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Detection of immunogenic cell death and its relevance for cancer therapy. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1013. [PMID: 33243969 PMCID: PMC7691519 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, as well as targeted anticancer agents can induce clinically relevant tumor-targeting immune responses, which critically rely on the antigenicity of malignant cells and their capacity to generate adjuvant signals. In particular, immunogenic cell death (ICD) is accompanied by the exposure and release of numerous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which altogether confer a robust adjuvanticity to dying cancer cells, as they favor the recruitment and activation of antigen-presenting cells. ICD-associated DAMPs include surface-exposed calreticulin (CALR) as well as secreted ATP, annexin A1 (ANXA1), type I interferon, and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). Additional hallmarks of ICD encompass the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit-α (EIF2S1, better known as eIF2α), the activation of autophagy, and a global arrest in transcription and translation. Here, we outline methodological approaches for measuring ICD markers in vitro and ex vivo for the discovery of next-generation antineoplastic agents, the development of personalized anticancer regimens, and the identification of optimal therapeutic combinations for the clinical management of cancer.
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52
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Work TM, Millard E, Mariani DB, Weatherby TM, Rameyer RA, Dagenais J, Breeden R, Beale AM. Cytology reveals diverse cell morphotypes and cellin-cell interactions in normal collector sea urchins Tripneustes gratilla. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 142:63-73. [PMID: 33210613 DOI: 10.3354/dao03533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Echinoderms such as sea urchins are important in marine ecosystems, particularly as grazers, and unhealthy sea urchins can have important ecological implications. For instance, unexplained mortalities of Diadema antillarum in the Caribbean were followed by algal overgrowth and subsequent collapse of coral reef ecosystems. Unfortunately, few tools exist to evaluate echinoderm health, making management of mortalities or other health issues problematic. Hematology is often used to assess health in many animal groups, including invertebrates, but is seldom applied to echinoderms. We used a standard gravitometric technique to concentrate fixed coelomocytes from the collector sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla onto microscope slides, permitting staining and enumeration. Using Romanowsky stain and electron microscopy to visualize cell details, we found that urchin cells could be partitioned into different morphotypes. Specifically, we enumerated phagocytes, phagocytes with perinuclear cytoplasmic dots, vibratile cells, colorless spherule cells, red spherule cells, and red spherule cells with pink granules. We also saw cell-in-cell interactions characterized by phagocytes apparently phagocytizing mainly the motile cells including red spherule cells, colorless spherule cells, and vibratile cells disproportionate to underlying populations of circulating cells. Cell-in-cell interactions were seen in 71% of sea urchins, but comprised <1% of circulating cells. Finally, about 40% of sea urchins had circulating phagocytes that were apparently phagocytizing spicules. The coelomic fluid collection and slide preparation methods described here are simple, field portable, and might be a useful complementary tool for assessing health of other marine invertebrates, revealing heretofore unknown physiological phenomena in this animal group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry M Work
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Honolulu Field Station, Honolulu, HI 96850, USA
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Gawish RIAR, El Aggan HAM, Mahmoud SAH, Mortada SAM. A novel biomarker of chronic allograft dysfunction in renal transplant recipients (serum calreticulin and CD47). THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43162-020-00018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD) is considered the leading cause of late allograft loss. The cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47) and calreticulin (CRT) are involved in many and diverse cellular processes. The present study was designed to study the role of the pro-phagocytic CRT and anti-phagocytic CD47 signals in patients with renal transplantation in relation to graft function.
Thirty renal transplantation recipients (RTR) for more than 6 months [15 with stable renal function and 15 with chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD)] and 15 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Quantification of CRT, CD47, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels in serum was done using standardized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Measurement of renal function and urinary alkaline phosphatase (U.ALP) was done. Renal interstitial fibrosis (IF) was graded in renal biopsies of CAD.
Results
Serum CRT and urinary ALP levels were statistically significant higher (P < 0.001) while serum CD47 level was statistically significant lower (P < 0.001) in patients with CAD than patients with stable graft function and controls. There was statistically insignificant difference between controls and patients with stable graft function. Serum CRT and serum CD47 levels were positively correlated with each other and with worsening renal and tubular function, serum hsCRP in RTR and with degree of renal IF in patients with CAD (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
The activation and dysregulation of CRT and CD47 could play a role in the development of CAD and could be a potential biomarker for renal allograft dysfunction.
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54
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Anti-leukemia effect associated with down-regulated CD47 and up-regulated calreticulin by stimulated macrophages in co-culture. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:787-801. [PMID: 32995942 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CD47 is over-expressed in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and functions as an inhibitory signal, suppressing phagocytosis by binding to signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) on the surface of macrophages. Inhibition of CD47 restores the immune surveillance of AML cells. However, the inhibition of CD47 in AML by activated macrophages and the subsequent effects on different immune response parameters are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate the use of a distinct co-culture method to inhibit CD47 and therefore eliminate AML cells by macrophages in vitro. Human chemically induced THP-1 macrophages were activated using different concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and co-culturing with three AML cancer cell lines (HL-60, NB4, and THP-1), respectively, as well as normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). CD47 inhibition was observed in and selective to AML but not observed in normal PBMC. Additionally, calreticulin (CRT) levels were elevated in the same cell lines simultaneously, after co-culturing with activated human macrophages, but not elevated in normal cells. We also show that the activated macrophages secreted high levels of cytokines, including IL-12p70, IL-6, and TNF-α, consistent with the elimination of AML by macrophages. Our study reveals the potential of this model for screening new drugs against AML and the possibility of using human macrophages in AML treatment in the future.
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55
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Wang N, Liu C, Lu Z, Yang W, Li L, Gong S, He T, Ou C, Song L, Shen M, Wu Q, Gong C. Multistage Sensitive NanoCRISPR Enable Efficient Intracellular Disruption of Immune Checkpoints for Robust Innate and Adaptive Immune Coactivation. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202004940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Zhenghao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Songlin Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Tao He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Chunqing Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Linjiang Song
- School of Medical and Life Sciences Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu 611137 P. R. China
| | - Meiling Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Qinjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Changyang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
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Stitham J, Rodriguez-Velez A, Zhang X, Jeong SJ, Razani B. Inflammasomes: a preclinical assessment of targeting in atherosclerosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:825-844. [PMID: 32757967 PMCID: PMC7554266 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1795831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammasomes are central to atherosclerotic vascular dysfunction with regulatory effects on inflammation, immune modulation, and lipid metabolism. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a critical catalyst for atherogenesis thus highlighting its importance in understanding the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and for the identification of novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. AREAS COVERED This review includes an overview of macrophage lipid metabolism and the role of NLRP3 inflammasome activity in cardiovascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. We highlight key activators, signal transducers and major regulatory components that are being considered as putative therapeutic targets for inhibition of NLRP3-mediated cardiovascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. EXPERT OPINION NLRP3 inflammasome activity lies at the nexus between inflammation and cholesterol metabolism; it offers unique opportunities for understanding atherosclerotic pathophysiology and identifying novel modes of treatment. As such, a host of NLRP3 signaling cascade components have been identified as putative targets for drug development. We catalog these current discoveries in therapeutic targeting of the NLRP3 inflammasome and, utilizing the CANTOS trial as the translational (bench-to-bedside) archetype, we examine the complexities, challenges, and ultimate goals facing the field of atherosclerosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Stitham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Astrid Rodriguez-Velez
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO
| | - Se-Jin Jeong
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO
| | - Babak Razani
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO
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57
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Beyranvand Nejad E, Labrie C, Abdulrahman Z, van Elsas MJ, Rademaker E, Kleinovink JW, van der Sluis TC, van Duikeren S, Teunisse AFAS, Jochemsen AG, Oosting J, de Miranda NFCC, Van Hall T, Arens R, van der Burg SH. Lack of myeloid cell infiltration as an acquired resistance strategy to immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001326. [PMID: 32873723 PMCID: PMC7467529 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy of cancer is successful but tumor regression often is incomplete and followed by escape. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this acquired resistance will aid the development of more effective treatments. METHODS We exploited a mouse model where tumor-specific therapeutic vaccination results in tumor regression, followed by local recurrence and resistance. In depth studies on systemic, local and tumor intrinsic changes were performed with flow and mass cytometry, immunohistochemistry, transcriptomics and several perturbation studies with inhibitors or agonistic antibodies in mice. Main findings were recapitulated in vaccinated patients. RESULTS Full tumor regression and cure of tumor-bearing mice is dependent on the magnitude of the vaccine-induced T-cell response. Recurrence of tumors did not involve classical immune escape mechanisms, such as antigen-presentation alterations, immune checkpoint expression, resistance to killing or local immune suppression. However, the recurrent tumors displayed a changed transcriptome with alterations in p53, tumor necrosis factor-α and transforming growth factor-β signaling pathways and they became immunologically cold. Remarkably, ex vivo cell-sorted recurrent tumors, directly reinjected in naïve hosts retained their resistance to vaccination despite a strong infiltration with tumor-specific CD8+ T cells, similar to that of vaccine-responsive tumors. The influx of inflammatory mature myeloid effector cells in the resistant tumors, however, was impaired and this turned out to be the underlying mechanisms as restoration of inflammatory myeloid cell infiltration reinstated the sensitivity of these refractory tumors to vaccination. Notably, impaired myeloid cell infiltration after vaccination was also associated with vaccine resistance in patients. CONCLUSION An immunotherapy-induced disability of tumor cells to attract innate myeloid effector cells formed a major mechanism underlying immune escape and acquired resistance. These data not only stresses the importance of myeloid effector cells during immunotherapy but also demands for new studies to harness their tumoricidal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Beyranvand Nejad
- Oncode institute, Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Camilla Labrie
- Oncode institute, Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ziena Abdulrahman
- Oncode institute, Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marit J van Elsas
- Oncode institute, Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Rademaker
- Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Kleinovink
- Oncode institute, Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tetje C van der Sluis
- Immunohematology and Bloodtransfusion, Leiden Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne van Duikeren
- Immunohematology and Bloodtransfusion, Leiden Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amina F A S Teunisse
- Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aart G Jochemsen
- Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Oosting
- Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thorbald Van Hall
- Oncode institute, Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Immunohematology and Bloodtransfusion, Leiden Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Oncode institute, Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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58
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Tumor-selective blockade of CD47 signaling with a CD47/PD-L1 bispecific antibody for enhanced anti-tumor activity and limited toxicity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:365-376. [PMID: 32761423 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02679-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD47, an immune checkpoint receptor frequently unregulated in various blood and solid tumors, interacts with ligand SIPRα on innate immune cells, and conveys a "do not eat me" signal to inhibit macrophage-mediated tumor phagocytosis. This makes CD47 a valuable target for cancer immunotherapy. However, the therapeutic utility of CD47-SIRPα blockade monoclonal antibodies is largely compromised due to significant red blood cell (RBCs) toxicities and fast target-mediated clearance as a result of extensive expression of CD47 on normal cells. To overcome these limitations and further improve therapeutic efficacy, we designed IBI322, a CD47/PD-L1 bispecific antibody which attenuated CD47 activity in monovalent binding and blocked PD-L1 activity in bivalent binding. IBI322 selectively bound to CD47+PD-L1+ tumor cells, effectively inhibited CD47-SIRPα signal and triggered strong tumor cell phagocytosis in vitro, but only with minimal impact on CD47 single positive cells such as human RBCs. In addition, as a dual blocker of innate and adaptive immune checkpoints, IBI322 effectively accumulated in PD-L1-positive tumors and demonstrated synergistic activity in inducing complete tumor regression in vivo. Furthermore, IBI322 showed only marginal RBCs depletion and was well tolerated in non-human primates (NHP) after repeated weekly injections, suggesting a sufficient therapeutic window in future clinical development of IBI322 for cancer treatment.
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59
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Targeting CD47 in Sézary syndrome with SIRPαFc. Blood Adv 2020; 3:1145-1153. [PMID: 30962222 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018030577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sézary syndrome (SS), the leukemic variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, has limited treatment options and rare occurrences of long-term remission, thus warranting research into new treatment approaches. CD47 has emerged as a promising target for multiple tumor types, but its role in SS remains unknown. Here, we show that CD47 is highly expressed on Sézary cells in the peripheral blood and skin, and the high level of CD47 expression correlates with worse overall survival (OS) in patients with SS. We also demonstrate that CD47 expression on Sézary cells is under the influence of interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-7, and IL-13. Signal regulatory protein αFc (SIRPαFc; TTI-621), a novel CD47 decoy receptor, triggers macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of Sézary cells and, when administered in clinical trial settings, results in significant tumor load reduction. We conclude that inhibition of the CD47-SIRPα signaling pathway has therapeutic benefit for patients with SS. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02663518.
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60
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Huang J, Li JJ. Multiple Dynamics in Tumor Microenvironment Under Radiotherapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1263:175-202. [PMID: 32588328 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-44518-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an evolutionally low-level and embryonically featured tissue comprising heterogenic populations of malignant and stromal cells as well as noncellular components. Under radiotherapy (RT), the major modality for the treatment of malignant diseases [1], TME shows an adaptive response in multiple aspects that affect the efficacy of RT. With the potential clinical benefits, interests in RT combined with immunotherapy (IT) are intensified with a large scale of clinical trials underway for an array of cancer types. A better understanding of the multiple molecular aspects, especially the cross talks of RT-mediated energy reprogramming and immunoregulation in the irradiated TME (ITME), will be necessary for further enhancing the benefit of RT-IT modality. Coming studies should further reveal more mechanistic insights of radiation-induced instant or permanent consequence in tumor and stromal cells. Results from these studies will help to identify critical molecular pathways including cancer stem cell repopulation, metabolic rewiring, and specific communication between radioresistant cancer cells and the infiltrated immune active lymphocytes. In this chapter, we will focus on the following aspects: radiation-repopulated cancer stem cells (CSCs), hypoxia and re-oxygenation, reprogramming metabolism, and radiation-induced immune regulation, in which we summarize the current literature to illustrate an integrated image of the ITME. We hope that the contents in this chapter will be informative for physicians and translational researchers in cancer radiotherapy or immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jian Jian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA. .,NCI-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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61
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Liu S, Zhou X, Peng X, Li M, Ren B, Cheng G, Cheng L. Porphyromonas gingivalis Promotes Immunoevasion of Oral Cancer by Protecting Cancer from Macrophage Attack. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:282-289. [PMID: 32471882 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The relationship of Porphyromonas gingivalis and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been studied for several years. Previous studies have focused on the direct effect of P. gingivalis on the activities of primary epithelial cells and OSCC cells. However, the immune system is responsible for mediating cancer development, whether P. gingivalis can affect oral cancer immunity has seldom been explored to date. In this study, we investigated the role of P. gingivalis in the immunoevasion of OSCC. We evaluated the effect of P. gingivalis on the phagocytosis of Cal-27 cells (OSCC cell line) by bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro and studied the effect of P. gingivalis on the growth of OSCC and the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages in vivo. We found that P. gingivalis was able to inhibit the phagocytosis of Cal-27 cells by macrophages, and membrane-component molecules of P. gingivalis, such as proteins, were speculated to be the effector components. In addition, sustained infection with antibiotics-inactivated P. gingivalis promoted OSCC growth in mice and induced the polarization of macrophages into M2 tumor-associated macrophages, which mainly display protumor properties. Transcriptome analysis and quantitative RT-PCR revealed that P. gingivalis infection upregulated the expression of genes encoding protumor molecules in Cal-27 cells (suprabasin, IL-1R2, and CD47) and in macrophages (IL-1α, CCL-3, and CCL-5). Our in vitro and in vivo data suggest that P. gingivalis can promote immunoevasion of oral cancer by protecting cancer from macrophage attack. To our knowledge, the present study reveals a novel mechanism by which P. gingivalis promotes OSCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guo Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Centre for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610017, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; .,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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62
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Anderson KL, Snyder KM, Ito D, Lins DC, Mills LJ, Weiskopf K, Ring NG, Ring AM, Shimizu Y, Mescher MF, Weissman IL, Modiano JF. Evolutionarily conserved resistance to phagocytosis observed in melanoma cells is insensitive to upregulation of pro-phagocytic signals and to CD47 blockade. Melanoma Res 2020; 30:147-158. [PMID: 31205227 PMCID: PMC6906263 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic activation of macrophage phagocytosis has the ability to restrain tumour growth through phagocytic clearance of tumour cells and activation of the adaptive immune response. Our objective for this study was to evaluate the effects of modulating pro- and anti-phagocytic pathways in malignant melanoma. In order to identify evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of resistance that may be important for melanoma cell survival, we utilized a multi-species approach and examined the phagocytosis of human, mouse, and dog melanoma cells. We observed that melanoma cells from all three species displayed unexpected resistance to phagocytosis that could not be fully mitigated by blockade of the 'don't eat me' signal CD47 or by chemotherapeutic enhancement of known 'eat me' signals. Additionally, CD47 blockade failed to promote anti-melanoma immune responses or tumour regression in vivo. This melanoma resistance to phagocytosis was not mediated by soluble factors, and it was unaffected by siRNA-mediated knockdown of 47 prospective 'don't eat me' signals or by CRISPR-Cas-mediated CD47 knockout. Unexpectedly, CD47 knockout also did not enhance phagocytosis of lymphoma cells, but it eliminated the pro-phagocytic effect of CD47 blockade, suggesting that the pro-phagocytic effects of CD47 blockade are due in part to Fc receptor engagement. From this study, we conclude that melanoma cells possess an evolutionarily conserved resistance to macrophage phagocytosis. Further investigation will be needed to overcome the mechanisms that mediate melanoma cell resistance to innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Anderson
- DVM/PhD dual degree program of the Comparative Molecular Biosciences Graduate Group
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul
- Masonic Cancer Center
- Center for Immunology
| | - Kristin M. Snyder
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul
- Masonic Cancer Center
- Center for Immunology
| | | | - Lauren J. Mills
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program
- Pediatrics, School of Medicine
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute
| | - Kipp Weiskopf
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nan G. Ring
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Aaron M. Ring
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yoji Shimizu
- Masonic Cancer Center
- Center for Immunology
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Matthew F. Mescher
- Masonic Cancer Center
- Center for Immunology
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Irving L. Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jaime F. Modiano
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul
- Masonic Cancer Center
- Center for Immunology
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- Pediatrics, School of Medicine
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63
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Cell repopulation, rewiring metabolism, and immune regulation in cancer radiotherapy. RADIATION MEDICINE AND PROTECTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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64
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Zhou J, Tang Z, Gao S, Li C, Feng Y, Zhou X. Tumor-Associated Macrophages: Recent Insights and Therapies. Front Oncol 2020; 10:188. [PMID: 32161718 PMCID: PMC7052362 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, which have functions of engulfing and digesting foreign substances, can clear away harmful matter, including cellular debris and tumor cells. Based on the condition of the internal environment, circulating monocytes give rise to mature macrophages, and when they are recruited into the tumor microenvironment and in suitable conditions, they are converted into tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Generally, macrophages grow into two main groups called classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2). M2 and a small fraction of M1 cells, also known as TAMs, not only lack the function of phagocytizing tumor cells but also help these tumor cells escape from being killed and help them spread to other tissues and organs. In this review, we introduce several mechanisms by which macrophages play a role in the immune regulation of tumor cells, including both killing factors and promoting effects. Furthermore, the targeted therapy for treating tumors based on macrophages is also referred to in our review. We confirm that further studies of macrophage-focused therapeutic strategies and their use in clinical practice are needed to verify their superior efficacy and potential in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziwei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiting Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xikun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
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65
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Ramesh A, Kumar S, Nguyen A, Brouillard A, Kulkarni A. Lipid-based phagocytosis nanoenhancer for macrophage immunotherapy. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:1875-1885. [PMID: 31903467 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08670f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in initiating the immunosuppressive environment that negatively impacts the immunotherapy efficacy and has long been linked with cancer progression. On the other hand, activated macrophages display immense phagocytic potential and can be used as an effector cell for cancer therapy. But, activating TAMs to effectively phagocytose cancer cells is challenging. Cancer cells upregulate CD47, a "don't eat me" receptor that ligates with SIRPα present on macrophages to downregulate the phagocytosis. Since phagocytosis is a physical phenomenon based on engulfment of aberrant cells, we hypothesized that the phagocytic function of macrophages can be enhanced by blocking both CD47 and SIRPα in tandem and at the same time, engaging both macrophages and cancer cells can favor increased macrophage-cancer cellular interactions. Here, we demonstrate that a simple approach of anti-CD47 and anti-SIRPα antibodies conjugated lipid-based phagocytosis nanoenhancer (LPN) can perform both of these functions. The LPNs were stable in both physiological and biologically relevant conditions, bound to both macrophages and cancer cells and significantly enhanced phagocytosis of cancer cells as compared to combination of free antibodies. LPN treatment showed significant tumor growth inhibition and increased survival in B16F10 melanoma tumor bearing mice with no systemic toxicity. Mechanistic analysis of efficacy revealed an increase in intra-tumoral infiltration of effector T cells and NK cells. Cytokine analysis revealed increased secretion of intracellular iNOS, a hallmark of activated macrophages. This study shows that LPN can simultaneously block both CD47 and SIRPα and can effectively engage macrophage and cancer cell in close proximity. Combining these facets provide a simple approach to enhance phagocytosis and improve anti-cancer macrophage immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anujan Ramesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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66
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Chao MP, Takimoto CH, Feng DD, McKenna K, Gip P, Liu J, Volkmer JP, Weissman IL, Majeti R. Therapeutic Targeting of the Macrophage Immune Checkpoint CD47 in Myeloid Malignancies. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1380. [PMID: 32038992 PMCID: PMC6990910 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, immunotherapies have been clinically investigated in AML and other myeloid malignancies. While most of these are focused on stimulating the adaptive immune system (including T cell checkpoint inhibitors), several key approaches targeting the innate immune system have been identified. Macrophages are a key cell type in the innate immune response with CD47 being identified as a dominant macrophage checkpoint. CD47 is a "do not eat me" signal, overexpressed in myeloid malignancies that leads to tumor evasion of phagocytosis by macrophages. Blockade of CD47 leads to engulfment of leukemic cells and therapeutic elimination. Pre-clinical data has demonstrated robust anti-cancer activity in multiple hematologic malignancies including AML and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). In addition, clinical studies have been underway with CD47 targeting agents in both AML and MDS as monotherapy and in combination. This review will describe the role of CD47 in myeloid malignancies and pre-clinical data supporting CD47 targeting. In addition, initial clinical data of CD47 targeting in AML/MDS will be reviewed, and including the first-in-class anti-CD47 antibody magrolimab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Chao
- Forty Seven, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Phung Gip
- Forty Seven, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Jie Liu
- Forty Seven, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | | | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Ravindra Majeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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67
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Ma L, Zhu M, Gai J, Li G, Chang Q, Qiao P, Cao L, Chen W, Zhang S, Wan Y. Preclinical development of a novel CD47 nanobody with less toxicity and enhanced anti-cancer therapeutic potential. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:12. [PMID: 31931812 PMCID: PMC6956557 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-0571-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD47, the integrin-related protein, plays an important role in immune resistance and escape of tumor cells. Antibodies blocking the CD47/SIRPα signal pathway can effectively stimulate macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of tumor cells, which becomes a promising approach for tumor immunotherapy. Nanobodies (Nbs) derived from camelid animals are emerging as a new force in antibody therapy. RESULTS HuNb1-IgG4, an innovative anti-CD47 nanobody, was developed with high affinity and specificity. It effectively enhanced macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of tumor cells in vitro and showed potent anti-ovarian and anti-lymphoma activity in vivo. Importantly, HuNb1-IgG4 did not induce the agglutination of human red blood cells (RBCs) in vitro and exhibited high safety for hematopoietic system in cynomolgus monkey. In addition, HuNb1-IgG4 could be produced on a large scale in CHO-S cells with high activity and good stability. Also, we established anti-CD47/CD20 bispecific antibody (BsAb) consisted of HuNb1 and Rituximab, showing more preference binding to tumor cells and more potent anti-lymphoma activity compared to HuNb1-IgG4. CONCLUSIONS Both of HuNb1-IgG4 and anti-CD47/CD20 BsAb are potent antagonists of CD47/SIRPα pathway and promising candidates for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Ma
- Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Junwei Gai
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Qiao
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Longlong Cao
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanqing Chen
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- XPCC Tenth Division Beitun Hospital, Beitun, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yakun Wan
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China.
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68
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Tajbakhsh A, Kovanen PT, Rezaee M, Banach M, Moallem SA, Sahebkar A. Regulation of efferocytosis by caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death in atherosclerosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 120:105684. [PMID: 31911118 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During the growing process of the atherosclerotic lesions, lipid-filled macrophage foam cells form, accumulate, and ultimately undergo apoptotic death. If the apoptotic foam cells are not timely removed, they may undergo secondary necrosis, and form a necrotic lipid core which renders the plaque unstable and susceptible to rupture. Therefore, the non-lipid-filled fellow macrophages, as the main phagocytic cells in atherosclerotic lesions, need to effectively remove the apoptotic foam cells. In general, in apoptotic macrophages, caspases are the central regulators of several key processes required for their efficient efferocytosis. The processes include the generation of "Find-Me" signals (such as adenosine triphosphate/uridine triphosphate, fractalkine, lysophosphatidylcholine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate) for the recruitment of viable macrophages, generation of the "Eat-Me" signals (for example, phosphatidylserine) for the engulfment process, and, finally, release of anti-inflammatory mediators (including transforming factor β and interleukin-10) as a tolerance-enhancing and an anti-inflammatory response, and for the motile behavior of the apoptotic cell. The caspase-dependent mechanisms are operative also in apoptotic macrophages driving the atherogenesis. In this review, we explore the role of the molecular pathways related to the caspase-dependent events in efferocytosis in the context of atherosclerosis. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms of apoptotic cell death in atherosclerotic lesions is essential when searching for new leads to treat atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Rezaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Seyed Adel Moallem
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Al-Zahraa University, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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69
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Teng F, Fussenegger M. Shedding Light on Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis and Bioengineering. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 8:2003505. [PMID: 33437589 PMCID: PMC7788585 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are biocompatible, nano-sized secreted vesicles containing many types of biomolecules, including proteins, RNAs, DNAs, lipids, and metabolites. Their low immunogenicity and ability to functionally modify recipient cells by transferring diverse bioactive constituents make them an excellent candidate for a next-generation drug delivery system. Here, the recent advances in EV biology and emerging strategies of EV bioengineering are summarized, and the prospects for clinical translation of bioengineered EVs and the challenges to be overcome are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Teng
- Department of Biosystems Science and EngineeringETH ZurichMattenstrasse 26BaselCH‐4058Switzerland
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and EngineeringETH ZurichMattenstrasse 26BaselCH‐4058Switzerland
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 26BaselCH‐4058Switzerland
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70
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Feng M, Jiang W, Kim BYS, Zhang CC, Fu YX, Weissman IL. Phagocytosis checkpoints as new targets for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2019; 19:568-586. [PMID: 31462760 PMCID: PMC7002027 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies targeting adaptive immune checkpoints have substantially improved patient outcomes across multiple metastatic and treatment-refractory cancer types. However, emerging studies have demonstrated that innate immune checkpoints, which interfere with the detection and clearance of malignant cells through phagocytosis and suppress innate immune sensing, also have a key role in tumour-mediated immune escape and might, therefore, be potential targets for cancer immunotherapy. Indeed, preclinical studies and early clinical data have established the promise of targeting phagocytosis checkpoints, such as the CD47-signal-regulatory protein α (SIRPα) axis, either alone or in combination with other cancer therapies. In this Review, we highlight the current understanding of how cancer cells evade the immune system by disrupting phagocytic clearance and the effect of phagocytosis checkpoint blockade on induction of antitumour immune responses. Given the role of innate immune cells in priming adaptive immune responses, an improved understanding of the tumour-intrinsic processes that inhibit essential immune surveillance processes, such as phagocytosis and innate immune sensing, could pave the way for the development of highly effective combination immunotherapy strategies that modulate both innate and adaptive antitumour immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingye Feng
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Duarte, CA, USA.
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Betty Y S Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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71
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Depletion of murine fetal hematopoietic stem cells with c-Kit receptor and CD47 blockade improves neonatal engraftment. Blood Adv 2019; 2:3602-3607. [PMID: 30567724 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018022020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Fetal injection of antibodies against the c-Kit receptor and CD47 effectively depletes host HSCs in immunocompetent mice. In utero depletion of host HSCs increases long-term engraftment after neonatal hematopoietic cell transplantation.
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72
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Wang Q, Onuma K, Liu C, Wong H, Bloom MS, Elliott EE, Cao RR, Hu N, Lingampalli N, Sharpe O, Zhao X, Sohn DH, Lepus CM, Sokolove J, Mao R, Cisar CT, Raghu H, Chu CR, Giori NJ, Willingham SB, Prohaska SS, Cheng Z, Weissman IL, Robinson WH. Dysregulated integrin αVβ3 and CD47 signaling promotes joint inflammation, cartilage breakdown, and progression of osteoarthritis. JCI Insight 2019; 4:128616. [PMID: 31534047 PMCID: PMC6795293 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of joint failure, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive, and no approved therapies that slow progression exist. Dysregulated integrin function was previously implicated in OA pathogenesis. However, the roles of integrin αVβ3 and the integrin-associated receptor CD47 in OA remain largely unknown. Here, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of human and murine osteoarthritic tissues revealed dysregulated expression of αVβ3, CD47, and their ligands. Using genetically deficient mice and pharmacologic inhibitors, we showed that αVβ3, CD47, and the downstream signaling molecules Fyn and FAK are crucial to OA pathogenesis. MicroPET/CT imaging of a mouse model showed elevated ligand-binding capacities of integrin αVβ3 and CD47 in osteoarthritic joints. Further, our in vitro studies demonstrated that chondrocyte breakdown products, derived from articular cartilage of individuals with OA, induced αVβ3/CD47-dependent expression of inflammatory and degradative mediators, and revealed the downstream signaling network. Our findings identify a central role for dysregulated αVβ3 and CD47 signaling in OA pathogenesis and suggest that activation of αVβ3 and CD47 signaling in many articular cell types contributes to inflammation and joint destruction in OA. Thus, the data presented here provide a rationale for targeting αVβ3, CD47, and their signaling pathways as a disease-modifying therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Onuma
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Changhao Liu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Heidi Wong
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Michelle S. Bloom
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Eileen E. Elliott
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Richard R.L. Cao
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Nick Hu
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Nithya Lingampalli
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Orr Sharpe
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Dong Hyun Sohn
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
| | - Christin M. Lepus
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Jeremy Sokolove
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Rong Mao
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Cecilia T. Cisar
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Harini Raghu
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Constance R. Chu
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery
| | - Nicholas J. Giori
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery
| | - Stephen B. Willingham
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center, and
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Susan S. Prohaska
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center, and
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Irving L. Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center, and
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - William H. Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
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73
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Casals C, García-Fojeda B, Minutti CM. Soluble defense collagens: Sweeping up immune threats. Mol Immunol 2019; 112:291-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Schürch CM, Roelli MA, Forster S, Wasmer MH, Brühl F, Maire RS, Di Pancrazio S, Ruepp MD, Giger R, Perren A, Schmitt AM, Krebs P, Charles RP, Dettmer MS. Targeting CD47 in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma Enhances Tumor Phagocytosis by Macrophages and Is a Promising Therapeutic Strategy. Thyroid 2019; 29:979-992. [PMID: 30938231 PMCID: PMC6648226 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is one of the most aggressive human cancers, with a median survival of only three to six months. Standard treatment options and even targeted therapies have so far failed to improve long-term overall survival. Thus, novel treatment modalities for ATC, such as immunotherapy, are urgently needed. CD47 is a "don't eat me" signal, which prevents cancer cells from phagocytosis by binding to signal regulatory protein alpha on macrophages. So far, the role of macrophages and the CD47-signal regulatory protein alpha signaling axis in ATC is not well understood. Methods: This study analyzed 19 primary human ATCs for macrophage markers, CD47 expression, and immune checkpoints by immunohistochemistry. ATC cell lines and a fresh ATC sample were assessed by flow cytometry for CD47 expression and macrophage infiltration, respectively. CD47 was blocked in phagocytosis assays of co-cultured macrophages and ATC cell lines. Anti-CD47 antibody treatment was administered to ATC cell line xenotransplanted immunocompromised mice, as well as to tamoxifen-induced ATC double-transgenic mice. Results: Human ATC samples were heavily infiltrated by CD68- and CD163-expressing tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and expressed CD47 and calreticulin, the dominant pro-phagocytic molecule. In addition, ATC tissues expressed the immune checkpoint molecules programmed cell death 1 and programmed death ligand 1. Blocking CD47 promoted the phagocytosis of ATC cell lines by macrophages in vitro. Anti-CD47 antibody treatment of ATC xenotransplanted mice increased the frequency of TAMs, enhanced the expression of macrophage activation markers, augmented tumor cell phagocytosis, and suppressed tumor growth. In double-transgenic ATC mice, CD47 was expressed on tumor cells, and blocking CD47 increased TAM frequencies. Conclusions: Targeting CD47 or CD47 in combination with programmed cell death 1 may potentially improve the outcomes of ATC patients and may represent a valuable addition to the current standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M. Schürch
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Address correspondence to: Christian M. Schürch, MD, PhD, Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, CCSR 3220, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Matthias A. Roelli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Forster
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Hélène Wasmer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frido Brühl
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Renaud S. Maire
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Di Pancrazio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc-David Ruepp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute Centre, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roland Giger
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aurel Perren
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anja M. Schmitt
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Krebs
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roch-Philippe Charles
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias S. Dettmer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Matthias S. Dettmer, MD, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
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Chikenji TS, Saito Y, Konari N, Nakano M, Mizue Y, Otani M, Fujimiya M. p16 INK4A-expressing mesenchymal stromal cells restore the senescence-clearance-regeneration sequence that is impaired in chronic muscle inflammation. EBioMedicine 2019; 44:86-97. [PMID: 31129096 PMCID: PMC6604166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic benefits of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) include treatment of chronic inflammation. However, given the short-lived engraftment of these cells in vivo, their therapeutic efficacy remains mysterious. Transient induction of cellular senescence contributes to activation of immune cells, which promotes clearance of damaged cells during tissue remodelling. This may occur in tissue-resident mesenchymal progenitor cells during regeneration. Elucidation of the role of senescence in tissue-resident mesenchymal progenitor cells during regeneration would provide insight into the profile of therapeutic MSCs for treatment of chronic inflammatory disease. METHODS We evaluated multipotent mesenchymal progenitor cells, termed fibro/adipogenic progenitors (FAPs), and immune cells in acute muscle injury (AMI) model mice and mice with myosin-induced experimental autoimmune myositis, a model of chronic inflammatory myopathy (CIM). Human bone marrow MSCs were optimised for the treatment of CIM using placental extract. FINDING FAPs in AMI transiently expressed p16INK4A on days 1 and 2 after injury and recruited phagocytic immune cells, whereas in CIM, p16INK4A expression in FAPs was low. Cellular senescence occurs during the natural maturation of the placenta. Therefore, we used human placental extract to induce p16INK4A expression in therapeutic human bone marrow MSCs in culture. Treatment of CIM with p16INK4A-expressing MSCs promoted tissue remodelling by transiently increasing the abundance of engrafted MSCs, inducing cellular senescence in innate FAPs, and recruiting phagocytic immune cells. INTERPRETATION MSCs may exert their effect by remodelling the chronic inflammatory environment via senescence-related regenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako S Chikenji
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan.
| | - Yuki Saito
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan
| | - Naoto Konari
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan
| | - Masako Nakano
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yuka Mizue
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan
| | - Miho Otani
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan
| | - Mineko Fujimiya
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan
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76
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Tumor mechanisms of resistance to immune attack. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 164:61-100. [PMID: 31383409 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immune system plays a key role in the interactions between host and tumor. Immune selection pressure is a driving force behind the sculpting and evolution of malignant cancer cells to escape this immune attack. Several common tumor cell-based mechanisms of resistance to immune attack have been identified and can be broadly categorized into three main classes: loss of antigenicity, loss of immunogenicity, and creation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. In this review, we will discuss in detail the relevant literature associated with each class of resistance and will describe the relevance of these mechanisms to human cancer patients. To conclude, we will outline the implications these mechanisms have for the treatment of cancer using currently available therapeutic approaches. Immunotherapy has been a successful addition to current treatment approaches, but many patients either do not respond or quickly become resistant. This reflects the ability of tumors to continue to adapt to immune selection pressure at all stages of development. Additional study of immune escape mechanisms and immunotherapy resistance mechanisms will be needed to inform future treatment approaches.
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77
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Ozpiskin OM, Zhang L, Li JJ. Immune targets in the tumor microenvironment treated by radiotherapy. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:1215-1231. [PMID: 30867826 PMCID: PMC6401500 DOI: 10.7150/thno.32648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT), the major anti-cancer modality for more than half of cancer patients after diagnosis, has the advantage of local tumor control with relatively less systematic side effects comparing to chemotherapy. However, the efficacy of RT is limited by acquired tumor resistance leading to the risks of relapse and metastasis. To further enhance the efficacy of RT, with the renaissances of targeted immunotherapy (TIT), increasing interests are raised on RT combined with TIT including cancer vaccines, T-cell therapy, and antibody-based immune checkpoint blockers (ICB) such as anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD1/PD-L1. In achieving a significant synergy between RT and TIT, the dynamics of radiation-induced response in tumor cells and stromal cells, especially the cross-talk between tumor cells and immune cells in the irradiated tumor microenvironment (ITME) as highlighted in recent literature are to be elucidated. The abscopal effect refereeing the RT-induced priming function outside of ITME could be compromised by the immune-suppressive factors such as CD47 and PD-L1 on tumor cells and Treg induced or enhanced in the ITME. Cell surface receptors temporally or permanently induced and bioactive elements released from dead cells could serve antigenic source (radiation-associated antigenic proteins, RAAPs) to the host and have functions in immune regulation on the tumor. This review is attempted to summarize a cluster of factors that are inducible by radiation and targetable by antibodies, or have potential to be immune regulators to synergize tumor control with RT. Further characterization of immune regulators in ITME will deepen our understanding of the interplay among immune regulators in ITME and discover new effective targets for the combined modality with RT and TIT.
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78
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Targeting the niche: depleting haemopoietic stem cells with targeted therapy. Bone Marrow Transplant 2019; 54:961-968. [PMID: 30664721 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-019-0445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Haemopoietic stem cell transplantation is an expanding procedure worldwide but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Depletion of resident haemopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) is required for both autologous and allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation. Current conditioning protocols utilise chemotherapy or radiation to effectively reduce HSPC but are toxic in both the short and long term. The initial trials to use monoclonal antibodies to target HSPC were limited with marginal efficacy but platforms including antibody drug conjugates and chimeric antigen receptor T cells have made targeted conditioning strategies achievable. In this review we summarise the work developing targeted conditioning that may replace or reduce alkylating agents and total body irradiation. The prospect of conditioning with significantly reduced toxicity will improve outcomes and open transplantation to patients unable to tolerate current conditioning protocols.
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79
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Merlinsky TR, Levine RL, Pronier E. Unfolding the Role of Calreticulin in Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Pathogenesis. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:2956-2962. [PMID: 30655313 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In 2013, two seminal studies identified gain-of-function mutations in the Calreticulin (CALR) gene in a subset of JAK2/MPL-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients. CALR is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone protein that normally binds misfolded proteins in the ER and prevents their export to the Golgi and had never previously been reported mutated in cancer or to be associated with hematologic disorders. Further investigation determined that mutated CALR is able to achieve oncogenic transformation primarily through constitutive activation of the MPL-JAK-STAT signaling axis. Here we review our current understanding of the role of CALR mutations in MPN pathogenesis and how these insights can lead to innovative therapeutics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany R Merlinsky
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ross L Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. .,Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elodie Pronier
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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80
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Hutter G, Theruvath J, Graef CM, Zhang M, Schoen MK, Manz EM, Bennett ML, Olson A, Azad TD, Sinha R, Chan C, Assad Kahn S, Gholamin S, Wilson C, Grant G, He J, Weissman IL, Mitra SS, Cheshier SH. Microglia are effector cells of CD47-SIRPα antiphagocytic axis disruption against glioblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:997-1006. [PMID: 30602457 PMCID: PMC6338872 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721434116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive malignant brain tumor with fatal outcome. Tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs) have been found to be major tumor-promoting immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Hence, modulation and reeducation of tumor-associated macrophages and microglia in GBM is considered a promising antitumor strategy. Resident microglia and invading macrophages have been shown to have distinct origin and function. Whereas yolk sac-derived microglia reside in the brain, blood-derived monocytes invade the central nervous system only under pathological conditions like tumor formation. We recently showed that disruption of the SIRPα-CD47 signaling axis is efficacious against various brain tumors including GBM primarily by inducing tumor phagocytosis. However, most effects are attributed to macrophages recruited from the periphery but the role of the brain resident microglia is unknown. Here, we sought to utilize a model to distinguish resident microglia and peripheral macrophages within the GBM-TAM pool, using orthotopically xenografted, immunodeficient, and syngeneic mouse models with genetically color-coded macrophages (Ccr2RFP) and microglia (Cx3cr1GFP). We show that even in the absence of phagocytizing macrophages (Ccr2RFP/RFP), microglia are effector cells of tumor cell phagocytosis in response to anti-CD47 blockade. Additionally, macrophages and microglia show distinct morphological and transcriptional changes. Importantly, the transcriptional profile of microglia shows less of an inflammatory response which makes them a promising target for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Hutter
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Theruvath
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Claus Moritz Graef
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Michael Zhang
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Matthew Kenneth Schoen
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Eva Maria Manz
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Mariko L Bennett
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Andrew Olson
- Neuroscience Microscopy Center, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Tej D Azad
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Rahul Sinha
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Carmel Chan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Suzana Assad Kahn
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sharareh Gholamin
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Christy Wilson
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Gerald Grant
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Joy He
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Siddhartha S Mitra
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Pediatrics, Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Samuel H Cheshier
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
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81
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Hypoxia-inducible factors promote breast cancer stem cell specification and maintenance in response to hypoxia or cytotoxic chemotherapy. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 141:175-212. [PMID: 30691683 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies have revealed that breast cancers contain regions of intratumoral hypoxia (reduced oxygen availability), which activates hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). The relationship between intratumoral hypoxia, distant metastasis and cancer mortality has been well established. A major mechanism by which intratumoral hypoxia contributes to disease progression is through induction of the breast cancer stem cell (BCSC) phenotype. BCSCs are a small subpopulation of cells with the capability for self-renewal. BCSCs have been implicated in resistance to chemotherapy, disease recurrence, and metastasis. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying HIF-dependent induction of the BCSC phenotype in response to hypoxia or chemotherapy.
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82
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Longo CM, Higgins PJ. Molecular biomarkers of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 106:1-6. [PMID: 30414981 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO), a complication of Graves' disease (GD), is typified by orbital inflammation, ocular tissue expansion and remodeling and, ultimately, fibrosis. Orbital fibroblasts are key effectors of GO pathogenesis exhibiting exaggerated inflammatory and fibroproliferative responses to cytokines released by infiltrating immune cells. Activated orbital fibroblasts also produce inflammatory mediators that contribute to disease progression, facilitate the orbital trafficking of monocytes and macrophages, promote differentiation of matrix-producing myofibroblasts and stimulate accumulation of a hyaluronan-rich stroma, which leads to orbital tissue edema and fibrosis. Proteomic and transcriptome profiling of the genomic response of ocular and non-ocular fibroblasts to INF-γ and TGF-β1 focused on identification of translationally-relevant therapeutic candidates. Induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1, SERPINE1), a clade E member of the serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN) gene family and a prominent regulator of the pericellular proteolytic microenvironment, was one of the most highly up-regulated proteins in INF-γ- or TGF-β1-stimulated GO fibroblasts as well as in severe active GD compared to patients without thyroid disease. PAI-1 has multifunctional roles in inflammatory and fibrotic processes that impact tissue remodeling, immune cell trafficking and survival as well as signaling through several receptor systems. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of the GO fibroblast and possible targets for effective drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Longo
- Department of Regenerative & Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, United States
| | - Paul J Higgins
- Department of Regenerative & Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, United States.
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83
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Krysko DV, Ravichandran KS, Vandenabeele P. Macrophages regulate the clearance of living cells by calreticulin. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4644. [PMID: 30405101 PMCID: PMC6220184 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06807-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V Krysko
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium. .,National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia.
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- The Center for Cell Clearance and the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22908-0734, VA, USA.,Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Methusalem Program, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
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84
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Blomberg OS, Spagnuolo L, de Visser KE. Immune regulation of metastasis: mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/10/dmm036236. [PMID: 30355585 PMCID: PMC6215427 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.036236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic disease is the leading cause of death in cancer patients. Metastasis formation involves a cascade of events for which the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. During the metastatic cascade, cancer cells tightly interact with the immune system and they influence each other, both in the tumor microenvironment and systemically. The crosstalk between cancer and immune cells adds another layer of complexity to our understanding of metastasis formation, but at the same time opens new therapeutic opportunities for cancer patients. The intensifying development of immunotherapeutic strategies calls for a better understanding of immune regulation of metastasis in order to maximize the therapeutic benefit for patients with metastatic disease. In this Review and accompanying poster, we describe the main mechanisms of immune regulation of metastasis that have been reported to date, and present promising immunotherapeutic options that are currently available, or may become so in the near future, to tackle metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S Blomberg
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Spagnuolo
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin E de Visser
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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85
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Phillips MB, Stuart JD, Rodríguez Stewart RM, Berry JT, Mainou BA, Boehme KW. Current understanding of reovirus oncolysis mechanisms. Oncolytic Virother 2018; 7:53-63. [PMID: 29942799 PMCID: PMC6005300 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s143808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) is under development as a cancer virotherapy. Clinical trials demonstrate that reovirus-based therapies are safe and tolerated in patients with a wide variety of cancers. Although reovirus monotherapy has proven largely ineffective, reovirus sensitizes cancer cells to existing chemotherapeutic agents and radiation. Clinical trials are underway to test the efficacy of reovirus in combination with chemotherapeutic and radiation regimens and to evaluate the effectiveness of reovirus in conjunction with immunotherapies. Central to the use of reovirus to treat cancer is its capacity to directly kill cancer cells and alter the cellular environment to augment other therapies. Apoptotic cell death is a prominent mechanism of reovirus cancer cell killing. However, reoviruses can also kill cancer cells through nonapoptotic mechanisms. Here, we describe mechanisms of reovirus cancer cell killing, highlight how reovirus is used in combination with existing cancer treatments, and discuss what is known as to how reovirus modulates cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Phillips
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Johnasha D Stuart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Karl W Boehme
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
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86
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Yu XY, Qiu WY, Long F, Yang XP, Zhang C, Xu L, Chang HY, Du P, Hou XJ, Yu YZ, Zeng DD, Wang S, Sun ZW. A novel fully human anti-CD47 antibody as a potential therapy for human neoplasms with good safety. Biochimie 2018; 151:54-66. [PMID: 29864508 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Strategies for targeting CD47 are becoming a hot spot of cancer immunotherapy. However the ubiquitous expression of CD47, especially on the RBC, makes the targeted therapy facing safety risk issues. So, how to balance the safety and efficacy during CD47 inhibition is currently a major question. We had reported an anti-CD47 antibody ZF1 with potent anti-tumor effect. In this study, we further developed and assessed a novel fully human anti-CD47 antibody, AMMS4-G4, derived from ZF1 using affinity maturation. AMMS4-G4 exhibited equivalent anticancer effects with Hu5F9-G4, a humanized anti-CD47 antibody in clinical trial, on the potential of inducing significant phagocytosis of tumor cells in vitro and prolonging the survival of leukemia xenografted mice. Additionally, AMMS4-G4 significantly inhibited the growth of grafted solid tumors by enhancing macrophage infiltration and modestly enhanced the anti-tumor activity of opsonizing antibody and antiangiogenic therapy. In cynomolgus monkeys, AMMS4-G4 was safely administered, was well tolerated at doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg, and did not produce serious adverse events, except for the reversible anemia, which was observed after 3 days and started to recover from 9 days later. Remarkably, it was proved by in vitro assay that Hu5F9-G4 induced RBC hemagglutination which wasn't observed in AMMS4-G4. On the whole, AMMS4-G4 was demonstrated to be a promising candidate with great potential and safe profile for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Yu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Wei-Yi Qiu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Feng Long
- Department of Pharmacy, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Zaozhuang, 25 Wenhua East Road, Zaozhuang, 277100, China.
| | - Xiao-Peng Yang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Chang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Lei Xu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Hong-Yan Chang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Peng Du
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Xiao-Juan Hou
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Yun-Zhou Yu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Da-di Zeng
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Shuang Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Zhi-Wei Sun
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
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87
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Schürch CM. Therapeutic Antibodies for Myeloid Neoplasms-Current Developments and Future Directions. Front Oncol 2018; 8:152. [PMID: 29868474 PMCID: PMC5968093 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) such as antibody-drug conjugates, ligand-receptor antagonists, immune checkpoint inhibitors and bispecific T cell engagers have shown impressive efficacy in the treatment of multiple human cancers. Numerous therapeutic mAbs that have been developed for myeloid neoplasms, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), are currently investigated in clinical trials. Because AML and MDS originate from malignantly transformed hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells-the so-called leukemic stem cells (LSCs) that are highly resistant to most standard drugs-these malignancies frequently relapse and have a high disease-specific mortality. Therefore, combining standard chemotherapy with antileukemic mAbs that specifically target malignant blasts and particularly LSCs or utilizing mAbs that reinforce antileukemic host immunity holds great promise for improving patient outcomes. This review provides an overview of therapeutic mAbs for AML and MDS. Antibody targets, the molecular mechanisms of action, the efficacy in preclinical leukemia models, and the results of clinical trials are discussed. New developments and future studies of therapeutic mAbs in myeloid neoplasms will advance our understanding of the immunobiology of these diseases and enhance current therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M. Schürch
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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88
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Zhang X, Wang S, Nan Y, Fan J, Chen W, Luan J, Wang Y, Liang Y, Li S, Tian W, Ju D. Inhibition of autophagy potentiated the anti-tumor effects of VEGF and CD47 bispecific therapy in glioblastoma. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6503-6513. [PMID: 29754163 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma, characterized by extensive microvascular proliferation and invasive tumor growth, is one of the most common and lethal malignancies in adults. Benefits of the conventional anti-angiogenic therapy were only observed in a subset of patients and limited by diverse relapse mechanism. Fortunately, recent advances in cancer immunotherapy have offered new hope for patients with glioblastoma. Herein, we reported a novel dual-targeting therapy for glioblastoma through simultaneous blockade of VEGF and CD47 signaling. Our results showed that VEGFR1D2-SIRPαD1, a VEGF and CD47 bispecific fusion protein, exerted potent anti-tumor effects via suppressing VEGF-induced angiogenesis and activating macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. Meanwhile, autophagy was activated by VEGFR1D2-SIRPαD1 through inactivating Akt/mTOR and Erk pathways in glioblastoma cells. Importantly, autophagy inhibitor or knockdown of autophagy-related protein 5 potentiated VEGFR1D2-SIRPαD1-induced macrophage phagocytosis and cytotoxicity against glioblastoma cells. Moreover, suppression of autophagy led to increased macrophage infiltration, angiogenesis inhibition, and tumor cell apoptosis triggered by VEGF and CD47 dual-targeting therapy, thus eliciting enhanced anti-tumor effects in glioblastoma. Our data revealed that VEGFR1D2-SIRPαD1 alone or in combination with autophagy inhibitor could effectively elicit potent anti-tumor effects, highlighting potential therapeutic strategies for glioblastoma through disrupting angiogenetic axis and CD47-SIRPα anti-phagocytic axis alone or in combination with autophagy inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyao Zhang
- Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University/Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shaofei Wang
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yanyang Nan
- Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University/Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiajun Fan
- Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University/Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University/Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jingyun Luan
- Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University/Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University/Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yanxu Liang
- Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University/Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Song Li
- ImmuneOnco Biopharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 780 Cailun Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhi Tian
- ImmuneOnco Biopharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 780 Cailun Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University/Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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89
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Arai Y, Choi U, Corsino CI, Koontz SM, Tajima M, Sweeney CL, Black MA, Feldman SA, Dinauer MC, Malech HL. Myeloid Conditioning with c-kit-Targeted CAR-T Cells Enables Donor Stem Cell Engraftment. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1181-1197. [PMID: 29622475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a novel approach to bone marrow (BM) conditioning using c-kit-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T (c-kit CAR-T) cells in mice. Previous reports using anti-c-kit or anti-CD45 antibody linked to a toxin such as saporin have been promising. We developed a distinctly different approach using c-kit CAR-T cells. Initial studies demonstrated in vitro killing of hematopoietic stem cells by c-kit CAR-T cells but poor expansion in vivo and poor migration of CAR-T cells into BM. Pre-treatment of recipient mice with low-dose cyclophosphamide (125 mg/kg) together with CXCR4 transduction in the CAR-T cells enhanced trafficking to and expansion in BM (<1%-13.1%). This resulted in significant depletion of the BM c-kit+ population (9.0%-0.1%). Because congenic Thy1.1 CAR-T cells were used in the Thy1.2-recipient mice, anti-Thy1.1 antibody could be used to deplete CAR-T cells in vivo before donor BM transplant. This achieved 20%-40% multilineage engraftment. We applied this conditioning to achieve an average of 28% correction of chronic granulomatous disease mice by wild-type BM transplant. Our findings provide a proof of concept that c-kit CAR-T cells can achieve effective BM conditioning without chemo-/radiotherapy. Our work also demonstrates that co-expression of a trafficking receptor can enhance targeting of CAR-T cells to a designated tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Arai
- Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Uimook Choi
- Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cristina I Corsino
- Immune Deficiency Genetics Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sherry M Koontz
- Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Masaki Tajima
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Colin L Sweeney
- Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mary A Black
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Steven A Feldman
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mary C Dinauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Harry L Malech
- Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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90
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Zhang X, Chen W, Fan J, Wang S, Xian Z, Luan J, Li Y, Wang Y, Nan Y, Luo M, Li S, Tian W, Ju D. Disrupting CD47-SIRPα axis alone or combined with autophagy depletion for the therapy of glioblastoma. Carcinogenesis 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xuyao Zhang
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Fan
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaofei Wang
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zongshu Xian
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyun Luan
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yubin Li
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yichen Wang
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyang Nan
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Luo
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Li
- ImmuneOnco Biopharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhi Tian
- ImmuneOnco Biopharma (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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91
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Abstract
The human body generates 10-100 billion cells every day, and the same number of cells die to maintain homeostasis in our body. Cells infected by bacteria or viruses also die. The cell death that occurs under physiological conditions mainly proceeds by apoptosis, which is a noninflammatory, or silent, process, while pathogen infection induces necroptosis or pyroptosis, which activates the immune system and causes inflammation. Dead cells generated by apoptosis are quickly engulfed by macrophages for degradation. Caspases are a large family of cysteine proteases that act in cascades. A cascade that leads to caspase 3 activation mediates apoptosis and is responsible for killing cells, recruiting macrophages, and presenting an "eat me" signal(s). When apoptotic cells are not efficiently engulfed by macrophages, they undergo secondary necrosis and release intracellular materials that represent a damage-associated molecular pattern, which may lead to a systemic lupus-like autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Nagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
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92
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Long KB, Collier AI, Beatty GL. Macrophages: Key orchestrators of a tumor microenvironment defined by therapeutic resistance. Mol Immunol 2017; 110:3-12. [PMID: 29273393 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages have emerged as promising therapeutic targets in cancer. Within tumor tissue, macrophages foster tumor development, invasion, and metastasis. As the phenotype of macrophages is inherently pliable and dependent on cues received from the surrounding microenvironment, macrophages co-evolve with malignant and other non-malignant cells during cancer progression. In doing so, they establish a microenvironment that is therapeutically resistant and thwarts the productivity of T cell immunosuveillance. Strategies designed to deplete, inhibit, or redirect macrophages with anti-tumor activity are being explored to reverse the pro-tumor properties of macrophages that are commonly observed in cancer. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the mechanisms that regulate macrophage recruitment to tumors, their impact on the tumor microenvironment, and their promise as therapeutic targets for improving the efficacy of cytotoxic- and immune-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen B Long
- Department of Biology, Mansfield University, Mansfield, PA 16933, USA
| | - Arthur I Collier
- Department of Biology, Mansfield University, Mansfield, PA 16933, USA
| | - Gregory L Beatty
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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93
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Chhabra A, Ring AM, Weiskopf K, Schnorr PJ, Gordon S, Le AC, Kwon HS, Ring NG, Volkmer J, Ho PY, Tseng S, Weissman IL, Shizuru JA. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in immunocompetent hosts without radiation or chemotherapy. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:351ra105. [PMID: 27510901 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aae0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation can cure diverse diseases of the blood system, including hematologic malignancies, anemias, and autoimmune disorders. However, patients must undergo toxic conditioning regimens that use chemotherapy and/or radiation to eliminate host HSCs and enable donor HSC engraftment. Previous studies have shown that anti-c-Kit monoclonal antibodies deplete HSCs from bone marrow niches, allowing donor HSC engraftment in immunodeficient mice. We show that host HSC clearance is dependent on Fc-mediated antibody effector functions, and enhancing effector activity through blockade of CD47, a myeloid-specific immune checkpoint, extends anti-c-Kit conditioning to fully immunocompetent mice. The combined treatment leads to elimination of >99% of host HSCs and robust multilineage blood reconstitution after HSC transplantation. This targeted conditioning regimen that uses only biologic agents has the potential to transform the practice of HSC transplantation and enable its use in a wider spectrum of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Chhabra
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron M Ring
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kipp Weiskopf
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peter John Schnorr
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sydney Gordon
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alan C Le
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hye-Sook Kwon
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nan Guo Ring
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jens Volkmer
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Po Yi Ho
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Serena Tseng
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Judith A Shizuru
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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94
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Higgins SP, Tang Y, Higgins CE, Mian B, Zhang W, Czekay RP, Samarakoon R, Conti DJ, Higgins PJ. TGF-β1/p53 signaling in renal fibrogenesis. Cell Signal 2017; 43:1-10. [PMID: 29191563 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fibrotic disorders of the renal, pulmonary, cardiac, and hepatic systems are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Effective therapies to prevent or curtail the advancement to organ failure, however, remain a major clinical challenge. Chronic kidney disease, in particular, constitutes an increasing medical burden affecting >15% of the US population. Regardless of etiology (diabetes, hypertension, ischemia, acute injury, urologic obstruction), persistently elevated TGF-β1 levels are causatively linked to the activation of profibrotic signaling networks and disease progression. TGF-β1 is the principal driver of renal fibrogenesis, a dynamic pathophysiologic process that involves tubular cell injury/apoptosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells, interstitial fibroblast activation and excess extracellular matrix synthesis/deposition leading to impaired kidney function and, eventually, to chronic and end-stage disease. TGF-β1 activates the ALK5 type I receptor (which phosphorylates SMAD2/3) as well as non-canonical (e.g., src kinase, EGFR, JAK/STAT, p53) pathways that collectively drive the fibrotic genomic program. Such multiplexed signal integration has pathophysiological consequences. Indeed, TGF-β1 stimulates the activation and assembly of p53-SMAD3 complexes required for transcription of the renal fibrotic genes plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, connective tissue growth factor and TGF-β1. Tubular-specific ablation of p53 in mice or pifithrin-α-mediated inactivation of p53 prevents epithelial G2/M arrest, reduces the secretion of fibrotic effectors and attenuates the transition from acute to chronic renal injury, further supporting the involvement of p53 in disease progression. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of TGF-β1-initiated renal fibrogenesis and the role of p53 as a regulator of profibrotic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Craig E Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Badar Mian
- Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States; The Urological Institute of Northeastern New York, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Wenzheng Zhang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Ralf-Peter Czekay
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Rohan Samarakoon
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - David J Conti
- Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States; Division of Transplantation Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Paul J Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States; Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States; The Urological Institute of Northeastern New York, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
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95
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Zhao CL, Yu S, Wang SH, Li SG, Wang ZJ, Han SN. Characterization of cluster of differentiation 47 expression and its potential as a therapeutic target in esophageal squamous cell cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:2017-2023. [PMID: 29399202 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased expression of cluster of differentiation (CD)47 has been identified in a number of different tumor types and is recognized as an adverse prognostic factor that indicates an increased risk of mortality in patients. The binding of CD47 to signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) inhibits the macrophage phagocytosis of tumor cells by triggering an inhibitory 'do not eat me' signal. This is one of the mechanisms used by tumor cells to evade immune surveillance. In the present study, CD47 levels and macrophage infiltration were assessed in patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC). CD47-overexpressing ESCC cell lines were selected and human M2 macrophage phagocytic activity was measured. The results revealed that CD47 is highly expressed and macrophages are markedly infiltrated in cancerous tissue compared with non-cancerous tissue. High CD47 expression was detected in ESCC cell lines and the results of a phagocytosis assay indicated that human M2 macrophages phagocytized tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner following the blocking of CD47-SIRPα signaling by anti-CD47 antibodies. The results of the present study therefore support the use of anti-CD47 immunotherapy to treat patients with ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Gang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Ju Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Na Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
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96
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Abstract
I started research in high school, experimenting on immunological tolerance to transplantation antigens. This led to studies of the thymus as the site of maturation of T cells, which led to the discovery, isolation, and clinical transplantation of purified hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The induction of immune tolerance with HSCs has led to isolation of other tissue-specific stem cells for regenerative medicine. Our studies of circulating competing germline stem cells in colonial protochordates led us to document competing HSCs. In human acute myelogenous leukemia we showed that all preleukemic mutations occur in HSCs, and determined their order; the final mutations occur in a multipotent progenitor derived from the preleukemic HSC clone. With these, we discovered that CD47 is an upregulated gene in all human cancers and is a "don't eat me" signal; blocking it with antibodies leads to cancer cell phagocytosis. CD47 is the first known gene common to all cancers and is a target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, and Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford, CA 94305
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97
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Wu YP, Deng J, Ouyang SH, Mao ZF, Wang GE, Kurihara H, He RR, Li YF. Immune regulation effect of lienal polypeptides extract in Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing mice treated with cyclophosphamide. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 243:66-77. [PMID: 29078731 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217737982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypeptides extracted from animal immune organs have been proved to exert immunomodulatory activities in previous reports. However, relative experimental data regarding the influence of a polypeptide mixture extracted from healthy calf spleen (lienal polypeptide [LP]) on the immune function in tumor therapy are limited, and the components in LP remain unclear. In the present study, the immune regulatory effect of LP was investigated in normal mice and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)-bearing mice treated with cyclophosphamide (CTX). The components of LP were identified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis and bioinformatic analysis. In LLC-bearing mice, LP showed a synergic antitumor effect with CTX, whereas LP alone did not present direct antitumor activity. Further, LP was found to enhance immune organ indexes, splenocyte number, and T lymphocyte subsets in normal mice and LLC-bearing mice treated with CTX. The decline of white blood cell and platelet counts, splenocyte proliferation activity, and peritoneal macrophage phagocytic function caused by CTX were also significantly suppressed by LP treatment in LLC-bearing mice. Notably, LP treatment significantly decreased the expression of phagocytosis-related proteins including CD47/signal regulatory protein α/Src homology phosphatase-1 in the tumor tissue of LLC-bearing mice treated with CTX. LC-MS/MS-based peptidomics unraveled the main polypeptides in LP with a length from 8 to 25 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis further confirmed the possibility of LP to regulate immunity, especially in phagocytosis-related pathway. Our above findings indicated that LP can relieve the immunosuppression induced by chemotherapy and is a beneficial supplement in cancer therapy. Impact statement The immunomodulatory activities of polypeptides extracted from animal immune organs have incurred people's interests since a long time ago. In this study, we investigated the immune regulation effects of a polypeptide mixture extracted from health calf spleen (lienal polypeptide [LP]) in Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing mice treated with cyclophosphamide (CTX). Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-coupled with tandem mass spectrometry-based peptidomics and bioinformatics analysis unraveled the main polypeptides in LP and further confirmed that LP is mainly associated with immune regulating pathway, especially in tumor cell phagocytosis-related pathway. Our study for the first time revealed that polypeptides from spleen can relieve the immunosuppression induced by CTX and is a beneficial supplement in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Wu
- 1 Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,2 Anti-Stress and Health Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jie Deng
- 1 Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,2 Anti-Stress and Health Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shu-Hua Ouyang
- 1 Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,2 Anti-Stress and Health Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhong-Fu Mao
- 1 Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,2 Anti-Stress and Health Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guo-En Wang
- 1 Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,2 Anti-Stress and Health Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hiroshi Kurihara
- 1 Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,2 Anti-Stress and Health Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rong-Rong He
- 1 Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,2 Anti-Stress and Health Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yi-Fang Li
- 1 Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,2 Anti-Stress and Health Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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98
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Mansour M, Teo ZL, Luen SJ, Loi S. Advancing Immunotherapy in Metastatic Breast Cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2017; 18:35. [PMID: 28534250 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-017-0478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Despite many advances in the treatment of breast cancer, the development of metastatic disease remains an incurable and frequent cause of cancer death for women worldwide. An improved understanding of the role of host immunosurveillance in modulating breast cancer disease biology, as well as impressive survival benefits seen to checkpoint blockade in other malignancies have provided great hope for an expanding role of immunotherapies in breast cancer management. While these novel therapies are currently being investigated in clinical trials, signals of efficacy, and tolerability in early phase studies suggest these will eventually make their way into standard practice algorithms. Ongoing research has highlighted a high degree of intertumoural heterogeneity in tumour lymphocytic infiltrates, suggesting some tumours or subtypes are more immunogenic than others. Furthermore, tumour intrinsic mechanisms of immune evasion are beginning to be uncovered, potentially representing key therapeutic targets to use in combination with checkpoint blockade, exemplifying the emerging concept of personalised medicine approaches to immune therapies. Subsequently, different immunotherapeutic strategies may be required based on stratification by these factors-for the minority of tumours with a high level of pre-existing immunity, immune checkpoint blockade monotherapy may be sufficient. However, for the majority of tumours with lower levels of pre-existing immunity, combination approaches will likely be required to achieve maximal therapeutic effect. Results of ongoing clinical trials including combinations with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies are eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Mansour
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum, Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Zhi Ling Teo
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum, Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen J Luen
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Sherene Loi
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum, Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia.
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99
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Liu M, Kalbasi A, Beatty GL. Functio Laesa: Cancer Inflammation and Therapeutic Resistance. J Oncol Pract 2017; 13:173-180. [PMID: 28282278 DOI: 10.1200/jop.2016.020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor, calor, rubor, and dolor describe four cardinal signs of inflammation. The fifth-functio laesa, or loss of function-was promulgated by Rudolf Virchow, who, in the 19th century, also noted an intricate link between inflammation and cancer. However, the role of cancer inflammation in driving loss of therapeutic efficacy has only recently been fully appreciated, as a result of molecular and immunohistochemical approaches applied in clinical medicine and the availability of novel agents for modulating inflammation. This review focuses on clinical evidence from solid malignancies that have shaped our view of how the immune system regulates cancer development, progression, and response to treatment. Understanding the multifaceted relationship between inflammation and patient outcomes has the potential to advance prognostic tools and uncover therapeutic opportunities for improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingen Liu
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anusha Kalbasi
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Gregory L Beatty
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and University of California, Los Angeles, CA
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100
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Schürch CM, Forster S, Brühl F, Yang SH, Felley-Bosco E, Hewer E. The "don't eat me" signal CD47 is a novel diagnostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for diffuse malignant mesothelioma. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1373235. [PMID: 29296529 PMCID: PMC5739575 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1373235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse malignant mesothelioma (DMM) is one of the prognostically most discouraging cancers with median survivals of only 12–22 months. Due to its insidious onset and delayed detection, DMM is often at an advanced stage at diagnosis and is considered incurable. Combined chemo- and radiotherapy followed by surgery only marginally affect outcome at the cost of significant morbidity. Because of the long time period between exposure to asbestos and disease onset, the incidence of DMM is still rising and predicted to peak around 2020. Novel markers for the reliable diagnosis of DMM in body cavity effusion specimens as well as more effective, targeted therapies are urgently needed. Here, we show that the “don't eat me” signalling molecule CD47, which inhibits phagocytosis by binding to signal regulatory protein α on macrophages, is overexpressed in DMM cells. A two-marker panel of high CD47 expression and BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP-1) deficiency had a sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 100% in discriminating DMM tumour cells from reactive mesothelial cells in effusions, which is superior to the currently used four-marker combination of BAP-1, glucose transporter type 1, epithelial membrane antigen and desmin. In addition, blocking CD47 inhibited growth and promoted phagocytosis of DMM cell lines by macrophages in vitro. Furthermore, DMM tumours in surgical specimens from patients as well as in a mouse DMM model expressed high levels of CD47 and were heavily infiltrated by macrophages. Our study demonstrates that CD47 is an accurate novel diagnostic DMM biomarker and that blocking CD47 may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for DMM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Forster
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frido Brühl
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sara H Yang
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Ekkehard Hewer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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