51
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DNA Damage Response in Cancer Therapy and Resistance: Challenges and Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314672. [PMID: 36499000 PMCID: PMC9735783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy is a common event among cancer patients and a reason why new cancer therapies and therapeutic strategies need to be in continuous investigation and development. DNA damage response (DDR) comprises several pathways that eliminate DNA damage to maintain genomic stability and integrity, but different types of cancers are associated with DDR machinery defects. Many improvements have been made in recent years, providing several drugs and therapeutic strategies for cancer patients, including those targeting the DDR pathways. Currently, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARP inhibitors) are the DDR inhibitors (DDRi) approved for several cancers, including breast, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate cancer. However, PARPi resistance is a growing issue in clinical settings that increases disease relapse and aggravate patients' prognosis. Additionally, resistance to other DDRi is also being found and investigated. The resistance mechanisms to DDRi include reversion mutations, epigenetic modification, stabilization of the replication fork, and increased drug efflux. This review highlights the DDR pathways in cancer therapy, its role in the resistance to conventional treatments, and its exploitation for anticancer treatment. Biomarkers of treatment response, combination strategies with other anticancer agents, resistance mechanisms, and liabilities of treatment with DDR inhibitors are also discussed.
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52
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Mosler T, Baymaz HI, Gräf JF, Mikicic I, Blattner G, Bartlett E, Ostermaier M, Piccinno R, Yang J, Voigt A, Gatti M, Pellegrino S, Altmeyer M, Luck K, Ahel I, Roukos V, Beli P. PARP1 proximity proteomics reveals interaction partners at stressed replication forks. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:11600-11618. [PMID: 36350633 PMCID: PMC9723622 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP1 mediates poly-ADP-ribosylation of proteins on chromatin in response to different types of DNA lesions. PARP inhibitors are used for the treatment of BRCA1/2-deficient breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer. Loss of DNA replication fork protection is proposed as one mechanism that contributes to the vulnerability of BRCA1/2-deficient cells to PARP inhibitors. However, the mechanisms that regulate PARP1 activity at stressed replication forks remain poorly understood. Here, we performed proximity proteomics of PARP1 and isolation of proteins on stressed replication forks to map putative PARP1 regulators. We identified TPX2 as a direct PARP1-binding protein that regulates the auto-ADP-ribosylation activity of PARP1. TPX2 interacts with DNA damage response proteins and promotes homology-directed repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Moreover, TPX2 mRNA levels are increased in BRCA1/2-mutated breast and prostate cancers, and high TPX2 expression levels correlate with the sensitivity of cancer cells to PARP-trapping inhibitors. We propose that TPX2 confers a mitosis-independent function in the cellular response to replication stress by interacting with PARP1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H Irem Baymaz
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Justus F Gräf
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Ivan Mikicic
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz 55128, Germany
| | | | - Edward Bartlett
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | | | | | - Jiwen Yang
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Andrea Voigt
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Marco Gatti
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Pellegrino
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Altmeyer
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Katja Luck
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | | | - Petra Beli
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz 55128, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology (IDN), Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
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53
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Wilson J, Loizou JI. Exploring the genetic space of the DNA damage response for cancer therapy through CRISPR-based screens. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:3778-3791. [PMID: 35708734 PMCID: PMC9627789 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The concepts of synthetic lethality and viability have emerged as powerful approaches to identify vulnerabilities and resistances within the DNA damage response for the treatment of cancer. Historically, interactions between two genes have had a longstanding presence in genetics and have been identified through forward genetic screens that rely on the molecular basis of the characterized phenotypes, typically caused by mutations in single genes. While such complex genetic interactions between genes have been studied extensively in model organisms, they have only recently been prioritized as therapeutic strategies due to technological advancements in genetic screens. Here, we discuss synthetic lethal and viable interactions within the DNA damage response and present how CRISPR-based genetic screens and chemical compounds have allowed for the systematic identification and targeting of such interactions for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Wilson
- Center for Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer CentreMedical University of ViennaAustria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Joanna I. Loizou
- Center for Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer CentreMedical University of ViennaAustria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
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54
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Huang R, Wu Y, Zou Z. Combining EZH2 inhibitors with other therapies for solid tumors: more choices for better effects. Epigenomics 2022; 14:1449-1464. [PMID: 36601794 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2022-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
EZH2 is an epigenetic regulator that methylates lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27) and is closely related to the development and metastasis of tumors. It often shows gain-of-function mutations in hematological tumors, while it is often overexpressed in solid tumors. EZH2 inhibitors have shown good efficacy in hematological tumors in clinical trials but poor efficacy in solid tumors. Therefore, current research on EZH2 inhibitors has focused on exploring additional combination strategies in solid tumors. Herein we summarize the combinations and mechanisms of EZH2 inhibitors and other therapies, including immunotherapy, targeted therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy and epigenetic therapy, both in clinical trials and preclinical studies, aiming to provide a reference for better antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yirong Wu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhengyun Zou
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
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55
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Baxter JS, Zatreanu D, Pettitt SJ, Lord CJ. Resistance to DNA repair inhibitors in cancer. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:3811-3827. [PMID: 35567571 PMCID: PMC9627783 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) represents a complex network of proteins which detect and repair DNA damage, thereby maintaining the integrity of the genome and preventing the transmission of mutations and rearranged chromosomes to daughter cells. Faults in the DDR are a known driver and hallmark of cancer. Furthermore, inhibition of DDR enzymes can be used to treat the disease. This is exemplified by PARP inhibitors (PARPi) used to treat cancers with defects in the homologous recombination DDR pathway. A series of novel DDR targets are now also under pre-clinical or clinical investigation, including inhibitors of ATR kinase, WRN helicase or the DNA polymerase/helicase Polθ (Pol-Theta). Drug resistance is a common phenomenon that impairs the overall effectiveness of cancer treatments and there is already some understanding of how resistance to PARPi occurs. Here, we discuss how an understanding of PARPi resistance could inform how resistance to new drugs targeting the DDR emerges. We also discuss potential strategies that could limit the impact of these therapy resistance mechanisms in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S. Baxter
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Diana Zatreanu
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Stephen J. Pettitt
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Christopher J. Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
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56
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Li S, Wang L, Wang Y, Zhang C, Hong Z, Han Z. The synthetic lethality of targeting cell cycle checkpoints and PARPs in cancer treatment. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:147. [PMID: 36253861 PMCID: PMC9578258 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous cell division is a hallmark of cancer, and the underlying mechanism is tumor genomics instability. Cell cycle checkpoints are critical for enabling an orderly cell cycle and maintaining genome stability during cell division. Based on their distinct functions in cell cycle control, cell cycle checkpoints are classified into two groups: DNA damage checkpoints and DNA replication stress checkpoints. The DNA damage checkpoints (ATM-CHK2-p53) primarily monitor genetic errors and arrest cell cycle progression to facilitate DNA repair. Unfortunately, genes involved in DNA damage checkpoints are frequently mutated in human malignancies. In contrast, genes associated with DNA replication stress checkpoints (ATR-CHK1-WEE1) are rarely mutated in tumors, and cancer cells are highly dependent on these genes to prevent replication catastrophe and secure genome integrity. At present, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) operate through “synthetic lethality” mechanism with mutant DNA repair pathways genes in cancer cells. However, an increasing number of patients are acquiring PARP inhibitor resistance after prolonged treatment. Recent work suggests that a combination therapy of targeting cell cycle checkpoints and PARPs act synergistically to increase the number of DNA errors, compromise the DNA repair machinery, and disrupt the cell cycle, thereby increasing the death rate of cancer cells with DNA repair deficiency or PARP inhibitor resistance. We highlight a combinational strategy involving PARP inhibitors and inhibition of two major cell cycle checkpoint pathways, ATM-CHK2-TP53 and ATR-CHK1-WEE1. The biological functions, resistance mechanisms against PARP inhibitors, advances in preclinical research, and clinical trials are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangying Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Changyi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenya Hong
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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57
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Huang TT, Burkett SS, Tandon M, Yamamoto TM, Gupta N, Bitler BG, Lee JM, Nair JR. Distinct roles of treatment schemes and BRCA2 on the restoration of homologous recombination DNA repair and PARP inhibitor resistance in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2022; 41:5020-5031. [PMID: 36224341 PMCID: PMC9669252 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) represent a major advance in ovarian cancer, now as a treatment and as a maintenance therapy in the upfront and recurrent settings. However, patients often develop resistance to PARPis, underlining the importance of dissecting resistance mechanisms. Here, we report different dosing/timing schemes of PARPi treatment in BRCA2-mutant PEO1 cells, resulting in the simultaneous development of distinct resistance mechanisms. PARPi-resistant variants PEO1/OlaJR, established by higher initial doses and short-term PARPi treatment, develops PARPi resistance by rapidly restoring functional BRCA2 and promoting drug efflux activity. In contrast, PEO1/OlaR, developed by lower initial doses with long-term PARPi exposure, shows no regained BRCA2 function but a mesenchymal-like phenotype with greater invasion ability, and exhibits activated ATR/CHK1 and suppressed EZH2/MUS81 signaling cascades to regain HR repair and fork stabilization, respectively. Our study suggests that PARPi resistance mechanisms can be governed by treatment strategies and have a molecular basis on BRCA2 functionality. Further, we define different mechanisms that may serve as useful biomarkers to assess subsequent treatment strategies in PARPi-resistant ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ting Huang
- Women's Malignancies Branch (WMB), Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Mayank Tandon
- Center for Cancer Research Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tomomi M Yamamoto
- Department of OB/GYN, Division of Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nitasha Gupta
- Women's Malignancies Branch (WMB), Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin G Bitler
- Department of OB/GYN, Division of Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jung-Min Lee
- Women's Malignancies Branch (WMB), Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jayakumar R Nair
- Women's Malignancies Branch (WMB), Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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58
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Zhang X, Huo X, Guo H, Xue L. Combined inhibition of PARP and EZH2 for cancer treatment: Current status, opportunities, and challenges. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:965244. [PMID: 36263120 PMCID: PMC9574044 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.965244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors with BRCA1/2 mutations or homologous recombination repair defects are sensitive to PARP inhibitors through the mechanism of synthetic lethality. Several PARP inhibitors are currently approved for ovarian, breast and pancreatic cancer in clinical practice. However, more than 40% of patients with BRCA1/2 mutations are insensitive to PARP inhibitors, which has aroused attention to the mechanism of PARP resistance and sensitization schemes. PARP inhibitor resistance is related to homologous recombination repair, stability of DNA replication forks, PARylation and epigenetic modification. Studies on epigenetics have become the hotspots of research on PARP inhibitor resistance. As an important epigenetic regulator of transcription mediated by histone methylation, EZH2 interacts with PARP through DNA homologous recombination, DNA replication, posttranslational modification, tumor immunity and other aspects. EZH2 inhibitors have been just shifting from the bench to the bedside, but the combination scheme in cancer therapy has not been fully explored yet. Recently, a revolutionary drug design combining PARP inhibitors and EZH2 inhibitors based on PROTAC techniques has shed light on the resolution of PARP inhibitor resistance. This review summarizes the interactions between EZH2 and PARP, suggests the potential PARP inhibitor sensitization effect of EZH2 inhibitors, and further discusses the potential populations that benefit from the combination of EZH2 inhibitors and PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian, China
| | - Xiao Huo
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian, China
- Biobank, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian, China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian, China
- *Correspondence: Lixiang Xue, ; Hongyan Guo,
| | - Lixiang Xue
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian, China
- Biobank, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian, China
- *Correspondence: Lixiang Xue, ; Hongyan Guo,
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59
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Targeting Homologous Recombination Deficiency in Ovarian Cancer with PARP Inhibitors: Synthetic Lethal Strategies That Impact Overall Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194621. [PMID: 36230543 PMCID: PMC9563432 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Synthetic lethality approaches to cancer therapy involves combining events to cause cancer cell death. Using this strategy, major advances have occurred in the treatment of women with ovarian cancer who have defects in the Homologous Recombination Repair (HRR) pathway. When the HRR pathway is defective, due to mutations or epigenetic changes in genes such as BRCA1 or BRCA2, cells can no longer accurately repair double strand breaks (DSBs). Capitalising on this weakness, pharmacological inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) that function to repair single strand breaks (SSBs) leads to synthetic lethality in cells with defective HRR. PARP inhibitors (PARPis) including olaparib, niraparib and rucaparib are approved for the clinical management of women with ovarian cancer. Understanding and overcoming issues of acquired resistance to PARPis, extending these strategies to benefit more patients and combining PARPis with other drugs, including immunotherapies, are of high priority in the field today. Abstract The advent of molecular targeted therapies has made a significant impact on survival of women with ovarian cancer who have defects in homologous recombination repair (HRR). High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most common histological subtype of ovarian cancer, with over 50% displaying defective HRR. Poly ADP ribose polymerases (PARPs) are a family of enzymes that catalyse the transfer of ADP-ribose to target proteins, functioning in fundamental cellular processes including transcription, chromatin remodelling and DNA repair. In cells with deficient HRR, PARP inhibitors (PARPis) cause synthetic lethality leading to cell death. Despite the major advances that PARPis have heralded for women with ovarian cancer, questions and challenges remain, including: can the benefits of PARPis be brought to a wider range of women with ovarian cancer; can other drugs in clinical use function in a similar way or with greater efficacy than currently clinically approved PARPis; what can we learn from long-term responders to PARPis; can PARPis sensitise ovarian cancer cells to immunotherapy; and can synthetic lethal strategies be employed more broadly to develop new therapies for women with ovarian cancer. We examine these, and other, questions with focus on improving outcomes for women with ovarian cancer.
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60
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Paniagua I, Tayeh Z, Falcone M, Hernández Pérez S, Cerutti A, Jacobs JJL. MAD2L2 promotes replication fork protection and recovery in a shieldin-independent and REV3L-dependent manner. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5167. [PMID: 36075897 PMCID: PMC9458726 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection of stalled replication forks is essential to prevent genome instability, a major driving force of tumorigenesis. Several key regulators of DNA double-stranded break (DSB) repair, including 53BP1 and RIF1, have been implicated in fork protection. MAD2L2, also known as REV7, plays an important role downstream of 53BP1/RIF1 by counteracting resection at DSBs in the recently discovered shieldin complex. The ability to bind and counteract resection at exposed DNA ends at DSBs makes MAD2L2/shieldin a prime candidate for also suppressing nucleolytic processing at stalled replication forks. However, the function of MAD2L2/shieldin outside of DNA repair is unknown. Here we address this by using genetic and single-molecule analyses and find that MAD2L2 is required for protecting and restarting stalled replication forks. MAD2L2 loss leads to uncontrolled MRE11-dependent resection of stalled forks and single-stranded DNA accumulation, which causes irreparable genomic damage. Unexpectedly, MAD2L2 limits resection at stalled forks independently of shieldin, since fork protection remained unaffected by shieldin loss. Instead, MAD2L2 cooperates with the DNA polymerases REV3L and REV1 to promote fork stability. Thus, MAD2L2 suppresses aberrant nucleolytic processing both at DSBs and stalled replication forks by differentially engaging shieldin and REV1/REV3L, respectively. MAD2L2 – as a member of the shieldin complex - counteracts resection during DNA repair. Here the authors demonstrate that MAD2L2 protects stalled replication forks from excessive resection, in a shieldin-independent and REV3L-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Paniagua
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zainab Tayeh
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mattia Falcone
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Santiago Hernández Pérez
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aurora Cerutti
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline J L Jacobs
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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61
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Halder S, Sanchez A, Ranjha L, Reginato G, Ceppi I, Acharya A, Anand R, Cejka P. Double-stranded DNA binding function of RAD51 in DNA protection and its regulation by BRCA2. Mol Cell 2022; 82:3553-3565.e5. [PMID: 36070766 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RAD51 and the breast cancer suppressor BRCA2 have critical functions in DNA double-strand (dsDNA) break repair by homologous recombination and the protection of newly replicated DNA from nucleolytic degradation. The recombination function of RAD51 requires its binding to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), whereas binding to dsDNA is inhibitory. Using reconstituted MRE11-, EXO1-, and DNA2-dependent nuclease reactions, we show that the protective function of RAD51 unexpectedly depends on its binding to dsDNA. The BRC4 repeat of BRCA2 abrogates RAD51 binding to dsDNA and accordingly impairs the function of RAD51 in protection. The BRCA2 C-terminal RAD51-binding segment (TR2) acts in a dominant manner to overcome the effect of BRC4. Mechanistically, TR2 stabilizes RAD51 binding to dsDNA, even in the presence of BRC4, promoting DNA protection. Our data suggest that RAD51's dsDNA-binding capacity may have evolved together with its function in replication fork protection and provide a mechanistic basis for the DNA-protection function of BRCA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Halder
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Aurore Sanchez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Lepakshi Ranjha
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Giordano Reginato
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), 8049 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Ceppi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), 8049 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ananya Acharya
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), 8049 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roopesh Anand
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Petr Cejka
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), 8049 Zürich, Switzerland.
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62
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Wang N, Yang Y, Jin D, Zhang Z, Shen K, Yang J, Chen H, Zhao X, Yang L, Lu H. PARP inhibitor resistance in breast and gynecological cancer: Resistance mechanisms and combination therapy strategies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:967633. [PMID: 36091750 PMCID: PMC9455597 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.967633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer and gynecological tumors seriously endanger women’s physical and mental health, fertility, and quality of life. Due to standardized surgical treatment, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, the prognosis and overall survival of cancer patients have improved compared to earlier, but the management of advanced disease still faces great challenges. Recently, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPis) have been clinically approved for breast and gynecological cancer patients, significantly improving their quality of life, especially of patients with BRCA1/2 mutations. However, drug resistance faced by PARPi therapy has hindered its clinical promotion. Therefore, developing new drug strategies to resensitize cancers affecting women to PARPi therapy is the direction of our future research. Currently, the effects of PARPi in combination with other drugs to overcome drug resistance are being studied. In this article, we review the mechanisms of PARPi resistance and summarize the current combination of clinical trials that can improve its resistance, with a view to identify the best clinical treatment to save the lives of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Dongdong Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Endometrial Disease Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ke Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Endometrial Disease Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Yang, ; Huaiwu Lu,
| | - Huaiwu Lu
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Sun Yat Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Yang, ; Huaiwu Lu,
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Development of Olaparib-Resistance Prostate Cancer Cell Lines to Identify Mechanisms Associated with Acquired Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163877. [PMID: 36010871 PMCID: PMC9405809 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary PARP inhibitors (PARPi; olaparib) are presently in clinical trials for advanced prostate cancer (PC). Resistance mechanisms are not fully understood in PC compared to ovarian and breast cancers. Our study aimed to identify new molecular mechanisms that affect acquired olaparib-resistance. We developed new resistant PC cell line models derived from original PC cell lines. We identified that DNA repair, autophagy, and the Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) could be potential targets to reverse the acquired olaparib-resistance. Abstract Background: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) were initially deployed to target breast and ovarian tumors with mutations in DNA damage response genes. Recently, PARPi have been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of prostate cancer (PC) patients having exhausted conventional therapeutics. Despite demonstrating promising response rates, all patients treated with PARPi eventually develop resistance. However, PARPi resistance in PC is not well understood, and further studies are required to understand PARPi resistance in PC to propose strategies to circumvent resistance. Methods: Starting from well-established olaparib-sensitive PC cell lines (LNCaP, C4-2B and DU145), we derived olaparib-resistant (OR) PC cell lines and performed a microarray analysis. Results: The olaparib IC50 values of OR cell lines increased significantly as compared to the parental cell lines. Gene expression analyses revealed that different pathways, including DNA repair, cell cycle regulation and autophagy, were affected by acquired resistance. A total of 195 and 87 genes were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively, in all three OR cell lines compared to their parental counterparts. Among these genes, we selected BRCC3, ROCK2 and ATG2B for validation. We showed that ROCK2 expression, basal autophagy and homologous recombination (HR) efficiency were increased in all OR cell lines. Conclusions: Our study provides a new in vitro model to study PARPi resistance in PC and suggests new possible targets to reverse resistance and prolong the benefits of PARPi treatment.
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Revythis A, Limbu A, Mikropoulos C, Ghose A, Sanchez E, Sheriff M, Boussios S. Recent Insights into PARP and Immuno-Checkpoint Inhibitors in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:8577. [PMID: 35886427 PMCID: PMC9317199 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecologic cancers and has the highest mortality rate of any other cancer of the female reproductive system. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) accounts for approximately 90% of all ovarian malignancies. The standard therapeutic strategy includes cytoreductive surgery accompanied by pre- or postoperative platinum-based chemotherapy. Nevertheless, up to 80% of the patients relapse within the following 12-18 months from the completion of the treatment and then receive first-line chemotherapy depending on platinum sensitivity. Mutations in BRCA1/2 genes are the most significant molecular aberrations in EOC and serve as prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors exploit defects in the DNA repair pathway through synthetic lethality. They have also been shown to trap PARP1 and PARP2 on DNA, leading to PARP-DNA complexes. Olaparib, rucaparib, and niraparib have all obtained Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and/or the European Medicine Agency (EMA) approval for the treatment of EOC in different settings. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have improved the survival of several cancers and are under evaluation in EOC. However, despite the success of immunotherapy in other malignancies, the use of antibodies inhibiting the immune checkpoint programmed cell death (PD-1) or its ligand (PD-L1) obtained modest results in EOC so far, with median response rates of up to 10%. As such, ICI have not yet been approved for the treatment of EOC. We herein provided a comprehensive insight into the most recent progress in synthetic lethality PARP inhibitors, along with the mechanisms of resistance. We also summarised data regarding the role of immune checkpoint inhibitors, the use of vaccination therapy, and adoptive immunotherapy in treating epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Revythis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK; (A.R.); (A.L.); (A.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Anu Limbu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK; (A.R.); (A.L.); (A.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Christos Mikropoulos
- St. Lukes Cancer Centre, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Egerton Rd., Guildford GU2 7XX, Surrey, UK;
| | - Aruni Ghose
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK; (A.R.); (A.L.); (A.G.); (E.S.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Barts Cancer Centre, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London KT1 2EE, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, London KT1 2EE, UK
- Centre for Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Elisabet Sanchez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK; (A.R.); (A.L.); (A.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Matin Sheriff
- Department of Urology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK;
| | - Stergios Boussios
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK; (A.R.); (A.L.); (A.G.); (E.S.)
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- AELIA Organization, 9th Km Thessaloniki—Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Halder S, Ranjha L, Taglialatela A, Ciccia A, Cejka P. Strand annealing and motor driven activities of SMARCAL1 and ZRANB3 are stimulated by RAD51 and the paralog complex. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:8008-8022. [PMID: 35801922 PMCID: PMC9371921 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SMARCAL1, ZRANB3 and HLTF are required for the remodeling of replication forks upon stress to promote genome stability. RAD51, along with the RAD51 paralog complex, were also found to have recombination-independent functions in fork reversal, yet the underlying mechanisms remained unclear. Using reconstituted reactions, we build upon previous data to show that SMARCAL1, ZRANB3 and HLTF have unequal biochemical capacities, explaining why they have non-redundant functions. SMARCAL1 uniquely anneals RPA-coated ssDNA, which depends on its direct interaction with RPA, but not on ATP. SMARCAL1, along with ZRANB3, but not HLTF efficiently employ ATPase driven translocase activity to rezip RPA-covered bubbled DNA, which was proposed to mimic elements of fork reversal. In contrast, ZRANB3 and HLTF but not SMARCAL1 are efficient in branch migration that occurs downstream in fork remodeling. We also show that low concentrations of RAD51 and the RAD51 paralog complex, RAD51B–RAD51C–RAD51D–XRCC2 (BCDX2), directly stimulate the motor-driven activities of SMARCAL1 and ZRANB3 but not HLTF, and the interplay is underpinned by physical interactions. Our data provide a possible mechanism explaining previous cellular experiments implicating RAD51 and BCDX2 in fork reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Halder
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Lepakshi Ranjha
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Angelo Taglialatela
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Alberto Ciccia
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Petr Cejka
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland
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Bisht P, Kumar VU, Pandey R, Velayutham R, Kumar N. Role of PARP Inhibitors in Glioblastoma and Perceiving Challenges as Well as Strategies for Successful Clinical Development. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:939570. [PMID: 35873570 PMCID: PMC9297740 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.939570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiform is the most aggressive primary type of brain tumor, representing 54% of all gliomas. The average life span for glioblastoma multiform is around 14-15 months instead of treatment. The current treatment for glioblastoma multiform includes surgical removal of the tumor followed by radiation therapy and temozolomide chemotherapy for 6.5 months, followed by another 6 months of maintenance therapy with temozolomide chemotherapy (5 days every month). However, resistance to temozolomide is frequently one of the limiting factors in effective treatment. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have recently been investigated as sensitizing drugs to enhance temozolomide potency. However, clinical use of PARP inhibitors in glioblastoma multiform is difficult due to a number of factors such as limited blood-brain barrier penetration of PARP inhibitors, inducing resistance due to frequent use of PARP inhibitors, and overlapping hematologic toxicities of PARP inhibitors when co-administered with glioblastoma multiform standard treatment (radiation therapy and temozolomide). This review elucidates the role of PARP inhibitors in temozolomide resistance, multiple factors that make development of these PARP inhibitor drugs challenging, and the strategies such as the development of targeted drug therapies and combination therapy to combat the resistance of PARP inhibitors that can be adopted to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Bisht
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Hajipur), Hajipur, India
| | - V. Udaya Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Hajipur), Hajipur, India
| | - Ruchi Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Hajipur), Hajipur, India
| | - Ravichandiran Velayutham
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Hajipur), Hajipur, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Hajipur), Hajipur, India
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Wicks AJ, Krastev DB, Pettitt SJ, Tutt ANJ, Lord CJ. Opinion: PARP inhibitors in cancer-what do we still need to know? Open Biol 2022; 12:220118. [PMID: 35892198 PMCID: PMC9326299 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have been demonstrated to exhibit profound anti-tumour activity in individuals whose cancers have a defect in the homologous recombination DNA repair pathway. Here, we describe the current consensus as to how PARPi work and how drug resistance to these agents emerges. We discuss the need to refine the current repertoire of clinical-grade companion biomarkers to be used with PARPi, so that patient stratification can be improved, the early emergence of drug resistance can be detected and dose-limiting toxicity can be predicted. We also highlight current thoughts about how PARPi resistance might be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Wicks
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Dragomir B. Krastev
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Stephen J. Pettitt
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Andrew N. J. Tutt
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Christopher J. Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
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Yang Z, Lemacon DS, Li S, Cheruiyot A, Kong L, Tan K, Cheng C, Turkay E, He D, You Z. Context-dependent pro- and anti-resection roles of ZKSCAN3 in the regulation of fork processing during replication stress. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102215. [PMID: 35779634 PMCID: PMC9352557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled resection of replication forks under stress can cause genomic instability and influence cancer formation. Extensive fork resection has also been implicated in the chemosensitivity of “BReast CAncer gene” BRCA-deficient cancers. However, how fork resection is controlled in different genetic contexts and how it affects chromosomal stability and cell survival remains incompletely understood. Here, we report a novel function of the transcription repressor ZKSCAN3 in fork protection and chromosomal stability maintenance under replication stress. We show disruption of ZKSCAN3 function causes excessive resection of replication forks by the exonuclease Exo1 and homologous DNA recombination/repair protein Mre11 following fork reversal. Interestingly, in BRCA1-deficient cells, we found ZKSCAN3 actually promotes fork resection upon replication stress. We demonstrate these anti- and pro-resection roles of ZKSCAN3, consisting of a SCAN box, Kruppel-associated box, and zinc finger domain, are mediated by its SCAN box domain and do not require the Kruppel-associated box or zinc finger domains, suggesting that the transcriptional function of ZKSCAN3 is not involved. Furthermore, despite the severe impact on fork structure and chromosomal stability, depletion of ZKSCAN3 did not affect the short-term survival of BRCA1-proficient or BRCA1-deficient cells after treatment with cancer drugs hydroxyurea, PARPi, or cisplatin. Our findings reveal a unique relationship between ZKSCAN3 and BRCA1 in fork protection and add to our understanding of the relationships between replication fork protection, chromosomal instability, and chemosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061 China; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Delphine Sangotokun Lemacon
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Abigael Cheruiyot
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lingzhen Kong
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ke Tan
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chen Cheng
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ecenur Turkay
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dalin He
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Zhongsheng You
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Zhang L, Wang L, Hu X, Hou M, Xiao Y, Xiang J, Xie J, Chen Z, Yang T, Nie Q, Fu J, Wang Y, Zheng S, Liu Y, Gan Y, Gao Q, Bai Y, Wang J, Qi R, Zou M, Ke Q, Zhu X, Gong L, Liu Y, Li DW. MYPT1/PP1-Mediated EZH2 Dephosphorylation at S21 Promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Fibrosis through Control of Multiple Families of Genes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105539. [PMID: 35293697 PMCID: PMC9108659 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The methyltransferase EZH2 plays an important role in regulating chromatin conformation and gene transcription. Phosphorylation of EZH2 at S21 by AKT kinase suppresses its function. However, protein phosphatases responsible for the dephosphorylation of EZH2-S21 remain elusive. Here, it is demonstrated that EZH2 is highly expressed in the ocular lens, and AKT-EZH2 axis is important in TGFβ-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). More importantly, it is identified that MYPT1/PP1 dephosphorylates EZH2-S21 and thus modulates its functions. MYPT1 knockout accelerates EMT, but expression of the EZH2-S21A mutant suppresses EMT through control of multiple families of genes. Furthermore, the phosphorylation status and gene expression modulation of EZH2 are implicated in control of anterior subcapsular cataracts (ASC) in human and mouse eyes. Together, the results identify the specific phosphatase for EZH2-S21 and reveal EZH2 dephosphorylation control of several families of genes implicated in lens EMT and ASC pathogenesis. These results provide important novel information in EZH2 function and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Ling Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Xue‐Bin Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Min Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Jia‐Wen Xiang
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Jie Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Zhi‐Gang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Tian‐Heng Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Qian Nie
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Jia‐Ling Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Yan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Shu‐Yu Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Yun‐Fei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Yu‐Wen Gan
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Qian Gao
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Yue‐Yue Bai
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Jing‐Miao Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Rui‐Li Qi
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Ming Zou
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Qin Ke
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Xing‐Fei Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Lili Gong
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - David Wan‐Cheng Li
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
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Tao M, Sun F, Wang J, Wang Y, Zhu H, Chen M, Liu L, Liu L, Lin H, Wu X. Developing patient-derived organoids to predict PARP inhibitor response and explore resistance overcoming strategies in ovarian cancer. Pharmacol Res 2022; 179:106232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Maiorano BA, Lorusso D, Maiorano MFP, Ciardiello D, Parrella P, Petracca A, Cormio G, Maiello E. The Interplay between PARP Inhibitors and Immunotherapy in Ovarian Cancer: The Rationale behind a New Combination Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073871. [PMID: 35409229 PMCID: PMC8998760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) has a high impact on morbidity and mortality in the female population. Survival is modest after platinum progression. Therefore, the search for new therapeutic strategies is of utmost importance. BRCA mutations and HR-deficiency occur in around 50% of OC, leading to increased response and survival after Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) administration. PARPis represent a breakthrough for OC therapy, with three different agents approved. On the contrary, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), another breakthrough therapy for many solid tumors, led to modest results in OC, without clinical approvals and even withdrawal of clinical trials. Therefore, combinations aiming to overcome resistance mechanisms have become of great interest. Recently, PARPis have been evidenced to modulate tumor microenvironment at the molecular and cellular level, potentially enhancing ICIs responsiveness. This represents the rationale for the combined administration of PARPis and ICIs. Our review ought to summarize the preclinical and translational features that support the contemporary administration of these two drug classes, the clinical trials conducted so far, and future directions with ongoing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigida Anna Maiorano
- Oncology Unit, Foundation Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy; (D.C.); (E.M.)
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Domenica Lorusso
- Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Scientific Directorate, Fondazione Policlinico “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mauro Francesco Pio Maiorano
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biomedical and Human Oncological Science, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (M.F.P.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Davide Ciardiello
- Oncology Unit, Foundation Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy; (D.C.); (E.M.)
- Oncology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Parrella
- Oncology Laboratory, Foundation Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Antonio Petracca
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Gennaro Cormio
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biomedical and Human Oncological Science, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (M.F.P.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Evaristo Maiello
- Oncology Unit, Foundation Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy; (D.C.); (E.M.)
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72
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Lee D, Apelt K, Lee SO, Chan HR, Luijsterburg MS, Leung JWC, Miller K. ZMYM2 restricts 53BP1 at DNA double-strand breaks to favor BRCA1 loading and homologous recombination. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:3922-3943. [PMID: 35253893 PMCID: PMC9023290 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An inability to repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) threatens genome integrity and can contribute to human diseases, including cancer. Mammalian cells repair DSBs mainly through homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ). The choice between these pathways is regulated by the interplay between 53BP1 and BRCA1, whereby BRCA1 excludes 53BP1 to promote HR and 53BP1 limits BRCA1 to facilitate NHEJ. Here, we identify the zinc-finger proteins (ZnF), ZMYM2 and ZMYM3, as antagonizers of 53BP1 recruitment that facilitate HR protein recruitment and function at DNA breaks. Mechanistically, we show that ZMYM2 recruitment to DSBs and suppression of break-associated 53BP1 requires the SUMO E3 ligase PIAS4, as well as SUMO binding by ZMYM2. Cells deficient for ZMYM2/3 display genome instability, PARP inhibitor and ionizing radiation sensitivity and reduced HR repair. Importantly, depletion of 53BP1 in ZMYM2/3-deficient cells rescues BRCA1 recruitment to and HR repair of DSBs, suggesting that ZMYM2 and ZMYM3 primarily function to restrict 53BP1 engagement at breaks to favor BRCA1 loading that functions to channel breaks to HR repair. Identification of DNA repair functions for these poorly characterized ZnF proteins may shed light on their unknown contributions to human diseases, where they have been reported to be highly dysregulated, including in several cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doohyung Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Katja Apelt
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Seong-Ok Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Hsin-Ru Chan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Martijn S Luijsterburg
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Justin W C Leung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Kyle M Miller
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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73
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Huang D, Kraus WL. The expanding universe of PARP1-mediated molecular and therapeutic mechanisms. Mol Cell 2022; 82:2315-2334. [PMID: 35271815 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation (ADPRylation) is a post-translational modification of proteins catalyzed by ADP-ribosyl transferase (ART) enzymes, including nuclear PARPs (e.g., PARP1 and PARP2). Historically, studies of ADPRylation and PARPs have focused on DNA damage responses in cancers, but more recent studies elucidate diverse roles in a broader array of biological processes. Here, we summarize the expanding array of molecular mechanisms underlying the biological functions of nuclear PARPs with a focus on PARP1, the founding member of the family. This includes roles in DNA repair, chromatin regulation, gene expression, ribosome biogenesis, and RNA biology. We also present new concepts in PARP1-dependent regulation, including PAR-dependent post-translational modifications, "ADPR spray," and PAR-mediated biomolecular condensate formation. Moreover, we review advances in the therapeutic mechanisms of PARP inhibitors (PARPi) as well as the progress on the mechanisms of PARPi resistance. Collectively, the recent progress in the field has yielded new insights into the expanding universe of PARP1-mediated molecular and therapeutic mechanisms in a variety of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Huang
- Laboratory of Signaling and Gene Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Division of Basic Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China.
| | - W Lee Kraus
- Laboratory of Signaling and Gene Regulation, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Division of Basic Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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74
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Nickoloff JA, Sharma N, Taylor L, Allen SJ, Hromas R. Nucleases and Co-Factors in DNA Replication Stress Responses. DNA 2022; 2:68-85. [PMID: 36203968 PMCID: PMC9534323 DOI: 10.3390/dna2010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DNA replication stress is a constant threat that cells must manage to proliferate and maintain genome integrity. DNA replication stress responses, a subset of the broader DNA damage response (DDR), operate when the DNA replication machinery (replisome) is blocked or replication forks collapse during S phase. There are many sources of replication stress, such as DNA lesions caused by endogenous and exogenous agents including commonly used cancer therapeutics, and difficult-to-replicate DNA sequences comprising fragile sites, G-quadraplex DNA, hairpins at trinucleotide repeats, and telomeres. Replication stress is also a consequence of conflicts between opposing transcription and replication, and oncogenic stress which dysregulates replication origin firing and fork progression. Cells initially respond to replication stress by protecting blocked replisomes, but if the offending problem (e.g., DNA damage) is not bypassed or resolved in a timely manner, forks may be cleaved by nucleases, inducing a DNA double-strand break (DSB) and providing a means to accurately restart stalled forks via homologous recombination. However, DSBs pose their own risks to genome stability if left unrepaired or misrepaired. Here we focus on replication stress response systems, comprising DDR signaling, fork protection, and fork processing by nucleases that promote fork repair and restart. Replication stress nucleases include MUS81, EEPD1, Metnase, CtIP, MRE11, EXO1, DNA2-BLM, SLX1-SLX4, XPF-ERCC1-SLX4, Artemis, XPG, and FEN1. Replication stress factors are important in cancer etiology as suppressors of genome instability associated with oncogenic mutations, and as potential cancer therapy targets to enhance the efficacy of chemo- and radiotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jac A. Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Lynn Taylor
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Sage J. Allen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Robert Hromas
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and the Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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75
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Li X, Yuan X, Wang Z, Li J, Liu Z, Wang Y, Wei L, Li Y, Wang X. Chidamide Reverses Fluzoparib Resistance in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:819714. [PMID: 35251986 PMCID: PMC8894594 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.819714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) resistance is a new challenge for antitumor therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reversal effects of chidamide on fluzoparib resistance, a PARPi, and its mechanism of action. A fluzoparib-resistant triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line was constructed, and the effects of chidamide and fluzoparib on drug-resistant cells were studied in vitro and in vivo. The effects of these drugs on cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness, the cell cycle, and apoptosis were detected using an MTT assay, wound-healing and transwell invasion assays, and flow cytometry. Bioinformatics was used to identify hub drug resistance genes and Western blots were used to assess the expression of PARP, RAD51, MRE11, cleaved Caspase9, and P-CDK1. Xenograft models were established to analyze the effects of these drugs on nude mice. In vivo results showed that chidamide combined with fluzoparib significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasiveness of drug-resistant cells and restored fluzoparib sensitivity to drug-resistant cells. The combination of chidamide and fluzoparib significantly inhibited the expression of the hub drug resistance genes RAD51 and MRE11, arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase, and induced cell apoptosis. The findings of this work show that chidamide combined with fluzoparib has good antineoplastic activity and reverses TNBC cell resistance to fluzoparil by reducing the expression levels of RAD51 and MRE11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiang Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ziming Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jing Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yukun Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Limin Wei
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yuanpei Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Xinshuai Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xinshuai Wang,
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76
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Dolce V, Dusi S, Giannattasio M, Joseph CR, Fumasoni M, Branzei D. Parental histone deposition on the replicated strands promotes error-free DNA damage tolerance and regulates drug resistance. Genes Dev 2022; 36:167-179. [PMID: 35115379 PMCID: PMC8887126 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349207.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Dolce et al. investigated connections between Ctf4-mediated processes involved in drug resistance, and conducted a suppressor screen of ctf4Δ sensitivity to the methylating agent MMS. Their findings demonstrate a chromatin-based drug resistance mechanism in which defects in parental histone transfer after replication fork passage impair error-free recombination bypass and lead to up-regulation of TLS-mediated mutagenesis and drug resistance. Ctf4 is a conserved replisome component with multiple roles in DNA metabolism. To investigate connections between Ctf4-mediated processes involved in drug resistance, we conducted a suppressor screen of ctf4Δ sensitivity to the methylating agent MMS. We uncovered that mutations in Dpb3 and Dpb4 components of polymerase ε result in the development of drug resistance in ctf4Δ via their histone-binding function. Alleviated sensitivity to MMS of the double mutants was not associated with rescue of ctf4Δ defects in sister chromatid cohesion, replication fork architecture, or template switching, which ensures error-free replication in the presence of genotoxic stress. Strikingly, the improved viability depended on translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerase-mediated mutagenesis, which was drastically increased in ctf4 dpb3 double mutants. Importantly, mutations in Mcm2–Ctf4–Polα and Dpb3–Dpb4 axes of parental (H3–H4)2 deposition on lagging and leading strands invariably resulted in reduced error-free DNA damage tolerance through gap filling by template switch recombination. Overall, we uncovered a chromatin-based drug resistance mechanism in which defects in parental histone transfer after replication fork passage impair error-free recombination bypass and lead to up-regulation of TLS-mediated mutagenesis and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Dolce
- Istituto FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Dusi
- Istituto FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Giannattasio
- Istituto FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-Oncologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Chinnu Rose Joseph
- Istituto FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Fumasoni
- Istituto FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Dana Branzei
- Istituto FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy.,Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), 27100 Pavia, Italy
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77
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Bieńkowski M, Tomasik B, Braun M, Jassem J. PARP inhibitors for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: Biological rationale and current evidence. Cancer Treat Rev 2022; 104:102359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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78
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When breaks get hot: inflammatory signaling in BRCA1/2-mutant cancers. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:174-189. [PMID: 35000881 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability and inflammation are intricately connected hallmark features of cancer. DNA repair defects due to BRCA1/2 mutation instigate immune signaling through the cGAS/STING pathway. The subsequent inflammatory signaling provides both tumor-suppressive as well as tumor-promoting traits. To prevent clearance by the immune system, genomically instable cancer cells need to adapt to escape immune surveillance. Currently, it is unclear how genomically unstable cancers, including BRCA1/2-mutant tumors, are rewired to escape immune clearance. Here, we summarize the mechanisms by which genomic instability triggers inflammatory signaling and describe adaptive mechanisms by which cancer cells can 'fly under the radar' of the immune system. Additionally, we discuss how therapeutic activation of the immune system may improve treatment of genomically instable cancers.
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79
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Wootton J, Soutoglou E. Chromatin and Nuclear Dynamics in the Maintenance of Replication Fork Integrity. Front Genet 2022; 12:773426. [PMID: 34970302 PMCID: PMC8712883 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.773426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication of the eukaryotic genome is a highly regulated process and stringent control is required to maintain genome integrity. In this review, we will discuss the many aspects of the chromatin and nuclear environment that play key roles in the regulation of both unperturbed and stressed replication. Firstly, the higher order organisation of the genome into A and B compartments, topologically associated domains (TADs) and sub-nuclear compartments has major implications in the control of replication timing. In addition, the local chromatin environment defined by non-canonical histone variants, histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) and enrichment of factors such as heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) plays multiple roles in normal S phase progression and during the repair of replicative damage. Lastly, we will cover how the spatial organisation of stalled replication forks facilitates the resolution of replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Wootton
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Evi Soutoglou
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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80
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Miller RE, El-Shakankery KH, Lee JY. PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer: overcoming resistance with combination strategies. J Gynecol Oncol 2022; 33:e44. [PMID: 35320891 PMCID: PMC9024188 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2022.33.e44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of PARP inhibitors (PARPi) in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer is expanding, with the transition from use in recurrent disease to the first-line setting. This is accompanied with an increasing population of patients who develop acquired PARPi resistance. Coupled with those patients with primary PARPi resistance, there is an urgent need to better understand mechanisms of resistance and identify means to overcome this resistance. Combination therapy offers the potential to overcome innate and acquired resistance, by either working synergistically with PARPi or by restoring homologous recombination deficiency, targeting the homologous recombination repair pathway through an alternate strategy. We discuss mechanisms of PARPi resistance and data on novel combinations which may restore PARPi sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan E Miller
- Department of Medical Oncology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Jung-Yun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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81
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Batenburg NL, Mersaoui SY, Walker JR, Coulombe Y, Hammond-Martel I, Wurtele H, Masson JY, Zhu XD. Cockayne syndrome group B protein regulates fork restart, fork progression and MRE11-dependent fork degradation in BRCA1/2-deficient cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:12836-12854. [PMID: 34871413 PMCID: PMC8682776 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cockayne syndrome group B (CSB) protein has been implicated in the repair of a variety of DNA lesions that induce replication stress. However, little is known about its role at stalled replication forks. Here, we report that CSB is recruited to stalled forks in a manner dependent upon its T1031 phosphorylation by CDK. While dispensable for MRE11 association with stalled forks in wild-type cells, CSB is required for further accumulation of MRE11 at stalled forks in BRCA1/2-deficient cells. CSB promotes MRE11-mediated fork degradation in BRCA1/2-deficient cells. CSB possesses an intrinsic ATP-dependent fork reversal activity in vitro, which is activated upon removal of its N-terminal region that is known to autoinhibit CSB’s ATPase domain. CSB functions similarly to fork reversal factors SMARCAL1, ZRANB3 and HLTF to regulate slowdown in fork progression upon exposure to replication stress, indicative of a role of CSB in fork reversal in vivo. Furthermore, CSB not only acts epistatically with MRE11 to facilitate fork restart but also promotes RAD52-mediated break-induced replication repair of double-strand breaks arising from cleavage of stalled forks by MUS81 in BRCA1/2-deficient cells. Loss of CSB exacerbates chemosensitivity in BRCA1/2-deficient cells, underscoring an important role of CSB in the treatment of cancer lacking functional BRCA1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Batenburg
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Sofiane Y Mersaoui
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Oncology Division, Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, 9 McMahon, Québec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - John R Walker
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Yan Coulombe
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Oncology Division, Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, 9 McMahon, Québec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Ian Hammond-Martel
- Centre de recherche, de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 boulevard de l'Assomption, Montréal, Québec H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Hugo Wurtele
- Centre de recherche, de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 boulevard de l'Assomption, Montréal, Québec H1T 2M4, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Oncology Division, Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, 9 McMahon, Québec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Xu-Dong Zhu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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82
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The Clinical Challenges, Trials, and Errors of Combatting Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors Resistance. Cancer J 2021; 27:491-500. [PMID: 34904812 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The use of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) exploits synthetic lethality in solid tumors with homologous recombination repair (HRR) defects. Significant clinical benefit has been established in breast and ovarian cancers harboring BRCA1/2 mutations, as well as tumors harboring characteristics of "BRCAness." However, the durability of treatment responses is limited, and emerging data have demonstrated the clinical challenge of PARPi resistance. With the expanding use of PARPi, the significance of PARP therapy in patients pretreated with PARPi remains in need of significant further investigation. Molecular mechanisms contributing to this phenomenon include restoration of HRR function, replication fork stabilization, BRCA1/2 reversion mutations, and epigenetic changes. Current studies are evaluating the utility of combination therapies of PARPi with cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors, antiangiogenic agents, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathway inhibitors, MEK inhibitors, and epigenetic modifiers to overcome this resistance. In this review, we address the mechanisms of PARPi resistance supported by preclinical models, examine current clinical trials applying combination therapy to overcome PARPi resistance, and discuss future directions to enhance the clinical efficacy of PARPi.
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83
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Cleary JM, Wolpin BM, Dougan SK, Raghavan S, Singh H, Huffman B, Sethi NS, Nowak JA, Shapiro GI, Aguirre AJ, D'Andrea AD. Opportunities for Utilization of DNA Repair Inhibitors in Homologous Recombination Repair-Deficient and Proficient Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:6622-6637. [PMID: 34285063 PMCID: PMC8678153 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is rapidly progressive and notoriously difficult to treat with cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted agents. Recent demonstration of the efficacy of maintenance PARP inhibition in germline BRCA mutated pancreatic cancer has raised hopes that increased understanding of the DNA damage response pathway will lead to new therapies in both homologous recombination (HR) repair-deficient and proficient pancreatic cancer. Here, we review the potential mechanisms of exploiting HR deficiency, replicative stress, and DNA damage-mediated immune activation through targeted inhibition of DNA repair regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Cleary
- Dana-Farber Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Brian M Wolpin
- Dana-Farber Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Srivatsan Raghavan
- Dana-Farber Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Harshabad Singh
- Dana-Farber Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brandon Huffman
- Dana-Farber Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nilay S Sethi
- Dana-Farber Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Geoffrey I Shapiro
- Dana-Farber Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew J Aguirre
- Dana-Farber Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alan D D'Andrea
- Dana-Farber Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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84
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Fugger K, Hewitt G, West SC, Boulton SJ. Tackling PARP inhibitor resistance. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:1102-1118. [PMID: 34563478 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination-deficient (HRD) tumours, including those harbouring mutations in the BRCA genes, are hypersensitive to treatment with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARPis). Despite high response rates, most HRD cancers ultimately develop resistance to PARPi treatment through reversion mutations or genetic/epigenetic alterations to DNA repair pathways. Counteracting these resistance pathways, thereby increasing the potency of PARPi therapy, represents a potential strategy to improve the treatment of HRD cancers. In this review, we discuss recent insights derived from genetic screens that have identified a number of novel genes that can be targeted to improve PARPi treatment of HRD cancers and may provide a means to overcome PARPi resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Fugger
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Graeme Hewitt
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Stephen C West
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Simon J Boulton
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Artios Pharma Ltd. B940, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3FH, UK.
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85
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Adibfar S, Elveny M, Kashikova HS, Mikhailova MV, Farhangnia P, Vakili-Samiani S, Tarokhian H, Jadidi-Niaragh F. The molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of EZH2 in breast cancer. Life Sci 2021; 286:120047. [PMID: 34653429 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to its high occurrence and mortality rate, breast cancer has been studied from various aspects as one of the cancer field's hot topics in the last decade. Epigenetic alterations are spoused to be highly effective in breast cancer development. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is an enzymatic epi-protein that takes part in most vital cell functions by its different action modes. EZH2 is suggested to be dysregulated in specific breast cancer types, particularly in advanced stages. Mounting evidence revealed that EZH2 overexpression or dysfunction affects the pathophysiology of breast cancer. In this review, we discuss biological aspects of the EZH2 molecule with a focus on its newly identified action mechanisms. We also highlight how EZH2 plays an essential role in breast cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and invasion, which emerged as a worthy target for treating breast cancer in different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Adibfar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Marischa Elveny
- DS & CI Research Group, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Pooya Farhangnia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Immunology Board for Transplantation and Advanced Cellular Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajjad Vakili-Samiani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hanieh Tarokhian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Integrated Medicine and Aging Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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86
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Westin SN, Labrie M, Litton JK, Blucher A, Fang Y, Vellano CP, Marszalek JR, Feng N, Ma X, Creason A, Fellman B, Yuan Y, Lee S, Kim TB, Liu J, Chelariu-Raicu A, Chen TH, Kabil N, Soliman PT, Frumovitz M, Schmeler KM, Jazaeri A, Lu KH, Murthy R, Meyer LA, Sun CC, Sood AK, Coleman RL, Mills GB. Phase Ib Dose Expansion and Translational Analyses of Olaparib in Combination with Capivasertib in Recurrent Endometrial, Triple-Negative Breast, and Ovarian Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:6354-6365. [PMID: 34518313 PMCID: PMC8639651 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE On the basis of strong preclinical rationale, we sought to confirm recommended phase II dose (RP2D) for olaparib, a PARP inhibitor, combined with the AKT inhibitor capivasertib and assess molecular markers of response and resistance. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a safety lead-in followed by expansion in endometrial, triple-negative breast, ovarian, fallopian tube, or peritoneal cancer. Olaparib 300 mg orally twice daily and capivasertib orally twice daily on a 4-day on 3-day off schedule was evaluated. Two dose levels (DL) of capivasertib were planned: 400 mg (DL1) and 320 mg (DL-1). Patients underwent biopsies at baseline and 28 days. RESULTS A total of 38 patients were enrolled. Seven (18%) had germline BRCA1/2 mutations. The first 2 patients on DL1 experienced dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) of diarrhea and vomiting. No DLTs were observed on DL-1 (n = 6); therefore, DL1 was reexplored (n = 6) with no DLTs, confirming DL1 as RP2D. Most common treatment-related grade 3/4 adverse events were anemia (23.7%) and leukopenia (10.5%). Of 32 evaluable subjects, 6 (19%) had partial response (PR); PR rate was 44.4% in endometrial cancer. Seven (22%) additional patients had stable disease greater than 4 months. Tumor analysis demonstrated strong correlations between response and immune activity, cell-cycle alterations, and DNA damage response. Therapy resistance was associated with receptor tyrosine kinase and RAS-MAPK pathway activity, metabolism, and epigenetics. CONCLUSIONS The combination of olaparib and capivasertib is associated to no serious adverse events and demonstrates durable activity in ovarian, endometrial, and breast cancers, with promising responses in endometrial cancer. Importantly, tumor samples acquired pre- and on-therapy can help predict patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon N Westin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Marilyne Labrie
- Knight Cancer Institute and Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jennifer K Litton
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Aurora Blucher
- Knight Cancer Institute and Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Yong Fang
- Knight Cancer Institute and Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | | | - Ningping Feng
- TRACTION, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - XiaoYan Ma
- TRACTION, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Allison Creason
- Knight Cancer Institute and Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Bryan Fellman
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tae-Beom Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anca Chelariu-Raicu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tsun Hsuan Chen
- Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Pamela T Soliman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael Frumovitz
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Katheleen M Schmeler
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Amir Jazaeri
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Karen H Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rashmi Murthy
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Larissa A Meyer
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Charlotte C Sun
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Gordon B Mills
- Knight Cancer Institute and Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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87
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Understanding and overcoming resistance to PARP inhibitors in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:773-791. [PMID: 34285417 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-021-00532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Developing novel targeted anticancer therapies is a major goal of current research. The use of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in patients with homologous recombination-deficient tumours provides one of the best examples of a targeted therapy that has been successfully translated into the clinic. The success of this approach has so far led to the approval of four different PARP inhibitors for the treatment of several types of cancers and a total of seven different compounds are currently under clinical investigation for various indications. Clinical trials have demonstrated promising response rates among patients receiving PARP inhibitors, although the majority will inevitably develop resistance. Preclinical and clinical data have revealed multiple mechanisms of resistance and current efforts are focused on developing strategies to address this challenge. In this Review, we summarize the diverse processes underlying resistance to PARP inhibitors and discuss the potential strategies that might overcome these mechanisms such as combinations with chemotherapies, targeting the acquired vulnerabilities associated with resistance to PARP inhibitors or suppressing genomic instability.
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88
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Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are cytotoxic lesions that threaten genome integrity and cell viability. Typically, cells repair DSBs by either nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). The relative use of these two pathways depends on many factors, including cell cycle stage and the nature of the DNA ends. A critical determinant of repair pathway selection is the initiation of 5'→3' nucleolytic degradation of DNA ends, a process referred to as DNA end resection. End resection is essential to create single-stranded DNA overhangs, which serve as the substrate for the Rad51 recombinase to initiate HR and are refractory to NHEJ repair. Here, we review recent insights into the mechanisms of end resection, how it is regulated, and the pathological consequences of its dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Cejka
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; .,Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lorraine S Symington
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; .,Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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89
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Shah S, Rachmat R, Enyioma S, Ghose A, Revythis A, Boussios S. BRCA Mutations in Prostate Cancer: Assessment, Implications and Treatment Considerations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12628. [PMID: 34884434 PMCID: PMC8657599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer ranks fifth in cancer-related mortality in men worldwide. DNA damage is implicated in cancer and DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are in place against this to maintain genomic stability. Impaired DDR pathways play a role in prostate carcinogenesis and germline or somatic mutations in DDR genes have been found in both primary and metastatic prostate cancer. Among these, BRCA mutations have been found to be especially clinically relevant with a role for germline or somatic testing. Prostate cancer with DDR defects may be sensitive to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors which target proteins in a process called PARylation. Initially they were used to target BRCA-mutated tumor cells in a process of synthetic lethality. However, recent studies have found potential for PARP inhibitors in a variety of other genetic settings. In this review, we explore the mechanisms of DNA repair, potential for genomic analysis of prostate cancer and therapeutics of PARP inhibitors along with their safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidrah Shah
- Department of Palliative Care, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | - Rachelle Rachmat
- Department of Radiology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | - Synthia Enyioma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, UK; (S.E.); (A.R.)
| | - Aruni Ghose
- Department of Medical Oncology, Barts Cancer Centre, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, W Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK;
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Antonios Revythis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, UK; (S.E.); (A.R.)
| | - Stergios Boussios
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, UK; (S.E.); (A.R.)
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- AELIA Organization, 9th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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90
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Zhou S, Dai Z, Wang L, Gao X, Yang L, Wang Z, Wang Q, Liu Z. MET inhibition enhances PARP inhibitor efficacy in castration-resistant prostate cancer by suppressing the ATM/ATR and PI3K/AKT pathways. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:11157-11169. [PMID: 34761497 PMCID: PMC8650038 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 30% of patients with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients carry altered DNA damage response genes, enabling the use of poly adenosine diphosphate–ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in advanced CRPC. The proto‐oncogene mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET) is crucial in the migration, proliferation, and invasion of tumour cells. Aberrant expression of MET and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor is associated with drug resistance in cancer therapy. Here, we found that MET was highly expressed in human CRPC tissues and overexpressed in DU145 and PC3 cells in a drug concentration‐dependent manner and is closely related to sensitivity to PARP inhibitors. Combining the PARP inhibitor olaparib with the MET inhibitor crizotinib synergistically inhibited CRPC cell growth both in vivo and in vitro. Further analysis of the underlying molecular mechanism underlying the MET suppression‐induced drug sensitivity revealed that olaparib and crizotinib could together downregulate the ATM/ATR signaling pathway, inducing apoptosis by inhibiting the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway, enhancing the olaparib‐induced antitumour effect in DU145 and PC3 cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated that MET inhibition enhances sensitivity of CRPC to PARP inhibitors by suppressing the ATM/ATR and PI3K/AKT pathways and provides a novel, targeted therapy regimen for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihai Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, DaLian, China
| | - Zhihong Dai
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, DaLian, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, DaLian, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, DaLian, China
| | - Liqin Yang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, DaLian, China
| | - Zhenwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, DaLian, China
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, DaLian, China
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91
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Sebastian R, Aladjem MI, Oberdoerffer P. Encounters in Three Dimensions: How Nuclear Topology Shapes Genome Integrity. Front Genet 2021; 12:746380. [PMID: 34745220 PMCID: PMC8566435 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.746380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 25 years ago, the phosphorylation of a chromatin component, histone H2AX, was discovered as an integral part of the DNA damage response in eukaryotes. Much has been learned since then about the control of DNA repair in the context of chromatin. Recent technical and computational advances in imaging, biophysics and deep sequencing have led to unprecedented insight into nuclear organization, highlighting the impact of three-dimensional (3D) chromatin structure and nuclear topology on DNA repair. In this review, we will describe how DNA repair processes have adjusted to and in many cases adopted these organizational features to ensure accurate lesion repair. We focus on new findings that highlight the importance of chromatin context, topologically associated domains, phase separation and DNA break mobility for the establishment of repair-conducive nuclear environments. Finally, we address the consequences of aberrant 3D genome maintenance for genome instability and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Sebastian
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mirit I Aladjem
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Philipp Oberdoerffer
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, United States
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92
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Cantor SB. Revisiting the BRCA-pathway through the lens of replication gap suppression: "Gaps determine therapy response in BRCA mutant cancer". DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 107:103209. [PMID: 34419699 PMCID: PMC9049047 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The toxic lesion emanating from chemotherapy that targets the DNA was initially debated, but eventually the DNA double strand break (DSB) ultimately prevailed. The reasoning was in part based on the perception that repairing a fractured chromosome necessitated intricate processing or condemned the cell to death. Genetic evidence for the DSB model was also provided by the extreme sensitivity of cells that were deficient in DSB repair. In particular, sensitivity characterized cells harboring mutations in the hereditary breast/ovarian cancer genes, BRCA1 or BRCA2, that function in the repair of DSBs by homologous recombination (HR). Along with functions in HR, BRCA proteins were found to prevent DSBs by protecting stalled replication forks from nuclease degradation. Coming full-circle, BRCA mutant cancer cells that gained resistance to genotoxic chemotherapy often displayed restored DNA repair by HR and/or restored fork protection (FP) implicating that the therapy was tolerated when DSB repair was intact or DSBs were prevented. Despite this well-supported paradigm that has been the impetus for targeted cancer therapy, here we argue that the toxic DNA lesion conferring response is instead single stranded DNA (ssDNA) gaps. We discuss the evidence that persistent ssDNA gaps formed in the wake of DNA replication rather than DSBs are responsible for cell killing following treatment with genotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. We also highlight that proteins, such as BRCA1, BRCA2, and RAD51 known for canonical DSB repair also have critical roles in normal replication as well as replication gap suppression (RGS) and repair. We review the literature that supports the idea that widespread gap induction proximal to treatment triggers apoptosis in a process that does not need or stem from DSB induction. Lastly, we discuss the clinical evidence for gaps and how to exploit them to enhance genotoxic chemotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon B Cantor
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 415, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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93
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Bočkaj I, Martini TEI, de Camargo Magalhães ES, Bakker PL, Meeuwsen-de Boer TGJ, Armandari I, Meuleman SL, Mondria MT, Stok C, Kok YP, Bakker B, Wardenaar R, Seiler J, Broekhuis MJC, van den Bos H, Spierings DCJ, Ringnalda FCA, Clevers H, Schüller U, van Vugt MATM, Foijer F, Bruggeman SWM. The H3.3K27M oncohistone affects replication stress outcome and provokes genomic instability in pediatric glioma. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009868. [PMID: 34752469 PMCID: PMC8604337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While comprehensive molecular profiling of histone H3.3 mutant pediatric high-grade glioma has revealed extensive dysregulation of the chromatin landscape, the exact mechanisms driving tumor formation remain poorly understood. Since H3.3 mutant gliomas also exhibit high levels of copy number alterations, we set out to address if the H3.3K27M oncohistone leads to destabilization of the genome. Hereto, we established a cell culture model allowing inducible H3.3K27M expression and observed an increase in mitotic abnormalities. We also found enhanced interaction of DNA replication factors with H3.3K27M during mitosis, indicating replication defects. Further functional analyses revealed increased genomic instability upon replication stress, as represented by mitotic bulky and ultrafine DNA bridges. This co-occurred with suboptimal 53BP1 nuclear body formation after mitosis in vitro, and in human glioma. Finally, we observed a decrease in ultrafine DNA bridges following deletion of the K27M mutant H3F3A allele in primary high-grade glioma cells. Together, our data uncover a role for H3.3 in DNA replication under stress conditions that is altered by the K27M mutation, promoting genomic instability and potentially glioma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Bočkaj
- Department of Ageing Biology/ERIBA, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tosca E. I. Martini
- Department of Ageing Biology/ERIBA, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eduardo S. de Camargo Magalhães
- Department of Ageing Biology/ERIBA, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Petra L. Bakker
- Department of Ageing Biology/ERIBA, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tiny G. J. Meeuwsen-de Boer
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Inna Armandari
- Department of Ageing Biology/ERIBA, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Saskia L. Meuleman
- Department of Ageing Biology/ERIBA, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marin T. Mondria
- Department of Ageing Biology/ERIBA, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Colin Stok
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yannick P. Kok
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bjorn Bakker
- Department of Ageing Biology/ERIBA, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - René Wardenaar
- Department of Ageing Biology/ERIBA, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jonas Seiler
- Department of Ageing Biology/ERIBA, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- iPSC/CRISPR facility, Department of Ageing Biology/ERIBA, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mathilde J. C. Broekhuis
- Department of Ageing Biology/ERIBA, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- iPSC/CRISPR facility, Department of Ageing Biology/ERIBA, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hilda van den Bos
- Department of Ageing Biology/ERIBA, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Diana C. J. Spierings
- Department of Ageing Biology/ERIBA, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Femke C. A. Ringnalda
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcel A. T. M. van Vugt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Floris Foijer
- Department of Ageing Biology/ERIBA, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- iPSC/CRISPR facility, Department of Ageing Biology/ERIBA, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sophia W. M. Bruggeman
- Department of Ageing Biology/ERIBA, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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94
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Tao M, Wu X. The role of patient-derived ovarian cancer organoids in the study of PARP inhibitors sensitivity and resistance: from genomic analysis to functional testing. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:338. [PMID: 34702316 PMCID: PMC8547054 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) harbors distinct genetic features such as homologous recombination repair (HRR) deficiency, and therefore may respond to poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi). Over the past few years, PARPi have been added to the standard of care for EOC patients in both front-line and recurrent settings. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) genomic analysis provides key information, allowing for the prediction of PARPi response in patients who are PARPi naïve. However, there are indeed some limitations in NGS analyses. A subset of patients can benefit from PARPi, despite the failed detection of the predictive biomarkers such as BRCA1/2 mutations or HRR deficiency. Moreover, in the recurrent setting, the sequencing of initial tumor does not allow for the detection of reversions or secondary mutations restoring proficient HRR and thus leading to PARPi resistance. Therefore, it becomes crucial to better screen patients who will likely benefit from PARPi treatment, especially those with prior receipt of maintenance PARPi therapy. Recently, patient-derived organoids (PDOs) have been regarded as a reliable preclinical platform with clonal heterogeneity and genetic features of original tumors. PDOs are found feasible for functional testing and interrogation of biomarkers for predicting response to PARPi in EOC. Hence, we review the strengths and limitations of various predictive biomarkers and highlight the role of patient-derived ovarian cancer organoids as functional assays in the study of PARPi response. It was found that a combination of NGS and functional assays using PDOs could enhance the efficient screening of EOC patients suitable for PARPi, thus prolonging their survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Tao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecology Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pu Jian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecology Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pu Jian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China.
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95
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Zhang S, Zhou T, Wang Z, Yi F, Li C, Guo W, Xu H, Cui H, Dong X, Liu J, Song X, Cao L. Post-Translational Modifications of PCNA in Control of DNA Synthesis and DNA Damage Tolerance-the Implications in Carcinogenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:4047-4059. [PMID: 34671219 PMCID: PMC8495385 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.64628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The faithful DNA replication is a critical event for cell survival and inheritance. However, exogenous or endogenous sources of damage challenge the accurate synthesis of DNA, which causes DNA lesions. The DNA lesions are obstacles for replication fork progression. However, the prolonged replication fork stalling leads to replication fork collapse, which may cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). In order to maintain genomic stability, eukaryotic cells evolve translesion synthesis (TLS) and template switching (TS) to resolve the replication stalling. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) trimer acts as a slide clamp and encircles DNA to orchestrate DNA synthesis and DNA damage tolerance (DDT). The post-translational modifications (PTMs) of PCNA regulate these functions to ensure the appropriate initiation and termination of replication and DDT. The aberrant regulation of PCNA PTMs will result in DSB, which causes mutagenesis and poor response to chemotherapy. Here, we review the roles of the PCNA PTMs in DNA duplication and DDT. We propose that clarifying the regulation of PCNA PTMs may provide insights into understanding the development of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Fei Yi
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Chunlu Li
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Wendong Guo
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Hongde Xu
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Hongyan Cui
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Xiang Dong
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Liu Cao
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
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96
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Biegała Ł, Gajek A, Marczak A, Rogalska A. PARP inhibitor resistance in ovarian cancer: Underlying mechanisms and therapeutic approaches targeting the ATR/CHK1 pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188633. [PMID: 34619333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) constitutes the most common cause of gynecologic cancer-related death in women worldwide. Despite consistent developments in treatment strategies for OC, the management of advanced-stage disease remains a significant challenge. Recent improvements in targeted treatments based on poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) have provided invaluable benefits to patients with OC. Unfortunately, numerous patients do not respond to PARPi due to intrinsic resistance or acquisition of resistance. Here, we discuss mechanisms of resistance to PARPi that have specifically emerged in OC including increased drug efflux, restoration of HR repair, re-establishment of replication fork stability, reduced PARP1 trapping, abnormalities in PARP signaling, and less common pathways associated with alternative DNA sensing and repair pathways. Elucidation of the precise mechanisms is essential for the development of novel strategies to re-sensitize OC cells to PARPi agents. Additionally, novel potential concepts for preventing and combating resistance to PARPi under development and relevant clinical reports on treatment strategies have been reviewed, with emphasis on the exploitation of the ATR/CHK1 kinase pathway in sensitization to PARPi to overcome resistance-induced vulnerability in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Biegała
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Gajek
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Marczak
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Aneta Rogalska
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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97
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Wattenberg MM, Reiss KA. Determinants of Homologous Recombination Deficiency in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4716. [PMID: 34572943 PMCID: PMC8466888 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a treatment-resistant malignancy associated with high mortality. However, defective homologous recombination (HR), a DNA repair mechanism required for high-fidelity repair of double-strand DNA breaks, is a therapeutic vulnerability. Consistent with this, a subset of patients with pancreatic cancer show unique tumor responsiveness to HR-dependent DNA damage triggered by certain treatments (platinum chemotherapy and PARP inhibitors). While pathogenic mutations in HR genes are a major driver of this sensitivity, another layer of diverse tumor intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulate the HR deficiency (HRD) phenotype. Defining the mechanisms that drive HRD may guide the development of novel strategies and therapeutics to induce treatment sensitivity in non-HRD tumors. Here, we discuss the complexity underlying HRD in pancreatic cancer and highlight implications for identifying and treating this distinct subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M. Wattenberg
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kim A. Reiss
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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98
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The Sound of Silence: How Silenced Chromatin Orchestrates the Repair of Double-Strand Breaks. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091415. [PMID: 34573397 PMCID: PMC8467445 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic nucleus is continuously being exposed to endogenous and exogenous sources that cause DNA breaks, whose faithful repair requires the activity of dedicated nuclear machineries. DNA is packaged into a variety of chromatin domains, each characterized by specific molecular properties that regulate gene expression and help maintain nuclear structure. These different chromatin environments each demand a tailored response to DNA damage. Silenced chromatin domains in particular present a major challenge to the cell’s DNA repair machinery due to their specific biophysical properties and distinct, often repetitive, DNA content. To this end, we here discuss the interplay between silenced chromatin domains and DNA damage repair, specifically double-strand breaks, and how these processes help maintain genome stability.
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99
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Park SH, Fong KW, Mong E, Martin MC, Schiltz GE, Yu J. Going beyond Polycomb: EZH2 functions in prostate cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:5788-5798. [PMID: 34349243 PMCID: PMC8487936 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01982-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Polycomb group (PcG) protein Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) is one of the three core subunits of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2). It harbors histone methyltransferase activity (MTase) that specifically catalyze histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27) methylation on target gene promoters. As such, PRC2 are epigenetic silencers that play important roles in cellular identity and embryonic stem cell maintenance. In the past two decades, mounting evidence supports EZH2 mutations and/or over-expression in a wide array of hematological cancers and solid tumors, including prostate cancer. Further, EZH2 is among the most upregulated genes in neuroendocrine prostate cancers, which become abundant due to the clinical use of high-affinity androgen receptor pathway inhibitors. While numerous studies have reported epigenetic functions of EZH2 that inhibit tumor suppressor genes and promote tumorigenesis, discordance between EZH2 and H3K27 methylation has been reported. Further, enzymatic EZH2 inhibitors have shown limited efficacy in prostate cancer, warranting a more comprehensive understanding of EZH2 functions. Here we first review how canonical functions of EZH2 as a histone MTase are regulated and describe the various mechanisms of PRC2 recruitment to the chromatin. We further outline non-histone substrates of EZH2 and discuss post-translational modifications to EZH2 itself that may affect substrate preference. Lastly, we summarize non-canonical functions of EZH2, beyond its MTase activity and/or PRC2, as a transcriptional cofactor and discuss prospects of its therapeutic targeting in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su H Park
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ka-Wing Fong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ezinne Mong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M Cynthia Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Gary E Schiltz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jindan Yu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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100
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Boldrini L, Faviana P, Galli L, Paolieri F, Erba PA, Bardi M. Multi-Dimensional Scaling Analysis of Key Regulatory Genes in Prostate Cancer Using the TCGA Database. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1350. [PMID: 34573332 PMCID: PMC8468120 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is a polygenic disease with multiple gene interactions. Therefore, a detailed analysis of its epidemiology and evaluation of risk factors can help to identify more accurate predictors of aggressive disease. We used the transcriptome data from a cohort of 243 patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Key regulatory genes involved in proliferation activity, in the regulation of stress, and in the regulation of inflammation processes of the tumor microenvironment were selected to test a priori multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) models and create a combined score to better predict the patients' survival and disease-free intervals. Survival was positively correlated with cortisol expression and negatively with Mini-Chromosome Maintenance 7 (MCM7) and Breast-Related Cancer Antigen2 (BRCA2) expression. The disease-free interval was negatively related to the expression of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), MCM7, BRCA2, and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1). MDS suggested two separate pathways of activation in PC. Within these two dimensions three separate clusters emerged: (1) cortisol and brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF, (2) PD-L1 and cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTL4); (3) and finally EZH2, MCM7, BRCA2, and c-Myc. We entered the three clusters of association shown in the MDS in several Kaplan-Meier analyses. It was found that only Cluster 3 was significantly related to the interval-disease free, indicating that patients with an overall higher activity of regulatory genes of proliferation and DNA repair had a lower probability to have a longer disease-free time. In conclusion, our data study provided initial evidence that selecting patients with a high grade of proliferation and DNA repair activity could lead to an early identification of an aggressive PC with a potentials for metastatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Boldrini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Pinuccia Faviana
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Luca Galli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (F.P.); (P.A.E.)
| | - Federico Paolieri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (F.P.); (P.A.E.)
| | - Paola Anna Erba
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (F.P.); (P.A.E.)
| | - Massimo Bardi
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005, USA;
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