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Goodwin ZAH, Kornyshev AA. Theory of polymer-electrolyte-composite electroactuator sensors with flat or volume-filling electrodes. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:7996-8005. [PMID: 30152829 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01438h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In reverse actuation, a voltage/electrical-current signal can be generated from applying a mechanical force to an electroactuator. Such processes are of interest in touch sensing and soft robotics applications. We develop a classical density functional theory of reverse actuation for polymer-electrolyte-composite electroactuators, which treats mobile cations in the same spirit as forward actuation (curving in response to applied voltage). The proposed framework is applied to electroactuators with micro-structured porous electrodes (with cylindrical or slit pores) and flat electrodes, the dynamic response of which has to be modelled differently. Open- and short-circuit operation modes are investigated separately. A detailed analysis of the proposed theory indicates the preferred architectures for sensing, depending on the operation regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A H Goodwin
- Department of Physics, CDT Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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52
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An S, Kang DJ, Yarin AL. A blister-like soft nano-textured thermo-pneumatic actuator as an artificial muscle. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:16591-16600. [PMID: 30152831 PMCID: PMC6250565 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04181d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Here, model blister-like soft thermo-pneumatic artificial muscles with the embedded nanofibers impregnated with ethanol are developed. The muscles are essentially blister-like thermo-pneumatic soft actuators (BTSAs), which deflect in response to heat supplied to their bottom. The resulting deflections are on the scale of 1 cm, and the BTSAs are operational for several cycles. They are able to raise the artificial rigid scales, spines or fur/thin fibers attached to them emulating animals such as pangolin, hedgehog and porcupine. They are also capable of removing the stickiest adhesive tapes attached to them, and thus hold great promise for biomedical applications where artificially grown skin patches should be removed from an underlying substrate without being damaged. The theory of the BTSA proposed in this work is in reasonable agreement with the acquired experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongpil An
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607-7022, USA.
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53
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Wang H, Wang Z, Yang J, Xu C, Zhang Q, Peng Z. Ionic Gels and Their Applications in Stretchable Electronics. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800246. [PMID: 29972617 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Ionic gels represent a novel class of stretchable materials where ionic conducting liquid is immobilized in a polymer matrix. This review focuses on the design of ionic gel materials and device fabrication of ionic-gel-based stretchable electronics. In particular, recent progress in ionic-gel-based electronic skin (pressure/strain sensors, electric double-layer transistors, etc.), flexible displays, energy storage devices, and soft actuators are summarized, followed by a discussion of challenges in developing ionic-gel-based electronics and suggestions for future research directions that might overcome those challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Wang
- Center for Stretchable Electronics and Nanoscale Systems, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ziya Wang
- Center for Stretchable Electronics and Nanoscale Systems, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- Center for Stretchable Electronics and Nanoscale Systems, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Chen Xu
- Center for Stretchable Electronics and Nanoscale Systems, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Center for Stretchable Electronics and Nanoscale Systems, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Zhengchun Peng
- Center for Stretchable Electronics and Nanoscale Systems, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
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54
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Kang S, Pyo JB, Kim TS. Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Free-Standing Nanofilms by Controlled Rolling. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:5831-5836. [PMID: 29708348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A water surface not only provides a habitat to many living organisms but also opens up new possibilities to develop state-of-the-art technologies. Here, we show a technology for the layer-by-layer assembly of free-standing nanofilms by controlled rolling. The water surface is exploited as an ideal platform for rolling a nanofilm, allowing adhesion control and frictionless feeding. The nanofilm floating on the water surface is attached to a tube by van der Waals adhesion and is rolled up by the rotation of the tube. This method can assemble diverse film materials including metals, polymers, and two-dimensional materials, with an easy control of the number of layers. Furthermore, heterogeneous and spiral structures of the nanofilm are achieved. Various applications such as a stretchable tubular electrode, an electroactive polymer tube actuator, and a superelastic nanofilm tube are demonstrated. We believe this work can potentially lead to a breakthrough in the nanofilm assembly processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Bum Pyo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
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55
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Abstract
Soft actuators based on electroactive polymers (EAPs) are the core constituents of future soft robots owing to their fascinating properties such as lightweight, compactness, easy fabrication into various forms, and low cost. Ionic EAP actuators are particularly attractive owing to the low driving voltages (<3 V) as compared to those of electronic EAP actuators (usually kilovolts). This paper presents a brief overview of the recent progress in a range of EAP actuators by focusing on low voltage operation, in addition to the challenges and future strategies for their wide applicability in artificial muscles and various innovative soft robot technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onnuri Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea.
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56
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Brown JR, Seo Y, Hall LM. Ion Correlation Effects in Salt-Doped Block Copolymers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:127801. [PMID: 29694088 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.127801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We apply classical density functional theory to study how salt changes the microphase morphology of diblock copolymers. Polymers are freely jointed and one monomer type favorably interacts with ions, to account for the selective solvation that arises from different dielectric constants of the microphases. By including correlations from liquid state theory of an unbound reference fluid, the theory can treat chain behavior, microphase separation, ion correlations, and preferential solvation, at the same coarse-grained level. We show good agreement with molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Brown
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Youngmi Seo
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Lisa M Hall
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Kim SJ, Kim O, Park MJ. True Low-Power Self-Locking Soft Actuators. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706547. [PMID: 29424012 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural double-layered structures observed in living organisms are known to exhibit asymmetric volume changes with environmental triggers. Typical examples are natural roots of plants, which show unique self-organized bending behavior in response to environmental stimuli. Herein, light- and electro-active polymer (LEAP) based actuators with a double-layered structure are reported. The LEAP actuators exhibit an improvement of 250% in displacement and hold an object three times heavier as compared to that in the case of conventional electro-active polymer actuators. Most interestingly, the bending motion of the LEAP actuators can be effectively locked for a few tens of minutes even in the absence of a power supply. Further, the self-locking LEAP actuators show a large and reversible bending strain of more than 2.0% and require only 6.2 mW h cm-2 of energy to hold an object for 15 min at an operating voltage of 3 V. These novel self-locking soft actuators should find wide applicability in artificial muscles, biomedical microdevices, and various innovative soft robot technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Onnuri Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
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Abstract
Electrochemical actuators directly converting electrical energy to mechanical energy are critically important for artificial intelligence. However, their energy transduction efficiency is always lower than 1.0% because electrode materials lack active units in microstructure, and their assembly systems can hardly express the intrinsic properties. Here, we report a molecular-scale active graphdiyne-based electrochemical actuator with a high electro-mechanical transduction efficiency of up to 6.03%, exceeding that of the best-known piezoelectric ceramic, shape memory alloy and electroactive polymer reported before, and its energy density (11.5 kJ m−3) is comparable to that of mammalian skeletal muscle (~8 kJ m−3). Meanwhile, the actuator remains responsive at frequencies from 0.1 to 30 Hz with excellent cycling stability over 100,000 cycles. Furthermore, we verify the alkene–alkyne complex transition effect responsible for the high performance through in situ sum frequency generation spectroscopy. This discovery sheds light on our understanding of actuation mechanisms and will accelerate development of smart actuators. Transduction efficiency in electrochemical actuators hardly exceeds 1% because the current electrode materials do not allow to efficiently exploit microstructural changes to achieve large actuation effects. Here the authors demonstrate transduction efficiencies up to 6% in actuators by using graphdiyne as electrode material.
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59
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Mu J, Wang G, Yan H, Li H, Wang X, Gao E, Hou C, Pham ATC, Wu L, Zhang Q, Li Y, Xu Z, Guo Y, Reichmanis E, Wang H, Zhu M. Molecular-channel driven actuator with considerations for multiple configurations and color switching. Nat Commun 2018; 9:590. [PMID: 29426842 PMCID: PMC5807312 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to achieve simultaneous intrinsic deformation with fast response in commercially available materials that can safely contact skin continues to be an unresolved challenge for artificial actuating materials. Rather than using a microporous structure, here we show an ambient-driven actuator that takes advantage of inherent nanoscale molecular channels within a commercial perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer (PFSA) film, fabricated by simple solution processing to realize a rapid response, self-adaptive, and exceptionally stable actuation. Selective patterning of PFSA films on an inert soft substrate (polyethylene terephthalate film) facilitates the formation of a range of different geometries, including a 2D (two-dimensional) roll or 3D (three-dimensional) helical structure in response to vapor stimuli. Chemical modification of the surface allowed the development of a kirigami-inspired single-layer actuator for personal humidity and heat management through macroscale geometric design features, to afford a bilayer stimuli-responsive actuator with multicolor switching capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuke Mu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibres and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Hongping Yan
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Huayu Li
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Enlai Gao
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyi Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibres and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, China
| | - Anh Thi Cam Pham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Lianjun Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibres and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology MOE, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yaogang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology MOE, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiping Xu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibres and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, China
| | - Elsa Reichmanis
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibres and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, China.
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibres and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, China
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60
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Characterization and analysis of motion mechanism of electroactive chitosan-based actuator. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 181:404-411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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61
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Yang Q, Zhang Z, Sun XG, Hu YS, Xing H, Dai S. Ionic liquids and derived materials for lithium and sodium batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:2020-2064. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00464h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive review of various applications of ionic liquids and derived materials in lithium and sodium batteries with an emphasis on recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Zhaoqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Xiao-Guang Sun
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Yong-Sheng Hu
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy
- Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices
- Institute of Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- School of Physical Sciences
| | - Huabin Xing
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Sheng Dai
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
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62
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Roy S, Kim J, Kotal M, Kim KJ, Oh I. Electroionic Antagonistic Muscles Based on Nitrogen-Doped Carbons Derived from Poly(Triazine-Triptycene). ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1700410. [PMID: 29270349 PMCID: PMC5737102 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Electroactive soft actuators and bioinspired artificial muscles have received burgeoning interest as essential components in future electronic devices such as soft haptic-feedback systems, human-friendly wearable electronics, and active biomedical devices. However, important challenging issues including fast response time, ultralow input power, robust operation in harsh environments, high-resolution controllability, and cost-effectiveness remain to be resolved for more practical applications. Here, an electroionic antagonistic artificial muscle is reported based on hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped carbon (HPNC) electrodes derived from a microporous poly(triazine-triptycene) organic framework (PtztpOF). The HPNC, which exhibits hierarchically micro- and mesoporous structures, high specific capacitance of 330 F g-1 in aqueous solution, large specific surface area of 830.46 m2 g-1, and graphitic nitrogen doping, offers high electrical conductivity of 0.073 MS m-1 and outstanding volumetric capacitance of 10.4 MF m-3. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that a novel electroionic antagonistic muscle based on HPNC electrodes successfully displays extremely reliable and large bending deformations and long-term durability under ultralow input voltages. Therefore, microporous polymer or covalent organic frameworks can be applied to provide significant improvements in electroactive artificial muscles, which can play key roles as technological advances toward bioinspired actuating devices required for next-generation soft and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Roy
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano‐EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐roDaejeonYuseong‐gu34141Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano‐EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐roDaejeonYuseong‐gu34141Republic of Korea
| | - Moumita Kotal
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano‐EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐roDaejeonYuseong‐gu34141Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Jin Kim
- Active Materials and Smart Living LaboratoryDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of NevadaLas Vegas (UNLV)Las VegasNV89154USA
| | - Il‐Kwon Oh
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano‐EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐roDaejeonYuseong‐gu34141Republic of Korea
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63
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Li X, Guo M, Wang F, Shen X, Weng Y, Hu Z. Controllable Hierarchical Surface Patterns of Supramolecular Hydrogels: Harnessing Buckling Instability by Confinement. Chemistry 2017; 23:17444-17448. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- College of Physics; Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; Soochow University; Suzhou 215006 P.R. China
- Soft Condensed Matter Physics; Interdisciplinary Research Center; Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province; Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China; Soochow University; Suzhou 215006 P.R. China
| | - Mingyu Guo
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Physics; Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; Soochow University; Suzhou 215006 P.R. China
- Soft Condensed Matter Physics; Interdisciplinary Research Center; Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province; Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China; Soochow University; Suzhou 215006 P.R. China
| | - Xuezhen Shen
- College of Physics; Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; Soochow University; Suzhou 215006 P.R. China
- Soft Condensed Matter Physics; Interdisciplinary Research Center; Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province; Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China; Soochow University; Suzhou 215006 P.R. China
| | - Yuyan Weng
- College of Physics; Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; Soochow University; Suzhou 215006 P.R. China
- Soft Condensed Matter Physics; Interdisciplinary Research Center; Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province; Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China; Soochow University; Suzhou 215006 P.R. China
| | - Zhijun Hu
- College of Physics; Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; Soochow University; Suzhou 215006 P.R. China
- Soft Condensed Matter Physics; Interdisciplinary Research Center; Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province; Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China; Soochow University; Suzhou 215006 P.R. China
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64
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Kitazawa Y, Ueno K, Watanabe M. Advanced Materials Based on Polymers and Ionic Liquids. CHEM REC 2017; 18:391-409. [PMID: 28925581 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are ambient temperature molten salts, which have attracted considerable attention owing to their unique properties. In this contribution, we review advanced materials composed of ILs and polymers for the basis of a new design protocol to fabricate novel materials. As electrolytes for electrochemical devices, cross-linked polymers containing ILs (ion gels) are endowed with functional properties inherited from ILs and mechanical consistency derived from polymers. To create such materials, micro-phase separation of block copolymers and colloidal arrays in the ILs are utilized. Based on the molecular design of task-specific ILs, the resultant ion gels are applicable as electrolytes for actuator, fuel cell, and secondary battery applications. Thermo- and photo-responsive polymers in ILs are also highlighted, whereby such stimuli elicit changes in the solubility of the self-assembly of block copolymers and colloidal arrays in the ILs. Further, thermo- and photo-reversible changes in the self-assembled structure can be exploited to demonstrate sol-gel transitions and fabricate photo-healable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Kitazawa
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwa-dai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ueno
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwa-dai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwa-dai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
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65
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Kwon T, Cho H, Lee JW, Henkensmeier D, Kang Y, Koo CM. Sulfonated Copper Phthalocyanine/Sulfonated Polysulfone Composite Membrane for Ionic Polymer Actuators with High Power Density and Fast Response Time. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:29063-29070. [PMID: 28782936 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ionic polymer composite membranes based on sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (SPAES) and copper(II) phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid (CuPCSA) are assembled into bending ionic polymer actuators. CuPCSA is an organic filler with very high sulfonation degree (IEC = 4.5 mmol H+/g) that can be homogeneously dispersed on the molecular scale into the SPAES membrane, probably due to its good dispersibility in SPAES-containing solutions. SPAES/CuPCSA actuators exhibit larger ion conductivity (102 mS cm-1), tensile modulus (208 MPa), strength (101 MPa), and strain (1.21%), exceptionally faster response to electrical stimuli, and larger mechanical power density (3028 W m-3) than ever reported for ion-conducting polymer actuators. This outstanding actuation performance of SPAES/CuPCSA composite membrane actuators makes them attractive for next-generation transducers with high power density, which are currently developed, e.g., for underwater propulsion and endoscopic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehoon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University , Wangsimni-ro 222, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jang-Woo Lee
- Future Technology R&D Team, Petrochemical Division, Daelim Industrial Company, Limited , Sinsungnam-ro 106, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34108, Republic of Korea
| | - Dirk Henkensmeier
- ET-GT, KIST School, University of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Green School, Korea University , Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University , Wangsimni-ro 222, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Min Koo
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Science and Technology, Korea University , Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Nanomaterials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology , Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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66
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Kim J, Bae SH, Kotal M, Stalbaum T, Kim KJ, Oh IK. Soft but Powerful Artificial Muscles Based on 3D Graphene-CNT-Ni Heteronanostructures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1701314. [PMID: 28656636 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspired soft ionic actuators, which exhibit large strain and high durability under low input voltages, are regarded as prospective candidates for future soft electronics. However, due to the intrinsic drawback of weak blocking force, the feasible applications of soft ionic actuators are limited until now. An electroactive artificial muscle electro-chemomechanically reinforced with 3D graphene-carbon nanotube-nickel heteronanostructures (G-CNT-Ni) to improve blocking force and bending deformation of the ionic actuators is demonstrated. The G-CNT-Ni heteronanostructure, which provides an electrically conductive 3D network and sufficient contact area with mobile ions in the polymer electrolyte, is embedded as a nanofiller in both ionic polymer and conductive electrodes of the ionic actuators. An ionic exchangeable composite membrane consisting of Nafion, G-CNT-Ni and ionic liquid (IL) shows improved tensile modulus and strength of up to 166% and 98%, respectively, and increased ionic conductivity of 0.254 S m-1 . The ionic actuator exhibits enhanced actuation performances including three times larger bending deformation, 2.37 times higher blocking force, and 4 h durability. The electroactive artificial muscle electro-chemomechanically reinforced with 3D G-CNT-Ni heteronanostructures offers improvements over current soft ionic actuator technologies and can advance the practical engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hu Bae
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Moumita Kotal
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tyler Stalbaum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4027, USA
| | - Kwang J Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4027, USA
| | - Il-Kwon Oh
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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67
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Yan Y, Santaniello T, Bettini LG, Minnai C, Bellacicca A, Porotti R, Denti I, Faraone G, Merlini M, Lenardi C, Milani P. Electroactive Ionic Soft Actuators with Monolithically Integrated Gold Nanocomposite Electrodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1606109. [PMID: 28417488 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electroactive ionic gel/metal nanocomposites are produced by implanting supersonically accelerated neutral gold nanoparticles into a novel chemically crosslinked ion conductive soft polymer. The ionic gel consists of chemically crosslinked poly(acrylic acid) and polyacrylonitrile networks, blended with halloysite nanoclays and imidazolium-based ionic liquid. The material exhibits mechanical properties similar to that of elastomers (Young's modulus ≈ 0.35 MPa) together with high ionic conductivity. The fabrication of thin (≈100 nm thick) nanostructured compliant electrodes by means of supersonic cluster beam implantation (SCBI) does not significantly alter the mechanical properties of the soft polymer and provides controlled electrical properties and large surface area for ions storage. SCBI is cost effective and suitable for the scaleup manufacturing of electroactive soft actuators. This study reports the high-strain electromechanical actuation performance of the novel ionic gel/metal nanocomposites in a low-voltage regime (from 0.1 to 5 V), with long-term stability up to 76 000 cycles with no electrode delamination or deterioration. The observed behavior is due to both the intrinsic features of the ionic gel (elasticity and ionic transport capability) and the electrical and morphological features of the electrodes, providing low specific resistance (<100 Ω cm-2 ), high electrochemical capacitance (≈mF g-1 ), and minimal mechanical stress at the polymer/metal composite interface upon deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsong Yan
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa), Physics Department, University of Milan, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
- SEMM-European School of Molecular Medicine, Campus IFOM-IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Santaniello
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa), Physics Department, University of Milan, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Giacomo Bettini
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa), Physics Department, University of Milan, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Chloé Minnai
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa), Physics Department, University of Milan, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Bellacicca
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa), Physics Department, University of Milan, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Porotti
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa), Physics Department, University of Milan, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Denti
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa), Physics Department, University of Milan, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Faraone
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa), Physics Department, University of Milan, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Merlini
- Department of Earth Science "Ardito Desio", University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli/Botticelli, 32/23, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Lenardi
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa), Physics Department, University of Milan, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Milani
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa), Physics Department, University of Milan, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
- SEMM-European School of Molecular Medicine, Campus IFOM-IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
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68
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Ishii S, Kokubo H, Hashimoto K, Imaizumi S, Watanabe M. Tetra-PEG Network Containing Ionic Liquid Synthesized via Michael Addition Reaction and Its Application to Polymer Actuator. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunta Ishii
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kokubo
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kei Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Satoru Imaizumi
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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69
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Yang HM, Kwon YK, Lee SB, Kim S, Hong K, Lee KH. Physically Cross-Linked Homopolymer Ion Gels for High Performance Electrolyte-Gated Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:8813-8818. [PMID: 28155274 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new type of physically cross-linked solid polymer electrolyte was demonstrated by using a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) homopolymer in a room-temperature ionic liquid. The physical origins of gelation, specific capacitance, ionic conductivity, mechanical property, and capacitive charge modulation in organic thin-film electrochemical transistors were investigated systematically. Gelation occurs through bridging phase-separated homopolymer crystals by polymer chains in the composite electrolyte, thereby forming a rubbery network. The resulting homopolymer ion gels are able to accommodate both outstanding electrical (ionically conductive and capacitive) and mechanical (flexible and free-standing) characteristics of the component ionic liquid and the structuring polymer, respectively. These ion gels were successfully applied to organic thin-film transistors as high-capacitance gate dielectrics. Therefore, these results provide an effective route to generate a highly conductive rubbery polymer electrolyte that can be used in widespread electronic and electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kihyon Hong
- Surface Technology Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science , Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
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70
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Chen IWP, Yang MC, Yang CH, Zhong DX, Hsu MC, Chen Y. Newton Output Blocking Force under Low-Voltage Stimulation for Carbon Nanotube-Electroactive Polymer Composite Artificial Muscles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:5550-5555. [PMID: 28107622 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This is a study on the development of carbon nanotube-based composite actuators using a new ionic liquid-doped electroactive ionic polymer. For scalable production purposes, a simple hot-pressing method was used. Carbon nanotube/ionic liquid-Nafion/carbon nanotube composite films were fabricated that exhibited a large output blocking force and a stable cycling life with low alternating voltage stimuli in air. Of particular interest and importance, a blocking force of 1.5 N was achieved at an applied voltage of 6 V. Operational durability was confirmed by testing in air for over 30 000 cycles (or 43 h). The superior actuation performance of the carbon nanotube/ionic liquid-Nafion/carbon nanotube composite, coupled with easy manufacturability, low driving voltage, and reliable operation, promises great potential for artificial muscle and biomimetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Wen Peter Chen
- Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University , 369, Sec. 2, University Road, Taitung City 95092, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chia Yang
- High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University , 2005 Levy, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Chia-Hui Yang
- 3D Printing Medical Research Center, China Medical University Hospital , 2 Tuh-Der Road, Taichung City 40447, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University , No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Dai-Xuan Zhong
- Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University , 369, Sec. 2, University Road, Taitung City 95092, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chun Hsu
- Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University , 369, Sec. 2, University Road, Taitung City 95092, Taiwan
| | - YiWen Chen
- 3D Printing Medical Research Center, China Medical University Hospital , 2 Tuh-Der Road, Taichung City 40447, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University , No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University , No. 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung City, 41354, Taiwan
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71
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One-volt-driven superfast polymer actuators based on single-ion conductors. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13576. [PMID: 27857067 PMCID: PMC5120218 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The key challenges in the advancement of actuator technologies related to artificial muscles include fast-response time, low operation voltages and durability. Although several researchers have tackled these challenges over the last few decades, no breakthrough has been made. Here we describe a platform for the development of soft actuators that moves a few millimetres under 1 V in air, with a superfast response time of tens of milliseconds. An essential component of this actuator is the single-ion-conducting polymers that contain well-defined ionic domains through the introduction of zwitterions; this achieved an exceptionally high dielectric constant of 76 and a 300-fold enhancement in ionic conductivity. Moreover, the actuator demonstrated long-term durability, with negligible changes in the actuator stroke over 20,000 cycles in air. Owing to its low-power consumption (only 4 mW), we believe that this actuator could pave the way for cutting-edge biomimetic technologies in the future. Achieving a balance of desirable mechanical properties with low power consumption is important for developing soft actuator technologies. Here, the authors report single-ion-conducting polymers that function as fast, durable actuators at low voltages.
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72
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Zheng W, Cornelius C. Solvent tunable multi-block ionomer morphology and its relationship to modulus, water swelling, directionally dependent ion transport, and actuator performance. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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73
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Wang C, Wang Y, Yao Y, Luo W, Wan J, Dai J, Hitz E, Fu KK, Hu L. A Solution-Processed High-Temperature, Flexible, Thin-Film Actuator. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:8618-8624. [PMID: 27545274 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A bilayer actuator made of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and boron nitride (BN) is developed that can withstand high temperatures. The bilayer actuator can be powered quickly to a temperature up to 2000 K within 100 ms and can operate at frequencies from sub-Hertz to about 30 Hz due to the low heat capacity of the thin CNT layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yanbin Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yonggang Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Jiayu Wan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Jiaqi Dai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Emily Hitz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Kun Kelvin Fu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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74
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Wu G, Hu Y, Zhao J, Lan T, Wang D, Liu Y, Chen W. Ordered and Active Nanochannel Electrode Design for High-Performance Electrochemical Actuator. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:4986-4992. [PMID: 27119424 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical actuator based on polyaniline@vertically aligned carbon nanotube nanocomposite electrodes, in which the vertically aligned structure is introduced by a facilely electrochemical process. Owing to the vertically aligned nanocomposite electrode providing ordered path channel for faster ion transportation and high electrochemical capacitance for more ion accumulation, our actuator displays intriguing actuation performance including large deformation, fast-actuation speed, and excellent actuation stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Wu
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ying Hu
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Tian Lan
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Dongxing Wang
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.
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75
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Li Z, Zhang X, Wang S, Yang Y, Qin B, Wang K, Xie T, Wei Y, Ji Y. Polydopamine coated shape memory polymer: enabling light triggered shape recovery, light controlled shape reprogramming and surface functionalization. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4741-4747. [PMID: 30155125 PMCID: PMC6014076 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00584e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photo-active shape memory polymers (SMPs) are considered as a promising candidate for converting light into mechanical energy. However, most known SMPs are only thermo-responsive. To achieve photo-activity, photo-responsive choromophores or fillers usually have to be incorporated from the very beginning of the material synthesis. Here, we introduce a novel post-synthesis approach to endow normal SMPs with photo-active properties using mussel-inspired surface chemistry. Without changing the original properties, the resultant polydopamine (PDA) coated SMPs show an efficient photo-active performance. The coating can be easily patterned and erased, which allows flexible light-triggered 3-D shape deformation of a planar SMP sheet. Moreover, owing to the high chemical activity, the PDA coating also provides a platform to optimize the surface properties of the photo-responsive SMPs through secondary surface modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China . ;
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China . ;
| | - Shiqi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China . ;
| | - Yang Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China . ;
| | - Benye Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China . ;
| | - Ke Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China . ;
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering , Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , 310027 , China
| | - Yen Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China . ;
| | - Yan Ji
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China . ;
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76
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Khan A, Inamuddin, Jain RK. Easy, operable ionic polymer metal composite actuator based on a platinum-coated sulfonated poly(vinyl alcohol)-polyaniline composite membrane. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajahar Khan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh 202002 India
| | - Inamuddin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh 202002 India
| | - Ravi Kant Jain
- Design of Mechanical System (DMS)/Micro Robotics Laboratory, Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; Durgapur 713209 West Bengal India
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77
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A multiple-shape memory polymer-metal composite actuator capable of programmable control, creating complex 3D motion of bending, twisting, and oscillation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24462. [PMID: 27080134 PMCID: PMC4832250 DOI: 10.1038/srep24462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of biomimetic actuators has been an essential motivation in the study of smart materials. However, few materials are capable of controlling complex twisting and bending deformations simultaneously or separately using a dynamic control system. Here, we report an ionic polymer-metal composite actuator having multiple-shape memory effect, and is able to perform complex motion by two external inputs, electrical and thermal. Prior to the development of this type of actuator, this capability only could be realized with existing actuator technologies by using multiple actuators or another robotic system. This paper introduces a soft multiple-shape-memory polymer-metal composite (MSMPMC) actuator having multiple degrees-of-freedom that demonstrates high maneuverability when controlled by two external inputs, electrical and thermal. These multiple inputs allow for complex motions that are routine in nature, but that would be otherwise difficult to obtain with a single actuator. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this MSMPMC actuator is the first solitary actuator capable of multiple-input control and the resulting deformability and maneuverability.
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78
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Uh K, Yoon B, Lee CW, Kim JM. An Electrolyte-Free Conducting Polymer Actuator that Displays Electrothermal Bending and Flapping Wing Motions under a Magnetic Field. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:1289-1296. [PMID: 26717199 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Electroactive materials that change shape in response to electrical stimulation can serve as actuators. Electroactive actuators of this type have great utility in a variety of technologies, including biomimetic artificial muscles, robotics, and sensors. Electroactive actuators developed to date often suffer from problems associated with the need to use electrolytes, slow response times, high driving voltages, and short cycle lifetimes. Herein, we report an electrolyte-free, single component, polymer electroactive actuator, which has a fast response time, high durability, and requires a low driving voltage (<5 V). The process employed for production of this material involves wet-spinning of a preorganized camphorsulfonic acid (CSA)-doped polyaniline (PANI) gel, which generates long, flexible, and conductive (∼270 S/cm) microfibers. Reversible bending motions take place upon application of an alternating current (AC) to the PANI polymer. This motion, promoted by a significantly low driving voltage (<0.5 V) in the presence of an external magnetic field, has a very large swinging speed (9000 swings/min) that lies in the range of those of flies and bees (1000-15000 swings/min) and is fatigue-resistant (>1000000 cycles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungchan Uh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Bora Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Chan Woo Lee
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Jong-Man Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791, Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791, Korea
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79
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Ponniah JK, Chen H, Adetiba O, Verduzco R, Jacot JG. Mechanoactive materials in cardiac science. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:7350-7362. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00069j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically active biomaterials such as shape memory materials, liquid crystal elastomers, dielectric elastomer actuators, and conductive polymers could be used in mechanical devices to augment heart function or condition cardiac cells and artificial tissues for regenerative medicine solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H. Chen
- Department of Bioengineering
- Rice University
- USA
| | - O. Adetiba
- Department of Bioengineering
- Rice University
- USA
| | - R. Verduzco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Rice University
- USA
| | - J. G. Jacot
- Department of Bioengineering
- Rice University
- USA
- Division of Congenital Heart Surgery
- Texas Children's Hospital
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80
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Mejri R, Dias J, Lopes A, Bebes Hentati S, Silva M, Botelho G, Mão de Ferro A, Esperança J, Maceiras A, Laza J, Vilas J, León L, Lanceros-Mendez S. Effect of ionic liquid anion and cation on the physico-chemical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/ionic liquid blends. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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81
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Le MQ, Capsal JF, Galineau J, Ganet F, Yin X, Yang MD, Chateaux JF, Renaud L, Malhaire C, Cottinet PJ, Liang R. All-organic electrostrictive polymer composites with low driving electrical voltages for micro-fluidic pump applications. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11814. [PMID: 26139015 PMCID: PMC5155611 DOI: 10.1038/srep11814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper focuses on the improvement of a relaxor ferroelectric terpolymer, i.e., poly (vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)], filled with a bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The developed material gave rise to a significantly increased longitudinal electrostrictive strain, as well as an increased mechanical energy density under a relatively low electric field. These features were attributed to the considerably enhanced dielectric permittivity and a decreased Young modulus as a result of the introduction of only small DEHP plasticizer molecules. In addition, the plasticizer-filled terpolymer only exhibited a slight decrease of the dielectric breakdown strength, which was a great advantage with respect to the traditional polymer-based electrostrictive composites. More importantly, the approach proposed herein is promising for the future development and scale-up of new high-performance electrostrictive dielectrics under low applied electrical fields through modification simply by blending with a low-cost plasticizer. An experimental demonstration based on a flexible micro-fluidic application is described at the end of this paper, confirming the attractive characteristics of the proposed materials as well as the feasibility of integrating them as micro-actuators in small-scale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Quyen Le
- Laboratoire de Génie Electrique et Ferroélectricité (LGEF), INSA Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean-Fabien Capsal
- Laboratoire de Génie Electrique et Ferroélectricité (LGEF), INSA Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jérémy Galineau
- Laboratoire de Génie Electrique et Ferroélectricité (LGEF), INSA Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florent Ganet
- Laboratoire de Génie Electrique et Ferroélectricité (LGEF), INSA Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Xunqian Yin
- Laboratoire de Génie Electrique et Ferroélectricité (LGEF), INSA Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mingchia Dawn Yang
- High-Performance Materials Institute (HPMI) Florida State University Materials Research Building 2005 Levy Ave, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Jean-François Chateaux
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon INL-UMR5270, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Louis Renaud
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon INL-UMR5270, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Christophe Malhaire
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon INL-UMR5270, CNRS, INSA de Lyon, 7 av. Jean Capelle, bât. Blaise Pascal, Villeurbanne, F-69621, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Cottinet
- Laboratoire de Génie Electrique et Ferroélectricité (LGEF), INSA Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Richard Liang
- High-Performance Materials Institute (HPMI) Florida State University Materials Research Building 2005 Levy Ave, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
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82
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Abstract
Hygroinduced motion is a fundamental process of energy conversion that is essential for applications that require contactless actuation in response to the day–night rhythm of atmospheric humidity. Here we demonstrate that mechanical bistability caused by rapid and anisotropic adsorption and desorption of water vapour by a flexible dynamic element that harnesses the chemical potential across very small humidity gradients for perpetual motion can be effectively modulated with light. A mechanically robust material capable of rapid exchange of water with the surroundings is prepared that undergoes swift locomotion in effect to periodic shape reconfiguration with turnover frequency of <150 min−1. The element can lift objects ∼85 times heavier and can transport cargos ∼20 times heavier than itself. Having an azobenzene-containing conjugate as a photoactive dopant, this entirely humidity-driven self-actuation can be controlled remotely with ultraviolet light, thus setting a platform for next-generation smart biomimetic hybrids. Hygroinduced motion is fundamental for applications that require actuation in response to changes in atmospheric humidity. Here, the authors report an actuating material that is capable of fast and perpetual motion driven by humidity gradient incorporating a photoactive dopant that can be controlled by light.
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83
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Microrobotic tentacles with spiral bending capability based on shape-engineered elastomeric microtubes. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10768. [PMID: 26066664 PMCID: PMC4463937 DOI: 10.1038/srep10768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microscale soft-robots hold great promise as safe handlers of delicate micro-objects but their wider adoption requires micro-actuators with greater efficiency and ease-of-fabrication. Here we present an elastomeric microtube-based pneumatic actuator that can be extended into a microrobotic tentacle. We establish a new, direct peeling-based technique for building long and thin, highly deformable microtubes and a semi-analytical model for their shape-engineering. Using them in combination, we amplify the microtube’s pneumatically-driven bending into multi-turn inward spiraling. The resulting micro-tentacle exhibit spiraling with the final radius as small as ~185 μm and grabbing force of ~0.78 mN, rendering itself ideal for non-damaging manipulation of soft, fragile micro-objects. This spiraling tentacle-based grabbing modality, the direct peeling-enabled elastomeric microtube fabrication technique, and the concept of microtube shape-engineering are all unprecedented and will enrich the field of soft-robotics.
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84
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Wu G, Hu Y, Liu Y, Zhao J, Chen X, Whoehling V, Plesse C, Nguyen GTM, Vidal F, Chen W. Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet electrode-based high-performance ionic actuator. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7258. [PMID: 26028354 PMCID: PMC4458862 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic actuators have attracted attention due to their remarkably large strain under low-voltage stimulation. Because actuation performance is mainly dominated by the electrochemical and electromechanical processes of the electrode layer, the electrode material and structure are crucial. Here, we report a graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet electrode-based ionic actuator that displays high electrochemical activity and electromechanical conversion abilities, including large specific capacitance (259.4 F g−1) with ionic liquid as the electrolyte, fast actuation response (0.5±0.03% in 300 ms), large electromechanical strain (0.93±0.03%) and high actuation stability (100,000 cycles) under 3 V. The key to the high performance lies in the hierarchical pore structure with dominant size <2 nm, optimal pyridinic nitrogen active sites (6.78%) and effective conductivity (382 S m−1) of the electrode. Our study represents an important step towards artificial muscle technology in which heteroatom modulation in electrodes plays an important role in promoting electrochemical actuation performance. Electrochemical actuators store electric energy and generate mechanical motion. Here, the authors present an ionic actuator based on a hierarchically porous graphitic carbon nitride electrode, which exhibits high charge storage, fast actuation response, large electromechanical strain and high stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Wu
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ying Hu
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xueli Chen
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Vincent Whoehling
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, Institut des Matériaux, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay-Lussac, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Cédric Plesse
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, Institut des Matériaux, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay-Lussac, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Giao T M Nguyen
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, Institut des Matériaux, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay-Lussac, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Vidal
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, Institut des Matériaux, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay-Lussac, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Wei Chen
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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85
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Zhao Q, Heyda J, Dzubiella J, Täuber K, Dunlop JWC, Yuan J. Sensing Solvents with Ultrasensitive Porous Poly(ionic liquid) Actuators. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:2913-2917. [PMID: 25828569 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhao
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14424, Potsdam, Germany
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86
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Lee J, Oh S, Pyo J, Kim JM, Je JH. A light-driven supramolecular nanowire actuator. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:6457-6461. [PMID: 25793329 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01118c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A single photomechanical supramolecular nanowire actuator with an azobenzene-containing 1,3,5-tricarboxamide derivative is developed by employing a direct writing method. Single nanowires display photoinduced reversible bending and the bending behavior follows first-order kinetics associated with azobenzene photoisomerization. A wireless photomechanical nanowire tweezers that remotely manipulates a single micro-particle is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junho Lee
- X-ray Imaging Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea.
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87
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Liu H, Ding Y, Ao Z, Zhou Y, Wang S, Jiang L. Fabricating surfaces with tunable wettability and adhesion by ionic liquids in a wide range. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:1782-1786. [PMID: 25408487 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201403021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of surfaces that can either be fully wetted or non-wetted by three kinds of ionic liquids (ILs) are successfully designed by rationally controlling surface chemistries and structures. Meanwhile, the adhesion forces between these surfaces and the ILs can also be effectively modulated in a wide range. This fundamental research will greatly promote the development of IL-based materials in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Liu
- Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interface Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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88
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Yuan C, Zhu X, Su L, Yang D, Wang Y, Yang K, Cheng X. Preparation and characterization of a novel ionic conducting foam-type polymeric gel based on polymer PVdF-HFP and ionic liquid [EMIM][TFSI]. Colloid Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-015-3590-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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89
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Li Q, Liu C, Lin YH, Liu L, Jiang K, Fan S. Large-strain, multiform movements from designable electrothermal actuators based on large highly anisotropic carbon nanotube sheets. ACS NANO 2015; 9:409-418. [PMID: 25559661 DOI: 10.1021/nn505535k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators use diverse configurations of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as pliable electrodes to realize discontinuous, agile movements, for CNTs are conductive and flexible. However, the reported CNT-based EAP actuators could only accomplish simple, monotonous actions. Few actuators were extended to complex devices because efficiently preparing a large-area CNT electrode was difficult, and complex electrode design has not been carried out. In this work, we successfully prepared large-area CNT paper (buckypaper, BP) through an efficient approach. The BP is highly anisotropic, strong, and suitable as flexible electrodes. By means of artful graphic design and processing on BP, we fabricated various functional BP electrodes and developed a series of BP-polymer electrothermal actuators (ETAs). The prepared ETAs can realize various controllable movements, such as large-stain bending (>180°), helical curling (∼ 630°), or even bionic actuations (imitating human-hand actions). These functional and interesting movements benefit from flexible electrode design and the anisotropy of BP material. Owing to the advantages of low driving voltage (20-200 V), electrolyte-free and long service life (over 10000 times), we think the ETAs will have great potential applications in the actuator field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Li
- Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Physics and ‡School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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90
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Kitazawa Y, Iwata K, Imaizumi S, Ahn H, Kim SY, Ueno K, Park MJ, Watanabe M. Gelation of Solvate Ionic Liquid by Self-Assembly of Block Copolymer and Characterization as Polymer Electrolyte. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501296m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Kitazawa
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kaori Iwata
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Satoru Imaizumi
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Hyungmin Ahn
- Department
of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Sung Yeon Kim
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Kazuhide Ueno
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department
of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Masayoshi Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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91
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Nanothorn electrodes for ionic polymer-metal composite artificial muscles. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6176. [PMID: 25146561 PMCID: PMC4141252 DOI: 10.1038/srep06176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) have recently received tremendous interest as soft biomimetic actuators and sensors in various bioengineering and human affinity applications, such as artificial muscles and actuators, aquatic propulsors, robotic end-effectors, and active catheters. Main challenges in developing biomimetic actuators are the attainment of high strain and actuation force at low operating voltage. Here we first report a nanostructured electrode surface design for IPMC comprising platinum nanothorn assemblies with multiple sharp tips. The newly developed actuator with the nanostructured electrodes shows a new way to achieve highly enhanced electromechanical performance over existing flat-surfaced electrodes. We demonstrate that the formation and growth of the nanothorn assemblies at the electrode interface lead to a dramatic improvement (3- to 5-fold increase) in both actuation range and blocking force at low driving voltage (1–3 V). These advances are related to the highly capacitive properties of nanothorn assemblies, increasing significantly the charge transport during the actuation process.
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92
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Kang TJ, Kim T, Jang EY, Im H, Lepro-Chavez X, Ovalle-Robles R, Oh J, Kozlov ME, Baughman RH, Lee HH, Kim YH. Nanotube aerogel sheet flutter for actuation, power generation, and infrasound detection. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6105. [PMID: 25130708 PMCID: PMC4135338 DOI: 10.1038/srep06105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic induction (EMI) is a mechanism of classical physics that can be utilized to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy or electrical to mechanical energy. This mechanism has not been exploited fully because of lack of a material with a sufficiently low force constant. We here show that carbon nanotube (CNT) aerogel sheets can exploit EMI to provide mechanical actuation at very low applied voltages, to harvest mechanical energy from small air pressure fluctuations, and to detect infrasound at inaudible frequencies below 20 Hz. Using conformal deposition of 100 nm thick aluminum coatings on the nanotubes in the sheets, mechanical actuation can be obtained by applying millivolts, as compared with the thousand volts needed to achieve giant-stroke electrostatic actuation of carbon nanotube aerogel sheets. Device simplicity and performance suggest possible applications as an energy harvester of low energy air fluctuations and as a sensor for infrasound frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae June Kang
- 1] Department of NanoMechatronics Engineering and BK21 Plus Nano Convergence Technology Division, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea [2]
| | - Taewoo Kim
- 1] School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea [2]
| | - Eui Yun Jang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
| | - Hyeongwook Im
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
| | - Xavier Lepro-Chavez
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083, USA
| | - Raquel Ovalle-Robles
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083, USA
| | - Jiyoung Oh
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083, USA
| | - Mikhail E Kozlov
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083, USA
| | - Ray H Baughman
- The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083, USA
| | - Hong H Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
| | - Yong Hyup Kim
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
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93
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Zhao Q, Dunlop JWC, Qiu X, Huang F, Zhang Z, Heyda J, Dzubiella J, Antonietti M, Yuan J. An instant multi-responsive porous polymer actuator driven by solvent molecule sorption. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4293. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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94
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Kim O, Kim SY, Park B, Hwang W, Park MJ. Factors Affecting Electromechanical Properties of Ionic Polymer Actuators Based on Ionic Liquid-Containing Sulfonated Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500869h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Onnuri Kim
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Division of Advanced Materials
Science, and §Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Sung Yeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Division of Advanced Materials
Science, and §Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Byungrak Park
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Division of Advanced Materials
Science, and §Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Woonbong Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Division of Advanced Materials
Science, and §Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Division of Advanced Materials
Science, and §Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
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95
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Kim SY, Lee J, Park MJ. Proton Hopping and Diffusion Behavior of Sulfonated Block Copolymers Containing Ionic Liquids. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4025152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yeon Kim
- Division of Advanced Materials
Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Joungphil Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials
Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Division of Advanced Materials
Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
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96
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Tang Y, Chen C, Ye YS, Xue Z, Zhou X, Xie X. The enhanced actuation response of an ionic polymer–metal composite actuator based on sulfonated polyphenylsulfone. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00663a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel SPPSU-based IPMC membranes with different ion exchange capacities were synthesized. SPPSU4-based IPMCs showed the best actuation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Tang
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and Systems
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and Systems
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yun Sheng Ye
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and Systems
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and Systems
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xingping Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and Systems
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and Systems
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074, China
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