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Andersen HH, Johnsen KB, Moos T. Iron deposits in the chronically inflamed central nervous system and contributes to neurodegeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:1607-22. [PMID: 24218010 PMCID: PMC3983878 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the presence of inflammation in areas with neuronal cell death and a regional increase in iron that exceeds what occurs during normal aging. The inflammatory process accompanying the neuronal degeneration involves glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and monocytes of the circulation that migrate into the CNS while transforming into phagocytic macrophages. This review outlines the possible mechanisms responsible for deposition of iron in neurodegenerative disorders with a main emphasis on how iron-containing monocytes may migrate into the CNS, transform into macrophages, and die out subsequently to their phagocytosis of damaged and dying neuronal cells. The dying macrophages may in turn release their iron, which enters the pool of labile iron to catalytically promote formation of free-radical-mediated stress and oxidative damage to adjacent cells, including neurons. Healthy neurons may also chronically acquire iron from the extracellular space as another principle mechanism for oxidative stress-mediated damage. Pharmacological handling of monocyte migration into the CNS combined with chelators that neutralize the effects of extracellular iron occurring due to the release from dying macrophages as well as intraneuronal chelation may denote good possibilities for reducing the deleterious consequences of iron deposition in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hjalte Holm Andersen
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fr. Bajers Vej 3B, 1.216, 9220, Aalborg East, Denmark
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52
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Killeen T, Czaplinski A, Cesnulis E. Extradural spinal cavernous malformation: A rare but important mimic. Br J Neurosurg 2013; 28:340-6. [DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2013.841858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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53
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Welti J, Loges S, Dimmeler S, Carmeliet P. Recent molecular discoveries in angiogenesis and antiangiogenic therapies in cancer. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3190-200. [PMID: 23908119 DOI: 10.1172/jci70212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Four decades ago, angiogenesis was recognized as a therapeutic target for blocking cancer growth. Because of its importance, VEGF has been at the center stage of antiangiogenic therapy. Now, several years after FDA approval of an anti-VEGF antibody as the first antiangiogenic agent, many patients with cancer and ocular neovascularization have benefited from VEGF-targeted therapy; however, this anticancer strategy is challenged by insufficient efficacy, intrinsic refractoriness, and resistance. Here, we examine recent discoveries of new mechanisms underlying angiogenesis, discuss successes and challenges of current antiangiogenic therapy, and highlight emerging antiangiogenic paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Welti
- Vesalius Research Center, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Lee C, Zhang F, Tang Z, Liu Y, Li X. PDGF-C: a new performer in the neurovascular interplay. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:474-86. [PMID: 23714575 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The importance of neurovascular crosstalk in development, normal physiology, and pathologies is increasingly being recognized. Although vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a prototypic regulator of neurovascular interaction, has been studied intensively, defining other important regulators in this process is warranted. Recent studies have shown that platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGF-C) is both angiogenic and a neuronal survival factor, and it appears to be an important component of neurovascular crosstalk. Importantly, the expression pattern and functional properties of PDGF-C and its receptors differ from those of VEGF, and thus the PDGF-C-mediated neurovascular interaction may represent a new paradigm of neurovascular crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsik Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
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Carmeliet P, Ruiz de Almodovar C, Carmen RDA. VEGF ligands and receptors: implications in neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:1763-78. [PMID: 23475071 PMCID: PMC11113464 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intensive research in the last decade shows that the prototypic angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can have direct effects in neurons and modulate processes such as neuronal migration, axon outgrowth, axon guidance and neuronal survival. Depending on the neuronal cell type and the process, VEGF seems to exert these effects by signaling via different receptors. It is also becoming clear that other VEGF ligands such as VEGF-B, -C and -D can act in various neuronal cell types as well. Moreover, apart from playing a role in physiological conditions, VEGF and VEGF-B have been related to different neurological disorders. We give an update on how VEGF controls different processes during neurodevelopment as well as on its role in several neurodegenerative disorders. We also discuss recent findings demonstrating that other VEGF ligands influence processes such as neurogenesis and dendrite arborization and participate in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Vesalius Research Center, K.U.Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Perry LD, Robertson F, Ganesan V. Screening for cerebrovascular disease in microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (MOPD II): an evidence-based proposal. Pediatr Neurol 2013; 48:294-8. [PMID: 23498563 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (OMIM 210720) is a rare autosomal recessive condition frequently associated with early-onset cerebrovascular disease. Presymptomatic detection and intervention could prevent the adverse consequences associated with this. We reviewed published cases of microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II to ascertain prevalence and characteristics of cerebrovascular disease and use these data to propose an evidence-based approach to cerebrovascular screening. Of 147 cases identified, 47 had cerebrovascular disease (32%), including occlusive arteriopathy (including moyamoya) and cerebral aneurysmal disease. Occlusive disease occurred in younger individuals, and progression can be both rapid and clinically silent. A reasonable screening approach would be magnetic resonance imaging and angiography of the cervical and intracranial circulation at diagnosis, repeated at yearly intervals until 10 years, and every 2 years thereafter, unless clinical concerns occur earlier. At present it would appear that this needs to be life-long. Families and professionals should be alerted to the potential significance of neurologic symptoms and measures should be taken to maintain good vascular health in affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Perry
- Neurology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; Neurosciences Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
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Ozen I, Boix J, Paul G. Perivascular mesenchymal stem cells in the adult human brain: a future target for neuroregeneration? Clin Transl Med 2012; 1:30. [PMID: 23369339 PMCID: PMC3561038 DOI: 10.1186/2001-1326-1-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adult stem cells have been isolated from several tissues, including the adult human brain. They have unique signatures resembling both pericytes and mesenchymal stem cells. Understanding the nature of these cells in their specific vascular niches is important to determine their clinical potential as a new adult stem cell source. Indeed, they have promising features in vitro in terms of multipotency, immunomodulation and secretion of growth factors and cytokines. However, their in vivo function is less known as yet. Recent emerging data show a crucial role of perivascular mesenchymal stem cells in tissue homeostasis and repair. Furthermore, these cells may play an important role in adult stem cell niche regulation and in neurodegeneration. Here we review the recent literature on perivascular mesenchymal stem cells, discuss their different in vitro functions and highlight especially the specific properties of brain-derived perivascular mesenchymal stem cells. We summarize current evidence that suggests an important in vivo function of these cells in terms of their regenerative potential that may indicate a new target cell for endogenous tissue regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Ozen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Translational Neurology, Lund University, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund 22 184, Sweden.
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58
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Alzheimer disease as a vascular disorder: Where do mitochondria fit? Exp Gerontol 2012; 47:878-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ganesan V. Neurovascular disorders in children: a 21st century challenge for paediatric neurologists. Dev Med Child Neurol 2012; 54:387. [PMID: 22409438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fimognari C, Ferruzzi L, Turrini E, Carulli G, Lenzi M, Hrelia P, Cantelli-Forti G. Metabolic and toxicological considerations of botanicals in anticancer therapy. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:819-32. [PMID: 22540949 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.685717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer is a complex disease, characterized by redundant aberrant signaling pathways as a result of genetic perturbations at different levels. Botanicals consist of a complex mixture of constituents and exhibit pharmacological effects by the interaction of many phytochemicals. The multitarget nature of botanicals could, therefore, be a relevant strategy to address the biological complexity that characterizes tumors. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the current status of botanicals in the oncological field and the challenges associated with their complex nature. EXPERT OPINION Botanicals are an important new pharmacological strategy, which are potentially exploitable in the oncological area but are characterized by a number of problems still unresolved. Content variation of products is one of the primary problems with botanicals and, consequently, there is a concern about the therapeutic consistency in marketed batches. Furthermore, metabolic interactions with antineoplastic drugs and the genotoxic potential of botanicals need to be properly addressed throughout the various phases of botanical drug development. These issues not only pose a serious problem to the approvability of those botanical products as new drugs but also present as a limitation to their post-approval clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Fimognari
- Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Department of Pharmacology, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Yu D, Corbett B, Yan Y, Zhang GX, Reinhart P, Cho SJ, Chin J. Early cerebrovascular inflammation in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:2942-7. [PMID: 22440674 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid plaques associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) induce inflammatory responses associated with activated microglia and reactive astrocytes, which exacerbate neurodegeneration through release of inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and other factors. Inflammation contributes to neurodegeneration at later stages of AD, but it may also play a role in early disease pathogenesis. We found that before plaque deposition, amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin 1 (PSEN1) transgenic mice (PSAPP mice), a well-characterized model of AD, exhibit evidence of cerebrovascular inflammation. Expression of the endothelial cell-specific antigen MECA-32 (mouse endothelial cell antigen-32) was upregulated in the cerebrovasculature of young PSAPP mice (3 months old) and was similar to that observed in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a model of multiple sclerosis characterized by neuroinflammation. MECA-32 is normally expressed in central and peripheral vasculature throughout development, but expression in the cerebrovasculature is downregulated on establishment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, CNS inflammation triggers re-expression of MECA-32 in compromised cerebrovasculature. Our study indicates that MECA-32 may be a robust marker of cerebrovascular inflammation and compromised BBB integrity, triggered by soluble amyloid-β early in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzi Yu
- Discovery Neuroscience, Wyeth Research, Princeton, NJ, USA
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LIAO HSINKAI, WANG YING, NOACK WATT KRISTINE, WEN QIN, BREITBACK JUSTIN, KEMMET CHELSYK, CLARK KARLJ, EKKER STEPHENC, ESSNER JEFFREYJ, MCGRAIL MAURA. Tol2 gene trap integrations in the zebrafish amyloid precursor protein genes appa and aplp2 reveal accumulation of secreted APP at the embryonic veins. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:415-25. [PMID: 22275008 PMCID: PMC3448447 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The single spanning transmembrane amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its proteolytic product, amyloid-beta (Ab) peptide, have been intensely studied due to their role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. However, the biological role of the secreted ectodomain of APP, which is also generated by proteolytic cleavage, is less well understood. Here, we report Tol2 red fluorescent protein (RFP) transposon gene trap integrations in the zebrafish amyloid precursor protein a (appa) and amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (aplp2) genes. The transposon integrations are predicted to disrupt the appa and aplp2 genes to primarily produce secreted ectodomains of the corresponding proteins that are fused to RFP. RESULTS Our results indicate the Appa-RFP and Aplp2 fusion proteins are likely secreted from the central nervous system and accumulate in the embryonic veins independent of blood flow. CONCLUSIONS The zebrafish appa and aplp2 transposon insertion alleles will be useful for investigating the biological role of the secreted form of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- HSIN-KAI LIAO
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - YING WANG
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - KRISTIN E. NOACK WATT
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - QIN WEN
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - JUSTIN BREITBACK
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - CHELSY K. KEMMET
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - KARL J. CLARK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - STEPHEN C. EKKER
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - JEFFREY J. ESSNER
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - MAURA MCGRAIL
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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