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Fukuzumi S, Lee YM, Nam W. Mechanisms of Two-Electron versus Four-Electron Reduction of Dioxygen Catalyzed by Earth-Abundant Metal Complexes. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03760 Korea
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Meijo University; SENTAN, Japan, Science and Technology Agency, JST; Nagoya Aichi 468-8502 Japan
| | - Yong-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03760 Korea
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03760 Korea
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53
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Möller F, Piontek S, Miller RG, Apfel UP. From Enzymes to Functional Materials-Towards Activation of Small Molecules. Chemistry 2017; 24:1471-1493. [PMID: 28816379 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The design of non-noble metal-containing heterogeneous catalysts for the activation of small molecules is of utmost importance for our society. While nature possesses very sophisticated machineries to perform such conversions, rationally designed catalytic materials are rare. Herein, we aim to raise the awareness of the overall common design and working principles of catalysts incorporating aspects of biology, chemistry, and material sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Möller
- Inorganic Chemistry I/ Bioinorganic Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstaße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Piontek
- Inorganic Chemistry I/ Bioinorganic Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstaße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Reece G Miller
- Inorganic Chemistry I/ Bioinorganic Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstaße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulf-Peter Apfel
- Inorganic Chemistry I/ Bioinorganic Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstaße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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54
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Sa YJ, Kim JH, Joo SH. Recent Progress in the Identification of Active Sites in Pyrolyzed Fe−N/C Catalysts and Insights into Their Role in Oxygen Reduction Reaction. J ELECTROCHEM SCI TE 2017. [DOI: 10.33961/jecst.2017.8.3.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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55
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Chatterjee S, Sengupta K, Mondal B, Dey S, Dey A. Factors Determining the Rate and Selectivity of 4e -/4H + Electrocatalytic Reduction of Dioxygen by Iron Porphyrin Complexes. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:1744-1753. [PMID: 28686419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Reactivity as well as selectivity are crucial in the activation and electrocatalytic reduction of molecular oxygen. Recent developments in the understanding of the mechanism of electrocatalytic O2 reduction by iron porphyrin complexes in situ using surface enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy coupled to rotating disc electrochemistry (SERRS-RDE) in conjunction with H/D isotope effects on electrocatalytic current reveals that the rate of O2 reduction, ∼104 to 105 M-1 s-1 for simple iron porphyrins, is limited by the rate of O-O bond cleavage of an intermediate ferric peroxide species (FeIII-OOH). SERRS-RDE probes the system in operando when it is under steady state such that any intermediate species that has a greater rate of formation relative to its rate of decay, including the rate determining species, would accumulate and can be identified. This technique is particularly well suited to investigate iron porphyrin electrocatalysts as the intense symmetric ligand vibrations allow determination of the oxidation and spin states of the bound iron with high fidelity. The rate of O2 reduction could be tuned up by 3 orders of magnitude by incorporating residues in the catalyst design that can exert "push" or "pull" effects, that is, axial phenolate and thiolate ligands and distal arginine residues. Similarly the rate of O-O bond cleavage can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude upon incorporating a distal Cu site and installing the active site in a hydrophobic protein environment in synthetic models and biosynthetic protein scaffolds. The selectivity, however, is solely determined by the site of protonation of a ferric peroxide (FeIII-OOH) intermediate and can be governed by installing preorganized second sphere residues in the distal pocket. The 4e-/4H+ reduction of O2 entails protonation of the distal oxygen of the FeIII-OOH species, while 2e-/2H+ reduction requires the proximal oxygen to be protonated. Mechanistic investigations of CO2 reduction by iron porphyrins reveal that the rate-determining step is the C-O bond cleavage of a FeII-COOH species analogous to the O-O bond cleavage step of a FeIII-OOH species in O2 reduction. The selectivity, resulting in either CO or HCOOH, is determined by the site of protonation of this species. These similarities suggests that the chemical principles governing the rate and selectivity of reduction of small molecules like O2, CO2, NOx, and SOx may be quite similar in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Chatterjee
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Kushal Sengupta
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Biswajit Mondal
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Subal Dey
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Abhishek Dey
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
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56
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Bhagi-Damodaran A, Kahle M, Shi Y, Zhang Y, Ädelroth P, Lu Y. Insights Into How Heme Reduction Potentials Modulate Enzymatic Activities of a Myoglobin-based Functional Oxidase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6622-6626. [PMID: 28470988 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Heme-copper oxidase (HCO) is a class of respiratory enzymes that use a heme-copper center to catalyze O2 reduction to H2 O. While heme reduction potential (E°') of different HCO types has been found to vary >500 mV, its impact on HCO activity remains poorly understood. Here, we use a set of myoglobin-based functional HCO models to investigate the mechanism by which heme E°' modulates oxidase activity. Rapid stopped-flow kinetic measurements show that increasing heme E°' by ca. 210 mV results in increases in electron transfer (ET) rates by 30-fold, rate of O2 binding by 12-fold, O2 dissociation by 35-fold, while decreasing O2 affinity by 3-fold. Theoretical calculations reveal that E°' modulation has significant implications on electronic charge of both heme iron and O2 , resulting in increased O2 dissociation and reduced O2 affinity at high E°' values. Overall, this work suggests that fine-tuning E°' in HCOs and other heme enzymes can modulate their substrate affinity, ET rate and enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Bhagi-Damodaran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Maximilian Kahle
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yelu Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, NY, 07030, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, NY, 07030, USA
| | - Pia Ädelroth
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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57
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Bhagi‐Damodaran A, Kahle M, Shi Y, Zhang Y, Ädelroth P, Lu Y. Insights Into How Heme Reduction Potentials Modulate Enzymatic Activities of a Myoglobin‐based Functional Oxidase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maximilian Kahle
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Yelu Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Biological Sciences Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken, New Jersey NY 07030 USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Biological Sciences Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken, New Jersey NY 07030 USA
| | - Pia Ädelroth
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
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58
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59
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Bullock RM, Das AK, Appel AM. Surface Immobilization of Molecular Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion. Chemistry 2017; 23:7626-7641. [PMID: 28178367 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Electrocatalysts are critically important for a secure energy future, as they facilitate the conversion between electrical and chemical energy. Molecular catalysts offer precise control of structure that enables understanding of structure-reactivity relationships, which can be difficult to achieve with heterogeneous catalysts. Molecular electrocatalysts can be immobilized on surfaces by covalent bonds or through non-covalent interactions. Advantages of surface immobilization include the need for less catalyst, avoidance of bimolecular decomposition pathways, and easier determination of catalyst lifetime. This Minireview highlights surface immobilization of molecular electrocatalysts for reduction of O2 , oxidation of H2 O, production of H2 , and reduction of CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- R Morris Bullock
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Atanu K Das
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Aaron M Appel
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
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60
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Bhagi-Damodaran A, Michael MA, Zhu Q, Reed J, Sandoval BA, Mirts EN, Chakraborty S, Moënne-Loccoz P, Zhang Y, Lu Y. Why copper is preferred over iron for oxygen activation and reduction in haem-copper oxidases. Nat Chem 2017; 9:257-263. [PMID: 28221360 PMCID: PMC5321616 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Haem-copper oxidase (HCO) catalyses the natural reduction of oxygen to water using a haem-copper centre. Despite decades of research on HCOs, the role of non-haem metal and the reason for nature's choice of copper over other metals such as iron remains unclear. Here, we use a biosynthetic model of HCO in myoglobin that selectively binds different non-haem metals to demonstrate 30-fold and 11-fold enhancements in the oxidase activity of Cu- and Fe-bound HCO mimics, respectively, as compared with Zn-bound mimics. Detailed electrochemical, kinetic and vibrational spectroscopic studies, in tandem with theoretical density functional theory calculations, demonstrate that the non-haem metal not only donates electrons to oxygen but also activates it for efficient O-O bond cleavage. Furthermore, the higher redox potential of copper and the enhanced weakening of the O-O bond from the higher electron density in the d orbital of copper are central to its higher oxidase activity over iron. This work resolves a long-standing question in bioenergetics, and renders a chemical-biological basis for the design of future oxygen-reduction catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew A. Michael
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and
Biological Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Qianhong Zhu
- Division of Environmental & Biomolecular Systems, Institute
of Environmental Health, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park
Road, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Julian Reed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Braddock A. Sandoval
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Evan N. Mirts
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Saumen Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Pierre Moënne-Loccoz
- Division of Environmental & Biomolecular Systems, Institute
of Environmental Health, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park
Road, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and
Biological Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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61
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Hong S, Lee YM, Ray K, Nam W. Dioxygen activation chemistry by synthetic mononuclear nonheme iron, copper and chromium complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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62
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Hu C, Yu Y, Wang J. Improving artificial metalloenzymes' activity by optimizing electron transfer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:4173-4186. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09921a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This feature article discusses the strategies to optimize electron transfer efficiency, towards enhancing the activity of artificial metalloenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Hu
- Laboratory of RNA Biology
- Institute of Biophysics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chaoyang District
- China
| | - Yang Yu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Tianjin 300308
- China
| | - Jiangyun Wang
- Laboratory of RNA Biology
- Institute of Biophysics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chaoyang District
- China
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63
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Hetterscheid DGH. In operando studies on the electrochemical oxidation of water mediated by molecular catalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:10622-10631. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04944g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This feature article describes on-line studies regarding the water oxidation reaction mediated by molecular catalysts.
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64
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Bhagi-Damodaran A, Petrik I, Lu Y. Using Biosynthetic Models of Heme-Copper Oxidase and Nitric Oxide Reductase in Myoglobin to Elucidate Structural Features Responsible for Enzymatic Activities. Isr J Chem 2016; 56:773-790. [PMID: 27994254 PMCID: PMC5161413 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In biology, a heme-Cu center in heme-copper oxidases (HCOs) is used to catalyze the four-electron reduction of oxygen to water, while a heme-nonheme diiron center in nitric oxide reductases (NORs) is employed to catalyze the two-electron reduction of nitric oxide to nitrous oxide. Although much progress has been made in biochemical and biophysical studies of HCOs and NORs, structural features responsible for similarities and differences within the two enzymatic systems remain to be understood. Here, we discuss the progress made in the design and characterization of myoglobin-based enzyme models of HCOs and NORs. In particular, we focus on use of these models to understand the structure-function relations between HCOs and NORs, including the role of nonheme metals, conserved amino acids in the active site, heme types and hydrogen-bonding network in tuning enzymatic activities and total turnovers. Insights gained from these studies are summarized and future directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Petrik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL. 61801
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL. 61801
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65
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Nastri F, Chino M, Maglio O, Bhagi-Damodaran A, Lu Y, Lombardi A. Design and engineering of artificial oxygen-activating metalloenzymes. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:5020-54. [PMID: 27341693 PMCID: PMC5021598 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00923e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many efforts are being made in the design and engineering of metalloenzymes with catalytic properties fulfilling the needs of practical applications. Progress in this field has recently been accelerated by advances in computational, molecular and structural biology. This review article focuses on the recent examples of oxygen-activating metalloenzymes, developed through the strategies of de novo design, miniaturization processes and protein redesign. Considerable progress in these diverse design approaches has produced many metal-containing biocatalysts able to adopt the functions of native enzymes or even novel functions beyond those found in Nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Nastri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Chino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Maglio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
- IBB, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Ambika Bhagi-Damodaran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, A322 CLSL, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, A322 CLSL, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
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66
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Sengupta K, Chatterjee S, Dey A. In Situ Mechanistic Investigation of O2 Reduction by Iron Porphyrin Electrocatalysts Using Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Spectroscopy Coupled to Rotating Disk Electrode (SERRS-RDE) Setup. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Sengupta
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sudipta Chatterjee
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Abhishek Dey
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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67
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Parnell CM, Chhetri B, Brandt A, Watanabe F, Nima ZA, Mudalige TK, Biris AS, Ghosh A. Polydopamine-Coated Manganese Complex/Graphene Nanocomposite for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity Towards Oxygen Reduction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31415. [PMID: 27528439 PMCID: PMC4985631 DOI: 10.1038/srep31415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Platinum electrodes are commonly used electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) in fuel cells. However, this material is not economical due to its high cost and scarcity. We prepared an Mn(III) catalyst supported on graphene and further coated with polydopamine, resulting in superior ORR activity compared to the uncoated PDA structures. During ORR, a peak potential at 0.433 V was recorded, which is a significant shift compared to the uncoated material's -0.303 V (both versus SHE). All the materials reduced oxygen in a wide pH range via a four-electron pathway. Rotating disk electrode and rotating ring disk electrode studies of the polydopamine-coated material revealed ORR occurring via 4.14 and 4.00 electrons, respectively. A rate constant of 6.33 × 10(6) mol(-1)s(-1) was observed for the polydopamine-coated material-over 4.5 times greater than the uncoated nanocomposite and superior to those reported for similar carbon-supported metal catalysts. Simply integrating an inexpensive bioinspired polymer coating onto the Mn-graphene nanocomposite increased ORR performance significantly, with a peak potential shift of over +730 mV. This indicates that the material can reduce oxygen at a higher rate but with lower energy usage, revealing its excellent potential as an ORR electrocatalyst in fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlette M. Parnell
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 South University Avenue, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
| | - Bijay Chhetri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 South University Avenue, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
| | - Andrew Brandt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 South University Avenue, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
| | - Fumiya Watanabe
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 South University Avenue, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
| | - Zeid A. Nima
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 South University Avenue, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
| | - Thilak K. Mudalige
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Regulatory Affairs, Arkansas Regional Laboratory, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Alexandru S. Biris
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 South University Avenue, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
| | - Anindya Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 South University Avenue, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
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68
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Bhagi-Damodaran A, Hosseinzadeh P, Mirts E, Reed J, Petrik ID, Lu Y. Design of Heteronuclear Metalloenzymes. Methods Enzymol 2016; 580:501-37. [PMID: 27586347 PMCID: PMC5156654 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Heteronuclear metalloenzymes catalyze some of the most fundamentally interesting and practically useful reactions in nature. However, the presence of two or more metal ions in close proximity in these enzymes makes them more difficult to prepare and study than homonuclear metalloenzymes. To meet these challenges, heteronuclear metal centers have been designed into small and stable proteins with rigid scaffolds to understand how these heteronuclear centers are constructed and the mechanism of their function. This chapter describes methods for designing heterobinuclear metal centers in a protein scaffold by giving specific examples of a few heme-nonheme bimetallic centers engineered in myoglobin and cytochrome c peroxidase. We provide step-by-step procedures on how to choose the protein scaffold, design a heterobinuclear metal center in the protein scaffold computationally, incorporate metal ions into the protein, and characterize the resulting metalloproteins, both structurally and functionally. Finally, we discuss how an initial design can be further improved by rationally tuning its secondary coordination sphere, electron/proton transfer rates, and the substrate affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bhagi-Damodaran
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - P Hosseinzadeh
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - E Mirts
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - J Reed
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - I D Petrik
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Y Lu
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
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69
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Vogt S, Rhiel A, Weber P, Ramzan R. Revisiting Kadenbach: Electron flux rate through cytochrome c-oxidase determines the ATP-inhibitory effect and subsequent production of ROS. Bioessays 2016; 38:556-67. [PMID: 27171124 PMCID: PMC5084804 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiration is the predominant source of ATP. Excessive rates of electron transport cause a higher production of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS). There are two regulatory mechanisms known. The first, according to Mitchel, is dependent on the mitochondrial membrane potential that drives ATP synthase for ATP production, and the second, the Kadenbach mechanism, is focussed on the binding of ATP to Cytochrome c Oxidase (CytOx) at high ATP/ADP ratios, which results in an allosteric conformational change to CytOx, causing inhibition. In times of stress, ATP-dependent inhibition is switched off and the activity of CytOx is exclusively determined by the membrane potential, leading to an increase in ROS production. The second mechanism for respiratory control depends on the quantity of electron transfer to the Heme aa3 of CytOx. When ATP is bound to CytOx the enzyme is inhibited, and ROS formation is decreased, although the mitochondrial membrane potential is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Vogt
- Cardiovascular Research Lab, Biochemical Pharmacological Research CenterPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Annika Rhiel
- Cardiovascular Research Lab, Biochemical Pharmacological Research CenterPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Petra Weber
- Cardiovascular Research Lab, Biochemical Pharmacological Research CenterPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Rabia Ramzan
- Cardiovascular Research Lab, Biochemical Pharmacological Research CenterPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
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