51
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Lin Z, Chen D, Liu W. Biosynthesis-based artificial evolution of microbial natural products. Sci China Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-016-0062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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52
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Abstract
Current directions and emerging possibilities under investigation for the integration of synthetic and semi-synthetic multivalent architectures with biology are discussed. Attention is focussed around multivalent interactions, their fundamental role in biology, and current and potential approaches in emulating them in terms of structure and functionality using synthetic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Mahon
- Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Mihail Barboiu
- Adaptative Supramolecular Nanosystems Group, Institut Européen des Membranes, ENSCM/UMII/UMR-CNRS 5635, Pl. Eugène Bataillon, CC 047, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.
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53
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Hesser AR, Brandsen BM, Walsh SM, Wang P, Silverman SK. DNA-catalyzed glycosylation using aryl glycoside donors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:9259-62. [PMID: 27355482 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04329a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification by in vitro selection of Zn(2+)/Mn(2+)-dependent deoxyribozymes that glycosylate the 3'-OH of a DNA oligonucleotide. Both β and α anomers of aryl glycosides can be used as the glycosyl donors. Individual deoxyribozymes are each specific for a particular donor anomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Hesser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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54
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Recent developments in the enzymatic O-glycosylation of flavonoids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4269-81. [PMID: 27029191 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The glycosylation of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, is of particular relevance, as it modulates many of their pharmacokinetic parameters. This article reviews the literature between 2010 and the end of 2015 that deals with the enzymatic O-glycosylation of this class of compounds. Enzymes of glycosyltransferase family 1 remain the biocatalysts of choice for glycodiversification of flavonoids, in spite of relatively low yields. Transfers of 14 different sugars, in addition to glucose, were reported. Several Escherichia coli strains were metabolically engineered to enable a (more efficient) synthesis of the required donor during in vivo glycosylations. For the transfer of glucose, enzymes of glycoside hydrolase families 13 and 70 were successfully assayed with several flavonoids. The number of acceptor substrates and of regiospecificities characterized so far is smaller than for glycosyltransferases. However, their glycosyl donors are much cheaper and yields are considerably higher. A few success stories of enzyme engineering were reported. These improved the catalytic efficiency as well as donor, acceptor, or product ranges. Currently, the development of appropriate high-throughput screening systems appears to be the major bottleneck for this powerful technology.
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55
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Xu L, Qi T, Xu L, Lu L, Xiao M. Recent progress in the enzymatic glycosylation of phenolic compounds. J Carbohydr Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2015.1137580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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56
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Chen D, Sun L, Chen R, Xie K, Yang L, Dai J. Enzymatic Synthesis of Acylphloroglucinol 3-C
-Glucosides from 2-O
-Glucosides using a C
-Glycosyltransferase from Mangifera indica. Chemistry 2016; 22:5873-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; 1 Xian Nong Tan Street Beijing 100050 P.R. China
| | - Lili Sun
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences; Minzu University of China; 27 Zhong Guan Cun Southern Street Beijing 100081 P.R. China
| | - Ridao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; 1 Xian Nong Tan Street Beijing 100050 P.R. China
| | - Kebo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; 1 Xian Nong Tan Street Beijing 100050 P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences; Minzu University of China; 27 Zhong Guan Cun Southern Street Beijing 100081 P.R. China
| | - Jungui Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; 1 Xian Nong Tan Street Beijing 100050 P.R. China
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57
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Liang C, Zhang Y, Jia Y, Wenzhao Wang, Li Y, Lu S, Jin JM, Tang SY. Engineering a Carbohydrate-processing Transglycosidase into Glycosyltransferase for Natural Product Glycodiversification. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21051. [PMID: 26869143 PMCID: PMC4751530 DOI: 10.1038/srep21051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycodiversification broadens the scope of natural product-derived drug discovery. The acceptor substrate promiscuity of glucosyltransferase-D (GTF-D), a carbohydrate-processing enzyme from Streptococcus mutans, was expanded by protein engineering. Mutants in a site-saturation mutagenesis library were screened on the fluorescent substrate 4-methylumbelliferone to identify derivatives with improved transglycosylation efficiency. In comparison to the wild-type GTF-D enzyme, mutant M4 exhibited increased transglycosylation capabilities on flavonoid substrates including catechin, genistein, daidzein and silybin, using the glucosyl donor sucrose. This study demonstrated the feasibility of developing natural product glycosyltransferases by engineering transglycosidases that use donor substrates cheaper than NDP-sugars, and gave rise to a series of α-glucosylated natural products that are novel to the natural product reservoir. The solubility of the α-glucoside of genistein and the anti-oxidant capability of the α-glucoside of catechin were also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoning Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Youhai Li
- School of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Shikun Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Ming Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- School of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Shuang-Yan Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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58
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Li S, Wang H, Ma J, Gu G, Chen Z, Guo Z. One-pot four-enzyme synthesis of thymidinediphosphate-l-rhamnose. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:13995-13998. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08366h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A concise and effective one-pot four-enzyme synthesis of dTDP-Rha, the substrate of rhamnosyltransferases, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqiang Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Hong Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Juncai Ma
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Guofeng Gu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Zonggang Chen
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
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59
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Mehr K, Withers SG. Mechanisms of the sialidase and trans-sialidase activities of bacterial sialyltransferases from glycosyltransferase family 80. Glycobiology 2015; 26:353-9. [PMID: 26582604 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many important biological functions are mediated by complex glycan structures containing the nine-carbon sugar sialic acid (Sia) at terminal, non-reducing positions. Sia are introduced onto glycan structures by enzymes known as sialyltransferases (STs). Bacterial STs from the glycosyltransferase family GT80 are a group of well-studied enzymes used for the synthesis of sialylated glycan structures. While highly efficient at sialyl transfer, these enzymes also demonstrate sialidase and trans-sialidase activities for which there is some debate surrounding the corresponding enzymatic mechanisms. Here we propose a mechanism for STs from the glycosyltransferase family GT80 in which sialidase and trans-sialidase activities occur through reverse sialylation of CMP. The resulting CMP-Sia is then enzymatically hydrolyzed or used as a donor in subsequent ST reactions resulting in sialidase and trans-sialidase activities, respectively. We provide evidence for this mechanism by demonstrating that CMP is required for sialidase and trans-sialidase activities and that its removal with phosphatase ablates activity. We also confirm the formation of CMP-Sia using a coupled enzyme assay. A clear understanding of the sialidase and trans-sialidase mechanisms for this class of enzymes allows for more effective use of these enzymes in the synthesis of glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mehr
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for High-throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Stephen G Withers
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for High-throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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60
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Xu SH, DU CH, Zhang J, Yu BY. Glycosylation and sulfation of emodin by Gliocladium deliquescens NRRL 1086. Chin J Nat Med 2015; 13:796-800. [PMID: 26481382 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)30082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to explore the substrate scope and biocatalytic capability of Gliocladium deliquescens NRRL 1086 on phenolic natural products. Emodin was subjected to the fermentation culture of Gliocladium deliquescens NRRL 1086 according to the standard two-stage protocol. The biotransformation process was monitored by HPLC-DAD-MS, the main product was isolated by column chromatography, and the structure was elucidated on the basis of NMR spectroscopy. Emodin could be fully metabolized by Gliocladium deliquescens NRRL 1086, resulting in high yield of emodin 6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and small amount of sulfated product. In conclusion, our results may provide a convenient method to prepare emodin 6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and the microbe catalyzed glucosylation/sulfation will give an inspiration to pharmacokinetic model studies in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chen-Hui DU
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Bo-Yang Yu
- Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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61
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Direct aqueous synthesis of non-protected glycosyl sulfoxides; weak inhibitory activity against glycosidases. Carbohydr Res 2015; 413:123-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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62
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Bubner P, Czabany T, Luley-Goedl C, Nidetzky B. Comparison of broad-scope assays of nucleotide sugar-dependent glycosyltransferases. Anal Biochem 2015; 490:46-51. [PMID: 26297818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are abundant in nature and diverse in their range of substrates. Application of GTs is, however, often complicated by their narrow substrate specificity. GTs with tailored specificities are highly demanded for targeted glycosylation reactions. Engineering of such GTs is, however, restricted by lack of practical and broad-scope assays currently available. Here we present an improvement of an inexpensive and simple assay that relies on the enzymatic detection of inorganic phosphate cleaved from nucleoside phosphate products released in GT reactions. This phosphatase-coupled assay (PCA) is compared with other GT assays: a pH shift assay and a commercially available immunoassay in Escherichia coli cell-free extract (CE). Furthermore, we probe PCA with three GTs with different specificities. Our results demonstrate that PCA is a versatile and apparently general GT assay with a detection limit as low as 1 mU. The detection limit of the pH shift assay is roughly 4 times higher. The immunoassay, by contrast, detected only nucleoside diphosphates (NDPs) but had the lowest detection limit. Compared with these assays, PCA showed superior robustness and, therefore, appears to be a suitable general screening assay for nucleotide sugar-dependent GTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Bubner
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tibor Czabany
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christiane Luley-Goedl
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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63
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Dirks-Hofmeister ME, Verhaeghe T, De Winter K, Desmet T. Creating Space for Large Acceptors: Rational Biocatalyst Design for Resveratrol Glycosylation in an Aqueous System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9289-92. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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64
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Dirks-Hofmeister ME, Verhaeghe T, De Winter K, Desmet T. Creating Space for Large Acceptors: Rational Biocatalyst Design for Resveratrol Glycosylation in an Aqueous System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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65
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Wang X, Reynolds AR, Elshahawi SI, Shaaban KA, Ponomareva LV, Saunders MA, Elgumati IS, Zhang Y, Copley GC, Hower JC, Sunkara M, Morris AJ, Kharel MK, Van Lanen SG, Prendergast MA, Thorson JS. Terfestatins B and C, New p-Terphenyl Glycosides Produced by Streptomyces sp. RM-5-8. Org Lett 2015; 17:2796-9. [PMID: 25961722 PMCID: PMC4472964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Terfestatins B (1) and C (2), new p-terphenyls bearing a novel unsaturated hexuronic acid (4-deoxy-α-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranuronate), a unique β-D-glycosyl ester of 5-isoprenylindole-3-carboxylate (3) and the same rare sugar, and two new hygromycin precursors, were characterized as metabolites of the coal mine fire isolate Streptomyces sp. RM-5-8. EtOH damage neuroprotection assays using rat hippocampal-derived primary cell cultures with 1, 2, 3 and echoside B (a terfestatin C-3'-β-D-glucuronide from Streptomyces sp. RM-5-8) revealed 1 as potently neuroprotective, highlighting a new potential application of the terfestatin scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiachang Wang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Anna R. Reynolds
- Department of Psychology and Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Sherif I. Elshahawi
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Khaled A. Shaaban
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Larissa V. Ponomareva
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Meredith A. Saunders
- Department of Psychology and Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Ibrahim S. Elgumati
- Department of Psychology and Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Yinan Zhang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Gregory C. Copley
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - James C. Hower
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Manjula Sunkara
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Andrew J. Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Madan K. Kharel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland 21853, United States
| | - Steven G. Van Lanen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Mark A. Prendergast
- Department of Psychology and Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
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Glycosynthesis in a waterworld: new insight into the molecular basis of transglycosylation in retaining glycoside hydrolases. Biochem J 2015; 467:17-35. [PMID: 25793417 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are ubiquitous in Nature and play vital roles in many biological systems. Therefore the synthesis of carbohydrate-based compounds is of considerable interest for both research and commercial purposes. However, carbohydrates are challenging, due to the large number of sugar subunits and the multiple ways in which these can be linked together. Therefore, to tackle the challenge of glycosynthesis, chemists are increasingly turning their attention towards enzymes, which are exquisitely adapted to the intricacy of these biomolecules. In Nature, glycosidic linkages are mainly synthesized by Leloir glycosyltransferases, but can result from the action of non-Leloir transglycosylases or phosphorylases. Advantageously for chemists, non-Leloir transglycosylases are glycoside hydrolases, enzymes that are readily available and exhibit a wide range of substrate specificities. Nevertheless, non-Leloir transglycosylases are unusual glycoside hydrolases in as much that they efficiently catalyse the formation of glycosidic bonds, whereas most glycoside hydrolases favour the mechanistically related hydrolysis reaction. Unfortunately, because non-Leloir transglycosylases are almost indistinguishable from their hydrolytic counterparts, it is unclear how these enzymes overcome the ubiquity of water, thus avoiding the hydrolytic reaction. Without this knowledge, it is impossible to rationally design non-Leloir transglycosylases using the vast diversity of glycoside hydrolases as protein templates. In this critical review, a careful analysis of literature data describing non-Leloir transglycosylases and their relationship to glycoside hydrolase counterparts is used to clarify the state of the art knowledge and to establish a new rational basis for the engineering of glycoside hydrolases.
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68
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Dunn ZD, Wever WJ, Economou NJ, Bowers AA, Li B. Enzymatic basis of "hybridity" in thiomarinol biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5137-41. [PMID: 25726835 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Thiomarinol is a naturally occurring double-headed antibiotic that is highly potent against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Its structure comprises two antimicrobial subcomponents, pseudomonic acid analogue and holothin, linked by an amide bond. TmlU was thought to be the sole enzyme responsible for this amide-bond formation. In contrast to this idea, we show that TmlU acts as a CoA ligase that activates pseudomonic acid as a thioester that is processed by the acetyltransferase HolE to catalyze the amidation. TmlU prefers complex acyl acids as substrates, whereas HolE is relatively promiscuous, accepting a range of acyl-CoA and amine substrates. Our results provide detailed biochemical information on thiomarinol biosynthesis, and evolutionary insight regarding how the pseudomonic acid and holothin pathways converge to generate this potent hybrid antibiotic. This work also demonstrates the potential of TmlU/HolE enzymes as engineering tools to generate new "hybrid" molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Dunn
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599 (USA)
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69
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Dunn ZD, Wever WJ, Economou NJ, Bowers AA, Li B. Enzymatic Basis of “Hybridity” in Thiomarinol Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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70
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De Bruyn F, Maertens J, Beauprez J, Soetaert W, De Mey M. Biotechnological advances in UDP-sugar based glycosylation of small molecules. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:288-302. [PMID: 25698505 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation of small molecules like specialized (secondary) metabolites has a profound impact on their solubility, stability or bioactivity, making glycosides attractive compounds as food additives, therapeutics or nutraceuticals. The subsequently growing market demand has fuelled the development of various biotechnological processes, which can be divided in the in vitro (using enzymes) or in vivo (using whole cells) production of glycosides. In this context, uridine glycosyltransferases (UGTs) have emerged as promising catalysts for the regio- and stereoselective glycosylation of various small molecules, hereby using uridine diphosphate (UDP) sugars as activated glycosyldonors. This review gives an extensive overview of the recently developed in vivo production processes using UGTs and discusses the major routes towards UDP-sugar formation. Furthermore, the use of interconverting enzymes and glycorandomization is highlighted for the production of unusual or new-to-nature glycosides. Finally, the technological challenges and future trends in UDP-sugar based glycosylation are critically evaluated and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik De Bruyn
- Centre of Expertise-Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Maertens
- Centre of Expertise-Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joeri Beauprez
- Centre of Expertise-Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Soetaert
- Centre of Expertise-Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marjan De Mey
- Centre of Expertise-Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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71
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Jeon M, Gupta S, Im YW, Rhee YH, Park J. Fast and Complete Transimination of NH Imines intoO-Alkyl Oximes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201402293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Pandey RP, Parajuli P, Shin JY, Lee J, Lee S, Hong YS, Park YI, Kim JS, Sohng JK. Enzymatic Biosynthesis of Novel Resveratrol Glucoside and Glycoside Derivatives. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7235-43. [PMID: 25239890 PMCID: PMC4249177 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02076-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A UDP glucosyltransferase from Bacillus licheniformis was overexpressed, purified, and incubated with nucleotide diphosphate (NDP) d- and l-sugars to produce glucose, galactose, 2-deoxyglucose, viosamine, rhamnose, and fucose sugar-conjugated resveratrol glycosides. Significantly higher (90%) bioconversion of resveratrol was achieved with α-d-glucose as the sugar donor to produce four different glucosides of resveratrol: resveratrol 3-O-β-d-glucoside, resveratrol 4'-O-β-d-glucoside, resveratrol 3,5-O-β-d-diglucoside, and resveratrol 3,5,4'-O-β-d-triglucoside. The conversion rates and numbers of products formed were found to vary with the other NDP sugar donors. Resveratrol 3-O-β-d-2-deoxyglucoside and resveratrol 3,5-O-β-d-di-2-deoxyglucoside were found to be produced using TDP-2-deoxyglucose as a donor; however, the monoglycosides resveratrol 4'-O-β-d-galactoside, resveratrol 4'-O-β-d-viosaminoside, resveratrol 3-O-β-l-rhamnoside, and resveratrol 3-O-β-l-fucoside were produced from the respective sugar donors. Altogether, 10 diverse glycoside derivatives of the medically important resveratrol were generated, demonstrating the capacity of YjiC to produce structurally diverse resveratrol glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Prasad Pandey
- Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Tangjeonmyun, Asan-si, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Prakash Parajuli
- Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Tangjeonmyun, Asan-si, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Ju Yong Shin
- Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Tangjeonmyun, Asan-si, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Jisun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Seul Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Young-Soo Hong
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang-eup, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Yong Il Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Joong Su Kim
- Bioindustry Process Center, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk, Jeong-Ub, South Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Tangjeonmyun, Asan-si, Chungnam, South Korea
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73
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Qin W, Liu Y, Ren P, Zhang J, Li H, Tian L, Li W. Uncovering a Glycosyltransferase Provides Insights into the Glycosylation Step during Macrolactin and Bacillaene Biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2747-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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74
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Abstract
Natural products are important sources of pharmaceuticals, in part owing to their diverse biological activities. Enzymes from natural product biosynthetic pathways have become attractive candidates as biocatalysts for modifying the structures and bioactivities of these complex compounds. Numerous enzymes have been harvested to generate innovative scaffolds, large-scale synthesis of chiral building blocks, and semisynthesis of medicinally relevant natural product derivatives. This review discusses recent examples from three areas: (a) polyketide catalytic domain engineering geared toward synthesis of new polyketides, (b) engineering of tailoring enzymes (other than oxidative enzymes) as biocatalysts, and (c) in vitro total synthesis of natural products using purified enzyme components. With the availability of exponentially increasing genomic information and new genome mining tools, many new and powerful biocatalysts tailored for pharmaceutical synthesis will likely emerge from secondary metabolism.
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75
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Xie K, Chen R, Li J, Wang R, Chen D, Dou X, Dai J. Exploring the catalytic promiscuity of a new glycosyltransferase from Carthamus tinctorius. Org Lett 2014; 16:4874-7. [PMID: 25191837 DOI: 10.1021/ol502380p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic promiscuity of a new glycosyltransferase (UGT73AE1) from Carthamus tinctorius was explored. UGT73AE1 showed the capability to glucosylate a total of 19 structurally diverse types of acceptors and to generate O-, S-, and N-glycosides, making it the first reported trifunctional plant glycosyltransferase. The catalytic reversibility and regioselectivity were observed and modeled in a one-pot reaction transferring a glucose moiety from icariin to emodin. These findings demonstrate the potential versatility of UGT73AE1 in the glycosylation of bioactive natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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76
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Chen Z, Zhang J, Singh S, Peltier-Pain P, Thorson JS, Hinds BJ. Functionalized anodic aluminum oxide membrane-electrode system for enzyme immobilization. ACS NANO 2014; 8:8104-12. [PMID: 25025628 PMCID: PMC4148145 DOI: 10.1021/nn502181k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A nanoporous membrane system with directed flow carrying reagents to sequentially attached enzymes to mimic nature’s enzyme complex system was demonstrated. Genetically modified glycosylation enzyme, OleD Loki variant, was immobilized onto nanometer-scale electrodes at the pore entrances/exits of anodic aluminum oxide membranes through His6-tag affinity binding. The enzyme activity was assessed in two reactions—a one-step “reverse” sugar nucleotide formation reaction (UDP-Glc) and a two-step sequential sugar nucleotide formation and sugar nucleotide-based glycosylation reaction. For the one-step reaction, enzyme specific activity of 6–20 min(–1) on membrane supports was seen to be comparable to solution enzyme specific activity of 10 min(–1). UDP-Glc production efficiencies as high as 98% were observed at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, at which the substrate residence time over the electrode length down pore entrances was matched to the enzyme activity rate. This flow geometry also prevented an unwanted secondary product hydrolysis reaction, as observed in the test homogeneous solution. Enzyme utilization increased by a factor of 280 compared to test homogeneous conditions due to the continuous flow of fresh substrate over the enzyme. To mimic enzyme complex systems, a two-step sequential reaction using OleD Loki enzyme was performed at membrane pore entrances then exits. After UDP-Glc formation at the entrance electrode, aglycon 4-methylumbelliferone was supplied at the exit face of the reactor, affording overall 80% glycosylation efficiency. The membrane platform showed the ability to be regenerated with purified enzyme as well as directly from expression crude, thus demonstrating a single-step immobilization and purification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States,
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Shanteri Singh
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Pauline Peltier-Pain
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
- Address correspondence to ,
| | - Bruce J. Hinds
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States,
- Address correspondence to ,
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77
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Goff RD, Thorson JS. Neoglycosylation and neoglycorandomization: Enabling tools for the discovery of novel glycosylated bioactive probes and early stage leads. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014; 5:1036-1047. [PMID: 25071927 PMCID: PMC4111257 DOI: 10.1039/c4md00117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses upon the development, scope, and utility of the highly versatile chemoselective alkoxyamine-based 'neoglycosylation' reaction first described by Peri and Dumy. The fundamentals of neoglycosylation and the subsequent development of a 'neoglycorandomization' platform to afford differentially-glycosylated libraries of plant-based natural products, microbial-based natural products, and small molecule-based drugs for drug discovery applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randal D. Goff
- Western Wyoming Community College, 2500 College Dr. Rock Springs, WY 82902-0428, USA
| | - Jon. S. Thorson
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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78
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Singh S, Peltier-Pain P, Tonelli M, Thorson JS. A general NMR-based strategy for the in situ characterization of sugar-nucleotide-dependent biosynthetic pathways. Org Lett 2014; 16:3220-3. [PMID: 24911465 PMCID: PMC4075999 DOI: 10.1021/ol501241a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple method for the study of sugar-nucleotide-dependent multienzyme cascades is highlighted where the use of selectively (13)C-labeled sugar nucleotides and inverse (13)C detection NMR offers fast, direct detection and quantification of reactants and products and circumvents the need for chromatographic separation. The utility of the method has been demonstrated by characterizing four previously uncharacterized sugar nucleotide biosynthetic enzymes involved in calicheamicin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanteri Singh
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky , 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
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79
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Gutmann A, Krump C, Bungaruang L, Nidetzky B. A two-step O- to C-glycosidic bond rearrangement using complementary glycosyltransferase activities. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:5465-8. [PMID: 24714756 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00536h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
An efficient 2'-O- to 3'-C-β-d-glucosidic bond rearrangement on the dihydrochalcone phloretin to convert phlorizin into nothofagin was achieved by combining complementary O-glycosyltransferase (OGT) and C-glycosyltransferase (CGT) activities in a one-pot transformation containing catalytic amounts of uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP). Two separate enzymes or a single engineered dual-specific O/CGT were applied. Overall (quantitative) conversion occurred in two steps via intermediary UDP-glucose and phloretin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gutmann
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/1, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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80
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Singh S, Zhang J, Huber TD, Sunkara M, Hurley K, Goff RD, Wang G, Zhang W, Liu C, Rohr J, Van Lanen SG, Morris AJ, Thorson JS. Facile chemoenzymatic strategies for the synthesis and utilization of S-adenosyl-(L)-methionine analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3965-9. [PMID: 24616228 PMCID: PMC4076696 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A chemoenzymatic platform for the synthesis of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) analogues compatible with downstream SAM-utilizing enzymes is reported. Forty-four non-native S/Se-alkylated Met analogues were synthesized and applied to probing the substrate specificity of five diverse methionine adenosyltransferases (MATs). Human MAT II was among the most permissive of the MATs analyzed and enabled the chemoenzymatic synthesis of 29 non-native SAM analogues. As a proof of concept for the feasibility of natural product "alkylrandomization", a small set of differentially-alkylated indolocarbazole analogues was generated by using a coupled hMAT2-RebM system (RebM is the sugar C4'-O-methyltransferase that is involved in rebeccamycin biosynthesis). The ability to couple SAM synthesis and utilization in a single vessel circumvents issues associated with the rapid decomposition of SAM analogues and thereby opens the door for the further interrogation of a wide range of SAM utilizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanteri Singh
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA). Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA)
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA). Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA)
| | - Tyler D. Huber
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA). Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA)
| | - Manjula Sunkara
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA)
| | - Katherine Hurley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 (USA)
| | - Randal D. Goff
- Western Wyoming Community College, 2500 College Dr. Rock Springs, WY 82902-0428
| | - Guojun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA)
| | - Wen Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA)
| | - Chunming Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA)
| | - Jürgen Rohr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA)
| | - Steven G. Van Lanen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA)
| | - Andrew J. Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA)
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA). Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA)
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81
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Zhang J, Singh S, Hughes RR, Zhou M, Sunkara M, Morris AJ, Thorson JS. A simple strategy for glycosyltransferase-catalyzed aminosugar nucleotide synthesis. Chembiochem 2014; 15:647-52. [PMID: 24677528 PMCID: PMC4051237 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A set of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl glucosamino-/xylosaminosides were synthesized and assessed as potential substrates in the context of glycosyltransferase-catalyzed formation of the corresponding UDP/TDP-α-D-glucosamino-/xylosaminosugars and in single-vessel model transglycosylation reactions. This study highlights a robust platform for aminosugar nucleotide synthesis and reveals OleD Loki to be a proficient catalyst for U/TDP-aminosugar synthesis and utilization
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhang
- Dr. J. Zhang, Prof. S. Singh, R. R. Hughes, Prof. J. S. Thorson Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA)
| | - Shanteri Singh
- Dr. J. Zhang, Prof. S. Singh, R. R. Hughes, Prof. J. S. Thorson Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA)
| | - Ryan R. Hughes
- Dr. J. Zhang, Prof. S. Singh, R. R. Hughes, Prof. J. S. Thorson Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA)
| | - Maoquan Zhou
- Dr. M. Zhou School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705 (USA)
| | - Manjula Sunkara
- M. Sunkara, Prof. A. J. Morris Division of Cardiovascular Medicine University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536(USA)
| | - Andrew J. Morris
- M. Sunkara, Prof. A. J. Morris Division of Cardiovascular Medicine University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536(USA)
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- Dr. J. Zhang, Prof. S. Singh, R. R. Hughes, Prof. J. S. Thorson Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA)
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82
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Singh S, Zhang J, Huber TD, Sunkara M, Hurley K, Goff RD, Wang G, Zhang W, Liu C, Rohr J, Van Lanen SG, Morris AJ, Thorson JS. Facile Chemoenzymatic Strategies for the Synthesis and Utilization ofS-Adenosyl-L-Methionine Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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83
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Chlubnová I, Králová B, Dvořáková H, Hošek P, Spiwok V, Filipp D, Nugier-Chauvin C, Daniellou R, Ferrières V. The versatile enzyme Araf51 allowed efficient synthesis of rare pathogen-related β-d-galactofuranosyl-pyranoside disaccharides. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:3080-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42519c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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84
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Timm M, Görl J, Kraus M, Kralj S, Hellmuth H, Beine R, Buchholz K, Dijkhuizen L, Seibel J. An Unconventional Glycosyl Transfer Reaction: Glucansucrase GTFA Functions as an Allosyltransferase Enzyme. Chembiochem 2013; 14:2423-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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85
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Yan Y, Chen J, Zhang L, Zheng Q, Han Y, Zhang H, Zhang D, Awakawa T, Abe I, Liu W. Multiplexing of Combinatorial Chemistry in Antimycin Biosynthesis: Expansion of Molecular Diversity and Utility. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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86
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Yan Y, Chen J, Zhang L, Zheng Q, Han Y, Zhang H, Zhang D, Awakawa T, Abe I, Liu W. Multiplexing of Combinatorial Chemistry in Antimycin Biosynthesis: Expansion of Molecular Diversity and Utility. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12308-12. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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87
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Thuan NH, Sohng JK. Recent biotechnological progress in enzymatic synthesis of glycosides. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 40:1329-56. [PMID: 24005992 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most important post-modification processes of small molecules and enables the parent molecule to have increased solubility, stability, and bioactivity. Enzyme-based glycosylation has achieved significant progress due to advances in protein engineering, DNA recombinant techniques, exploitation of biosynthetic gene clusters of natural products, and computer-based modeling programs. Our report summarizes glycosylation data that have been published within the past five years to provide an overall review of current progress. We also present the future trends and perspectives for glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Huy Thuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Sun Moon University, #100, Kalsan-ri, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 336-708, Republic of Korea
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88
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Caputi L, Rejzek M, Louveau T, O’Neill EC, Hill L, Osbourn A, Field RA. A one-pot enzymatic approach to the O-fluoroglucoside of N-methylanthranilate. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4762-7. [PMID: 23806835 PMCID: PMC3898844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In connection with prospective (18)F-PET imaging studies, the potential for enzymatic synthesis of fluorine-labelled glycosides of small molecules was investigated. Approaches to the enzymatic synthesis of anomeric phosphates of d-gluco-configured fluorosugars proved ineffective. In contrast, starting in the d-galacto series and relying on the consecutive action of Escherichia coli galactokinase (GalK), galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GalPUT), uridine-5'-diphosphogalactose 4-epimerase (GalE) and oat root glucosyltransferase (SAD10), a quick and effective synthesis of 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-d-glucosyl N-methylanthranilate ester was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Caputi
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Martin Rejzek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Thomas Louveau
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ellis C. O’Neill
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Lionel Hill
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Robert A. Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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89
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Chen R, Zhang H, Zhang G, Li S, Zhang G, Zhu Y, Liu J, Zhang C. Characterizing amosamine biosynthesis in amicetin reveals AmiG as a reversible retaining glycosyltransferase. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:12152-5. [PMID: 23919735 DOI: 10.1021/ja401016e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The antibacterial and antiviral agent amicetin is a disaccharide nucleoside antibiotic featuring a unique α-(1→4)-glycoside bond between amosamine and amicetose, characteristic of a retaining glycosylation. In this study, two key steps for amosamine biosynthesis were investigated: the N-methyltransferase AmiH was demonstrated to be requisite for the dimethylation in amosamine, and the glycosyltransferase AmiG was shown to be necessary for amosaminylation. Biochemical and kinetic characterization of AmiG revealed for the first time the catalytic reversibility of a retaining glycosyltransferase involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. AmiG displayed substrate flexibility by utilizing five additional sugar nucleotides as surrogate donors. AmiG was also amenable to sugar and aglycon exchange reactions. This study indicates that AmiG is a potential catalyst for diversifying nucleoside antibiotics and paves the way for mechanistic studies of a natural-product retaining glycosyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidong Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
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90
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Wilcock BC, Endo MM, Uno BE, Burke MD. C2'-OH of amphotericin B plays an important role in binding the primary sterol of human cells but not yeast cells. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:8488-91. [PMID: 23718627 DOI: 10.1021/ja403255s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB) is a clinically vital antimycotic but is limited by its severe toxicity. Binding ergosterol, independent of channel formation, is the primary mechanism by which AmB kills yeast, and binding cholesterol may primarily account for toxicity to human cells. The leading structural model predicts that the C2' hydroxyl group on the mycosamine appendage is critical for binding both sterols. To test this, the C2'-OH was synthetically deleted, and the sterol binding capacity of the resulting derivative, C2'deOAmB, was directly characterized via isothermal titration calorimetry. Surprisingly, C2'deOAmB binds ergosterol and, within the limits of detection of this experiment, does not bind cholesterol. Moreover, C2'deOAmB is nearly equipotent to AmB against yeast but, within the limits of detection of our assays, is nontoxic to human cells in vitro. Thus, the leading structural model for AmB/sterol binding interactions is incorrect, and C2'deOAmB is an exceptionally promising new antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Wilcock
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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91
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Borsenberger V, Dornez E, Desrousseaux ML, Courtin CM, O’Donohue MJ, Fauré R. A substrate for the detection of broad specificity α-l-arabinofuranosidases with indirect release of a chromogenic group. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.03.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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92
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Daudé D, Champion E, Morel S, Guieysse D, Remaud-Siméon M, André I. Probing Substrate Promiscuity of Amylosucrase fromNeisseria polysaccharea. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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93
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Broadening the scope of glycosyltransferase-catalyzed sugar nucleotide synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:7648-53. [PMID: 23610417 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220220110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We described the integration of the general reversibility of glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions, artificial glycosyl donors, and a high throughput colorimetric screen to enable the engineering of glycosyltransferases for combinatorial sugar nucleotide synthesis. The best engineered catalyst from this study, the OleD Loki variant, contained the mutations P67T/I112P/T113M/S132F/A242I compared with the OleD wild-type sequence. Evaluated against the parental sequence OleD TDP16 variant used for screening, the OleD Loki variant displayed maximum improvements in k(cat)/K(m) of >400-fold and >15-fold for formation of NDP-glucoses and UDP-sugars, respectively. This OleD Loki variant also demonstrated efficient turnover with five variant NDP acceptors and six variant 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl glycoside donors to produce 30 distinct NDP-sugars. This study highlights a convenient strategy to rapidly optimize glycosyltransferase catalysts for the synthesis of complex sugar nucleotides and the practical synthesis of a unique set of sugar nucleotides.
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94
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Luang S, Cho JI, Mahong B, Opassiri R, Akiyama T, Phasai K, Komvongsa J, Sasaki N, Hua YL, Matsuba Y, Ozeki Y, Jeon JS, Cairns JRK. Rice Os9BGlu31 is a transglucosidase with the capacity to equilibrate phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, and phytohormone glycoconjugates. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:10111-10123. [PMID: 23430256 PMCID: PMC3617254 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.423533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important mechanism of controlling the reactivities and bioactivities of plant secondary metabolites and phytohormones. Rice (Oryza sativa) Os9BGlu31 is a glycoside hydrolase family GH1 transglycosidase that acts to transfer glucose between phenolic acids, phytohormones, and flavonoids. The highest activity was observed with the donors feruloyl-glucose, 4-coumaroyl-glucose, and sinapoyl-glucose, which are known to serve as donors in acyl and glucosyl transfer reactions in the vacuole, where Os9BGlu31 is localized. The free acids of these compounds also served as the best acceptors, suggesting that Os9BGlu31 may equilibrate the levels of phenolic acids and carboxylated phytohormones and their glucoconjugates. The Os9BGlu31 gene is most highly expressed in senescing flag leaf and developing seed and is induced in rice seedlings in response to drought stress and treatment with phytohormones, including abscisic acid, ethephon, methyljasmonate, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and kinetin. Although site-directed mutagenesis of Os9BGlu31 indicated a function for the putative catalytic acid/base (Glu(169)), catalytic nucleophile residues (Glu(387)), and His(386), the wild type enzyme displays an unusual lack of inhibition by mechanism-based inhibitors of GH1 β-glucosidases that utilize a double displacement retaining mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Luang
- Institute of Science, Schools of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Jung-Il Cho
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Bancha Mahong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Rodjana Opassiri
- Institute of Science, Schools of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Takashi Akiyama
- National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, 1 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8555, Japan
| | - Kannika Phasai
- Institute of Science, Schools of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Juthamath Komvongsa
- Institute of Science, Schools of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Nobuhiro Sasaki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yan-Ling Hua
- Institute of Science, Schools of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; Center for Scientific and Technological Equipment, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Yuki Matsuba
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ozeki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea.
| | - James R Ketudat Cairns
- Institute of Science, Schools of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
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95
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Zhou M, Hamza A, Zhan CG, Thorson JS. Assessing the regioselectivity of OleD-catalyzed glycosylation with a diverse set of acceptors. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:279-86. [PMID: 23360118 PMCID: PMC3607945 DOI: 10.1021/np300890h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To explore the acceptor regioselectivity of OleD-catalyzed glucosylation, the products of OleD-catalyzed reactions with six structurally diverse acceptors flavones- (daidzein), isoflavones (flavopiridol), stilbenes (resveratrol), indole alkaloids (10-hydroxycamptothecin), and steroids (2-methoxyestradiol)-were determined. This study highlights the first synthesis of flavopiridol and 2-methoxyestradiol glucosides and confirms the ability of OleD to glucosylate both aromatic and aliphatic nucleophiles. In all cases, molecular dynamics simulations were consistent with the determined product distribution and suggest the potential to develop a virtual screening model to identify additional OleD substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoquan Zhou
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Adel Hamza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone St. Lexington, Kentucky 40536 USA
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone St. Lexington, Kentucky 40536 USA
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone St. Lexington, Kentucky 40536 USA
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96
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Zhou M, Hou Y, Hamza A, Pain C, Zhan CG, Bugni TS, Thorson JS. Probing the regiospecificity of enzyme-catalyzed steroid glycosylation. Org Lett 2012; 14:5424-7. [PMID: 23075289 DOI: 10.1021/ol3024924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The potential of a uniquely permissive engineered glycosyltransferase (OleD ASP) as a catalyst for steroid glycosylation is highlighted. The ability of OleD ASP to glucosylate a range of cardenolides and bufadienolides was assessed using a rapid LC-UV/MS-SPE-NMR analytical platform. While a bias toward OleD-catalyzed C3 monoglucosylation was observed, subtle alterations of the steroidal architecture, in some cases, invoked diglucosylation or, in one case (digoxigenin), C12 glucosylation. This latter case represents the first, and highly efficient, synthesis of digoxigenin 12-O-β-D-glucoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoquan Zhou
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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97
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Wertz S, Studer A. Metal-Free 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxy Radical (TEMPO) Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Hydroxylamines and Alkoxyamines to Oximes and Oxime Ethers. Helv Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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98
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Peltier-Pain P, Marchillo K, Zhou M, Andes DR, Thorson JS. Natural product disaccharide engineering through tandem glycosyltransferase catalysis reversibility and neoglycosylation. Org Lett 2012; 14:5086-9. [PMID: 22984807 PMCID: PMC3489467 DOI: 10.1021/ol3023374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A two-step strategy for disaccharide modulation using vancomycin as a model is reported. The strategy relies upon a glycosyltransferase-catalyzed 'reverse' reaction to enable the facile attachment of an alkoxyamine-bearing sugar to the vancomycin core. Neoglycosylation of the corresponding aglycon led to a novel set of vancomycin 1,6-disaccharide variants. While the in vitro antibacterial properties of corresponding vancomycin 1,6-disaccharide analogs were equipotent to the parent antibiotic, the chemoenzymatic method presented is expected to be broadly applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Peltier-Pain
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, Wisconsin Center for Natural Products Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222, USA
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99
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Edgar LJG, Dasgupta S, Nitz M. Protecting-group-free synthesis of glycosyl 1-phosphates. Org Lett 2012; 14:4226-9. [PMID: 22846058 DOI: 10.1021/ol3019083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyl 1-phosphates enriched in the α-anomer are obtained without the use of protecting groups in two steps starting from the free hemiacetal. Condensation of free hemiacetals with toluenesulfonylhydrazide yields a range of glycosylsulfonohydrazide donors which can be oxidized using cupric chloride in the presence of phosphoric acid and the coordinating additive 2-methyl-2-oxazoline to give useful yields of the fully deprotected glycosyl 1-phosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon John G Edgar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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100
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Kwon SJ, Mora-Pale M, Lee MY, Dordick JS. Expanding nature's small molecule diversity via in vitro biosynthetic pathway engineering. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2012; 16:186-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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