhang X, Emmings E, Yang Q, Coombes C, Gardner MK, Bazzaro M. UNC-45A breaks the microtubule lattice independently of its effects on non-muscle myosin II. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.248815. [PMID: 33262310 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.248815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In invertebrates, UNC-45 regulates myosin stability and functions. Vertebrates have two distinct isoforms of the protein: UNC-45B, expressed in muscle cells only, and UNC-45A, expressed in all cells and implicated in regulating both non-muscle myosin II (NMII)- and microtubule (MT)-associated functions. Here, we show that, in vitro and in human and rat cells, UNC-45A binds to the MT lattice, leading to MT bending, breakage and depolymerization. Furthermore, we show that UNC-45A destabilizes MTs independent of its C-terminal NMII-binding domain and even in the presence of the NMII inhibitor blebbistatin. These findings identified UNC-45A as a novel type of MT-severing protein with a dual non-mutually exclusive role in regulating NMII activity and MT stability. Because many human diseases, from cancer to neurodegenerative diseases, are caused by or associated with deregulation of MT stability, our findings have profound implications in the biology of MTs, as well as the biology of human diseases and possible therapeutic implications for their treatment.This article has an associated First Person interview with the joint first authors of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Habicht
- Bradenburg Medical School - Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin 16816, Germany.,Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ashley Mooneyham
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Asumi Hoshino
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mihir Shetty
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Bradenburg Medical School - Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin 16816, Germany.,Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Edith Emmings
- Bradenburg Medical School - Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin 16816, Germany
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Courtney Coombes
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Melissa K Gardner
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Martina Bazzaro
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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64
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Steblyanko Y, Rajendraprasad G, Osswald M, Eibes S, Jacome A, Geley S, Pereira AJ, Maiato H, Barisic M. Microtubule poleward flux in human cells is driven by the coordinated action of four kinesins. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105432. [PMID: 33073400 PMCID: PMC7705458 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindle microtubules (MTs) undergo continuous poleward flux, whose driving force and function in humans remain unclear. Here, we combined loss-of-function screenings with analysis of MT-dynamics in human cells to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying MT-flux. We report that kinesin-7/CENP-E at kinetochores (KTs) is the predominant driver of MT-flux in early prometaphase, while kinesin-4/KIF4A on chromosome arms facilitates MT-flux during late prometaphase and metaphase. Both these activities work in coordination with kinesin-5/EG5 and kinesin-12/KIF15, and our data suggest that the MT-flux driving force is transmitted from non-KT-MTs to KT-MTs by the MT couplers HSET and NuMA. Additionally, we found that the MT-flux rate correlates with spindle length, and this correlation depends on the establishment of stable end-on KT-MT attachments. Strikingly, we find that MT-flux is required to regulate spindle length by counteracting kinesin 13/MCAK-dependent MT-depolymerization. Thus, our study unveils the long-sought mechanism of MT-flux in human cells as relying on the coordinated action of four kinesins to compensate for MT-depolymerization and regulate spindle length.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariana Osswald
- i3S ‐ Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- IBMC ‐ Instituto de Biologia Molecular e CelularUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Susana Eibes
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC)CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ariana Jacome
- i3S ‐ Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- IBMC ‐ Instituto de Biologia Molecular e CelularUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Stephan Geley
- Institute of PathophysiologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - António J Pereira
- i3S ‐ Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- IBMC ‐ Instituto de Biologia Molecular e CelularUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- i3S ‐ Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- IBMC ‐ Instituto de Biologia Molecular e CelularUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- Experimental Biology UnitDepartment of BiomedicineFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Marin Barisic
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC)CopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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65
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Kuo YW, Howard J. Cutting, Amplifying, and Aligning Microtubules with Severing Enzymes. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 31:50-61. [PMID: 33183955 PMCID: PMC7749064 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule-severing enzymes - katanin, spastin, fidgetin - are related AAA-ATPases that cut microtubules into shorter filaments. These proteins, also called severases, are involved in a wide range of cellular processes including cell division, neuronal development, and tissue morphogenesis. Paradoxically, severases can amplify the microtubule cytoskeleton and not just destroy it. Recent work on spastin and katanin has partially resolved this paradox by showing that these enzymes are strong promoters of microtubule growth. Here, we review recent structural and biophysical advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of severing and growth promotion that provide insight into how severing enzymes shape microtubule networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Wei Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jonathon Howard
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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66
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Joly N, Beaumale E, Van Hove L, Martino L, Pintard L. Phosphorylation of the microtubule-severing AAA+ enzyme Katanin regulates C. elegans embryo development. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201912037. [PMID: 32412594 PMCID: PMC7265321 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201912037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved microtubule (MT)-severing AAA-ATPase enzyme Katanin is emerging as a critical regulator of MT dynamics. In Caenorhabditis elegans, Katanin MT-severing activity is essential for meiotic spindle assembly but is toxic for the mitotic spindle. Here we analyzed Katanin dynamics in C. elegans and deciphered the role of Katanin phosphorylation in the regulation of its activity and stability. Katanin is abundant in oocytes, and its levels drop after meiosis, but unexpectedly, a significant fraction is present throughout embryogenesis, where it is dynamically recruited to the centrosomes and chromosomes during mitosis. We show that the minibrain kinase MBK-2, which is activated during meiosis, phosphorylates Katanin at multiple serines. We demonstrate unequivocally that Katanin phosphorylation at a single residue is necessary and sufficient to target Katanin for proteasomal degradation after meiosis, whereas phosphorylation at the other sites only inhibits Katanin ATPase activity stimulated by MTs. Our findings suggest that cycles of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation fine-tune Katanin level and activity to deliver the appropriate MT-severing activity during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Joly
- Programme Equipes Labellisées Ligue contre le Cancer – Team “Cell Cycle and Development,” Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – UMR7592, Institut Jacques Monod/University of Paris, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Lionel Pintard
- Programme Equipes Labellisées Ligue contre le Cancer – Team “Cell Cycle and Development,” Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – UMR7592, Institut Jacques Monod/University of Paris, Paris, France
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67
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Liu H, Li H, Luo K, Sharma A, Sun X. Prognostic gene expression signature revealed the involvement of mutational pathways in cancer genome. J Cancer 2020; 11:4510-4520. [PMID: 32489468 PMCID: PMC7255374 DOI: 10.7150/jca.40237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Over the years, many efforts have been made to use the gene expression profiles of cancer types/subtypes to identify the prognostic genes with their potential clinical applications. However, one major challenge remains is to predict the common prognostic genes using simultaneously the dataset of multiple cancers, especially by considering the differences in survival, expression and the associated mutated pathways. Methods: Herein, we carried out a comprehensive examination for the prognostic genes and linked them to the mutational status of 29 cancers, so as to find independent prognostic genes and mechanisms. Additionally, their diagnostic value of them was also assessed. Results: our extensive analysis revealed: 1) the number of prognostic and diagnostic genes differs greatly across the cancers, 2) the potentially implicated 22 genes harbor the diagnostic as well as prognostic capacity, 3) the universal prognostic genes (CDC20, CDCA8, ASPM, ERCC6L, and GTSE1) were found to be involved in the spindle assembly checkpoint, 4) the prognostic genes were found to be statistically linked to the frequently mutated TP53-, MAPK-, PI3K- and AKT- related pathways. We also manually mined possible biological mechanisms for some of the statistical links in literatures. Conclusions: Taken together, we identified the prognostic genes and in addition we assessed their diagnostic capacity. Our analysis provides an important insight about the considerable overlapping between gene expression variation and the further associated altered mutational pathways across the cancer genome. We thus hypothesized that cancer related (mutated) genes are tightly connected and are capable to reshape the genome in multiple cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongde Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Huamei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Kun Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinjiang Evidence-Based Medicine Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Amit Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Xiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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68
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Rolls MM, Thyagarajan P, Feng C. Microtubule dynamics in healthy and injured neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:321-332. [PMID: 32291942 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Most neurons must last a lifetime and their microtubule cytoskeleton is an important contributor to their longevity. Neurons have some of the most stable microtubules of all cells, but the tip of every microtubule remains dynamic and, although requiring constant GTP consumption, microtubules are always being rebuilt. While some ongoing level of rebuilding always occurs, overall microtubule stability can be modulated in response to injury and stress as well as the normal developmental process of pruning. Specific microtubule severing proteins act in different contexts to increase microtubule dynamicity and promote degeneration and pruning. After axon injury, complex changes in dynamics occur and these are important for both neuroprotection induced by injury and subsequent outgrowth of a new axon. Understanding how microtubule dynamics is modulated in different scenarios, as well as the impact of the changes in stability, is an important avenue to explore for development of strategies to promote neuroprotection and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Rolls
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Pankajam Thyagarajan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Chengye Feng
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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69
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Shin SC, Im SK, Jang EH, Jin KS, Hur EM, Kim EE. Structural and Molecular Basis for Katanin-Mediated Severing of Glutamylated Microtubules. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1357-1367.e5. [PMID: 30699360 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Katanin was the first microtubule (MT)-severing enzyme discovered, but how katanin executes MT severing remains poorly understood. Here, we report X-ray crystal structures of the apo and ATPγS-bound states of the catalytic AAA domain of human katanin p60 at 3.0 and 2.9 Å resolution, respectively. Comparison of the two structures reveals conformational changes induced by ATP binding and how such changes ensure hexamer stability. Moreover, we uncover structural details of pore loops (PLs) and show that Arg283, a residue unique to katanin among MT-severing enzymes, protrudes from PL1 and lines the entry of the catalytic pore. Functional studies suggest that PL1 and Arg283 play essential roles in the recognition and remodeling of the glutamylated, C-terminal tubulin tail and regulation of axon growth. In addition, domain-swapping experiments in katanin and spastin suggest that the non-homologous N-terminal region, which contains the MT-interacting and trafficking domain and a linker, confers specificity to the severing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Chul Shin
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Kyoung Im
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hae Jang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Neuroscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Sik Jin
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Hur
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunice EunKyeong Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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70
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Shi Z, Xiao Z, Hu L, Gao Y, Zhao J, Liu Y, Shen G, Xu Q, Huang D. The genetic association between type 2 diabetic and hepatocellular carcinomas. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:380. [PMID: 32355824 PMCID: PMC7186634 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.02.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are both major health problems throughout the world. It has been reported that T2DM is an independent risk factor for HCC, although the pathophysiology is still unclear. Methods In order to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in T2DM and HCC, gene expression datasets for T2DM (GSE15653), HCC (GSE60502) and metformin-treated cells (GSE69850) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database repository. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks for the DEGs were constructed and gene clusters selected for functional enrichment analysis. Ten genes with the highest degree of connectivity were selected as hub genes and prognostic analysis together with analysis of gene expression and protein distribution were performed for these genes. Lastly, we investigated associations between the hub genes and genes associated with metformin treatment in hepatocarcinoma cells. Results In total, 256 common DEGs, including 155 up-regulated genes and 101 down-regulated genes, were identified. Enrichment analyses showed that the genes of the major module were largely associated with the cell cycle. All of the 10 hub genes (CCNA2, CCNB1, MAD2L1, BU1B, RACGAP1, CHEK1, BUB1, ASPM, NCAPG and TTK) have a strong association with lower overall survival in liver cancer patients and four genes (CCNA2, CCNB1, CHEK1 and BUB1) have reduced expression in metformin-treated samples. Conclusions This study identified a number of genes that may play important roles in the association of T2DM and HCC, including four genes which may be the target of metformin treatment for diabetes and HCC. The specific mechanisms involved remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Shi
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zunqiang Xiao
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Linjun Hu
- The Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuling Gao
- Department of Genetic Laboratory, Shaoxing Women and Children Hospital, Shaoxing 312030, China
| | - Junjun Zhao
- Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Yang Liu
- The Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Guoliang Shen
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Qiuran Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China
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Chinen T, Yamamoto S, Takeda Y, Watanabe K, Kuroki K, Hashimoto K, Takao D, Kitagawa D. NuMA assemblies organize microtubule asters to establish spindle bipolarity in acentrosomal human cells. EMBO J 2020; 39:e102378. [PMID: 31782546 PMCID: PMC6960446 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In most animal cells, mitotic spindle formation is mediated by coordination of centrosomal and acentrosomal pathways. At the onset of mitosis, centrosomes promote spindle bipolarization. However, the mechanism through which the acentrosomal pathways facilitate the establishment of spindle bipolarity in early mitosis is not completely understood. In this study, we show the critical roles of nuclear mitotic apparatus protein (NuMA) in the generation of spindle bipolarity in acentrosomal human cells. In acentrosomal human cells, we found that small microtubule asters containing NuMA formed at the time of nuclear envelope breakdown. In addition, these asters were assembled by dynein and the clustering activity of NuMA. Subsequently, NuMA organized the radial array of microtubules, which incorporates Eg5, and thus facilitated spindle bipolarization. Importantly, in cells with centrosomes, we also found that NuMA promoted the initial step of spindle bipolarization in early mitosis. Overall, these data suggest that canonical centrosomal and NuMA-mediated acentrosomal pathways redundantly promote spindle bipolarity in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Chinen
- Division of Centrosome BiologyDepartment of Molecular GeneticsNational Institute of GeneticsMishimaShizuokaJapan
- Department of Physiological ChemistryGraduate School of Pharmaceutical ScienceThe University of TokyoBunkyoTokyoJapan
| | - Shohei Yamamoto
- Division of Centrosome BiologyDepartment of Molecular GeneticsNational Institute of GeneticsMishimaShizuokaJapan
- Department of Physiological ChemistryGraduate School of Pharmaceutical ScienceThe University of TokyoBunkyoTokyoJapan
- Graduate Program in BioscienceGraduate School of ScienceUniversity of TokyoHongoTokyoJapan
| | - Yutaka Takeda
- Department of Physiological ChemistryGraduate School of Pharmaceutical ScienceThe University of TokyoBunkyoTokyoJapan
| | - Koki Watanabe
- Division of Centrosome BiologyDepartment of Molecular GeneticsNational Institute of GeneticsMishimaShizuokaJapan
- Department of Physiological ChemistryGraduate School of Pharmaceutical ScienceThe University of TokyoBunkyoTokyoJapan
- Department of GeneticsSchool of Life ScienceThe Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)HayamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Kanako Kuroki
- Department of Physiological ChemistryGraduate School of Pharmaceutical ScienceThe University of TokyoBunkyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kaho Hashimoto
- Department of Physiological ChemistryGraduate School of Pharmaceutical ScienceThe University of TokyoBunkyoTokyoJapan
| | - Daisuke Takao
- Division of Centrosome BiologyDepartment of Molecular GeneticsNational Institute of GeneticsMishimaShizuokaJapan
- Department of Physiological ChemistryGraduate School of Pharmaceutical ScienceThe University of TokyoBunkyoTokyoJapan
| | - Daiju Kitagawa
- Division of Centrosome BiologyDepartment of Molecular GeneticsNational Institute of GeneticsMishimaShizuokaJapan
- Department of Physiological ChemistryGraduate School of Pharmaceutical ScienceThe University of TokyoBunkyoTokyoJapan
- Department of GeneticsSchool of Life ScienceThe Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)HayamaKanagawaJapan
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72
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Zehr EA, Szyk A, Szczesna E, Roll-Mecak A. Katanin Grips the β-Tubulin Tail through an Electropositive Double Spiral to Sever Microtubules. Dev Cell 2020; 52:118-131.e6. [PMID: 31735665 PMCID: PMC7060837 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The AAA ATPase katanin severs microtubules. It is critical in cell division, centriole biogenesis, and neuronal morphogenesis. Its mutation causes microcephaly. The microtubule templates katanin hexamerization and activates its ATPase. The structural basis for these activities and how they lead to severing is unknown. Here, we show that β-tubulin tails are necessary and sufficient for severing. Cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures reveal the essential tubulin tail glutamates gripped by a double spiral of electropositive loops lining the katanin central pore. Each spiral couples allosterically to the ATPase and binds alternating, successive substrate residues, with consecutive residues coordinated by adjacent protomers. This tightly couples tail binding, hexamerization, and ATPase activation. Hexamer structures in different states suggest an ATPase-driven, ratchet-like translocation of the tubulin tail through the pore. A disordered region outside the AAA core anchors katanin to the microtubule while the AAA motor exerts the forces that extract tubulin dimers and sever the microtubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Zehr
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA
| | - Agnieszka Szyk
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA
| | - Ewa Szczesna
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA; Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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73
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Moriwaki T, Yamazaki N, So T, Kosuga M, Miyazaki O, Narumi-Kishimoto Y, Kaname T, Nishimura G, Okuyama T, Fukuhara Y. Normal early development in siblings with novel compound heterozygous variants in ASPM. Hum Genome Var 2020; 6:56. [PMID: 31934343 PMCID: PMC6943122 DOI: 10.1038/s41439-019-0088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly 5 (MCPH5) is caused by pathogenic variants in ASPM. Using whole-exome sequencing, we diagnosed two siblings with MCPH5. A known pathogenic variant (NM_018136.4: c.9697C > T, p.(Arg3233*)) and a novel pathogenic variant (c.1402_1406del, p.(Asn468Serfs*2)) of ASPM were identified in affected siblings with normal intelligence. Their pathogenic variants were not located in the critical regions of ASPM, but the relationship between the genotypes and their normal intelligence was unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Moriwaki
- Division of Medical Genetics, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535 Japan
| | - Narutoshi Yamazaki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535 Japan
| | - Tetsumin So
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535 Japan
| | - Motomichi Kosuga
- Division of Medical Genetics, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535 Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535 Japan
| | - Osamu Miyazaki
- Department of Radiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535 Japan
| | - Yoko Narumi-Kishimoto
- Medical Genome Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535 Japan
| | - Tadashi Kaname
- Department of Genome Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535 Japan
| | - Gen Nishimura
- Center of Intractable Diseases, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Torayuki Okuyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fukuhara
- Division of Medical Genetics, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535 Japan
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74
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Timaner M, Shaked Y. Elucidating the roles of ASPM isoforms reveals a novel prognostic marker for pancreatic cancer. J Pathol 2019; 250:123-125. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Timaner
- Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
| | - Yuval Shaked
- Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
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75
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Bioinformatics Analysis Identified Key Molecular Changes in Bladder Cancer Development and Recurrence. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3917982. [PMID: 31828101 PMCID: PMC6881748 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3917982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Bladder cancer (BC) is a complex tumor associated with high recurrence and mortality. To discover key molecular changes in BC, we analyzed next-generation sequencing data of BC and surrounding tissue samples from clinical specimens. Methods. Gene expression profiling datasets of bladder cancer were analyzed online. The Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID, https://david.ncifcrf.gov/) was used to perform Gene Ontology (GO) functional and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) in Cytoscape software (Cytoscape_v3.6.1) was applied to identify hub genes. Protein expression and survival data were downloaded from OncoLnc (http://www.oncolnc.org/). Gene expression data were obtained from the ONCOMINE website (https://www.oncomine.org/). Results. We identified 4211 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by analysis of surrounding tissue vs. cancer tissue (SC analysis) and 410 DEGs by analysis of cancer tissue vs. recurrent tissue cluster (CR analysis). GO function analysis revealed enrichment of DEGs in genes related to the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm for both clusters, and KEGG pathway analysis showed enrichment of DEGs in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. We defined the 20 genes with the highest degree of connectivity as the hub genes. Cox regression revealed CCNB1, ESPL1, CENPM, BLM, and ASPM were related to overall survival. The expression levels of CCNB1, ESPL1, CENPM, BLM, and ASPM were 4.795-, 5.028-, 8.691-, 2.083-, and 3.725-fold higher in BC than the levels in normal tissues, respectively. Conclusions. The results suggested that the functions of CCNB1, ESPL1, CENPM, BLM, and ASPM may contribute to BC development and the functions of CCNB1, ESPL1, CENPM, and BLM may also contribute to BC recurrence.
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76
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Sasaki T, Tsutsumi M, Otomo K, Murata T, Yagi N, Nakamura M, Nemoto T, Hasebe M, Oda Y. A Novel Katanin-Tethering Machinery Accelerates Cytokinesis. Curr Biol 2019; 29:4060-4070.e3. [PMID: 31735673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis is fundamental for cell proliferation [1, 2]. In plants, a bipolar short-microtubule array forms the phragmoplast, which mediates vesicle transport to the midzone and guides the formation of cell walls that separate the mother cell into two daughter cells [2]. The phragmoplast centrifugally expands toward the cell cortex to guide cell-plate formation at the cortical division site [3, 4]. Several proteins in the phragmoplast midzone facilitate the anti-parallel bundling of microtubules and vesicle accumulation [5]. However, the mechanisms by which short microtubules are maintained during phragmoplast development, in particular, the behavior of microtubules at the distal zone of phragmoplasts, are poorly understood. Here, we show that a plant-specific protein, CORTICAL MICROTUBULE DISORDERING 4 (CORD4), tethers the conserved microtubule-severing protein katanin to facilitate formation of the short-microtubule array in phragmoplasts. CORD4 was specifically expressed during mitosis and localized to preprophase bands and phragmoplast microtubules. Custom-made two-photon spinning disk confocal microscopy revealed that CORD4 rapidly localized to microtubules in the distal phragmoplast zone during phragmoplast assembly at late anaphase and persisted throughout phragmoplast expansion. Loss of CORD4 caused abnormally long and oblique phragmoplast microtubules and slow expansion of phragmoplasts. The p60 katanin subunit, KTN1, localized to the distal phragmoplast zone in a CORD4-dependent manner. These results suggest that CORD4 tethers KTN1 at phragmoplasts to modulate microtubule length, thereby accelerating phragmoplast growth. This reveals the presence of a distinct machinery to accelerate cytokinesis by regulating the action of katanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takema Sasaki
- Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Motosuke Tsutsumi
- Nikon Imaging Center, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Kohei Otomo
- Nikon Imaging Center, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan; Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0814, Japan
| | - Takashi Murata
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Yagi
- Institute of transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakamura
- Institute of transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nemoto
- Nikon Imaging Center, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan; Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0814, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Hasebe
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Oda
- Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan; Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.
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77
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The Microtubule Severing Protein Katanin Regulates Proliferation of Neuronal Progenitors in Embryonic and Adult Neurogenesis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15940. [PMID: 31685876 PMCID: PMC6828949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52367-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule severing regulates cytoskeletal rearrangement underlying various cellular functions. Katanin, a heterodimer, consisting of catalytic (p60) and regulatory (p80) subunits severs dynamic microtubules to modulate several stages of cell division. The role of p60 katanin in the mammalian brain with respect to embryonic and adult neurogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we generated a Katna1 knockout mouse and found that consistent with a critical role of katanin in mitosis, constitutive homozygous Katna1 depletion is lethal. Katanin p60 haploinsufficiency induced an accumulation of neuronal progenitors in the subventricular zone during corticogenesis, and impaired their proliferation in the adult hippocampus dentate gyrus (DG) subgranular zone. This did not compromise DG plasticity or spatial and contextual learning and memory tasks employed in our study, consistent with the interpretation that adult neurogenesis may be associated with selective forms of hippocampal-dependent cognitive processes. Our data identify a critical role for the microtubule-severing protein katanin p60 in regulating neuronal progenitor proliferation in vivo during embryonic development and adult neurogenesis.
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78
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Dudka D, Castrogiovanni C, Liaudet N, Vassal H, Meraldi P. Spindle-Length-Dependent HURP Localization Allows Centrosomes to Control Kinetochore-Fiber Plus-End Dynamics. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3563-3578.e6. [PMID: 31668617 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During mitosis, centrosomes affect the length of kinetochore fibers (k-fibers) and the stability of kinetochore-microtubule attachments, implying that they regulate k-fiber dynamics. However, the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms of this regulation remain unknown. Here, we created human cells with only one centrosome to investigate these mechanisms. Such cells formed asymmetric bipolar spindles that resulted in asymmetric cell divisions. K-fibers in the acentrosomal half-spindles were shorter, more stable, and had a reduced poleward microtubule flux at minus ends and more frequent pausing events at their plus ends. This indicates that centrosomes regulate k-fiber dynamics both locally at minus ends and far away at plus ends. At the molecular level, we find that the microtubule-stabilizing protein HURP is enriched on the k-fiber plus ends in the acentrosomal half-spindles of cells with only one centrosome. HURP depletion rebalances k-fiber stability and plus-end dynamics in such cells and improves spindle and cell division symmetry. Our data from 3 different cell lines indicate that HURP accumulates on k-fibers inversely proportionally to half-spindle length. We therefore propose that centrosomes regulate k-fiber plus ends indirectly via length-dependent accumulation of HURP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Dudka
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Castrogiovanni
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Liaudet
- Bioimaging Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Vassal
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; National Institute of Applied Sciences, Villeurbanne 69621, France
| | - Patrick Meraldi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Translational Research Centre in Onco-hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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79
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Kinetically distinct phases of tau on microtubules regulate kinesin motors and severing enzymes. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1086-1092. [DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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80
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Strothman C, Farmer V, Arpağ G, Rodgers N, Podolski M, Norris S, Ohi R, Zanic M. Microtubule minus-end stability is dictated by the tubulin off-rate. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2841-2853. [PMID: 31420452 PMCID: PMC6719460 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201905019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic organization of microtubule minus ends is vital for the formation and maintenance of acentrosomal microtubule arrays. In vitro, both microtubule ends switch between phases of assembly and disassembly, a behavior called dynamic instability. Although minus ends grow slower, their lifetimes are similar to those of plus ends. The mechanisms underlying these distinct dynamics remain unknown. Here, we use an in vitro reconstitution approach to investigate minus-end dynamics. We find that minus-end lifetimes are not defined by the mean size of the protective GTP-tubulin cap. Rather, we conclude that the distinct tubulin off-rate is the primary determinant of the difference between plus- and minus-end dynamics. Further, our results show that the minus-end-directed kinesin-14 HSET/KIFC1 suppresses tubulin off-rate to specifically suppress minus-end catastrophe. HSET maintains its protective minus-end activity even when challenged by a known microtubule depolymerase, kinesin-13 MCAK. Our results provide novel insight into the mechanisms of minus-end dynamics, essential for our understanding of microtubule minus-end regulation in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Strothman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Veronica Farmer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Göker Arpağ
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Nicole Rodgers
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Marija Podolski
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Stephen Norris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Marija Zanic
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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81
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Faltova L, Jiang K, Frey D, Wu Y, Capitani G, Prota AE, Akhmanova A, Steinmetz MO, Kammerer RA. Crystal Structure of a Heterotetrameric Katanin p60:p80 Complex. Structure 2019; 27:1375-1383.e3. [PMID: 31353241 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Katanin is a microtubule-severing enzyme that is crucial for many cellular processes. Katanin consists of two subunits, p60 and p80, that form a stable complex. The interaction between subunits is mediated by the p60 N-terminal microtubule-interacting and -trafficking domain (p60-MIT) and the p80 C-terminal domain (p80-CTD). Here, we performed a biophysical characterization of the mouse p60-MIT:p80-CTD heterodimer and show that this complex can assemble into heterotetramers. We identified two mutations that enhance heterotetramer formation and determined the X-ray crystal structure of this mutant complex. The structure revealed a domain-swapped heterotetramer consisting of two p60-MIT:p80-CTD heterodimers. Structure-based sequence alignments suggest that heterotetramerization of katanin might be a common feature of various species. Furthermore, we show that enhanced heterotetramerization of katanin impairs its microtubule end-binding properties and increases the enzyme's microtubule lattice binding and severing activities. Therefore, our findings suggest the existence of different katanin oligomers that possess distinct functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Faltova
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Kai Jiang
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands; The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Daniel Frey
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Yufan Wu
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Guido Capitani
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Andrea E Prota
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland; Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Richard A Kammerer
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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82
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Nakagawa N, Plestant C, Yabuno-Nakagawa K, Li J, Lee J, Huang CW, Lee A, Krupa O, Adhikari A, Thompson S, Rhynes T, Arevalo V, Stein JL, Molnár Z, Badache A, Anton ES. Memo1-Mediated Tiling of Radial Glial Cells Facilitates Cerebral Cortical Development. Neuron 2019; 103:836-852.e5. [PMID: 31277925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polarized, non-overlapping, regularly spaced, tiled organization of radial glial cells (RGCs) serves as a framework to generate and organize cortical neuronal columns, layers, and circuitry. Here, we show that mediator of cell motility 1 (Memo1) is a critical determinant of radial glial tiling during neocortical development. Memo1 deletion or knockdown leads to hyperbranching of RGC basal processes and disrupted RGC tiling, resulting in aberrant radial unit assembly and neuronal layering. Memo1 regulates microtubule (MT) stability necessary for RGC tiling. Memo1 deficiency leads to disrupted MT minus-end CAMSAP2 distribution, initiation of aberrant MT branching, and altered polarized trafficking of key basal domain proteins such as GPR56, and thus aberrant RGC tiling. These findings identify Memo1 as a mediator of RGC scaffold tiling, necessary to generate and organize neurons into functional ensembles in the developing cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nakagawa
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Division of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan; Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima 411-8540, Japan.
| | - Charlotte Plestant
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Keiko Yabuno-Nakagawa
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jingjun Li
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Janice Lee
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chu-Wei Huang
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Amelia Lee
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Oleh Krupa
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Aditi Adhikari
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Suriya Thompson
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tamille Rhynes
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Victoria Arevalo
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jason L Stein
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ali Badache
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, CRCM, Inserm, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - E S Anton
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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83
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Pamula MC, Carlini L, Forth S, Verma P, Suresh S, Legant WR, Khodjakov A, Betzig E, Kapoor TM. High-resolution imaging reveals how the spindle midzone impacts chromosome movement. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2529-2544. [PMID: 31248912 PMCID: PMC6683753 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201904169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule bundles in the spindle midzone have been reported to either promote or hinder chromosome movement. Pamula et al. examine the assembly dynamics of midzone microtubule bundles during anaphase and how chromosome segregation is impacted by aberrant bundle assembly. In the spindle midzone, microtubules from opposite half-spindles form bundles between segregating chromosomes. Microtubule bundles can either push or restrict chromosome movement during anaphase in different cellular contexts, but how these activities are achieved remains poorly understood. Here, we use high-resolution live-cell imaging to analyze individual microtubule bundles, growing filaments, and chromosome movement in dividing human cells. Within bundles, filament overlap length marked by the cross-linking protein PRC1 decreases during anaphase as chromosome segregation slows. Filament ends within microtubule bundles appear capped despite dynamic PRC1 turnover and submicrometer proximity to growing microtubules. Chromosome segregation distance and rate are increased in two human cell lines when microtubule bundle assembly is prevented via PRC1 knockdown. Upon expressing a mutant PRC1 with reduced microtubule affinity, bundles assemble but chromosome hypersegregation is still observed. We propose that microtubule overlap length reduction, typically linked to pushing forces generated within filament bundles, is needed to properly restrict spindle elongation and position chromosomes within daughter cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Pamula
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Lina Carlini
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Scott Forth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
| | - Priyanka Verma
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Subbulakshmi Suresh
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Wesley R Legant
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Alexey Khodjakov
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY
| | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA.,Department of Physics and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Tarun M Kapoor
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
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84
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Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal filaments essential for numerous aspects of cell physiology. They are polarized polymeric tubes with a fast growing plus end and a slow growing minus end. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we review the current knowledge on the dynamics and organization of microtubule minus ends. Several factors, including the γ-tubulin ring complex, CAMSAP/Patronin, ASPM/Asp, SPIRAL2 (in plants) and the KANSL complex recognize microtubule minus ends and regulate their nucleation, stability and interactions with partners, such as microtubule severing enzymes, microtubule depolymerases and protein scaffolds. Together with minus-end-directed motors, these microtubule minus-end targeting proteins (-TIPs) also control the formation of microtubule-organizing centers, such as centrosomes and spindle poles, and mediate microtubule attachment to cellular membrane structures, including the cell cortex, Golgi complex and the cell nucleus. Structural and functional studies are starting to reveal the molecular mechanisms by which dynamic -TIP networks control microtubule minus ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland .,University of Basel, Biozentrum, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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85
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Feng C, Thyagarajan P, Shorey M, Seebold DY, Weiner AT, Albertson RM, Rao KS, Sagasti A, Goetschius DJ, Rolls MM. Patronin-mediated minus end growth is required for dendritic microtubule polarity. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2309-2328. [PMID: 31076454 PMCID: PMC6605808 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201810155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Feng et al. describe persistent neuronal microtubule minus end growth that depends on the CAMSAP protein Patronin and is needed for dendritic minus-end-out polarity. Microtubule minus ends are thought to be stable in cells. Surprisingly, in Drosophila and zebrafish neurons, we observed persistent minus end growth, with runs lasting over 10 min. In Drosophila, extended minus end growth depended on Patronin, and Patronin reduction disrupted dendritic minus-end-out polarity. In fly dendrites, microtubule nucleation sites localize at dendrite branch points. Therefore, we hypothesized minus end growth might be particularly important beyond branch points. Distal dendrites have mixed polarity, and reduction of Patronin lowered the number of minus-end-out microtubules. More strikingly, extra Patronin made terminal dendrites almost completely minus-end-out, indicating low Patronin normally limits minus-end-out microtubules. To determine whether minus end growth populated new dendrites with microtubules, we analyzed dendrite development and regeneration. Minus ends extended into growing dendrites in the presence of Patronin. In sum, our data suggest that Patronin facilitates sustained microtubule minus end growth, which is critical for populating dendrites with minus-end-out microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengye Feng
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Pankajam Thyagarajan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Matthew Shorey
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Dylan Y Seebold
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Alexis T Weiner
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Richard M Albertson
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Kavitha S Rao
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Alvaro Sagasti
- Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Daniel J Goetschius
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Melissa M Rolls
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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86
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Belonogov L, Bailey ME, Tyler MA, Kazemi A, Ross JL. Katanin catalyzes microtubule depolymerization independently of tubulin C-terminal tails. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:254-268. [PMID: 30980604 PMCID: PMC6618852 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule network remodeling is an essential process for cell development, maintenance, cell division, and motility. Microtubule‐severing enzymes are key players in the remodeling of the microtubule network; however, there are still open questions about their fundamental biochemical and biophysical mechanisms. Here, we explored the ability of the microtubule‐severing enzyme katanin to depolymerize stabilized microtubules. Interestingly, we found that the tubulin C‐terminal tail (CTT), which is required for severing, is not required for katanin‐catalyzed depolymerization. We also found that the depolymerization of microtubules lacking the CTT does not require ATP or katanin's ATPase activity, although the ATP turnover enhanced depolymerization. We also observed that the depolymerization rate depended on the katanin concentration and was best described by a hyperbolic function. Finally, we demonstrate that katanin can bind to filaments that lack the CTT, contrary to previous reports. The results of our work indicate that microtubule depolymerization likely involves a mechanism in which binding, but not enzymatic activity, is required for tubulin dimer removal from the filament ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Belonogov
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Megan E Bailey
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Madison A Tyler
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Arianna Kazemi
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer L Ross
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
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87
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Pavlova GA, Razuvaeva AV, Popova JV, Andreyeva EN, Yarinich LA, Lebedev MO, Pellacani C, Bonaccorsi S, Somma MP, Gatti M, Pindyurin AV. The role of Patronin in Drosophila mitosis. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:7. [PMID: 31284878 PMCID: PMC6469034 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-019-0189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated proteins (CAMSAPs) belong to a conserved protein family, which includes members that bind the polymerizing mcrotubule (MT) minus ends and remain associated with the MT lattice formed by minus end polymerization. Only one of the three mammalian CAMSAPs, CAMSAP1, localizes to the mitotic spindle but its function is unclear. In Drosophila, there is only one CAMSAP, named Patronin. Previous work has shown that Patronin stabilizes the minus ends of non-mitotic MTs and is required for proper spindle elongation. However, the precise role of Patronin in mitotic spindle assembly is poorly understood. Results Here we have explored the role of Patronin in Drosophila mitosis using S2 tissue culture cells as a model system. We show that Patronin associates with different types of MT bundles within the Drosophila mitotic spindle, and that it is required for their stability. Imaging of living cells expressing Patronin-GFP showed that Patronin displays a dynamic behavior. In prometaphase cells, Patronin accumulates on short segments of MT bundles located near the chromosomes. These Patronin “seeds” extend towards the cell poles and stop growing just before reaching the poles. Our data also suggest that Patronin localization is largely independent of proteins acting at the MT minus ends such as Asp and Klp10A. Conclusion Our results suggest a working hypothesis about the mitotic role of Patronin. We propose that Patronin binds the minus ends within MT bundles, including those generated from the walls of preexisting MTs via the augmin-mediated pathway. This would help maintaining MT association within the mitotic bundles, thereby stabilizing the spindle structure. Our data also raise the intriguing possibility that the minus ends of bundled MTs can undergo a limited polymerization. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12860-019-0189-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gera A Pavlova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Alyona V Razuvaeva
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Julia V Popova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Evgeniya N Andreyeva
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Lyubov A Yarinich
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Mikhail O Lebedev
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Claudia Pellacani
- IBPM CNR and Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Bonaccorsi
- IBPM CNR and Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Patrizia Somma
- IBPM CNR and Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gatti
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,IBPM CNR and Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alexey V Pindyurin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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88
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Spastin is a dual-function enzyme that severs microtubules and promotes their regrowth to increase the number and mass of microtubules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:5533-5541. [PMID: 30837315 PMCID: PMC6431158 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818824116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The remodeling of the microtubule cytoskeleton underlies dynamic cellular processes, such as mitosis, ciliogenesis, and neuronal morphogenesis. An important class of microtubule remodelers comprises the severases-spastin, katanin, and fidgetin-which cut microtubules into shorter fragments. While severing activity might be expected to break down the microtubule cytoskeleton, inhibiting these enzymes in vivo actually decreases, rather increases, the number of microtubules, suggesting that severases have a nucleation-like activity. To resolve this paradox, we reconstituted Drosophila spastin in a dynamic microtubule assay and discovered that it is a dual-function enzyme. In addition to its ATP-dependent severing activity, spastin is an ATP-independent regulator of microtubule dynamics that slows shrinkage and increases rescue. We observed that spastin accumulates at shrinking ends; this increase in spastin concentration may underlie the increase in rescue frequency and the slowdown in shortening. The changes in microtubule dynamics promote microtubule regrowth so that severed microtubule fragments grow, leading to an increase in the number and mass of microtubules. A mathematical model shows that spastin's effect on microtubule dynamics is essential for this nucleation-like activity: spastin switches microtubules into a state where the net flux of tubulin onto each polymer is positive, leading to the observed exponential increase in microtubule mass. This increase in the microtubule mass accounts for spastin's in vivo phenotypes.
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89
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Abstract
Microtubule-severing enzymes, which can remove tubulin dimers from microtubule lattices, participate in cytoskeletal remodeling in various contexts. A recent study showed that partially damaged microtubule shafts and new microtubule ends generated by these enzymes can incorporate GTP-tubulin and serve as sites of microtubule rescue and re-growth, explaining how severing enzymes can amplify microtubule arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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90
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Context-dependent spindle pole focusing. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:803-813. [PMID: 30429281 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a robust, bi-polar spindle apparatus, capable of accurate chromosome segregation, is a complex process requiring the co-ordinated nucleation, sorting, stabilization and organization of microtubules (MTs). Work over the last 25 years has identified protein complexes that act as functional modules to nucleate spindle MTs at distinct cellular sites such as centrosomes, kinetochores, chromatin and pre-existing MTs themselves. There is clear evidence that the extent to which these different MT nucleating pathways contribute to spindle mass both during mitosis and meiosis differs not only between organisms, but also in different cell types within an organism. This plasticity contributes the robustness of spindle formation; however, whether such plasticity is present in other aspects of spindle formation is less well understood. Here, we review the known roles of the protein complexes responsible for spindle pole focusing, investigating the evidence that these, too, act co-ordinately and differentially, depending on cellular context. We describe relationships between MT minus-end directed motors dynein and HSET/Ncd, depolymerases including katanin and MCAK, and direct minus-end binding proteins such as nuclear-mitotic apparatus protein, ASPM and Patronin/CAMSAP. We further explore the idea that the focused spindle pole acts as a non-membrane bound condensate and suggest that the metaphase spindle pole be treated as a transient organelle with context-dependent requirements for function.
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91
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Yi P, Goshima G. Microtubule nucleation and organization without centrosomes. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 46:1-7. [PMID: 29981930 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Centrosomes play various critical roles in animal cells such as microtubule nucleation and stabilization, mitotic spindle morphogenesis, and spindle orientation. Land plants have lost centrosomes and yet must execute many of these functions. Recent studies have revealed the crucial roles played by morphologically distinct cytoplasmic microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) in initiating spindle bipolarity and maintaining spindle orientation robustness. These MTOCs resemble centrosomes in many aspects, implying an evolutionary divergence of MT-organizing structures in plants. However, their functions rely on conserved nucleation and amplification mechanisms, indicating a similarity in MT network establishment between animals and plants. Moreover, recent characterization of a plant-specific MT minus-end tracking protein suggests that plants have developed functionally equivalent modules to stabilize and organize MTs at minus ends. These findings support the theory that plants overcome centrosome loss by utilizing modified but substantially conserved mechanisms to organize MT networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishan Yi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
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92
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McNally FJ, Roll-Mecak A. Microtubule-severing enzymes: From cellular functions to molecular mechanism. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:4057-4069. [PMID: 30373906 PMCID: PMC6279391 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
McNally and Roll-Mecak review the molecular mechanism of microtubule-severing enzymes and their diverse roles in processes ranging from cell division to ciliogensis and morphogenesis. Microtubule-severing enzymes generate internal breaks in microtubules. They are conserved in eukaryotes from ciliates to mammals, and their function is important in diverse cellular processes ranging from cilia biogenesis to cell division, phototropism, and neurogenesis. Their mutation leads to neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders in humans. All three known microtubule-severing enzymes, katanin, spastin, and fidgetin, are members of the meiotic subfamily of AAA ATPases that also includes VPS4, which disassembles ESCRTIII polymers. Despite their conservation and importance to cell physiology, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of microtubule-severing enzymes are not well understood. Here we review a subset of cellular processes that require microtubule-severing enzymes as well as recent advances in understanding their structure, biophysical mechanism, and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis J McNally
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD .,Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
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93
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ASPM promotes prostate cancer stemness and progression by augmenting Wnt−Dvl-3−β-catenin signaling. Oncogene 2018; 38:1340-1353. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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94
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Advani S, Maresca TJ, Ross JL. Creation and testing of a new, local microtubule-disruption tool based on the microtubule-severing enzyme, katanin p60. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 75:531-544. [PMID: 30176123 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Current methods to disrupt the microtubule cytoskeleton do not easily provide rapid, local control with standard cell manipulation reagents. Here, we develop a new microtubule-disruption tool based on katanin p60 severing activity and demonstrate proof-of-principle by targeting it to kinetochores in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. Specifically, we show that human katanin p60 can remove microtubule polymer mass in S2 cells and an increase in misaligned chromosomes when globally overexpressed. When katanin p60 was targeted to the kinetochores via Mis12, we were able to recapitulate the misalignment only when using a phosphorylation-resistant mutant katanin p60. Our results demonstrate that targeting an active version of katanin p60 to the kinetochore can reduce the fidelity of achieving full chromosome alignment in metaphase and could serve as a microtubule disruption tool for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddheshwari Advani
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas J Maresca
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer L Ross
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts.,Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
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95
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Vemu A, Szczesna E, Zehr EA, Spector JO, Grigorieff N, Deaconescu AM, Roll-Mecak A. Severing enzymes amplify microtubule arrays through lattice GTP-tubulin incorporation. Science 2018; 361:eaau1504. [PMID: 30139843 PMCID: PMC6510489 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Spastin and katanin sever and destabilize microtubules. Paradoxically, despite their destructive activity they increase microtubule mass in vivo. We combined single-molecule total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy to show that the elemental step in microtubule severing is the generation of nanoscale damage throughout the microtubule by active extraction of tubulin heterodimers. These damage sites are repaired spontaneously by guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-tubulin incorporation, which rejuvenates and stabilizes the microtubule shaft. Consequently, spastin and katanin increase microtubule rescue rates. Furthermore, newly severed ends emerge with a high density of GTP-tubulin that protects them against depolymerization. The stabilization of the newly severed plus ends and the higher rescue frequency synergize to amplify microtubule number and mass. Thus, severing enzymes regulate microtubule architecture and dynamics by promoting GTP-tubulin incorporation within the microtubule shaft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapurna Vemu
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ewa Szczesna
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elena A Zehr
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey O Spector
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nikolaus Grigorieff
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Alexandra M Deaconescu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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96
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Zuo L, Ying JS, Zhang FC, Xu YC. Tumor tissue katanin P60 expression correlates with lymph node metastasis and worse prognosis in patients with breast cancer: A cohort study. Cancer Biomark 2018; 21:425-432. [PMID: 29103029 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-170666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the correlation of katanin P60 expression with clinicopathological grade and overall survival (OS) in patients with breast cancer (BC). METHODS Three hundred and four operative BC patients were retrospectively reviewed in this cohort study. Tumor tissue sample was acquired from each patient during surgery. Immunofluorescent staining was used to assess katanin P60 expression. RESULTS There were 265 BC patients with katanin P60 negative expression and 75 patients with katanin P60 positive expression. Higher N stage (p< 0.001) and TNM stage (p< 0.001) were observed in katanin P60 positive expression group compared to katanin P60 negative expression group. Kaplan-Meier (K-M) curves showed association of katanin P60 positive expression status with shorter OS. Multivariate Cox analysis illustrated katanin P60 positive expression (p< 0.001) could independently predict worse OS. Subgroups analysis indicated that katanin P60 positive expression correlated with worse OS in patients of TNM stage II (p= 0.001) and stage III (p=0.001), while no correlation was found between katanin P60 expression and OS in BC patients with stage I (p= 0.538). According to molecular subtypes, katanin P60 positive expression was correlated with shorter OS in patients with HER2+HR+ (p< 0.001), HER2+HR- (p< 0.001) and HER2-HR- (p= 0.001) status compared to katanin P60 negative expression, while no correlation between katanin P60 expression and OS was observed in patients with HER2-HR+ (p= 0.073). CONCLUSION Katanin P60 positive expression was correlated with higher lymph node metastasis and worse OS, and it could be regarded as a novel and convincing biomarker to independently predict the prognosis of BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zuo
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Minhang Branch, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Minhang Branch, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang-Shan Ying
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Minhang Branch, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Minhang Branch, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng-Chun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying-Chun Xu
- Department of Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Schiewek J, Schumacher U, Lange T, Joosse SA, Wikman H, Pantel K, Mikhaylova M, Kneussel M, Linder S, Schmalfeldt B, Oliveira-Ferrer L, Windhorst S. Clinical relevance of cytoskeleton associated proteins for ovarian cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:2195-2205. [PMID: 30094535 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ovarian cancer has a high mortality rate and up to now no reliable molecular prognostic biomarkers have been established. During malignant progression, the cytoskeleton is strongly altered. Hence we analyzed if expression of certain cytoskeleton-associated proteins is correlated with clinical outcome of ovarian cancer patients. METHODS First, in silico analysis was performed using the cancer genome atlas (TCGA), the human expression atlas and Pubmed. Selected candidates were validated on 270 ovarian cancer patients by qRT-PCR and/or by western blotting. RESULTS In silico analysis revealed that mRNAs of 214 cytoskeleton-associated proteins are detectable in ovarian cancer tissue. Among these, we selected 17 proteins that participate in cancer disease progression and cytoskeleton modulation: KIF14, KIF20A, KIF18A, ASPM, CEP55, DLGAP5, MAP9, EB1, KATNA1, DIAPH1, ANLN, SCIN, CCDC88A, FSCN1, GSN, VASP and CDC42. The first ten candidates interact with microtubules (MTs) and the others bind to actin filaments. Validation on clinical samples of ovarian cancer patients revealed that the expression levels of DIAPH1, EB1, KATNA1, KIF14 and KIF18A significantly correlated with clinical and histological parameters of ovarian cancer. High DIAPH1, EB1, KATNA1 and KIF14 protein levels were associated with increased overall survival (OAS) of ovarian cancer patients, while high DIAPH1 and EB1 protein levels were also associated with low differentiation of respective tumors (G2/3). Moreover, DIAPH1 was the only protein, whose expression significantly correlated with increased recurrence-free interval (RFI). CONCLUSION Mainly the expression levels of the MT-associated proteins analyzed in this study, correlated with prolonged survival of ovarian cancer patients. From > 200 genes initially considered, 17 cytoskeletal proteins are involved in cancer progression according to the literature. Among these, four proteins significantly correlated with improved survival of ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schiewek
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Lange
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon A Joosse
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harriet Wikman
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- DFG Emmy Noether Group 'Neuronal Protein Transport', Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Linder
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Schmalfeldt
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leticia Oliveira-Ferrer
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Windhorst
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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98
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Lasser M, Tiber J, Lowery LA. The Role of the Microtubule Cytoskeleton in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:165. [PMID: 29962938 PMCID: PMC6010848 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons depend on the highly dynamic microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton for many different processes during early embryonic development including cell division and migration, intracellular trafficking and signal transduction, as well as proper axon guidance and synapse formation. The coordination and support from MTs is crucial for newly formed neurons to migrate appropriately in order to establish neural connections. Once connections are made, MTs provide structural integrity and support to maintain neural connectivity throughout development. Abnormalities in neural migration and connectivity due to genetic mutations of MT-associated proteins can lead to detrimental developmental defects. Growing evidence suggests that these mutations are associated with many different neurodevelopmental disorders, including intellectual disabilities (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In this review article, we highlight the crucial role of the MT cytoskeleton in the context of neurodevelopment and summarize genetic mutations of various MT related proteins that may underlie or contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Lasser
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Jessica Tiber
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Laura Anne Lowery
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
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99
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Nithianantham S, McNally FJ, Al-Bassam J. Structural basis for disassembly of katanin heterododecamers. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10590-10605. [PMID: 29752405 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The reorganization of microtubules in mitosis, meiosis, and development requires the microtubule-severing activity of katanin. Katanin is a heterodimer composed of an ATPase associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA) subunit and a regulatory subunit. Microtubule severing requires ATP hydrolysis by katanin's conserved AAA ATPase domains. Whereas other AAA ATPases form stable hexamers, we show that katanin forms only a monomer or dimers of heterodimers in solution. Katanin oligomers consistent with hexamers of heterodimers or heterododecamers were only observed for an ATP hydrolysis-deficient mutant in the presence of ATP. X-ray structures of katanin's AAA ATPase in monomeric nucleotide-free and pseudo-oligomeric ADP-bound states revealed conformational changes in the AAA subdomains that explained the structural basis for the instability of the katanin heterododecamer. We propose that the rapid dissociation of katanin AAA oligomers may lead to an autoinhibited state that prevents inappropriate microtubule severing or that cyclical disassembly into heterodimers may critically contribute to the microtubule-severing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Nithianantham
- From the Department of Molecular Cellular Biology University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Francis J McNally
- From the Department of Molecular Cellular Biology University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jawdat Al-Bassam
- From the Department of Molecular Cellular Biology University of California, Davis, California 95616
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100
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Sepulveda G, Antkowiak M, Brust-Mascher I, Mahe K, Ou T, Castro NM, Christensen LN, Cheung L, Jiang X, Yoon D, Huang B, Jao LE. Co-translational protein targeting facilitates centrosomal recruitment of PCNT during centrosome maturation in vertebrates. eLife 2018; 7:34959. [PMID: 29708497 PMCID: PMC5976437 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As microtubule-organizing centers of animal cells, centrosomes guide the formation of the bipolar spindle that segregates chromosomes during mitosis. At mitosis onset, centrosomes maximize microtubule-organizing activity by rapidly expanding the pericentriolar material (PCM). This process is in part driven by the large PCM protein pericentrin (PCNT), as its level increases at the PCM and helps recruit additional PCM components. However, the mechanism underlying the timely centrosomal enrichment of PCNT remains unclear. Here, we show that PCNT is delivered co-translationally to centrosomes during early mitosis by cytoplasmic dynein, as evidenced by centrosomal enrichment of PCNT mRNA, its translation near centrosomes, and requirement of intact polysomes for PCNT mRNA localization. Additionally, the microtubule minus-end regulator, ASPM, is also targeted co-translationally to mitotic spindle poles. Together, these findings suggest that co-translational targeting of cytoplasmic proteins to specific subcellular destinations may be a generalized protein targeting mechanism. Before a cell divides, it creates a copy of its genetic material (DNA) and evenly distributes it between the new ‘daughter’ cells with the help of a complex called the mitotic spindle. This complex is made of long cable-like protein chains called microtubules. To ensure that each daughter cell receives an equal amount of DNA, structures known as centrosomes organize the microtubules during the division process. Centrosomes have two rigid cores, called centrioles, which are surrounded by a matrix of proteins called the pericentriolar material. It is from this material that the microtubules are organized. The pericentriolar material is a dynamic structure and changes its size by assembling and disassembling its protein components. The larger the pericentriolar material, the more microtubules can form. Before a cell divides, it rapidly expands in a process called centrosome maturation. A protein called pericentrin initiates the maturation by helping to recruit other proteins to the centrosome. Pericentrin molecules are large, and it takes the cell between 10 and 20 minutes to make each one. Nevertheless, the cell can produce and deliver large quantities of pericentrin to the centrosome in a matter of minutes. We do not yet know how this happens. To investigate this further, Sepulveda, Antkowiak, Brust-Mascher et al. used advanced microscopy to study zebrafish embryos and human cells grown in the laboratory. The results showed that cells build and transport pericentrin at the same time. Cells use messenger RNA molecules as templates to build proteins. These feed into protein factories called ribosomes, which assemble the building blocks in the correct order. Rather than waiting for the pericentrin production to finish, the cell moves the active factories to the centrosome with the help of a molecular motor called dynein. By the time the pericentrin molecules are completely made by ribosomes, they are already at the centrosome, ready to help with the recruitment of other proteins during centrosome maturation. These findings improve our understanding of centrosome maturation. The next step is to find out how the cell coordinates this process with the recruitment of other proteins to the centrosome. It is also possible that the cell uses similar processes to deliver other proteins to different parts of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Sepulveda
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Mark Antkowiak
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Ingrid Brust-Mascher
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Karan Mahe
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Tingyoung Ou
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Noemi M Castro
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Lana N Christensen
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Lee Cheung
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Xueer Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Daniel Yoon
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, United States
| | - Li-En Jao
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, United States
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