51
|
High OX-40 expression in the tumor immune infiltrate is a favorable prognostic factor of overall survival in non-small cell lung cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:351. [PMID: 31843013 PMCID: PMC6915970 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction OX-40 co-stimulatory signaling plays a role in mounting anti-tumor immune responses and clinical trials targeting this pathway are ongoing. However, the association of with OX-40 protein expression with clinical outcomes and pathological features in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are largely unknown. Methods Surgically-resected stage I-III NSCLC specimens (N = 100) were stained by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the following immune markers: OX-40, PD-L1, PD-1, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45RO, CD57, CD68, FOXP3, granzyme B, and ICOS. Immune-related markers mRNA expression were also assessed. We evaluated the association of OX-40 levels with major clinicopathologic variables, including molecular driver mutations. Results OX-40 IHC expression was observed in all tested tumors, predominantly localized in the membrane of the tumor immune infiltrate, and was not associated with a specific clinicopathologic or molecular subtype. High OX-40 expression levels measured by IHC median score were associated with better overall survival (OS) (p = 0.002), independent of CD3/CD8, PD-L1, and ICOS expression. High OX-40 IHC score was associated with increased expression of immune-related genes such as CD3, IFN-gamma, ICOS, CD8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL5, granzyme K. Conclusions High OX-40 IHC expression in the tumor immune infiltrate is associated with favorable prognosis and increased levels of immune-related genes including IFN-gamma in patients with surgically resected stage I-III NSCLC. Its prognostic utility is independent of PD-L1 and other common markers of immune activation. High OX-40 expression potentially identifies a unique subgroup of NSCLC that may benefit from co-stimulation with OX-40 agonist antibodies and potentially enhance the efficacy of existing immune checkpoint therapies.
Collapse
|
52
|
Skånland SS, Taskén K. Carboxyl-Terminal Src Kinase Binds CD28 upon Activation and Mutes Downstream Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1055-1063. [PMID: 31292214 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Full T cell activation depends on stimulation of the TCR in conjunction with a costimulatory receptor. The involvement of costimulatory molecules is potent, and a mechanistic understanding of how downstream signaling is regulated is required to fully understand T cell responsiveness. In this study, a proteomic approach was taken to identify the interactomes of the coreceptors CD2 and CD28. These coreceptors are both positive regulators of T cell activation, but CD28 less potently induces TCR-proximal signaling. C-terminal Src kinase (CSK), a negative regulator of TCR signaling, was identified as a specific and direct interactor only of activated CD28. CSK is recruited to CD28 upon T cell activation, and the in vitro kinase activity of CSK is enhanced in the presence of phosphorylated CD28. Interruption of the CSK/CD28 interaction prior to TCR/CD28 costimulation induces a signaling response which mimics the more potent CD2-induced TCR-proximal pathway activation. Thus, CD28 functions as a novel adaptor protein for CSK, and CSK regulates signaling downstream of CD28.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid S Skånland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; .,K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway; and .,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway; and.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Jammal N, Pan E, Hurwitz M, Abramovitz RB. Outcomes of combination therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic renal cell carcinoma – A retrospective study. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2019; 26:556-563. [DOI: 10.1177/1078155219854797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a highly vascularized and immunogenic tumor. At the time of this study, there was limited published data on the combination of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients who were heavily pretreated. At our institution, providers have used these combinations in heavily pretreated patients. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of patients receiving this combination with the primary objectives of assessing duration of therapy and toxicities and a secondary objective of disease progression at six months. We included adult patients with confirmed mRCC receiving combination therapy (immune checkpoint inhibitors/tyrosine kinase inhibitors) any time after January 2015. Electronic medical records were reviewed for pertinent data and follow-up descriptive statistics were performed. Results Fifteen patients were on combination immune checkpoint inhibitors/tyrosine kinase inhibitors, with a median of three lines of previous therapy. The median duration of combination therapy was 7.2 months (range: 0.2 to 39.8) with 126 incidences of toxicities. The most frequent toxicity was fatigue (n = 15), followed by diarrhea (n = 8), anorexia (n = 7) and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (n = 7). Overall, 9 (60%) patients experienced at least one grade 3 or 4 toxicity. Eight of 15 (53%) patients remained on therapy at the six-month mark and did not have progression confirmed by an oncologist. Of the 15 patients, 10 discontinued therapy due to progression, 2 due to intolerable side effects, 2 transitioned to end of life care, and 1 patient was still ongoing at the time of data collection. Conclusion Based on this review, it appears that combination tyrosine kinase inhibitors/immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy in pre-treated patients with mRCC is tolerable and beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Pan
- Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Zhang J, Li Y, Yang S, Zhang L, Wang W. Anti-CD40 mAb enhanced efficacy of anti-PD1 against osteosarcoma. J Bone Oncol 2019; 17:100245. [PMID: 31293882 PMCID: PMC6593232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2019.100245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The overall survival rate of patients with osteosarcoma has remained stagnant at 15-30% for several decades. Although immunotherapy has revolutionized the oncology field, largely attributed to the success of immune-checkpoint blockade, the durability and efficacy of anti-PD1 (programmed cell death protein 1) mAb vary across different malignancies. Among the major reasons for tumor resistance to this immune checkpoint therapy is the absence of tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes. However, the presence of intratumor exhausted PD1hi T cells also contributes to insensitivity to anti-PD1 treatment. In this study, we established the osteosarcoma mouse tumor model resistant to anti-PD1 mAb that harbored PD1hi T cells. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis of tumor infiltrating leukocytes after treatment was used as a screening platform to identify agents that could re-sensitize T cells to anti-PD1 mAb. Results showed that anti-CD40 mAb treatment converted PD1hi T cells to PD1lo T cells, reversing phenotypic T cell exhaustion and sensitizing anti-PD1 refractory tumors to respond to anti-PD1 mAb. Results also showed that intratumor Treg presented with a less activated and attenuated suppressive phenotype after anti-CD40 mAb treatment. Our study provides proof of concept to systematically identify immune conditioning agents, which are able to convert PD1hi T cells to PD1lo T cells, with clinical implications in the treatment against refractory osteosarcoma to anti-PD1 mAb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhe Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoujun Yang
- Department of Physiatry, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Lening Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Santomasso B, Bachier C, Westin J, Rezvani K, Shpall EJ. The Other Side of CAR T-Cell Therapy: Cytokine Release Syndrome, Neurologic Toxicity, and Financial Burden. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2019; 39:433-444. [PMID: 31099694 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_238691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune effector cells, including T cells and natural killer cells, which are genetically engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), constitute a powerful new class of therapeutic agents to treat patients with hematologic malignancies. Several CAR T-cell trials have shown impressive remission rates in patients with relapsed/refractory hematologic cancers. Although the clinical responses of these agents in hematologic malignancies have been very encouraging, they have also produced substantial morbidity and occasionally mortality resulting from toxicity. With more experience and collaboration, hopefully the toxicities and the costs will come down, increasing the availability of CAR T cells to patients in need.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason Westin
- 3 The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Katayoun Rezvani
- 3 The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Mochel JP, Ekker SC, Johannes CM, Jergens AE, Allenspach K, Bourgois-Mochel A, Knouse M, Benzekry S, Wierson W, LeBlanc AK, Kenderian SS. CAR T Cell Immunotherapy in Human and Veterinary Oncology: Changing the Odds Against Hematological Malignancies. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:50. [PMID: 30963322 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The advent of the genome editing era brings forth the promise of adoptive cell transfer using engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells for targeted cancer therapy. CAR T cell immunotherapy is probably one of the most encouraging developments for the treatment of hematological malignancies. In 2017, two CAR T cell therapies were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration: one for the treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and the other for adult patients with advanced lymphomas. However, despite significant progress in the area, CAR T cell therapy is still in its early days and faces significant challenges, including the complexity and costs associated with the technology. B cell lymphoma is the most common hematopoietic cancer in dogs, with an incidence approaching 0.1% and a total of 20-100 cases per 100,000 individuals. It is a widely accepted naturally occurring model for human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Current treatment is with combination chemotherapy protocols, which prolong life for less than a year in canines and are associated with severe dose-limiting side effects, such as gastrointestinal and bone marrow toxicity. To date, one canine study generated CAR T cells by transfection of mRNA for CAR domain expression. While this was shown to provide a transient anti-tumor activity, results were modest, indicating that stable, genomic integration of CAR modules is required in order to achieve lasting therapeutic benefit. This commentary summarizes the current state of knowledge on CAR T cell immunotherapy in human medicine and its potential applications in animal health, while discussing the potential of the canine model as a translational system for immuno-oncology research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA. .,Iowa State University College of Vet. Medicine, 2448 Lloyd, 1809 S Riverside Dr., Ames, Iowa, 50011-1250, USA.
| | - Stephen C Ekker
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Chad M Johannes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Albert E Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Agnes Bourgois-Mochel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Michael Knouse
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Sebastien Benzekry
- Team MONC, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique, Bordeaux, France
| | - Wesley Wierson
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Amy K LeBlanc
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Saad S Kenderian
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Division of Hematology, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Lingel H, Brunner-Weinzierl MC. CTLA-4 (CD152): A versatile receptor for immune-based therapy. Semin Immunol 2019; 42:101298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
58
|
Molecular Dynamics of Co-signal Molecules in T-Cell Activation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:135-152. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
59
|
Shao L. DNA Damage Response Signals Transduce Stress From Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk Factors Into T Cell Dysfunction. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3055. [PMID: 30619377 PMCID: PMC6306440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune-mediated disease that is associated with significant cartilage damage and immunosenescence. Despite decades of research, the major signal pathways that initiate RA are still unclear. The DNA damage response (DDR) is a specific and hierarchical network that includes cell cycle checkpoints, DNA repair, and DNA-damage tolerance pathways. Recent studies suggest that this condition is associated with deficits in telomere maintenance and overall genomic instability in the T cells of RA patients. Analysis of the underlying mechanisms has revealed defects in DDR pathways. Particularly, the DNA repair enzyme, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), is downregulated, which leaves the damaged DNA breaks in RA-associated T cells unrepaired and pushes them to apoptosis, exhausts the T cell pool, and promotes the arthritogenesis effector function of T cells. This review discusses recent advancements and illustrates that risk factors for RA, such as viral infections, environmental events, and genetic risk loci are combat with DDR signals, and the impaired DDR response of RA-associated T cells, in turn, triggers disease-related phenotypes. Therefore, DDR is the dominant signal that converts genetic and environmental stress to RA-related immune dysfunction. Understanding the orchestration of RA pathogenesis by DDR signals would further our current knowledge of RA and provide novel avenues in RA therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Shao
- The Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Kumar P, Bhattacharya P, Prabhakar BS. A comprehensive review on the role of co-signaling receptors and Treg homeostasis in autoimmunity and tumor immunity. J Autoimmun 2018; 95:77-99. [PMID: 30174217 PMCID: PMC6289740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The immune system ensures optimum T-effector (Teff) immune responses against invading microbes and tumor antigens while preventing inappropriate autoimmune responses against self-antigens with the help of T-regulatory (Treg) cells. Thus, Treg and Teff cells help maintain immune homeostasis through mutual regulation. While Tregs can contribute to tumor immune evasion by suppressing anti-tumor Teff response, loss of Treg function can result in Teff responses against self-antigens leading to autoimmune disease. Thus, loss of homeostatic balance between Teff/Treg cells is often associated with both cancer and autoimmunity. Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors, collectively known as co-signaling receptors, play an indispensable role in the regulation of Teff and Treg cell expansion and function and thus play critical roles in modulating autoimmune and anti-tumor immune responses. Over the past three decades, considerable efforts have been made to understand the biology of co-signaling receptors and their role in immune homeostasis. Mutations in co-inhibitory receptors such as CTLA4 and PD1 are associated with Treg dysfunction, and autoimmune diseases in mice and humans. On the other hand, growing tumors evade immune surveillance by exploiting co-inhibitory signaling through expression of CTLA4, PD1 and PDL-1. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) using anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 has drawn considerable attention towards co-signaling receptors in tumor immunology and created renewed interest in studying other co-signaling receptors, which until recently have not been as well studied. In addition to co-inhibitory receptors, co-stimulatory receptors like OX40, GITR and 4-1BB have also been widely implicated in immune homeostasis and T-cell stimulation, and use of agonistic antibodies against OX40, GITR and 4-1BB has been effective in causing tumor regression. Although ICB has seen unprecedented success in cancer treatment, autoimmune adverse events arising from ICB due to loss of Treg homeostasis poses a major obstacle. Herein, we comprehensively review the role of various co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors in Treg biology and immune homeostasis, autoimmunity, and anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, we discuss the autoimmune adverse events arising upon targeting these co-signaling receptors to augment anti-tumor immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Palash Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Associate Dean for Technological Innovation and Training, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Room E-705, (M/C 790), 835 S. Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Brunner-Weinzierl MC, Rudd CE. CTLA-4 and PD-1 Control of T-Cell Motility and Migration: Implications for Tumor Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2737. [PMID: 30542345 PMCID: PMC6277866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CTLA-4 is a co-receptor on T-cells that controls peripheral tolerance and the development of autoimmunity. Immune check-point blockade (ICB) uses monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to block the binding of inhibitory receptors (IRs) to their natural ligands. A humanized antibody to CTLA-4 was first approved clinically followed by the use of antibody blockade against PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1. Effective anti-tumor immunity requires the activation of tumor-specific effector T-cells, the blockade of regulatory cells and the migration of T-cells into the tumor. Here, we review data implicating CTLA-4 and PD-1 in the motility of T-cells with a specific reference to the potential exploitation of these pathways for more effective tumor infiltration and eradication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika C Brunner-Weinzierl
- Department of Experimental Pediatrics, University Hospital, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christopher E Rudd
- Research Center-Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital (CRHMR), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Département de Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Huang Y, Wang M, Zhao X, Shi Q. Transcriptome sequencing of the gill and barbel of Southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis) revealed immune responses and novel rhamnose-binding lectins (RBLs). Genomics 2018; 111:222-230. [PMID: 30465915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis) is an economically important species widely cultured in China. It is well known for its fast growth, strong resistance to diseases and euryphage. However, little is known about the mechanisms for its powerful immune systems. Our Fish-T1K project has finished its first phase of 200 fish transcriptomes, with sequencing of gills in most examined fishes. In this study, we performed transcriptome sequencing of the gill and the maxillary barbel of Southern catfish, with the latter as a control. High expression of immune-related transcripts were observed in these two tissues. We observed that genes in the T cell receptor signaling pathway had higher transcription values in the gill than in the barbel. In addition, eight new rhamnose-binding lectins (RBLs) were identified and their carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) were classified according to the eight conserved cysteine residues and two conserved motifs (-YGR- and -DPC-). This is the first transcriptome report by high-throughput sequencing of the Southern catfish. Our genomic data and discovery of novel RBLs in this project should be able to promote better understandings of the roles of gills in immune responses and disease prevention for further aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China; Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI Zhenjiang Institute of Hydrobiology, Zhenjiang 212000, China.
| | - Xiaomeng Zhao
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China; Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Qiong Shi
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China; Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
De Sousa Linhares A, Leitner J, Grabmeier-Pfistershammer K, Steinberger P. Not All Immune Checkpoints Are Created Equal. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1909. [PMID: 30233564 PMCID: PMC6127213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that block T cell inhibition via the immune checkpoints CTLA-4 and PD-1 have revolutionized cancer therapy during the last 15 years. T cells express additional inhibitory surface receptors that are considered to have potential as targets in cancer immunotherapy. Antibodies against LAG-3 and TIM-3 are currently clinically tested to evaluate their effectiveness in patients suffering from advanced solid tumors or hematologic malignancies. In addition, blockade of the inhibitory BTLA receptors on human T cells may have potential to unleash T cells to effectively combat cancer cells. Much research on these immune checkpoints has focused on mouse models. The analysis of animals that lack individual inhibitory receptors has shed some light on the role of these molecules in regulating T cells, but also immune responses in general. There are current intensive efforts to gauge the efficacy of antibodies targeting these molecules called immune checkpoint inhibitors alone or in different combinations in preclinical models of cancer. Differences between mouse and human immunology warrant studies on human immune cells to appreciate the potential of individual pathways in enhancing T cell responses. Results from clinical studies are not only highlighting the great benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitors for treating cancer but also yield precious information on their role in regulating T cells and other cells of the immune system. However, despite the clinical relevance of CTLA-4 and PD-1 and the high potential of the emerging immune checkpoints, there are still substantial gaps in our understanding of the biology of these molecules, which might prevent the full realization of their therapeutic potential. This review addresses PD-1, CTLA-4, BTLA, LAG-3, and TIM-3, which are considered major inhibitory immune checkpoints expressed on T cells. It provides summaries of our current conception of the role of these molecules in regulating T cell responses, and discussions about major ambiguities and gaps in our knowledge. We emphasize that each of these molecules harbors unique properties that set it apart from the others. Their distinct functional profiles should be taken into account in therapeutic strategies that aim to exploit these pathways to enhance immune responses to combat cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika De Sousa Linhares
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Grabmeier-Pfistershammer
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Jang BS, Kim IA. A radiosensitivity gene signature and PD-L1 predict the clinical outcomes of patients with lower grade glioma in TCGA. Radiother Oncol 2018; 128:245-253. [PMID: 29784449 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Identifying predictive factors for the clinical outcome of patients with lower grade gliomas following radiotherapy could help optimize patient treatments. Here, we investigate the predictive efficacy of both a previously identified "31-gene signature" and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression. MATERIAL AND METHODS We identified 511 patients with lower grade glioma (Grade 2 and 3) in The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset and divided them into two clusters: radiosensitive (RS) and radioresistant (RR). Patients were also classified as PD-L1-high or PD-L1-low based on CD274 mRNA expression. Five-year survival rates were compared across patient groups, and differentially expressed genes were identified via a gene enrichment analysis. RESULTS Among 511 patients with lower grade glioma in The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset, we identified a group that was characterized by radioresistant and high PD-L1 (the PD-L1-high-RR group). Multivariate Cox models demonstrated that the membership in the PD-L1-high-RR can predict overall survival regarding to RT. Differentially expressed genes associated with the PD-L1-high-RR group were found to play a role in the immune response, including the T-cell receptor signaling pathway. CONCLUSION We tested the predictive value of a "31-gene signature" and PD-L1 expression status in a dataset of patients with lower grade glioma. Our results suggest that the patient population classified as the PD-L1-high-RR may benefit most from radiotherapy combined with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment. Prospective clinical trial is necessary to validate the findings in a homogenous treated patient cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Sup Jang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ah Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnamsi, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Witherden DA, Johnson MD, Havran WL. Coreceptors and Their Ligands in Epithelial γδ T Cell Biology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:731. [PMID: 29686687 PMCID: PMC5900413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues line the body providing a protective barrier from the external environment. Maintenance of these epithelial barrier tissues critically relies on the presence of a functional resident T cell population. In some tissues, the resident T cell population is exclusively comprised of γδ T cells, while in others γδ T cells are found together with αβ T cells and other lymphocyte populations. Epithelial-resident γδ T cells function not only in the maintenance of the epithelium, but are also central to the repair process following damage from environmental and pathogenic insults. Key to their function is the crosstalk between γδ T cells and neighboring epithelial cells. This crosstalk relies on multiple receptor–ligand interactions through both the T cell receptor and accessory molecules leading to temporal and spatial regulation of cytokine, chemokine, growth factor, and extracellular matrix protein production. As antigens that activate epithelial γδ T cells are largely unknown and many classical costimulatory molecules and coreceptors are not used by these cells, efforts have focused on identification of novel coreceptors and ligands that mediate pivotal interactions between γδ T cells and their neighbors. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of functions for these coreceptors and their ligands in epithelial maintenance and repair processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Witherden
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Margarete D Johnson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Wendy L Havran
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Aragoneses-Fenoll L, Ojeda G, Montes-Casado M, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Dianzani U, Portolés P, Rojo JM. T-Cell-Specific Loss of the PI-3-Kinase p110α Catalytic Subunit Results in Enhanced Cytokine Production and Antitumor Response. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29535720 PMCID: PMC5835342 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Class IA phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) catalytic subunits p110α and p110δ are targets in cancer therapy expressed at high levels in T lymphocytes. The role of p110δ PI3K in normal or pathological immune responses is well established, yet the importance of p110α subunits in T cell-dependent immune responses is not clear. To address this problem, mice with p110α conditionally deleted in CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes (p110α-/-ΔT) were used. p110α-/-ΔT mice show normal development of T cell subsets, but slightly reduced numbers of CD4+ T cells in the spleen. "In vitro," TCR/CD3 plus CD28 activation of naive CD4+ and CD8+ p110α-/-ΔT T cells showed enhanced effector function, particularly IFN-γ secretion, T-bet induction, and Akt, Erk, or P38 activation. Tfh derived from p110α-/-ΔT cells also have enhanced responses when compared to normal mice, and IL-2 expanded p110α-/-ΔT CD8+ T cells had enhanced levels of LAMP-1 and Granzyme B. By contrast, the expansion of p110α-/-ΔT iTreg cells was diminished. Also, p110α-/-ΔT mice had enhanced anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) IFN-γ, or IL-4 responses and IgG1 and IgG2b anti-KLH antibodies, using CFA or Alum as adjuvant, respectively. When compared to WT mice, p110α-/-ΔT mice inoculated with B16.F10 melanoma showed delayed tumor progression. The percentage of CD8+ T lymphocytes was higher and the percentage of Treg cells lower in the spleen of tumor-bearing p110α-/-ΔT mice. Also, IFN-γ production in tumor antigen-activated spleen cells was enhanced. Thus, PI3K p110α plays a significant role in antigen activation and differentiation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes modulating antitumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Aragoneses-Fenoll
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Ojeda
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Montes-Casado
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yeny Acosta-Ampudia
- Departamento de Medicina Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Umberto Dianzani
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Pilar Portolés
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Rojo
- Departamento de Medicina Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Primary Cutaneous Follicular Helper T-Cell Lymphoma: A Case Series and Review of the Literature. Am J Dermatopathol 2018; 39:374-383. [PMID: 28375859 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Primary cutaneous follicular helper T-cell (Tfh) lymphoma is a recently described variant of peripheral T-cell lymphoma-not otherwise specified. This particular variant, usually presenting as a sudden onset of multiple plaques and nodules, is characterized by tumoral atypical T cells that express an array of Tfh markers, such as inducible T-cell costimulator, Bcl-6, CXCL13, PD-1, and CD10. The authors now present 3 patients whose known clinical skin findings are consistent with PTCL of Tfh origin (PTCL-Tfh). The typically protracted pattern of skin disease manifesting as scaly patches and plaques encountered in mycosis fungoides was not seen in our 3 cases, and there were distinguishing light microscopic and phenotypic features. These cases are similar to the few previous reported cases of PTCL-Tfh, although systemic involvement was not seen. The categorization of additional patients into this PTCL subtype in the medical literature would be needed to further characterize this new entity and may lead to better targeted treatments based on specific T-cell subtypes.
Collapse
|
68
|
Hrusch CL, Manns ST, Bryazka D, Casaos J, Bonham CA, Jaffery MR, Blaine KM, Mills KA, Verhoef PA, Adegunsoye AO, Williams JW, Tjota MY, Moore TV, Strek ME, Noth I, Sperling AI. ICOS protects against mortality from acute lung injury through activation of IL-5 + ILC2s. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:61-70. [PMID: 28488693 PMCID: PMC5681437 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease causing irreversible lung scarring and loss of pulmonary function. IPF Patients suffer from a high rate of pulmonary infections and acute exacerbations of disease that further contribute to pulmonary decline. Low expression of the inducible T-cell costimulatory molecule (ICOS) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells predicts decreased survival of IPF patients, but the mechanisms by which ICOS protects are unclear. Using a model of bleomycin-induced lung injury and fibrosis, we now demonstrate that ICOS expression enhances survival from lung injury rather than regulating fibrogenesis. Of ICOS-expressing cells, type 2 innate lymphocytes (ILC2s) are the first to respond to bleomycin-induced injury, and this expansion is ICOS dependent. Interestingly, a similar decrease in ICOS+ ILCs was found in lung tissue from IPF patients. Interleukin (IL)-5, produced primarily by ILC2s, was significantly reduced after lung injury in ICOS-/- mice, and strikingly, treatment with IL-5 protected both ICOS-/- and wild-type mice from mortality. These results imply that low ICOS expression and decreased lung ILC2s in IPF patients may contribute to poor recovery from infections and acute exacerbation and that IL-5 treatment may be a novel therapeutic strategy to overcome these defects and protect against lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cara L. Hrusch
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Stephenie T. Manns
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Dana Bryazka
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Joshua Casaos
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Catherine A. Bonham
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mohammad R. Jaffery
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Kelly M. Blaine
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Kathleen A.M. Mills
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Philip A. Verhoef
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Ayodeji O. Adegunsoye
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jesse W. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Melissa Y. Tjota
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Tamson V. Moore
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mary E. Strek
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Imre Noth
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Anne I. Sperling
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL,Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Huang Y, Wang Z, Zheng Q, Tang J, Cai J, Lu Y, Jian J. Conservation of structural and interactional features of CD28 and CD80/86 molecules from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:95-103. [PMID: 29074133 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of CD28 with CD80 or CD86 molecules provides a costimulatory signals required in T cell activation. In this study, we cloned and analyzed a CD28 gene (On-CD28) and a CD80/86 gene (On-CD80/86) from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Sequence analysis revealed the typical characteristics of On-CD28 protein; for instance, the proline-based motif (117TYPPPL122) is essential in binding of CD28 to CD80/86 ligands. Moreover, an extracellular Ig domain was found in On-CD80/86; this domain is responsible in binding of CD28 to CD80/86 receptors. Subcellular localization analysis showed that both On-CD28 and On-CD80/86 were distributed predominantly in the cytomembrane. Yeast two-hybrid assay showed that On-CD28 directly interacted with On-CD80/86. On-CD28 and On-CD80/86 transcripts were detected in all the examined tissues of healthy Nile tilapia, and the highest expression levels of On-CD28 and On-CD80/86 were detected in the brain and heart, respectively. Following a bacterial challenge using Streptococcus agalactiae in vivo, On-CD28 and On-CD80/86 were upregulated in head kidney, spleen, intestines, and brain. However, they showed different expression profiles in response to stimulation with inactivated S. agalactiae in vitro. These findings indicated that the interaction of On-CD28 with On-CD80/86 provides a costimulatory signals that possibly play an important role in T cell activation during S. agalactiae infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jufen Tang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jia Cai
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yishan Lu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jichang Jian
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Taylor A, Rudd CE. Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Inactivation Compensates for the Lack of CD28 in the Priming of CD8 + Cytotoxic T-Cells: Implications for anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1653. [PMID: 29312284 PMCID: PMC5732207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The rescue of exhausted CD8+ cytolytic T-cells (CTLs) by anti-Programmed Cell Death-1 (anti-PD-1) blockade has been found to require CD28 expression. At the same time, we have shown that the inactivation of the serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3α/β with small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) specifically down-regulates PD-1 expression for enhanced CD8+ CTL function and clearance of tumors and viral infections. Despite this, it has been unclear whether the GSK-3α/β pathway accounts for CD28 costimulation of CD8+ CTL function. In this article, we show that inactivation of GSK-3α/β through siRNA or by SMIs during priming can substitute CD28 co-stimulation in the potentiation of cytotoxic CD8+ CTL function against the EL-4 lymphoma cells expressing OVA peptide. The effect was seen using several structurally distinct GSK-3 SMIs and was accompanied by an increase in Lamp-1 and GZMB expression. Conversely, CD28 crosslinking obviated the need for GSK-3α/β inhibition in its enhancement of CTL function. Our findings support a model where GSK-3 is the central cosignal for CD28 priming of CD8+ CTLs in anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Taylor
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology (LICAP), University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher E Rudd
- Division of Immunology-Oncology Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Cell Signalling Section, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Immune Venture Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Krueger J, Rudd CE. Two Strings in One Bow: PD-1 Negatively Regulates via Co-receptor CD28 on T Cells. Immunity 2017; 46:529-531. [PMID: 28423334 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The identity of PD-1 dependency on other receptors and signaling has been unclear. In a recent issue of Science, Hui et al. (2017) and Kamphorst et al. (2017) now show that CD28 expression is a target of PD-1-associated phosphatases and is needed for T cell expansion in anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janna Krueger
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Hospital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Christopher E Rudd
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Hospital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Roussey JA, Viglianti SP, Teitz-Tennenbaum S, Olszewski MA, Osterholzer JJ. Anti-PD-1 Antibody Treatment Promotes Clearance of Persistent Cryptococcal Lung Infection in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3535-3546. [PMID: 29038249 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Activation of immunomodulatory pathways in response to invasive fungi can impair clearance and promote persistent infections. The programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) signaling pathway inhibits immune effector responses against tumors, and immune checkpoint inhibitors that block this pathway are being increasingly used as cancer therapy. The objective of this study was to investigate whether this pathway contributes to persistent fungal infection and to determine whether anti-PD-1 Ab treatment improves fungal clearance. Studies were performed using C57BL/6 mice infected with a moderately virulent strain of Cryptococcus neoformans (52D), which resulted in prolonged elevations in fungal burden and histopathologic evidence of chronic lung inflammation. Persistent infection was associated with increased and sustained expression of PD-1 on lung lymphocytes, including a mixed population of CD4+ T cells. In parallel, expression of the PD-1 ligands, PD-1 ligands 1 and 2, was similarly upregulated on specific subsets of resident and recruited lung dendritic cells and macrophages. Treatment of persistently infected mice for 4 wk by repetitive administration of neutralizing anti-PD-1 Ab significantly improved pulmonary fungal clearance. Treatment was well tolerated without evidence of morbidity. Immunophenotyping revealed that anti-PD-1 Ab treatment did not alter immune effector cell numbers or myeloid cell activation. Treatment did reduce gene expression of IL-5 and IL-10 by lung leukocytes and promoted sustained upregulation of OX40 by Th1 and Th17 cells. Collectively, this study demonstrates that PD-1 signaling promotes persistent cryptococcal lung infection and identifies this pathway as a potential target for novel immune-based treatments of chronic fungal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Roussey
- Research Service, Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Health System, Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48103.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48103
| | - Steven P Viglianti
- Research Service, Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Health System, Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48103
| | - Seagal Teitz-Tennenbaum
- Research Service, Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Health System, Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48103.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48103
| | - Michal A Olszewski
- Research Service, Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Health System, Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48103.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48103.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48103; and
| | - John J Osterholzer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48103; .,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48103; and.,Pulmonary Section, Medical Service, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48103
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Vanoverbeke L, Sprangers B. Management of checkpoint inhibitor-associated renal toxicities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23809000.2017.1369045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lowie Vanoverbeke
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ben Sprangers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Experimental Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Cancer-Kidney International Network (C-KIN), Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a distinct type of CD4+ T cell specialized in providing help to B cells during the germinal centre (GC) reaction. As such, they are critical determinants of the quality of an antibody response following antigen challenge. Excessive production of Tfh cells can result in autoimmunity whereas too few can result in inadequate protection from infection. Hence, their differentiation and maintenance must be tightly regulated to ensure appropriate but limited help to B cells. Unlike the majority of other CD4+ T-cell subsets, Tfh cell differentiation occurs in three phases defined by their anatomical location. During each phase of differentiation the emerging Tfh cells express distinct patterns of co-receptors, which work together with the T-cell receptor (TCR) to drive Tfh differentiation. These signals provided by both TCR and co-receptors during Tfh differentiation alter proliferation, survival, metabolism, cytokine production and transcription factor expression. This review will discuss how engagement of TCR and co-receptors work together to shape the formation and function of Tfh cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise M C Webb
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Chen C, Li K, Jiang H, Song F, Gao H, Pan X, Shi B, Bi Y, Wang H, Wang H, Li Z. Development of T cells carrying two complementary chimeric antigen receptors against glypican-3 and asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:475-489. [PMID: 28035433 PMCID: PMC11028818 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1949-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy leveraging chimeric antigen receptor-modified T (CAR-T) cells holds great promise for the treatment of cancer. However, tumor-associated antigens often have low expression levels in normal tissues, which can cause on-target, off-tumor toxicity. Recently, we reported that GPC3-targeted CAR-T cells could eradicate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) xenografts in mice. However, it remains unknown whether on-target, off-tumor toxicity can occur. Therefore, we proposed that dual-targeted CAR-T cells co-expressing glypican-3 (GPC3) and asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGR1) (a liver tissue-specific protein)-targeted CARs featuring CD3ζ and 28BB (containing both CD28 and 4-1BB signaling domains), respectively, may have reduced on-target, off-tumor toxicity. Our results demonstrated that dual-targeted CAR-T cells caused no cytotoxicity to ASGR1+GPC3- tumor cells, but they exhibited a similar cytotoxicity against GPC3+ASGR1- and GPC3+ASGR1+ HCC cells in vitro. We found that dual-targeted CAR-T cells showed significantly higher cytokine secretion, proliferation and antiapoptosis ability against tumor cells bearing both antigens than single-targeted CAR-T cells in vitro. Furthermore, the dual-targeted CAR-T cells displayed potent growth suppression activity on GPC3+ASGR1+ HCC tumor xenografts, while no obvious growth suppression was seen with single or double antigen-negative tumor xenografts. Additionally, the dual-targeted T cells exerted superior anticancer activity and persistence against single-targeted T cells in two GPC3+ASGR1+ HCC xenograft models. Together, T cells carrying two complementary CARs against GPC3 and ASGR1 may reduce the risk of on-target, off-tumor toxicity while maintaining relatively potent antitumor activities on GPC3+ASGR1+ HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Kesang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiping Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaorong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Bizhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyu Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Hongyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, China.
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, China.
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zonghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Wagner DH. Overlooked Mechanisms in Type 1 Diabetes Etiology: How Unique Costimulatory Molecules Contribute to Diabetogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:208. [PMID: 28878738 PMCID: PMC5572340 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) develops when immune cells invade the pancreatic islets resulting in loss of insulin production in beta cells. T cells have been proven to be central players in that process. What is surprising, however, is that classic mechanisms of tolerance cannot explain diabetogenesis; alternate mechanisms must now be considered. T cell receptor (TCR) revision is the process whereby T cells in the periphery alter TCR expression, outside the safety-net of thymic selection pressures. This process results in an expanded T cell repertoire, capable of responding to a universe of pathogens, but limitations are that increased risk for autoimmune disease development occurs. Classic T cell costimulators including the CD28 family have long been thought to be the major drivers for full T cell activation. In actuality, CD28 and its family member counterparts, ICOS and CTLA-4, all drive regulatory responses. Inflammation is driven by CD40, not CD28. CD40 as a costimulus has been largely overlooked. When naïve T cells interact with antigen presenting cell CD154, the major ligand for CD40, is induced. This creates a milieu for T cell (CD40)-T cell (CD154) interaction, leading to inflammation. Finally, defined pathogenic effector cells including TH40 (CD4+CD40+) cells can express FOXP3 but are not Tregs. The cells loose FOXP3 to become pathogenic effector cells. Each of these mechanisms creates novel options to better understand diabetogenesis and create new therapeutic targets for T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David H. Wagner
- The Program in Integrated Immunology, Department of Medicine, Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: David H. Wagner Jr.,
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Mirzaei R, Sarkar S, Yong VW. T Cell Exhaustion in Glioblastoma: Intricacies of Immune Checkpoints. Trends Immunol 2016; 38:104-115. [PMID: 27964820 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive and incurable primary brain tumor. While the blockade of immune checkpoints leads to reversal of T cell exhaustion in many cancers, the efficacy of this therapy in glioblastoma requires further consideration of the brain microenvironment beyond T cell activity. Neural cells are crucially dependent on glucose for survival, and tumor cells rabidly consume glucose; the glucose-deprived microenvironment further elevates immune checkpoint molecules to benefit tumor growth and exacerbate T cell exhaustion. We review here how immune checkpoints drive exhaustion in T cells while favoring tumor metabolism, and discuss how glucose competition in the unique CNS milieu is an important consideration to improve the outcomes of immune checkpoint blockade in glioblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Susobhan Sarkar
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Inaba S, Numoto N, Ogawa S, Morii H, Ikura T, Abe R, Ito N, Oda M. Crystal Structures and Thermodynamic Analysis Reveal Distinct Mechanisms of CD28 Phosphopeptide Binding to the Src Homology 2 (SH2) Domains of Three Adaptor Proteins. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1052-1060. [PMID: 27927989 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.755173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Full activation of T cells and differentiation into effector T cells are essential for many immune responses and require co-stimulatory signaling via the CD28 receptor. Extracellular ligand binding to CD28 recruits protein-tyrosine kinases to its cytoplasmic tail, which contains a YMNM motif. Following phosphorylation of the tyrosine, the proteins growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), Grb2-related adaptor downstream of Shc (Gads), and p85 subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase may bind to pYMNM (where pY is phosphotyrosine) via their Src homology 2 (SH2) domains, leading to downstream signaling to distinct immune pathways. These three adaptor proteins bind to the same site on CD28 with variable affinity, and all are important for CD28-mediated co-stimulatory function. However, the mechanism of how these proteins recognize and compete for CD28 is unclear. To visualize their interactions with CD28, we have determined the crystal structures of Gads SH2 and two p85 SH2 domains in complex with a CD28-derived phosphopeptide. The high resolution structures obtained revealed that, whereas the CD28 phosphopeptide bound to Gads SH2 is in a bent conformation similar to that when bound to Grb2 SH2, it adopts a more extended conformation when bound to the N- and C-terminal SH2 domains of p85. These differences observed in the peptide-protein interactions correlated well with the affinity and other thermodynamic parameters for each interaction determined by isothermal titration calorimetry. The detailed insight into these interactions reported here may inform the development of compounds that specifically inhibit the association of CD28 with these adaptor proteins to suppress excessive T cell responses, such as in allergies and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Inaba
- From the Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Numoto
- the Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ogawa
- the Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan, and
| | - Hisayuki Morii
- the Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Teikichi Ikura
- the Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Ryo Abe
- the Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan, and
| | - Nobutoshi Ito
- the Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan,
| | - Masayuki Oda
- From the Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan,
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Legány N, Berta L, Kovács L, Balog A, Toldi G. The role of B7 family costimulatory molecules and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in primary Sjögren’s syndrome and systemic sclerosis. Immunol Res 2016; 65:622-629. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-016-8880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
80
|
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-guang Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Ming Hou
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Ngiow SF, Young A, Blake SJ, Hill GR, Yagita H, Teng MWL, Korman AJ, Smyth MJ. Agonistic CD40 mAb-Driven IL12 Reverses Resistance to Anti-PD1 in a T-cell–Rich Tumor. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6266-6277. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
82
|
Wikenheiser DJ, Stumhofer JS. ICOS Co-Stimulation: Friend or Foe? Front Immunol 2016; 7:304. [PMID: 27559335 PMCID: PMC4979228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 15 years, the inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS) has been implicated in various immune outcomes, including the induction and regulation of Th1, Th2, and Th17 immunity. In addition to its role in directing effector T cell differentiation, ICOS has also been consistently linked with the induction of thymus-dependent (TD) antibody (Ab) responses and the germinal center (GC) reaction. ICOS co-stimulation, therefore, appears to play a complex role in dictating the course of adaptive immunity. In this article, we summarize the initial characterization of ICOS and its relationship with the related co-stimulatory molecule CD28. We then address the contribution of ICOS in directing an effector T cell response, and ultimately disease outcome, against various bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections. Next, we assess ICOS in the context of TD Ab responses, connecting ICOS signaling to follicular helper T cell differentiation and its role in the GC reaction. Finally, we address the link between ICOS and human autoimmune disorders and evaluate potential therapies aiming to mitigate disease progression by modulating ICOS signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Wikenheiser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, AR , USA
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, AR , USA
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Esensten JH, Helou YA, Chopra G, Weiss A, Bluestone JA. CD28 Costimulation: From Mechanism to Therapy. Immunity 2016; 44:973-88. [PMID: 27192564 PMCID: PMC4932896 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ligation of the CD28 receptor on T cells provides a critical second signal alongside T cell receptor (TCR) ligation for naive T cell activation. Here, we discuss the expression, structure, and biochemistry of CD28 and its ligands. CD28 signals play a key role in many T cell processes, including cytoskeletal remodeling, production of cytokines, survival, and differentiation. CD28 ligation leads to unique epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-translational changes in T cells that cannot be recapitulated by TCR ligation alone. We discuss the function of CD28 and its ligands in both effector and regulatory T cells. CD28 is critical for regulatory T cell survival and the maintenance of immune homeostasis. We outline the roles that CD28 and its family members play in human disease and we review the clinical efficacy of drugs that block CD28 ligands. Despite the centrality of CD28 and its family members and ligands to immune function, many aspects of CD28 biology remain unclear. Translation of a basic understanding of CD28 function into immunomodulatory therapeutics has been uneven, with both successes and failures. Such real-world results might stem from multiple factors, including complex receptor-ligand interactions among CD28 family members, differences between the mouse and human CD28 families, and cell-type specific roles of CD28 family members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Esensten
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Ynes A Helou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gaurav Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
A TRAF-like motif of the inducible costimulator ICOS controls development of germinal center TFH cells via the kinase TBK1. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:825-33. [PMID: 27135603 PMCID: PMC4915981 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inducible costimulator (ICOS) signaling fuels the stepwise development of T follicular helper (TFH) cells. However, a signaling pathway unique to ICOS has not been identified. We show that TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) associates with ICOS via a conserved motif, IProx, which shares homology with tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factors, TRAF2 and TRAF3. Disruption of this motif abolishes the association with TBK1, thus identifying a TBK1-binding consensus. Mutation of this motif in ICOS, or depletion of TBK1 in T cells severely impaired the differentiation of germinal center (GC) TFH, B cell and antibody responses, but was dispensable for early TFH differentiation. These results reveal a novel ICOS-TBK1 signaling pathway that specifies GC TFH cell commitment.
Collapse
|
85
|
IL-33 in T Cell Differentiation, Function, and Immune Homeostasis. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:321-333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
86
|
Porciello N, Tuosto L. CD28 costimulatory signals in T lymphocyte activation: Emerging functions beyond a qualitative and quantitative support to TCR signalling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 28:11-9. [PMID: 26970725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CD28 is one of the most important co-stimulatory receptors necessary for full T lymphocyte activation. By binding its cognate ligands, B7.1/CD80 or B7.2/CD86, expressed on the surface of professional antigen presenting cells (APC), CD28 initiates several signalling cascades, which qualitatively and quantitatively support T cell receptor (TCR) signalling. More recent data evidenced that human CD28 can also act as a TCR-independent signalling unit, by delivering specific signals, which regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokines. Despite the enormous progresses made in identifying the mechanisms and molecules involved in CD28 signalling properties, much remains to be elucidated, especially in the light of the functional differences observed between human and mouse CD28. In this review we provide an overview of the current mechanisms and molecules through which CD28 support TCR signalling and highlight recent findings on the specific signalling motifs that regulate the unique pro-inflammatory activity of human CD28.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicla Porciello
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Loretta Tuosto
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Xia B, Herbst RS. Immune checkpoint therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer: an update. Immunotherapy 2016; 8:279-98. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of immunotherapy in treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been gaining interest over the past few years. This has been driven primarily by promising results from trials evaluating antagonist antibodies that target co-inhibitory immune checkpoints expressed on tumor cells and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment. Immune checkpoints exist to dampen or terminate immune activity to guard against autoimmunity and allow for self-tolerance. However, tumors can take advantage of these immune checkpoint pathways to evade destruction. Antibodies that block inhibitory checkpoints, such as anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies have demonstrated delayed tumor growth and increased survival. Novel therapies are now investigating combining checkpoint inhibitors with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation and vaccines to produce synergistic antitumor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xia
- Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street WWW221, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Roy S Herbst
- Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street WWW221, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Taylor A, Harker JA, Chanthong K, Stevenson PG, Zuniga EI, Rudd CE. Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Inactivation Drives T-bet-Mediated Downregulation of Co-receptor PD-1 to Enhance CD8(+) Cytolytic T Cell Responses. Immunity 2016; 44:274-86. [PMID: 26885856 PMCID: PMC4760122 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of the co-receptor PD-1 in T cell immunity, the upstream signaling pathway that regulates PD-1 expression has not been defined. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3, isoforms α and β) is a serine-threonine kinase implicated in cellular processes. Here, we identified GSK-3 as a key upstream kinase that regulated PD-1 expression in CD8(+) T cells. GSK-3 siRNA downregulation, or inhibition by small molecules, blocked PD-1 expression, resulting in increased CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) function. Mechanistically, GSK-3 inactivation increased Tbx21 transcription, promoting enhanced T-bet expression and subsequent suppression of Pdcd1 (encodes PD-1) transcription in CD8(+) CTLs. Injection of GSK-3 inhibitors in mice increased in vivo CD8(+) OT-I CTL function and the clearance of murine gamma-herpesvirus 68 and lymphocytic choriomeningitis clone 13 and reversed T cell exhaustion. Our findings identify GSK-3 as a regulator of PD-1 expression and demonstrate the applicability of GSK-3 inhibitors in the modulation of PD-1 in immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Taylor
- Cell Signalling Section, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - James A Harker
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kittiphat Chanthong
- Cell Signalling Section, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Philip G Stevenson
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Elina I Zuniga
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher E Rudd
- Cell Signalling Section, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Rohr J, Guo S, Huo J, Bouska A, Lachel C, Li Y, Simone PD, Zhang W, Gong Q, Wang C, Cannon A, Heavican T, Mottok A, Hung S, Rosenwald A, Gascoyne R, Fu K, Greiner TC, Weisenburger DD, Vose JM, Staudt LM, Xiao W, Borgstahl GEO, Davis S, Steidl C, McKeithan T, Iqbal J, Chan WC. Recurrent activating mutations of CD28 in peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Leukemia 2015; 30:1062-70. [PMID: 26719098 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) comprise a heterogeneous group of mature T-cell neoplasms with a poor prognosis. Recently, mutations in TET2 and other epigenetic modifiers as well as RHOA have been identified in these diseases, particularly in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL). CD28 is the major co-stimulatory receptor in T cells which, upon binding ligand, induces sustained T-cell proliferation and cytokine production when combined with T-cell receptor stimulation. We have identified recurrent mutations in CD28 in PTCLs. Two residues-D124 and T195-were recurrently mutated in 11.3% of cases of AITL and in one case of PTCL, not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS). Surface plasmon resonance analysis of mutations at these residues with predicted differential partner interactions showed increased affinity for ligand CD86 (residue D124) and increased affinity for intracellular adaptor proteins GRB2 and GADS/GRAP2 (residue T195). Molecular modeling studies on each of these mutations suggested how these mutants result in increased affinities. We found increased transcription of the CD28-responsive genes CD226 and TNFA in cells expressing the T195P mutant in response to CD3 and CD86 co-stimulation and increased downstream activation of NF-κB by both D124V and T195P mutants, suggesting a potential therapeutic target in CD28-mutated PTCLs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Rohr
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - S Guo
- Department of Pathology, Xi Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi Province, China
| | - J Huo
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Bouska
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - C Lachel
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Y Li
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - P D Simone
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Florida Atlantic University College of Medicine, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - W Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Q Gong
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - C Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - A Cannon
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - T Heavican
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - A Mottok
- Department for Lymphoid Cancer Research, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - S Hung
- Department for Lymphoid Cancer Research, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (CCC MF), University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - R Gascoyne
- Department for Lymphoid Cancer Research, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - K Fu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - T C Greiner
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - D D Weisenburger
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - J M Vose
- Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - L M Staudt
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W Xiao
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | - G E O Borgstahl
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - S Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Steidl
- Department for Lymphoid Cancer Research, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - T McKeithan
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - J Iqbal
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - W C Chan
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Decreased Frequency and Secretion of CD26 Promotes Disease Progression in Indian Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis. J Clin Immunol 2015; 36:85-94. [PMID: 26644312 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-015-0215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Leishmania, the causative organisms for leishmaniasis, reside in host macrophages and survive by modulating the microbicidal pathways via attenuation of the oxidative burst and/or suppression of cell-mediated immunity. As post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), the dermal sequela of visceral leishmaniasis, has no animal model, the underlying mechanism(s) that nullify the microbicidal effector mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study was aimed at assessing the status of dipeptidyl peptidase CD26, a co-stimulatory molecule that is essential for T-cell signal activation. METHODS The frequency/expression of CD26 and CD45RO/RA was evaluated by flow cytometry, while levels of soluble CD26 (sCD26), CXCL-10, RANTES, IL-10 and TGF-β along with adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity were measured using ELISA. RESULTS In patients with PKDL vis-à-vis healthy individuals, there was a significant decrease in the frequency and expression of CD26 on CD3(+)CD8(+) T-cells, which was accompanied by a significant lowering of plasma levels of sCD26. Furthermore, these patients showed a significant decrease in the frequency of CD45RO(+)/CD8(+) T-cells, concomitant with a significant increase in the proportion of CD45RA(+)/CD8(+) T-cells. This could collectively translate into reduced formation of the immunological synapse of CD26, CD45RO, and ADA, and lead to an attenuation of the Th1 responses. The decreased levels of CD26 and sCD26 correlated negatively with raised levels of Th2 cytokines, IL-10, and TGF-β along with the lesional parasite load, indicating disease specificity. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the decreased expression and secretion of CD26 in patients with PKDL resulted in impairment of the CD26-ADA interaction, and thereby possibly contributed to T-cell unresponsiveness, emphasizing the need to develop immunomodulatory therapies against PKDL and by extension, the leishmaniases.
Collapse
|
91
|
Lim HS, Cordoba SP, Dushek O, Goyette J, Taylor A, Rudd CE, van der Merwe PA. Costimulation of IL-2 Production through CD28 Is Dependent on the Size of Its Ligand. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5432-9. [PMID: 26500347 PMCID: PMC4654228 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Optimal T cell activation typically requires engagement of both the TCR and costimulatory receptors, such as CD28. Engagement of CD28 leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic region and recruitment of cytoplasmic signaling proteins. Although the exact mechanism of CD28 signal transduction is unknown, CD28 triggering has similarities to the TCR, which was proposed to use the kinetic-segregation (KS) mechanism. The KS model postulates that, when small receptors engage their ligands within areas of close (∼15 nm) contact in the T cell/APC interface, this facilitates phosphorylation by segregating the engaged receptor/ligand complex from receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases with large ectodomains, such as CD45. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of elongating the extracellular region of the CD28 ligand, CD80, on its ability to costimulate IL-2 production by primary T cells. CD80 elongation reduced its costimulatory effect without abrogating CD28 binding. Confocal microscopy revealed that elongated CD80 molecules were less well segregated from CD45 at the T cell/APC interface. T cells expressing CD28 harboring a key tyrosine-170 mutation were less sensitive to CD80 elongation. In summary, the effectiveness of CD28 costimulation is inversely proportional to the dimensions of the CD28-CD80 complex. Small CD28-CD80 complex dimensions are required for optimal costimulation by segregation from large inhibitory tyrosine phosphatases. These results demonstrate the importance of ligand dimensions for optimal costimulation of IL-2 production by T cells and suggest that the KS mechanism contributes to CD28 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sheng Lim
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun-Paul Cordoba
- University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Jesse Goyette
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Taylor
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher E Rudd
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - P Anton van der Merwe
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Pendeloski KPT, Mattar R, Torloni MR, Gomes CP, Alexandre SM, Daher S. Immunoregulatory molecules in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. Endocrine 2015; 50:99-109. [PMID: 25754913 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Induction of maternal-fetal immune tolerance is essential for the development of normal pregnancy. Impaired expression of costimulatory molecules may lead to intense inflammatory reaction, a mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The aim of this study was to investigate whether immunoregulatory molecules are involved in the physiopathology of GDM. This case-control study included 30 healthy pregnant women and 20 GDM patients. Flow cytometry was used to assess peripheral blood T subpopulations (CD4(+) and CD8(+)), the expression of immunoregulatory molecules (CD28, ICOS, CTLA-4, and PD-1) and activation markers (CD69 and HLA-DR). Compared to healthy women, GDM patients had a significantly higher frequency of CD4(+)CD69(+) and CD8(+)CD69(+) T cells; only patients with insulin-treated GDM had increased numbers of CD4(+)HLA-DR(+) T cells. We also observed significantly higher percentages of CD4(+)CD28(+)HLA-DR(+), CD3(+)CD4(+)ICOS(+), CD3(+)CD4(+)PD-1(+), CD8(+)CD28(+)CD69(+), CD8(+)CD28(+)HLA-DR(+), CD8(+)CTLA-4(+)HLA-DR(+), and CD3(+)CD8(+)ICOS(+) T cells and lower frequency of CD3(+)CD4(+)CTLA-4(+), CD3(+)CD8(+)CTLA-4(+), and CD8(+)ICOS(+)HLA-DR(+) T cells in GDM patients compared to healthy pregnant women. This first study assessing costimulatory molecules in GDM patients shows that these patients have exacerbated markers of T cell activation along with CTLA-4 deficiency, findings that indicate that the maternal-fetal tolerance is compromised in these patients.
Collapse
|
93
|
Vessillier S, Eastwood D, Fox B, Sathish J, Sethu S, Dougall T, Thorpe SJ, Thorpe R, Stebbings R. Cytokine release assays for the prediction of therapeutic mAb safety in first-in man trials--Whole blood cytokine release assays are poorly predictive for TGN1412 cytokine storm. J Immunol Methods 2015; 424:43-52. [PMID: 25960173 PMCID: PMC4768082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) TGN1412 (anti-CD28 superagonist) caused near-fatal cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in all six volunteers during a phase-I clinical trial. Several cytokine release assays (CRAs) with reported predictivity for TGN1412-induced CRS have since been developed for the preclinical safety testing of new therapeutic mAbs. The whole blood (WB) CRA is the most widely used, but its sensitivity for TGN1412-like cytokine release was recently criticized. In a comparative study, using group size required for 90% power with 5% significance as a measure of sensitivity, we found that WB and 10% (v/v) WB CRAs were the least sensitive for TGN1412 as these required the largest group sizes (n = 52 and 79, respectively). In contrast, the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) solid phase (SP) CRA was the most sensitive for TGN1412 as it required the smallest group size (n = 4). Similarly, the PBMC SP CRA was more sensitive than the WB CRA for muromonab-CD3 (anti-CD3) which stimulates TGN1412-like cytokine release (n = 4 and 4519, respectively). Conversely, the WB CRA was far more sensitive than the PBMC SP CRA for alemtuzumab (anti-CD52) which stimulates FcγRI-mediated cytokine release (n = 8 and 180, respectively). Investigation of potential factors contributing to the different sensitivities revealed that removal of red blood cells (RBCs) from WB permitted PBMC-like TGN1412 responses in a SP CRA, which in turn could be inhibited by the addition of the RBC membrane protein glycophorin A (GYPA); this observation likely underlies, at least in part, the poor sensitivity of WB CRA for TGN1412. The use of PBMC SP CRA for the detection of TGN1412-like cytokine release is recommended in conjunction with adequately powered group sizes for dependable preclinical safety testing of new therapeutic mAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Vessillier
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Group, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
| | - D Eastwood
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Group, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - B Fox
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Group, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - J Sathish
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - S Sethu
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - T Dougall
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Group, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - S J Thorpe
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Group, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - R Thorpe
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Group, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - R Stebbings
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Group, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom; Medimmune, Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Azevedo R, Ferreira JA, Peixoto A, Neves M, Sousa N, Lima A, Santos LL. Emerging antibody-based therapeutic strategies for bladder cancer: A systematic review. J Control Release 2015. [PMID: 26196222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract, presents the highest recurrence rate among solid tumors and is the second leading cause of death in genitourinary cancers. Despite recent advances in understanding of pathophysiology of the disease, the management of bladder cancer patients remains a clinically challenging problem. Particularly, bladder tumors invading the muscularis propria and disseminated disease are often not responsive to currently available therapeutic approaches, which include surgery and conventional chemotherapy. Antibody-based therapeutic strategies have become an established treatment option for over a decade in several types of cancer. However, bladder cancer has remained mostly an "orphan disease" regarding the introduction of these novel therapeutics, which has been translated in few improvements in patients overall survival. In order to shift this paradigm, several clinical studies involving antibody-based therapeutic strategies targeting the most prominent bladder cancer-related biomolecular pathways and immunological mediators are ongoing. This systematic review explores antibody-based therapeutics for bladder cancer undergoing clinical trial and discusses the future perspectives in this field, envisaging the development of more effective guided therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Azevedo
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal; Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Alexandre Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal; Mass Spectrometry Center, QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Andreia Peixoto
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Neves
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal; Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Aurea Lima
- CESPU, Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (Iinfacts), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116, Gandra-PRD, Portugal; Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group - Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal; Health School of University of Fernando Pessoa, Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal; Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Fuertes Marraco SA, Neubert NJ, Verdeil G, Speiser DE. Inhibitory Receptors Beyond T Cell Exhaustion. Front Immunol 2015; 6:310. [PMID: 26167163 PMCID: PMC4481276 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory receptors (iRs) are frequently associated with "T cell exhaustion". However, the expression of iRs is also dependent on T cell differentiation and activation. Therapeutic blockade of various iRs, also referred to as "checkpoint blockade", is showing -unprecedented results in the treatment of cancer patients. Consequently, the clinical potential in this field is broad, calling for increased research efforts and rapid refinements in the understanding of iR function. In this review, we provide an overview on the significance of iR expression for the interpretation of T cell functionality. We summarize how iRs have been strongly associated with "T cell exhaustion" and illustrate the parallel evidence on the importance of T cell differentiation and activation for the expression of iRs. The differentiation subsets of CD8 T cells (naïve, effector, and memory cells) show broad and inherent differences in iR expression, while activation leads to strong upregulation of iRs. Therefore, changes in iR expression during an immune response are often concomitant with T cell differentiation and activation. Sustained expression of iRs in chronic infection and in the tumor microenvironment likely reflects a specialized T cell differentiation. In these situations of prolonged antigen exposure and chronic inflammation, T cells are "downtuned" in order to limit tissue damage. Furthermore, we review the novel "checkpoint blockade" treatments and the potential of iRs as biomarkers. Finally, we provide recommendations for the immune monitoring of patients to interpret iR expression data combined with parameters of activation and differentiation of T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A. Fuertes Marraco
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natalie J. Neubert
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Verdeil
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E. Speiser
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Liu D, Suchard SJ, Nadler SG, Ford ML. Inhibition of Donor-Reactive CD8+ T Cell Responses by Selective CD28 Blockade Is Independent of Reduced ICOS Expression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130490. [PMID: 26098894 PMCID: PMC4476729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed T cell differentiation is critically influenced by the complement of costimulatory and coinhibitory signals transmitted during initial antigen encounter. We previously showed that selective CD28 blockade with novel domain antibodies that leave CTLA-4-mediated coinhibitory signaling intact resulted in more profound attenuation of donor-reactive T cell responses and improved graft survival in a murine transplant model. Selective CD28 blockade was also associated with decreased ICOS expression on donor-reactive CD8+ T cell responses as compared to CTLA-4 Ig, but the functional importance of this reduced ICOS expression was not known. In this study, we created retrogenic donor-reactive CD8+ T cells that overexpress ICOS in order to determine whether reduced ICOS expression mechanistically underlies the increased efficacy of selective CD28 blockade in controlling graft-specific T cell responses as compared to conventional costimulation blockade with CTLA-4 Ig. Results indicated that the ability of selective CD28 blockade to blunt donor-reactive CD8+ T cell expansion following transplantation was independent of its ability to inhibit ICOS expression. Furthermore, we have previously published that 2B4 coinhibitory signals are functionally important for controlling graft-specific CD8+ T cell responses in mice treated with CD28 blockade. Here we used a co-adoptive transfer approach to determine that 2B4 coinhibitory signals on antigen-specific CD8+ T cells function in a cell-intrinsic manner to limit ICOS expression in the setting of selective CD28 blockade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danya Liu
- Emory Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
| | | | - Steve G. Nadler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, United States of America
| | - Mandy L. Ford
- Emory Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Marriott CL, Carlesso G, Herbst R, Withers DR. ICOS is required for the generation of both central and effector CD4(+) memory T-cell populations following acute bacterial infection. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1706-15. [PMID: 25754933 PMCID: PMC4736665 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between ICOS and ICOS ligand (ICOSL) are essential for the development of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and thus the formation and maintenance of GC reactions. Given the conflicting reports on the requirement of other CD4+ T‐cell populations for ICOS signals, we have employed a range of in vivo approaches to dissect requirements for ICOS signals in mice during an endogenous CD4+ T‐cell response and contrasted this with CD28 signals. Genetic absence of ICOSL only modestly reduced the total number of antigen‐specific CD4+ T cells at the peak of the primary response, but resulted in a severely diminished number of both T central memory and T effector memory cells. Treatment with blocking anti‐ICOS mAb during the primary response recapitulated these effects and caused a more substantial reduction than blocking CD28 signals with CTLA4Ig. During the memory phase of the response further signals through ICOS or CD28 were not required for survival. However, upon secondary challenge only Tfh cell expansion remained heavily ICOS‐dependent, while CD28 signals were required for optimal expansion of all subsets. These data demonstrate the importance of ICOS signals specifically for memory CD4+ T‐cell formation, while highlighting the potential of therapeutically targeting this pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Marriott
- Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Gianluca Carlesso
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Research Department, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Ronald Herbst
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Research Department, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - David R Withers
- Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Akieda Y, Wakamatsu E, Nakamura T, Ishida Y, Ogawa S, Abe R. Defects in Regulatory T Cells Due to CD28 Deficiency Induce a Qualitative Change of Allogeneic Immune Response in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4162-74. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
99
|
T cell exhaustion and Interleukin 2 downregulation. Cytokine 2015; 71:339-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
100
|
Hatano R, Ohnuma K, Otsuka H, Komiya E, Taki I, Iwata S, Dang NH, Okumura K, Morimoto C. CD26-mediated induction of EGR2 and IL-10 as potential regulatory mechanism for CD26 costimulatory pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:960-72. [PMID: 25548232 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CD26 is associated with T cell signal transduction processes as a costimulatory molecule, and CD26(+) T cells have been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of diverse autoimmune diseases. Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in CD26-mediated T cell activation have been extensively evaluated by our group and others, potential negative feedback mechanisms to regulate CD26-mediated activation still remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we examine the expression of inhibitory molecules induced via CD26-mediated costimulation. We show that coengagement of CD3 and CD26 induces preferential production of IL-10 in human CD4(+) T cells, mediated through NFAT and Raf-MEK-ERK pathways. A high level of early growth response 2 (EGR2) is also induced following CD26 costimulation, possibly via NFAT and AP-1-mediated signaling, and knockdown of EGR2 leads to decreased IL-10 production. Furthermore, CD3/CD26-stimulated CD4(+) T cells clearly suppress proliferative activity and effector cytokine production of bystander T cells in an IL-10-dependent manner. Taken together, our data suggest that robust CD26 costimulatory signaling induces preferential expression of EGR2 and IL-10 as a potential mechanism for regulating CD26-mediated activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Hatano
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; and
| | - Kei Ohnuma
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Haruna Otsuka
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Eriko Komiya
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Izumi Taki
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iwata
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Nam H Dang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Ko Okumura
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; and
| | - Chikao Morimoto
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|