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Bell C, Nevitt S, McKay VH, Fattah AY. Will the real Moebius syndrome please stand up? A systematic review of the literature and statistical cluster analysis of clinical features. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 179:257-265. [PMID: 30556292 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.60683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Moebius syndrome is a highly variable syndrome with abducens and facial nerve palsy as core features. Strict diagnostic criteria do not exist and the inconsistency of the associated features makes determination difficult. To determine what features are associated with Moebius syndrome we performed a systematic literature review resulting in a composite case series of 449 individuals labeled with Moebius syndrome. We applied minimum criteria (facial and abducens palsy) to determine the prevalence of associated clinical features in this series. Additionally, we performed statistical cluster analysis to determine which features tended to occur together. Our study comprises the largest series of patients with Moebius syndrome and the first to apply statistical methodology to elucidate clinical relationships. We present evidence for two groups within the Moebius diagnosis. Type 1: exhibiting micrognathia, limb anomalies and feeding/swallowing difficulty that tend to occur together. Type 2: phenotypically diverse but more associated with radiologically detectable neurologic abnormalities and developmental delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bell
- School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Nevitt
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria H McKay
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Women's Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adel Y Fattah
- Facial Nerve Programme, Regional Paediatric Burns and Plastic Surgery Service, Alder Hey Children's Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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52
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Castiglioni I, Caccia R, Garcia-Manteiga JM, Ferri G, Caretti G, Molineris I, Nishioka K, Gabellini D. The Trithorax protein Ash1L promotes myoblast fusion by activating Cdon expression. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5026. [PMID: 30487570 PMCID: PMC6262021 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoblast fusion (MF) is required for muscle growth and repair, and its alteration contributes to muscle diseases. The mechanisms governing this process are incompletely understood, and no epigenetic regulator has been previously described. Ash1L is an epigenetic activator belonging to the Trithorax group of proteins and is involved in FSHD muscular dystrophy, autism and cancer. Its physiological role in skeletal muscle is unknown. Here we report that Ash1L expression is positively correlated with MF and reduced in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In vivo, ex vivo and in vitro experiments support a selective and evolutionary conserved requirement for Ash1L in MF. RNA- and ChIP-sequencing indicate that Ash1L is required to counteract Polycomb repressive activity to allow activation of selected myogenesis genes, in particular the key MF gene Cdon. Our results promote Ash1L as an important epigenetic regulator of MF and suggest that its activity could be targeted to improve cell therapy for muscle diseases. Myoblast fusion in skeletal muscle is a complex process but how this is regulated is unclear. Here, the authors identify Ash1L, a histone methyltransferase, as modulating myoblast fusion via activation of the myogenesis gene Cdon, and observe decreased Ash1L expression in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Castiglioni
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Roberta Caccia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Jose Manuel Garcia-Manteiga
- Center for Translational Genomics and BioInformatics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Giulia Ferri
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Caretti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Ivan Molineris
- Center for Translational Genomics and BioInformatics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Kenichi Nishioka
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan.,Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN IMS, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Davide Gabellini
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, Milano, 20132, Italy.
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53
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Hamoud N, Tran V, Aimi T, Kakegawa W, Lahaie S, Thibault MP, Pelletier A, Wong GW, Kim IS, Kania A, Yuzaki M, Bouvier M, Côté JF. Spatiotemporal regulation of the GPCR activity of BAI3 by C1qL4 and Stabilin-2 controls myoblast fusion. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4470. [PMID: 30367035 PMCID: PMC6203814 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06897-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoblast fusion is tightly regulated during development and regeneration of muscle fibers. BAI3 is a receptor that orchestrates myoblast fusion via Elmo/Dock1 signaling, but the mechanisms regulating its activity remain elusive. Here we report that mice lacking BAI3 display small muscle fibers and inefficient muscle regeneration after cardiotoxin-induced injury. We describe two proteins that repress or activate BAI3 in muscle progenitors. We find that the secreted C1q-like1-4 proteins repress fusion by specifically interacting with BAI3. Using a proteomic approach, we identify Stabilin-2 as a protein that interacts with BAI3 and stimulates its fusion promoting activity. We demonstrate that Stabilin-2 activates the GPCR activity of BAI3. The resulting activated heterotrimeric G-proteins contribute to the initial recruitment of Elmo proteins to the membrane, which are then stabilized on BAI3 through a direct interaction. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the activity of BAI3 is spatiotemporally regulated by C1qL4 and Stabilin-2 during myoblast fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noumeira Hamoud
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Département de Médecine (Programmes de Biologie Moléculaire), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Viviane Tran
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Takahiro Aimi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JT), Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Wataru Kakegawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JT), Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Sylvie Lahaie
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Marie-Pier Thibault
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Ariane Pelletier
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - G William Wong
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - In-San Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute Science and Technology, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea.,KU-KIST school, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Artur Kania
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JT), Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.,Institut de Recherches en Immunologie et Cancérologie (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Jean-François Côté
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada. .,Département de Médecine (Programmes de Biologie Moléculaire), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada. .,Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
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54
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Myogenin promotes myocyte fusion to balance fibre number and size. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4232. [PMID: 30315160 PMCID: PMC6185967 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Each skeletal muscle acquires its unique size before birth, when terminally differentiating myocytes fuse to form a defined number of multinucleated myofibres. Although mice in which the transcription factor Myogenin is mutated lack most myogenesis and die perinatally, a specific cell biological role for Myogenin has remained elusive. Here we report that loss of function of zebrafish myog prevents formation of almost all multinucleated muscle fibres. A second, Myogenin-independent, fusion pathway in the deep myotome requires Hedgehog signalling. Lack of Myogenin does not prevent terminal differentiation; the smaller myotome has a normal number of myocytes forming more mononuclear, thin, albeit functional, fast muscle fibres. Mechanistically, Myogenin binds to the myomaker promoter and is required for expression of myomaker and other genes essential for myocyte fusion. Adult myog mutants display reduced muscle mass, decreased fibre size and nucleation. Adult-derived myog mutant myocytes show persistent defective fusion ex vivo. Myogenin is therefore essential for muscle homeostasis, regulating myocyte fusion to determine both muscle fibre number and size. Loss of the transcription factor Myogenin in mice reduces skeletal myogenesis and leads to perinatal death but how Myogenin regulates muscle formation is unclear. Here, the authors show that zebrafish Myogenin enhances Myomaker expression, muscle cell fusion and myotome size, yet decreases fast muscle fibre number.
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55
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Leikina E, Gamage DG, Prasad V, Goykhberg J, Crowe M, Diao J, Kozlov MM, Chernomordik LV, Millay DP. Myomaker and Myomerger Work Independently to Control Distinct Steps of Membrane Remodeling during Myoblast Fusion. Dev Cell 2018; 46:767-780.e7. [PMID: 30197239 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Classic mechanisms for membrane fusion involve transmembrane proteins that assemble into complexes and dynamically alter their conformation to bend membranes, leading to mixing of membrane lipids (hemifusion) and fusion pore formation. Myomaker and Myomerger govern myoblast fusion and muscle formation but are structurally divergent from traditional fusogenic proteins. Here, we show that Myomaker and Myomerger independently mediate distinct steps in the fusion pathway, where Myomaker is involved in membrane hemifusion and Myomerger is necessary for fusion pore formation. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Myomerger is required on the cell surface where its ectodomains stress membranes. Moreover, we show that Myomerger drives fusion completion in a heterologous system independent of Myomaker and that a Myomaker-Myomerger physical interaction is not required for function. Collectively, our data identify a stepwise cell fusion mechanism in myoblasts where different proteins are delegated to perform unique membrane functions essential for membrane coalescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Leikina
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dilani G Gamage
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Vikram Prasad
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Joanna Goykhberg
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Crowe
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael M Kozlov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Leonid V Chernomordik
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Douglas P Millay
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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56
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Hedberg-Oldfors C, Lindberg C, Oldfors A. Carey-Fineman-Ziter syndrome with mutations in the myomaker gene and muscle fiber hypertrophy. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2018; 4:e254. [PMID: 30065953 PMCID: PMC6066360 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective To describe the long-term clinical follow-up in 3 siblings with Carey-Fineman-Ziter syndrome (CFZS), a form of congenital myopathy with a novel mutation in the myomaker gene (MYMK). Methods We performed clinical investigations, repeat muscle biopsy in 2 of the siblings at ages ranging from 11 months to 18 years, and whole-genome sequencing. Results All the siblings had a marked and characteristic facial weakness and variable dysmorphic features affecting the face, hands, and feet, and short stature. They had experienced muscle hypotonia and generalized muscle weakness since early childhood. The muscle biopsies revealed, as the only major abnormality at all ages, a marked hypertrophy of both type 1 and type 2 fibers with more than twice the diameter of that in age-matched controls. Genetic analysis revealed biallelic mutations in the MYMK gene, a novel c.235T>C; p.(Trp79Arg), and the previously described c.271C>A; p.(Pro91Thr). Conclusions Our study expands the genetic and clinical spectrum of MYMK mutations and CFZS. The marked muscle fiber hypertrophy identified from early childhood, despite apparently normal muscle bulk, indicates that defective fusion of myoblasts during embryonic muscle development results in a reduced number of muscle fibers with compensatory hypertrophy and muscle weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Hedberg-Oldfors
- Department of Pathology and Genetics (C.H.-O., A.O.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and Department of Neurology (C.L.), Neuromuscular Center, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christopher Lindberg
- Department of Pathology and Genetics (C.H.-O., A.O.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and Department of Neurology (C.L.), Neuromuscular Center, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Oldfors
- Department of Pathology and Genetics (C.H.-O., A.O.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and Department of Neurology (C.L.), Neuromuscular Center, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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57
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André LM, Ausems CRM, Wansink DG, Wieringa B. Abnormalities in Skeletal Muscle Myogenesis, Growth, and Regeneration in Myotonic Dystrophy. Front Neurol 2018; 9:368. [PMID: 29892259 PMCID: PMC5985300 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and 2 (DM2) are autosomal dominant degenerative neuromuscular disorders characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness, atrophy, and myotonia with progeroid features. Although both DM1 and DM2 are characterized by skeletal muscle dysfunction and also share other clinical features, the diseases differ in the muscle groups that are affected. In DM1, distal muscles are mainly affected, whereas in DM2 problems are mostly found in proximal muscles. In addition, manifestation in DM1 is generally more severe, with possible congenital or childhood-onset of disease and prominent CNS involvement. DM1 and DM2 are caused by expansion of (CTG•CAG)n and (CCTG•CAGG)n repeats in the 3' non-coding region of DMPK and in intron 1 of CNBP, respectively, and in overlapping antisense genes. This critical review will focus on the pleiotropic problems that occur during development, growth, regeneration, and aging of skeletal muscle in patients who inherited these expansions. The current best-accepted idea is that most muscle symptoms can be explained by pathomechanistic effects of repeat expansion on RNA-mediated pathways. However, aberrations in DNA replication and transcription of the DM loci or in protein translation and proteome homeostasis could also affect the control of proliferation and differentiation of muscle progenitor cells or the maintenance and physiological integrity of muscle fibers during a patient's lifetime. Here, we will discuss these molecular and cellular processes and summarize current knowledge about the role of embryonic and adult muscle-resident stem cells in growth, homeostasis, regeneration, and premature aging of healthy and diseased muscle tissue. Of particular interest is that also progenitor cells from extramuscular sources, such as pericytes and mesoangioblasts, can participate in myogenic differentiation. We will examine the potential of all these types of cells in the application of regenerative medicine for muscular dystrophies and evaluate new possibilities for their use in future therapy of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurène M André
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - C Rosanne M Ausems
- Department of Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Derick G Wansink
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bé Wieringa
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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58
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McKeown C, Connors S, Stapleton R, Morgan T, Hayes I, Neas K, Dixon J, Gibson K, Markie DM, Tsai P, Blenkiron C, Fitzgerald S, Shields P, Yap P, Lawrence B, Print C, Robertson SP. A pilot study of exome sequencing in a diverse New Zealand cohort with undiagnosed disorders and cancer. J R Soc N Z 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2018.1464033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colina McKeown
- Genetic Health Service New Zealand, Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Samantha Connors
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rachel Stapleton
- Genetic Health Service New Zealand, Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tim Morgan
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ian Hayes
- Genetic Health Service New Zealand, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Katherine Neas
- Genetic Health Service New Zealand, Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Joanne Dixon
- Genetic Health Service New Zealand, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kate Gibson
- Genetic Health Service New Zealand, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - David M. Markie
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Peter Tsai
- School of Medical Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- School of Medical Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sandra Fitzgerald
- School of Medical Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paula Shields
- School of Medical Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Yap
- Genetic Health Service New Zealand, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ben Lawrence
- School of Medical Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cristin Print
- School of Medical Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephen P. Robertson
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Genetic Health Service New Zealand, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
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59
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Alrohaif H, Töpf A, Evangelista T, Lek M, McArthur D, Lochmüller H. Whole-exome sequencing identifies mutations in MYMK in a mild form of Carey-Fineman-Ziter syndrome. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2018; 4:e226. [PMID: 29560417 PMCID: PMC5858950 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadil Alrohaif
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (H.A., A.T., T.E., H.L.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, England. Dr. Lochmüller is now with Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Germany; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Program in Medical and Population Genetics (M.L., D.M.), Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - Ana Töpf
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (H.A., A.T., T.E., H.L.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, England. Dr. Lochmüller is now with Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Germany; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Program in Medical and Population Genetics (M.L., D.M.), Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - Teresinha Evangelista
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (H.A., A.T., T.E., H.L.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, England. Dr. Lochmüller is now with Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Germany; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Program in Medical and Population Genetics (M.L., D.M.), Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - Monkol Lek
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (H.A., A.T., T.E., H.L.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, England. Dr. Lochmüller is now with Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Germany; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Program in Medical and Population Genetics (M.L., D.M.), Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - Daniel McArthur
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (H.A., A.T., T.E., H.L.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, England. Dr. Lochmüller is now with Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Germany; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Program in Medical and Population Genetics (M.L., D.M.), Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (H.A., A.T., T.E., H.L.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, England. Dr. Lochmüller is now with Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Germany; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Program in Medical and Population Genetics (M.L., D.M.), Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
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60
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Sampath SC, Sampath SC, Millay DP. Myoblast fusion confusion: the resolution begins. Skelet Muscle 2018; 8:3. [PMID: 29386054 PMCID: PMC5793351 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-017-0149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fusion of muscle precursor cells is a required event for proper skeletal muscle development and regeneration. Numerous proteins have been implicated to function in myoblast fusion; however, the majority are expressed in diverse tissues and regulate numerous cellular processes. How myoblast fusion is triggered and coordinated in a muscle-specific manner has remained a mystery for decades. Through the discovery of two muscle-specific fusion proteins, Myomaker and Myomerger–Minion, we are now primed to make significant advances in our knowledge of myoblast fusion. This article reviews the latest findings regarding the biology of Myomaker and Minion–Myomerger, places these findings in the context of known pathways in mammalian myoblast fusion, and highlights areas that require further investigation. As our understanding of myoblast fusion matures so does our potential ability to manipulate cell fusion for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srihari C Sampath
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA. .,Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA.
| | - Srinath C Sampath
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA. .,Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA.
| | - Douglas P Millay
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 240 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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61
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Iwama K, Takaori T, Fukushima A, Tohyama J, Ishiyama A, Ohba C, Mitsuhashi S, Miyatake S, Takata A, Miyake N, Ito S, Saitsu H, Mizuguchi T, Matsumoto N. Novel recessive mutations in MSTO1 cause cerebellar atrophy with pigmentary retinopathy. J Hum Genet 2018; 63:263-270. [DOI: 10.1038/s10038-017-0405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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62
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Deng S, Azevedo M, Baylies M. Acting on identity: Myoblast fusion and the formation of the syncytial muscle fiber. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 72:45-55. [PMID: 29101004 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The study of Drosophila muscle development dates back to the middle of the last century. Since that time, Drosophila has proved to be an ideal system for studying muscle development, differentiation, function, and disease. As in humans, Drosophila muscle forms via a series of conserved steps, starting with muscle specification, myoblast fusion, attachment to tendon cells, interactions with motorneurons, and sarcomere and myofibril formation. The genes and mechanisms required for these processes share striking similarities to those found in humans. The highly tractable genetic system and imaging approaches available in Drosophila allow for an efficient interrogation of muscle biology and for application of what we learn to other systems. In this article, we review our current understanding of muscle development in Drosophila, with a focus on myoblast fusion, the process responsible for the generation of syncytial muscle cells. We also compare and contrast those genes required for fusion in Drosophila and vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Deng
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Mafalda Azevedo
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, United States; Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Biology (GABBA), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mary Baylies
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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63
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Requirement of the fusogenic micropeptide myomixer for muscle formation in zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11950-11955. [PMID: 29078404 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715229114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle formation requires fusion of mononucleated myoblasts to form multinucleated myofibers. The muscle-specific membrane proteins myomaker and myomixer cooperate to drive mammalian myoblast fusion. Whereas myomaker is highly conserved across diverse vertebrate species, myomixer is a micropeptide that shows relatively weak cross-species conservation. To explore the functional conservation of myomixer, we investigated the expression and function of the zebrafish myomixer ortholog. Here we show that myomixer expression during zebrafish embryogenesis coincides with myoblast fusion, and genetic deletion of myomixer using CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis abolishes myoblast fusion in vivo. We also identify myomixer orthologs in other species of fish and reptiles, which can cooperate with myomaker and substitute for the fusogenic activity of mammalian myomixer. Sequence comparison of these diverse myomixer orthologs reveals key amino acid residues and a minimal fusogenic peptide motif that is necessary for promoting cell-cell fusion with myomaker. Our findings highlight the evolutionary conservation of the myomaker-myomixer partnership and provide insights into the molecular basis of myoblast fusion.
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64
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Gamage DG, Leikina E, Quinn ME, Ratinov A, Chernomordik LV, Millay DP. Insights into the localization and function of myomaker during myoblast fusion. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17272-17289. [PMID: 28860190 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.811372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multinucleated skeletal muscle fibers form through the fusion of myoblasts during development and regeneration. Previous studies identified myomaker (Tmem8c) as a muscle-specific membrane protein essential for fusion. However, the specific function of myomaker and how its function is regulated are unknown. To explore these questions, we first examined the cellular localization of endogenous myomaker. Two independent antibodies showed that whereas myomaker does localize to the plasma membrane in cultured myoblasts, the protein also resides in the Golgi and post-Golgi vesicles. These results raised questions regarding the precise cellular location of myomaker function and mechanisms that govern myomaker trafficking between these cellular compartments. Using a synchronized fusion assay, we demonstrated that myomaker functions at the plasma membrane to drive fusion. Trafficking of myomaker is regulated by palmitoylation of C-terminal cysteine residues that allows Golgi localization. Moreover, dissection of the C terminus revealed that palmitoylation was not sufficient for complete fusogenic activity suggesting a function for other amino acids within this C-terminal region. Indeed, C-terminal mutagenesis analysis highlighted the importance of a C-terminal leucine for function. These data reveal that myoblast fusion requires myomaker activity at the plasma membrane and is potentially regulated by proper myomaker trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilani G Gamage
- From the Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 and
| | - Eugenia Leikina
- the Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1855
| | - Malgorzata E Quinn
- From the Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 and
| | - Anthony Ratinov
- the Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1855
| | - Leonid V Chernomordik
- the Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1855
| | - Douglas P Millay
- From the Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 and
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Blondelle J, Pais de Barros JP, Pilot-Storck F, Tiret L. Targeted Lipidomic Analysis of Myoblasts by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1668:39-60. [PMID: 28842901 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7283-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipids represent ∼10% of the cell dry mass and play essential roles in membrane composition and physical properties, energy storage, and signaling pathways. In the developing or the regenerating skeletal muscle, modifications in the content or the flipping between leaflets of membrane lipid components can modulate the fusion capacity of myoblasts, thus constituting one of the regulatory mechanisms underlying myofiber growth. Recently, few genes controlling these qualitative and quantitative modifications have started to be unraveled. The precise functional characterization of these genes requires both qualitative and quantitative evaluations of a global lipid profile. Here, we describe a lipidomic protocol using mass spectrometry, allowing assessing the content of fatty acids, glycerophospholipids, and cholesterol in the routinely used C2C12 mouse myoblast cell line, or in primary cultures of mouse myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Blondelle
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), U955-E10 Biologie du Système Neuromusculaire, Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (EnvA), Maisons-Alfort, France
- Department of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Paul Pais de Barros
- Plateforme de Lipidomique-uBourgogne, INSERM UMR1231/LabEx LipSTIC, UFR des Sciences de Santé - Bâtiment B3, Dijon, France
| | - Fanny Pilot-Storck
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), U955-E10 Biologie du Système Neuromusculaire, Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (EnvA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Laurent Tiret
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), U955-E10 Biologie du Système Neuromusculaire, Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (EnvA), Maisons-Alfort, France.
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