51
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Sauer MED, Salomão H, Ramos GB, D'Espindula HRS, Rodrigues RSA, Macedo WC, Sindeaux RHM, Mira MT. Genetics of leprosy: Expected-and unexpected-developments and perspectives. Clin Dermatol 2015; 34:96-104. [PMID: 26773629 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A solid body of evidence produced over decades of intense research supports the hypothesis that leprosy phenotypes are largely dependent on the genetic characteristics of the host. The early evidence of a major gene effect controlling susceptibility to leprosy came from studies of familial aggregation, twins, and complex segregation analysis. Later, linkage and association analysis, first applied to the investigation of candidate genes and chromosomal regions and more recently, to genome-wide scans, have revealed several HLA and non-HLA gene variants as risk factors for leprosy phenotypes such as disease per se, its clinical forms, and leprosy reactions. In addition, powerful, hypothesis-free strategies such as genome-wide association studies have led to an exciting, unexpected development: Leprosy susceptibility genes seem to be shared with Crohn's and Parkinson's disease. Today, a major challenge is to find the exact variants causing the biological effect underlying the genetic associations. New technologies, such as Next Generation Sequencing-that allows, for the first time, the cost- and time-effective sequencing of a complete human genome-hold the promise to reveal such variants; thus, strategies can be developed to study the functional impact of these variants in the context of infection, hopefully leading to the development of new targets for leprosy treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica E D Sauer
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Salomão
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Geovana B Ramos
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Helena R S D'Espindula
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael S A Rodrigues
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wilian C Macedo
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renata H M Sindeaux
- School of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T Mira
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; School of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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52
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Nayan S, Alizadehfar R, Desrosiers M. Humoral Primary Immunodeficiencies in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2015; 15:46. [PMID: 26149586 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-015-0547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) may be the primary presenting symptom for primary immunodeficiencies (PID). PID can affect the humoral or the cellular immune system. This paper provides an overview of PID which affect the humoral immune system, with details around the diagnostic criteria, the epidemiology, the subtypes, the clinical manifestations, underlying molecular mechanisms, methods to screen for PID and the management of CRS in the context of PID. A high clinical suspicion of PID is required when assessing patients with CRS who are refractory to maximal medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Nayan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Université de Montréal (CHUM), Université de Montréal, Pavillon Hôtel-Dieu, 3840 Avenue St Urbain, Montréal, QC, H2W 1T8, Canada,
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53
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Belot A. [Are all pediatric-onset inflammatory diseases genetically driven?]. Arch Pediatr 2015; 22:1103-6. [PMID: 26385647 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Belot
- Inserm U1111, service de néphrologie rhumatologie et dermatologie pédiatriques, hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, hospices civils de Lyon, université Claude-Bernard Lyon-1, 69000 Lyon, France.
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54
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Sauer MED, Salomão H, Ramos GB, D'Espindula HRS, Rodrigues RSA, Macedo WC, Sindeaux RHM, Mira MT. Genetics of leprosy: expected and unexpected developments and perspectives. Clin Dermatol 2015; 33:99-107. [PMID: 25432815 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A solid body of evidence produced over decades of intense research supports the hypothesis that leprosy phenotypes are largely dependent on the genetic characteristics of the host. The early evidence of a major gene effect controlling susceptibility to leprosy came from studies of familial aggregation, twins, and Complex Segregation Analysis. Later, linkage and association analysis, first applied to the investigation of candidate genes and chromosomal regions and more recently, to genome-wide scans, have revealed several leukocyte antigen complex and nonleukocyte antigen complex gene variants as risk factors for leprosy phenotypes such as disease per se, its clinical forms and leprosy reactions. In addition, powerful, hypothesis-free strategies such as Genome-Wide Association Studies have led to an exciting, unexpected development: Leprosy susceptibility genes seem to be shared with Crohn's and Parkinson's diseases. Today, a major challenge is to find the exact variants causing the biological effect underlying the genetic associations. New technologies, such as Next Generation Sequencing that allows, for the first time, the cost and time-effective sequencing of a complete human genome, hold the promise to reveal such variants. Strategies can be developed to study the functional effect of these variants in the context of infection, hopefully leading to the development of new targets for leprosy treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica E D Sauer
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Salomão
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Geovana B Ramos
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Helena R S D'Espindula
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael S A Rodrigues
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wilian C Macedo
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renata H M Sindeaux
- School of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T Mira
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; School of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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55
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Lee SW, Chuang TY, Huang HH, Lee KF, Chen TTW, Kao YH, Wu LSH. Interferon gamma polymorphisms associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis in a Han Taiwanese population. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2015; 48:376-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Roederer M, Quaye L, Mangino M, Beddall MH, Mahnke Y, Chattopadhyay P, Tosi I, Napolitano L, Terranova Barberio M, Menni C, Villanova F, Di Meglio P, Spector TD, Nestle FO. The genetic architecture of the human immune system: a bioresource for autoimmunity and disease pathogenesis. Cell 2015; 161:387-403. [PMID: 25772697 PMCID: PMC4393780 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent discoveries of genetic variants associated with autoimmunity and infection, genetic control of the human immune system during homeostasis is poorly understood. We undertook a comprehensive immunophenotyping approach, analyzing 78,000 immune traits in 669 female twins. From the top 151 heritable traits (up to 96% heritable), we used replicated GWAS to obtain 297 SNP associations at 11 genetic loci, explaining up to 36% of the variation of 19 traits. We found multiple associations with canonical traits of all major immune cell subsets and uncovered insights into genetic control for regulatory T cells. This data set also revealed traits associated with loci known to confer autoimmune susceptibility, providing mechanistic hypotheses linking immune traits with the etiology of disease. Our data establish a bioresource that links genetic control elements associated with normal immune traits to common autoimmune and infectious diseases, providing a shortcut to identifying potential mechanisms of immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Roederer
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Lydia Quaye
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Margaret H Beddall
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yolanda Mahnke
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pratip Chattopadhyay
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Isabella Tosi
- Cutaneous Medicine Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Luca Napolitano
- Cutaneous Medicine Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Federica Villanova
- Cutaneous Medicine Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Paola Di Meglio
- Cutaneous Medicine Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Frank O Nestle
- Cutaneous Medicine Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
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57
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van der Starre WE, van Nieuwkoop C, Thomson U, Zijderveld-Voshart MSM, Koopman JPR, van der Reijden TJK, van Dissel JT, van de Vosse E. Urinary proteins, vitamin D and genetic polymorphisms as risk factors for febrile urinary tract infection and relation with bacteremia: a case control study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121302. [PMID: 25807366 PMCID: PMC4373833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective/Purpose Febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial disease that may lead to substantial morbidity and mortality especially among the elderly. Little is known about biomarkers that predict a complicated course. Our aim was to determine the role of certain urinary cytokines or antimicrobial proteins, plasma vitamin D level, and genetic variation in host defense of febrile UTI and its relation with bacteremia. Methods A case-control study. Out of a cohort of consecutive adults with febrile UTI (n = 787) included in a multi-center observational cohort study, 46 cases with bacteremic E.coli UTI and 45 cases with non-bacteremic E.coli UTI were randomly selected and compared to 46 controls. Urinary IL-6, IL-8, LL37, β-defensin 2 and uromodulin as well as plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D were measured. In 440 controls and 707 UTI patients polymorphisms were genotyped in the genes CXCR1, DEFA4, DEFB1, IL6, IL8, MYD88, UMOD, TIRAP, TLR1, TLR2, TLR5 and TNF. Results IL-6, IL-8, and LL37 are different between controls and UTI patients, although these proteins do not distinguish between patients with and without bacteremia. While uromodulin did not differ between groups, inability to produce uromodulin is more common in patients with bacteremia. Most participants in the study, including the controls, had insufficient vitamin D and, at least in winter, UTI patients have lower vitamin D than controls. Associations were found between the CC genotype of IL6 SNP rs1800795 and occurrence of bacteremia and between TLR5 SNP rs5744168 and protection from UTI. The rare GG genotype of IL6 SNP rs1800795 was associated with higher β-defensin 2 production. Conclusion Although no biomarker was able to distinguish between UTI with or without bacteremia, two risk factors for bacteremia were identified. These were inability to produce uromodulin and an IL6 rs1800795 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cees van Nieuwkoop
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haga Hospital, the Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Uginia Thomson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Pieter R. Koopman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jaap T. van Dissel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Esther van de Vosse
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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58
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Noster R, Riedel R, Mashreghi MF, Radbruch H, Harms L, Haftmann C, Chang HD, Radbruch A, Zielinski CE. IL-17 and GM-CSF expression are antagonistically regulated by human T helper cells. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:241ra80. [PMID: 24944195 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although T helper 17 (TH17) cells have been acknowledged as crucial mediators of autoimmune tissue damage, the effector cytokines responsible for their pathogenicity still remain poorly defined, particularly in humans. In mouse models of autoimmunity, the pathogenicity of TH17 cells has recently been associated with their production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). We analyzed the regulation of GM-CSF expression by human TH cell subsets. Surprisingly, the induction of GM-CSF expression by human TH cells is constrained by the interleukin-23 (IL-23)/ROR-γt/TH17 cell axis but promoted by the IL-12/T-bet/TH1 cell axis. IL-2-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) signaling induced GM-CSF expression in naïve and memory TH cells, whereas STAT3 signaling blocked it. The opposite effect was observed for IL-17 expression. Ex vivo, GM-CSF(+) TH cells that coexpress interferon-γ and T-bet could be distinguished by differential chemokine receptor expression from a previously uncharacterized subset of GM-CSF-only-producing TH cells that did not express TH1, TH2, and TH17 signature cytokines or master transcription factors. Our findings demonstrate distinct and counterregulatory pathways for the generation of IL-17- and GM-CSF-producing cells and also suggest a pathogenic role for GM-CSF(+) T cells in the inflamed brain of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. This provides not only a scientific rationale for depleting T cell-derived GM-CSF in MS patients but also multiple new molecular checkpoints for therapeutic GM-CSF suppression, which, unlike in mice, do not associate with the TH17 but instead with the TH1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Noster
- Cellular Immunoregulation Group, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - René Riedel
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Helena Radbruch
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany. Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Harms
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Haftmann
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina E Zielinski
- Cellular Immunoregulation Group, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany. Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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59
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Ji LD, Xu WN, Chai PF, Zheng W, Qian HX, Xu J. Polymorphisms in the CISH gene are associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis in the Chinese Han population. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:240-4. [PMID: 25460819 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A recent multi-center case-control study identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the cytokine-inducible SRC homology 2 domain (CISH) gene that are associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) in both African and Asian populations. To acquire a more robust and well-powered estimate of the putative influence of these SNPs on TB susceptibility, we conducted a well-designed case-control study in the Chinese Han population. We genotyped 3 previously identified SNPs within CISH in 600 patients with pulmonary TB and 618 healthy controls, and we calculated the pooled P-values and ORs of several studies that have also been conducted in the Chinese populations. The results of the case-control study showed that the C allele of rs2239751 and the T allele of rs414171 are associated with TB susceptibility, and this association exists only in women and young adults. The pooled analysis indicated that both SNPs are significantly associated with TB in the global populations and Chinese populations. The current study confirms that variants of CISH are associated with susceptibility to TB, suggesting that negative regulators of cytokine signaling may have a role in immunity against TB infection. We hypothesize that CISH and estrogen may interact in the cytokine-dependent regulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-dan Ji
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Wei-nan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Peng-fei Chai
- Department of Tuberculosis Control, Yingzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hai-xia Qian
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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60
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Casanova JL, Conley ME, Seligman SJ, Abel L, Notarangelo LD. Guidelines for genetic studies in single patients: lessons from primary immunodeficiencies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:2137-49. [PMID: 25311508 PMCID: PMC4203950 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Casanova and colleagues discuss the importance of single-patient genetic studies in the discovery of novel primary immunodeficiencies and offer insight into the standards and criteria that should accompany these studies. Can genetic and clinical findings made in a single patient be considered sufficient to establish a causal relationship between genotype and phenotype? We report that up to 49 of the 232 monogenic etiologies (21%) of human primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) were initially reported in single patients. The ability to incriminate single-gene inborn errors in immunodeficient patients results from the relative ease in validating the disease-causing role of the genotype by in-depth mechanistic studies demonstrating the structural and functional consequences of the mutations using blood samples. The candidate genotype can be causally connected to a clinical phenotype using cellular (leukocytes) or molecular (plasma) substrates. The recent advent of next generation sequencing (NGS), with whole exome and whole genome sequencing, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, and gene editing technologies—including in particular the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology—offer new and exciting possibilities for the genetic exploration of single patients not only in hematology and immunology but also in other fields. We propose three criteria for deciding if the clinical and experimental data suffice to establish a causal relationship based on only one case. The patient’s candidate genotype must not occur in individuals without the clinical phenotype. Experimental studies must indicate that the genetic variant impairs, destroys, or alters the expression or function of the gene product (or two genetic variants for compound heterozygosity). The causal relationship between the candidate genotype and the clinical phenotype must be confirmed via a relevant cellular phenotype, or by default via a relevant animal phenotype. When supported by satisfaction of rigorous criteria, the report of single patient–based discovery of Mendelian disorders should be encouraged, as it can provide the first step in the understanding of a group of human diseases, thereby revealing crucial pathways underlying physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065 Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mary Ellen Conley
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Stephen J Seligman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065 Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Pediatrics and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Leunda A, Baldo A, Goossens M, Huygen K, Herman P, Romano M. Novel GMO-Based Vaccines against Tuberculosis: State of the Art and Biosafety Considerations. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:463-99. [PMID: 26344627 PMCID: PMC4494264 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2020463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel efficient vaccines are needed to control tuberculosis (TB), a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several TB vaccine candidates are currently in clinical and preclinical development. They fall into two categories, the one of candidates designed as a replacement of the Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) to be administered to infants and the one of sub-unit vaccines designed as booster vaccines. The latter are designed as vaccines that will be administered to individuals already vaccinated with BCG (or in the future with a BCG replacement vaccine). In this review we provide up to date information on novel tuberculosis (TB) vaccines in development focusing on the risk assessment of candidates composed of genetically modified organisms (GMO) which are currently evaluated in clinical trials. Indeed, these vaccines administered to volunteers raise biosafety concerns with respect to human health and the environment that need to be assessed and managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Leunda
- Biosafety and Biotechnology Unit, Scientific Institute of Public Health, 14 Juliette Wytsman Street, Brussels 1050, Belgium.
| | - Aline Baldo
- Biosafety and Biotechnology Unit, Scientific Institute of Public Health, 14 Juliette Wytsman Street, Brussels 1050, Belgium.
| | - Martine Goossens
- Biosafety and Biotechnology Unit, Scientific Institute of Public Health, 14 Juliette Wytsman Street, Brussels 1050, Belgium.
| | - Kris Huygen
- Immunology Unit, Scientific Institute of Public Health, 642 Engeland Street, Brussels 1180, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Herman
- Biosafety and Biotechnology Unit, Scientific Institute of Public Health, 14 Juliette Wytsman Street, Brussels 1050, Belgium.
| | - Marta Romano
- Immunology Unit, Scientific Institute of Public Health, 642 Engeland Street, Brussels 1180, Belgium.
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Cichocki F, Schlums H, Li H, Stache V, Holmes T, Lenvik TR, Chiang SCC, Miller JS, Meeths M, Anderson SK, Bryceson YT. Transcriptional regulation of Munc13-4 expression in cytotoxic lymphocytes is disrupted by an intronic mutation associated with a primary immunodeficiency. J Exp Med 2014; 211:1079-91. [PMID: 24842371 PMCID: PMC4042637 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive mutations in UNC13D, the gene that encodes Munc13-4, are associated with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 3 (FHL3). Munc13-4 expression is obligatory for exocytosis of lytic granules, facilitating cytotoxicity by T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. The mechanisms regulating Munc13-4 expression are unknown. Here, we report that Munc13-4 is highly expressed in differentiated human NK cells and effector CD8(+) T lymphocytes. A UNC13D c.118-308C>T mutation, causative of FHL3, disrupted binding of the ETS family member ELF1 to a conserved intronic sequence. This mutation impairs UNC13D intron 1 recruitment of STAT4 and the chromatin remodeling complex component BRG1, diminishing active histone modifications at the locus. The intronic sequence acted as an overall enhancer of Munc13-4 expression in cytotoxic lymphocytes in addition to representing an alternative promoter encoding a novel Munc13-4 isoform. Mechanistically, T cell receptor engagement facilitated STAT4-dependent Munc13-4 expression in naive CD8(+) T lymphocytes. Collectively, our data demonstrates how chromatin remodeling within an evolutionarily conserved regulatory element in intron 1 of UNC13D regulates the induction of Munc13-4 expression in cytotoxic lymphocytes and suggests that an alternative Munc13-4 isoform is required for lymphocyte cytotoxicity. Thus, mutations associated with primary immunodeficiencies may cause disease by disrupting transcription factor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Cichocki
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Heinrich Schlums
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hongchuan Li
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Vanessa Stache
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Timothy Holmes
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Todd R Lenvik
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Samuel C C Chiang
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey S Miller
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Marie Meeths
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen K Anderson
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Clinical Institute, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
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63
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Chognard G, Bellemare L, Pelletier AN, Dominguez-Punaro MC, Beauchamp C, Guyon MJ, Charron G, Morin N, Sivanesan D, Kuchroo V, Xavier R, Michnick SW, Chemtob S, Rioux JD, Lesage S. The dichotomous pattern of IL-12r and IL-23R expression elucidates the role of IL-12 and IL-23 in inflammation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89092. [PMID: 24586521 PMCID: PMC3931659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-12 and IL-23 cytokines respectively drive Th1 and Th17 type responses. Yet, little is known regarding the biology of these receptors. As the IL-12 and IL-23 receptors share a common subunit, it has been assumed that these receptors are co-expressed. Surprisingly, we find that the expression of each of these receptors is restricted to specific cell types, in both mouse and human. Indeed, although IL-12Rβ2 is expressed by NK cells and a subset of γδ T cells, the expression of IL-23R is restricted to specific T cell subsets, a small number of B cells and innate lymphoid cells. By exploiting an IL-12- and IL-23-dependent mouse model of innate inflammation, we demonstrate an intricate interplay between IL-12Rβ2 NK cells and IL-23R innate lymphoid cells with respectively dominant roles in the regulation of systemic versus local inflammatory responses. Together, these findings support an unforeseen lineage-specific dichotomy in the in vivo role of both the IL-12 and IL-23 pathways in pathological inflammatory states, which may allow more accurate dissection of the roles of these receptors in chronic inflammatory diseases in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytokines/blood
- DNA Primers/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Flow Cytometry
- Histological Techniques
- Humans
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Interleukin-23/immunology
- Interleukin-23/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Mice
- Models, Immunological
- Receptors, Interleukin/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-12/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Chognard
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lisa Bellemare
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Adam-Nicolas Pelletier
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Marie-Josée Guyon
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guy Charron
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Morin
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Durga Sivanesan
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vijay Kuchroo
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ramnik Xavier
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - John D. Rioux
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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64
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Bao S, Zhou X, Zhang L, Zhou J, To KKW, Wang B, Wang L, Zhang X, Song YQ. Prioritizing genes responsible for host resistance to influenza using network approaches. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:816. [PMID: 24261899 PMCID: PMC4046670 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic make-up of humans and other mammals (such as mice) affects their resistance to influenza virus infection. Considering the complexity and moral issues associated with experiments on human subjects, we have only acquired partial knowledge regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms. Although influenza resistance in inbred mice has been mapped to several quantitative trait loci (QTLs), which have greatly narrowed down the search for host resistance genes, only few underlying genes have been identified. Results To prioritize a list of promising candidates for future functional investigation, we applied network-based approaches to leverage the information of known resistance genes and the expression profiles contrasting susceptible and resistant mouse strains. The significance of top-ranked genes was supported by different lines of evidence from independent genetic associations, QTL studies, RNA interference (RNAi) screenings, and gene expression analysis. Further data mining on the prioritized genes revealed the functions of two pathways mediated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF): apoptosis and TNF receptor-2 signaling pathways. We suggested that the delicate balance between TNF’s pro-survival and apoptotic effects may affect hosts’ conditions after influenza virus infection. Conclusions This study considerably cuts down the list of candidate genes responsible for host resistance to influenza and proposed novel pathways and mechanisms. Our study also demonstrated the efficacy of network-based methods in prioritizing genes for complex traits. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-816) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - You-Qiang Song
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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65
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Hepatitis A virus: host interactions, molecular epidemiology and evolution. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 21:227-43. [PMID: 24200587 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the commonest viral cause of liver disease and presents an important public health problem worldwide. Several unique HAV properties and molecular mechanisms of its interaction with host were recently discovered and should aid in clarifying the pathogenesis of hepatitis A. Genetic characterization of HAV strains have resulted in the identification of different genotypes and subtypes, which exhibit a characteristic worldwide distribution. Shifts in HAV endemicity occurring in different parts of the world, introduction of genetically diverse strains from geographically distant regions, genotype displacement observed in some countries and population expansion detected in the last decades of the 20th century using phylogenetic analysis are important factors contributing to the complex dynamics of HAV infections worldwide. Strong selection pressures, some of which, like usage of deoptimized codons, are unique to HAV, limit genetic variability of the virus. Analysis of subgenomic regions has been proven useful for outbreak investigations. However, sharing short sequences among epidemiologically unrelated strains indicates that specific identification of HAV strains for molecular surveillance can be achieved only using whole-genome sequences. Here, we present up-to-date information on the HAV molecular epidemiology and evolution, and highlight the most relevant features of the HAV-host interactions.
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66
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Aspiras MB, Barros SP, Moss KL, Barrow DA, Phillips ST, Mendoza L, de Jager M, Ward M, Offenbacher S. Clinical and subclinical effects of power brushing following experimental induction of biofilm overgrowth in subjects representing a spectrum of periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 40:1118-25. [PMID: 24192073 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Investigate short-term effects of power brushing following experimental induction of biofilm overgrowth in periodontal disease states. MATERIALS AND METHODS Overall, 175 subjects representing each of five biofilm-gingival interface (BGI) periodontal groups were enrolled in a single-blind, randomized study. After stent-induced biofilm overgrowth for 21 days subjects received either a manual or a power toothbrush to use during a 4 weeks resolution phase. At baseline and during induction and resolution, standard clinical parameters were measured. Subclinical parameters included multikine analysis of 13 salivary biomarkers and 16s Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray (HOMIM) probe analysis of subgingival plaque samples. RESULTS All groups exhibited significantly greater reductions in bleeding on probing (BOP) (p = 0.002), gingival index (GI) (p = 0.0007), pocket depth (PD) (p = 0.04) and plaque index (p = 0.001) with power brushing compared to manual. When BGI groups were combined to form a shallow PD (PD ≤ 3 mm) and a deep PD group (PD > 4 mm) power brushing reduced BOP and GI in subjects with both pocket depths. Power brushing significantly reduced IL-1β levels at resolution while changes in bacterial levels showed non-significant trends between both brushing modalities. CONCLUSIONS Short-term changes in select clinical parameters and subclinical salivary biomarkers may be useful in assessing efficacy of power brushing interventions in a spectrum of periodontal disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo B Aspiras
- Philips Oral Healthcare - Dental & Scientific Affairs, Bothell, WA, USA
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67
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Russell JA, Fjell C, Hsu JL, Lee T, Boyd J, Thair S, Singer J, Patterson AJ, Walley KR. Vasopressin Compared with Norepinephrine Augments the Decline of Plasma Cytokine Levels in Septic Shock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188:356-64. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201302-0355oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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68
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Primary immunodeficiencies: a rapidly evolving story. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:314-23. [PMID: 23374262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) in human subjects is crucial for a better understanding of the biology of the immune response. New achievements in this field have been possible in light of collaborative studies; attention paid to new phenotypes, infectious and otherwise; improved immunologic techniques; and use of exome sequencing technology. The International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee on PIDs recently reported on the updated classification of PIDs. However, new PIDs are being discovered at an ever-increasing rate. A series of 19 novel primary defects of immunity that have been discovered after release of the International Union of Immunological Societies report are discussed here. These new findings highlight the molecular pathways that are associated with clinical phenotypes and suggest potential therapies for affected patients.
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69
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Casanova JL, Abel L. The genetic theory of infectious diseases: a brief history and selected illustrations. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2013; 14:215-43. [PMID: 23724903 PMCID: PMC4980761 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-091212-153448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Until the mid-nineteenth century, life expectancy at birth averaged 20 years worldwide, owing mostly to childhood fevers. The germ theory of diseases then gradually overcame the belief that diseases were intrinsic. However, around the turn of the twentieth century, asymptomatic infection was discovered to be much more common than clinical disease. Paradoxically, this observation barely challenged the newly developed notion that infectious diseases were fundamentally extrinsic. Moreover, interindividual variability in the course of infection was typically explained by the emerging immunological (or somatic) theory of infectious diseases, best illustrated by the impact of vaccination. This powerful explanation is, however, best applicable to reactivation and secondary infections, particularly in adults; it can less easily account for interindividual variability in the course of primary infection during childhood. Population and clinical geneticists soon proposed a complementary hypothesis, a germline genetic theory of infectious diseases. Over the past century, this idea has gained some support, particularly among clinicians and geneticists, but has also encountered resistance, particularly among microbiologists and immunologists. We present here the genetic theory of infectious diseases and briefly discuss its history and the challenges encountered during its emergence in the context of the apparently competing but actually complementary microbiological and immunological theories. We also illustrate its recent achievements by highlighting inborn errors of immunity underlying eight life-threatening infectious diseases of children and young adults. Finally, we consider the far-reaching biological and clinical implications of the ongoing human genetic dissection of severe infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065;
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70
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Alromaih S, Mfuna-Endam L, Bosse Y, Filali-Mouhim A, Desrosiers M. CD8A gene polymorphisms predict severity factors in chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2013; 3:605-11. [DOI: 10.1002/alr.21174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saud Alromaih
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM); Montreal Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Montreal General Hospital, McGill University; Montreal Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology; Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Leandra Mfuna-Endam
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM); Montreal Canada
| | - Yohan Bosse
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec; Québec Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Laval University; Québec Canada
| | - Abdelali Filali-Mouhim
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM); Montreal Canada
| | - Martin Desrosiers
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM); Montreal Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Montreal General Hospital, McGill University; Montreal Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology; Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM); Montreal Canada
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Abstract
BACKGROUND and Overview The use of salivary diagnostics continues to develop and advance the field of risk determination for periodontal diseases. Researchers are investigating genetic, microbial and protein biomarkers with the objective of translating findings to such aspects of clinical care as broad patient screening, monitoring and treatment planning. METHODS /st> In this review, the author briefly explores currently available salivary diagnostics used to identify bacteria prevalent in periodontal disease, and focuses on the future development and use of a variety of rapid disease detection platforms, such as lab-on-a-chip, as a point-of-care device for identification of patients' risk. CONCLUSIONS and CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS /st> Several diagnostic tests are commercially available, and point-of-care tests are under development. However, challenges remain regarding the introduction of these technologies to clinical practice and adoption by dental practitioners for promotion of personalized oral health care.
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72
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Inborn errors of human IL-17 immunity underlie chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 12:616-22. [PMID: 23026768 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e328358cc0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is characterized by recurrent or persistent symptomatic infection of the nails, skin and mucosae mostly by Candida albicans. CMC is common in patients with profound primary T-cell immunodeficiency, who often display multiple infectious and autoimmune diseases. Patients with syndromic CMC, including autosomal dominant hyper IgE syndrome (AD-HIES) and autosomal recessive autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type I (APS-I), display fewer other infections. Patients with isolated CMC (CMCD) rarely display any other severe disease. We review here recent progress in the genetic dissection of these three types of inherited CMC. RECENT FINDINGS Low IL-17 T-cell proportions were reported in patients with AD-HIES bearing heterozygous STAT3 mutations, prone to CMC and staphylococcal diseases, and in a kindred with autosomal recessive CARD9 deficiency, prone to CMC and other fungal infections. High levels of neutralizing autoantibodies against IL-17 cytokines were documented in patients with APS-I presenting with CMC as their only infectious disease. The first three genetic causes of CMCD were then reported: autosomal recessive IL-17RA and autosomal dominant IL-17F deficiencies and autosomal dominant STAT1 gain-of-function, impairing IL-17-producing T-cell development. SUMMARY Inborn errors of human IL-17 immunity underlie CMC. Impaired IL-17 immunity may therefore account for CMC in other settings, including patients with acquired immunodeficiency.
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73
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Li Y, Zeng Z, Deng S. Study of the relationship between human MIF level, MIF-794CATT5-8 microsatellite polymorphism, and susceptibility of tuberculosis in Southwest China. Braz J Infect Dis 2013; 16:383-6. [PMID: 22846129 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the human migration inhibitory factor (MIF) level in tuberculosis (TB) patients, and the relationship between MIF-794CATT microsatellite polymorphism and susceptibility of TB in Southwest China. METHODS TB patients (n=151) and healthy unrelated controls (n=149) were recruited for this study. Genomic DNA was extracted, and then amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). MIF-794CATT(5-8) microsatellite polymorphism was genotyped by DNA sequencing. MIF level was detected by ELISA. RESULTS In the TB group, the repeat number of 7/7 and 7/8 (17.89%) was significantly higher than that of the control group (8.05%), and the serum MIF level was also much higher than that of the healthy controls (705.21 ± 67.98 vs. 355.31 ± 57.29 pg/mL, p<0.01). CONCLUSION The appearance of MIF-794CATT 7/7 and 7/8 is associated with susceptibility to TB, and may play an important role in the occurrence and development of TB in Southwest China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Li
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, China
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74
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Andrews T, Sjollema G, Goodnow C. Understanding the immunological impact of the human mutation explosion. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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von Bernuth H, Picard C, Puel A, Casanova JL. Experimental and natural infections in MyD88- and IRAK-4-deficient mice and humans. Eur J Immunol 2013; 42:3126-35. [PMID: 23255009 PMCID: PMC3752658 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Most Toll-like-receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1Rs) signal via myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK-4). The combined roles of these two receptor families in the course of experimental infections have been assessed in MyD88- and IRAK-4-deficient mice for almost fifteen years. These animals have been shown to be susceptible to 46 pathogens: 27 bacteria, eight viruses, seven parasites, and four fungi. Humans with inborn MyD88 or IRAK-4 deficiency were first identified in 2003. They suffer from naturally occurring life-threatening infections caused by a small number of bacterial species, although the incidence and severity of these infections decrease with age. Mouse TLR- and IL-1R-dependent immunity mediated by MyD88 and IRAK-4 seems to be vital to combat a wide array of experimentally administered pathogens at most ages. By contrast, human TLR- and IL-1R-dependent immunity mediated by MyD88 and IRAK-4 seems to be effective in the natural setting against only a few bacteria and is most important in infancy and early childhood. The roles of TLRs and IL-1Rs in protective immunity deduced from studies in mutant mice subjected to experimental infections should therefore be reconsidered in the light of findings for natural infections in humans carrying mutations as discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst von Bernuth
- Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité Hospital - Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
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76
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Cypowyj S, Picard C, Maródi L, Casanova JL, Puel A. Immunity to infection in IL-17-deficient mice and humans. Eur J Immunol 2013; 42:2246-54. [PMID: 22949323 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mice with defective IL-17 immunity display a broad vulnerability to various infectious agents at diverse mucocutaneous surfaces. In humans, the study of patients with various primary immunodeficiencies, including autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome caused by dominant-negative STAT3 mutations and autosomal recessive autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1 caused by null mutations in AIRE, has suggested that IL-17A, IL-17F and/or IL-22 are essential for mucocutaneous immunity to Candida albicans. This hypothesis was confirmed by the identification of rare patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) due to autosomal recessive IL-17RA deficiency and autosomal dominant IL-17F deficiency. Heterozygosity for gain-of-function mutations in STAT1 in additional patients with CMC was recently shown to inhibit the development of IL-17 T cells. Although the infectious phenotype of patients with CMC and inborn errors of IL-17 immunity remains to be finely delineated, it appears that human IL-17A and IL-17F display redundancy for protective immunity in natural conditions that is not seen in their mouse orthologs in experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Cypowyj
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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Kong XF, Vogt G, Itan Y, Macura-Biegun A, Szaflarska A, Kowalczyk D, Chapgier A, Abhyankar A, Furthner D, Djambas Khayat C, Okada S, Bryant VL, Bogunovic D, Kreins A, Moncada-Vélez M, Migaud M, Al-Ajaji S, Al-Muhsen S, Holland SM, Abel L, Picard C, Chaussabel D, Bustamante J, Casanova JL, Boisson-Dupuis S. Haploinsufficiency at the human IFNGR2 locus contributes to mycobacterial disease. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 22:769-81. [PMID: 23161749 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMD) is a rare syndrome, the known genetic etiologies of which impair the production of, or the response to interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). We report here a patient (P1) with MSMD whose cells display mildly impaired responses to IFN-γ, at levels, however, similar to those from MSMD patients with autosomal recessive (AR) partial IFN-γR2 or STAT1 deficiency. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing revealed only one candidate variation for both MSMD-causing and IFN-γ-related genes. P1 carried a heterozygous frame-shift IFNGR2 mutation inherited from her father. We show that the mutant allele is intrinsically loss-of-function and not dominant-negative, suggesting haploinsufficiency at the IFNGR2 locus. We also show that Epstein-Barr virus transformed B lymphocyte cells from 10 heterozygous relatives of patients with AR complete IFN-γR2 deficiency respond poorly to IFN-γ, in some cases as poorly as the cells of P1. Naive CD4(+) T cells and memory IL-4-producing T cells from these individuals also responded poorly to IFN-γ, whereas monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) did not. This is consistent with the lower levels of expression of IFN-γR2 in lymphoid than in myeloid cells. Overall, MSMD in this patient is probably due to autosomal dominant (AD) IFN-γR2 deficiency, resulting from haploinsufficiency, at least in lymphoid cells. The clinical penetrance of AD IFN-γR2 deficiency is incomplete, possibly due, at least partly, to the variability of cellular responses to IFN-γ in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Kong
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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78
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Romano M, Huygen K. An update on vaccines for tuberculosis – there is more to it than just waning of BCG efficacy with time. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:1601-10. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.721768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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79
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Kumar S, Ingle H, Prasad DVR, Kumar H. Recognition of bacterial infection by innate immune sensors. Crit Rev Microbiol 2012; 39:229-46. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2012.706249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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80
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Abstract
Inborn errors of the genes encoding two of the four human JAKs (JAK3 and TYK2) and three of the six human STATs (STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5B) have been described. We review the disorders arising from mutations in these five genes, highlighting the way in which the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of these conditions has been clarified by the discovery of inborn errors of cytokines, hormones, and their receptors, including those interacting with JAKs and STATs. The phenotypic similarities between mice and humans lacking individual JAK-STAT components suggest that the functions of JAKs and STATs are largely conserved in mammals. However, a wide array of phenotypic differences has emerged between mice and humans carrying biallelic null alleles of JAK3, TYK2, STAT1, or STAT5B. Moreover, the high degree of allelic heterogeneity at the human JAK3, TYK2, STAT1, and STAT3 loci has revealed highly diverse immunological and clinical phenotypes, which had not been anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, Rockefeller University Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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81
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Giannobile WV, McDevitt JT, Niedbala RS, Malamud D. Translational and clinical applications of salivary diagnostics. Adv Dent Res 2012; 23:375-80. [PMID: 21917748 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511420434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in techniques for the detection of biomarker signals in the oral cavity (e.g., ELISAs for proteins, PCR for RNA and DNA) as well as the engineering and development of microfluidic approaches to make oral-based point-of-care (POC) methods for the diagnosis for both local and systemic conditions a reality. In this section, we focus on three such approaches, namely, periodontal disease management, early markers for systemic diseases, and salivary markers useful for pharmacogenomic studies. Novel approaches using non-invasive, salivary samples and user-friendly devices offer results that are as sensitive and specific as laboratory-based analyses using blood or urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- W V Giannobile
- Department of Periodontics, Michigan Center for Oral Health Research, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, USA
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82
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Lee WI, Huang JL, Yeh KW, Jaing TH, Lin TY, Huang YC, Chiu CH. Immune defects in active mycobacterial diseases in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs). J Formos Med Assoc 2011; 110:750-8. [PMID: 22248828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural human immunity to the mycobacteria group, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), and/or Salmonella species, relies on the functional IL-12/23-IFN-γ integrity of macrophages (monocyte/dendritic cell) connecting to T lymphocyte/NK cells. Patients with severe forms of primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) have more profound immune defects involving this impaired circuit in patients with severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID) including complete DiGeorge syndrome, X-linked hyper IgM syndrome (HIGM) (CD40L mutation), CD40 deficiency, immunodeficiency with or without anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (NEMO and IKBA mutations), chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and hyper IgE recurrent infection syndromes (HIES). The patients with severe PIDs have broader diverse infections rather than mycobacterial infections. In contrast, patients with an isolated inborn error of the IL-12/23-IFN-γ pathway are exclusively prone to low-virulence mycobacterial infections and nontyphoid salmonella infections, known as Mendelian susceptibility to the mycobacterial disease (MSMD) phenotype. Restricted defective molecules in the circuit, including IFN-γR1, IFN-γR2, IL-12p40, IL-12R-β1, STAT-1, NEMO, IKBA and the recently discovered CYBB responsible for autophagocytic vacuole and proteolysis, and interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) for dendritic cell immunodeficiency, have been identified in around 60% of patients with the MSMD phenotype. Among all of the patients with PIDs referred for investigation since 1985, we have identified four cases with the specific defect (IFNRG1 for three and IL12RB for one), presenting as both BCG-induced diseases and NTM infections, in addition to some patients with SCID, HIGM, CGD and HIES. Furthermore, manifestations in patients with autoantibodies to IFN-γ (autoAbs-IFN-γ), which is categorized as an anticytokine autoantibody syndrome, can resemble the relatively persistent MSMD phenotype lacking BCG-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-I Lee
- Primary Immunodeficiency Care And Research (PICAR) Institute, Chang Gung Medical Hospital and Children's Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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83
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Guo Y, Audry M, Ciancanelli M, Alsina L, Azevedo J, Herman M, Anguiano E, Sancho-Shimizu V, Lorenzo L, Pauwels E, Philippe PB, Pérez de Diego R, Cardon A, Vogt G, Picard C, Andrianirina ZZ, Rozenberg F, Lebon P, Plancoulaine S, Tardieu M, Valérie Doireau, Jouanguy E, Chaussabel D, Geissmann F, Abel L, Casanova JL, Zhang SY. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis in a patient with complete TLR3 deficiency: TLR3 is otherwise redundant in protective immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:2083-98. [PMID: 21911422 PMCID: PMC3182056 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20101568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new autosomal recessive form of complete TLR3 deficiency reveals that human TLR3 is nonredundant in immunity against herpes simplex virus 1 in the central nervous system (CNS) but redundant in host defense against viruses outside the CNS. Autosomal dominant TLR3 deficiency has been identified as a genetic etiology of childhood herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis (HSE). This defect is partial, as it results in impaired, but not abolished induction of IFN-β and -λ in fibroblasts in response to TLR3 stimulation. The apparently normal resistance of these patients to other infections, viral illnesses in particular, may thus result from residual TLR3 responses. We report here an autosomal recessive form of complete TLR3 deficiency in a young man who developed HSE in childhood but remained normally resistant to other infections. This patient is compound heterozygous for two loss-of-function TLR3 alleles, resulting in an absence of response to TLR3 activation by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) and related agonists in his fibroblasts. Moreover, upon infection of the patient’s fibroblasts with HSV-1, the impairment of IFN-β and -λ production resulted in high levels of viral replication and cell death. In contrast, the patient’s peripheral blood mononuclear cells responded normally to poly(I:C) and to all viruses tested, including HSV-1. Consistently, various TLR3-deficient leukocytes from the patient, including CD14+ and/or CD16+ monocytes, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and in vitro derived monocyte-derived macrophages, responded normally to both poly(I:C) and HSV-1, with the induction of antiviral IFN production. These findings identify a new genetic etiology for childhood HSE, indicating that TLR3-mediated immunity is essential for protective immunity to HSV-1 in the central nervous system (CNS) during primary infection in childhood, in at least some patients. They also indicate that human TLR3 is largely redundant for responses to double-stranded RNA and HSV-1 in various leukocytes, probably accounting for the redundancy of TLR3 for host defense against viruses, including HSV-1, outside the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Guo
- 1St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris, France;Necker Medical School, Paris Descartes University, Paris 75015, France
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84
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Vallejo AN. Immunological hurdles of ageing: indispensable research of the human model. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10:315-8. [PMID: 21315185 PMCID: PMC3098932 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Census reports of many countries indicate continuing trends for the graying of their populations. For the United States alone, persons aged ≥65 years are projected to comprise over 20% of the population by the year 2050. In view of the special medical needs of elders, scientific investigation into the biological aspects of ageing is key towards the improvement of geriatric care for the coming decades. This special issue of Ageing Research Reviews focuses on advances in research on the immunology of human ageing. Herein are nine articles about the age-related alterations in both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, and about continuing hurdles in vaccinology. These articles point to a common theme that the immunological milieu in old age is substantially different from that seen in the young. This suggests that new development and/or innovation of immune-based clinical interventions for the elderly may need to be customized for their age group, rather than the mere adoption of therapies that have been designed for and/or tested for younger persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbe N Vallejo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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85
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Abstract
Intracellular pathogens contribute to a significant proportion of infectious disease morbidity and mortality worldwide. Increasing evidence points to a major role for host genetics in explaining inter-individual variation in susceptibility to infectious diseases. A number of monogenic disorders predisposing to infectious disease have been reported, including susceptibility to intracellular pathogens in association with mutations in genes of the interleukin-12/interleukin-23/interferon-γ axis. Common genetic variants have also been demonstrated to regulate susceptibility to intracellular infection, for example the CCR5Δ32 polymorphism that modulates human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) disease progression. Genome-wide association study approaches are being increasingly utilized to define genetic variants underlying susceptibility to major infectious diseases. This review focuses on the current state-of-the-art in genetics and genomics as pertains to understanding the genetic contribution to human susceptibility to infectious diseases caused by intracellular pathogens such as tuberculosis, leprosy, HIV-1, hepatitis, and malaria, with a particular emphasis on insights from recent genome-wide approaches. The results from these studies implicate common genetic variants in novel molecular pathways involved in human immunity to specific pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik O Vannberg
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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86
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Innate Immunity and Host Defense against Microbial Infection. Mol Microbiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555816834.ch54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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87
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Casanova JL, Abel L, Quintana-Murci L. Human TLRs and IL-1Rs in host defense: natural insights from evolutionary, epidemiological, and clinical genetics. Annu Rev Immunol 2011; 29:447-91. [PMID: 21219179 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1Rs) have TIR intracellular domains that engage two main signaling pathways, via the TIR-containing adaptors MyD88 (which is not used by TLR3) and TRIF (which is used only by TLR3 and TLR4). Extensive studies in inbred mice in various experimental settings have attributed key roles in immunity to TLR- and IL-1R-mediated responses, but what contribution do human TLRs and IL-1Rs actually make to host defense in the natural setting? Evolutionary genetic studies have shown that human intracellular TLRs have evolved under stronger purifying selection than surface-expressed TLRs, for which the frequency of missense and nonsense alleles is high in the general population. Epidemiological genetic studies have yet to provide convincing evidence of a major contribution of common variants of human TLRs, IL-1Rs, or their adaptors to host defense. Clinical genetic studies have revealed that rare mutations affecting the TLR3-TRIF pathway underlie herpes simplex virus encephalitis, whereas mutations in the TIR-MyD88 pathway underlie pyogenic bacterial diseases in childhood. A careful reconsideration of the contributions of TLRs and IL-1Rs to host defense in natura is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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88
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Selma WB, Harizi H, Bougmiza I, Hannachi N, Kahla IB, Zaieni R, Boukadida J. Interferon Gamma +874T/A Polymorphism Is Associated with Susceptibility to Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis Development in Tunisian Patients. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 30:379-87. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2010.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Walid Ben Selma
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, UR02SP13, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Hedi Harizi
- CNRS UMR 5540, Bordeaux, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Iheb Bougmiza
- Department of Community Medicine, Medicine Faculty, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Naila Hannachi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, UR02SP13, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Imen Ben Kahla
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, UR02SP13, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | - Jalel Boukadida
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, UR02SP13, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
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89
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Infektanfälligkeit. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-010-2330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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90
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Ben-Selma W, Harizi H, Bougmiza I, Ben Kahla I, Letaief M, Boukadida J. Polymorphisms in the RANTES gene increase susceptibility to active tuberculosis in Tunisia. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 30:789-800. [PMID: 21510799 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2010.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RANTES plays a pivotal role in attracting and activating various leukocyte populations that control Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The present study investigated the relationship between the RANTES polymorphisms (-28C/G; rs2280788, and -403G/A; rs2107538) and susceptibility to active tuberculosis (TB) in Tunisian populations. A total of 168 patients with pulmonary TB (pTB), 55 with extrapulmonary TB (epTB), and 150 control subjects were studied. Genotype analyses were carried out using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. We found that the -28 GG genotype was significantly associated with susceptibility to pTB (odds ratio [OR]=11.19; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 5.14-25; P corrected for the number of genotypes [Pc]=10(-8)) and epTB (OR=11.67; 95% CI, 4.74-29.33; Pc=10(-8)). However, the -28 CC genotype was found to be significantly associated with resistance to pTB (OR=0.08; 95% CI, 0.04-0.16; Pc=10(-8)) and epTB development (OR=0.11; 95% CI, 0.05-0.27; Pc=10(-8)). -403A allele was associated with increased risk development of epTB (OR=2.21; 95% CI, 1.18-4.14; p=0.007). G-G and A-C haplotypes and the AG/GC diplotype were associated with increase susceptibility to pTB (OR=7.88, 95% CI, 5.38-11.55; Pc=3.10(-8); OR=2.32, 95% CI, 1.32-4.11; Pc=3.10(-3); OR=13.26, 95% CI, 6.06-29.89; Pc=3.10(-8); respectively) and epTB (OR=6.64, 95% CI, 4-11.05; Pc=3.10(-8); OR=2.6, 95% CI, 1.26-5.35; Pc=12.10(-3); OR=11.26, 95% CI, 4.44-29.28; Pc=3.10(-8); respectively). Collectively, our findings suggested an association of the RANTES -28C/G and -403G/A functional polymorphisms with susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in Tunisian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Ben-Selma
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Department of Community Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia.
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91
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Morgan NV, Goddard S, Cardno TS, McDonald D, Rahman F, Barge D, Ciupek A, Straatman-Iwanowska A, Pasha S, Guckian M, Anderson G, Huissoon A, Cant A, Tate WP, Hambleton S, Maher ER. Mutation in the TCRα subunit constant gene (TRAC) leads to a human immunodeficiency disorder characterized by a lack of TCRαβ+ T cells. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:695-702. [PMID: 21206088 PMCID: PMC3026716 DOI: 10.1172/jci41931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited immunodeficiency disorders can be caused by mutations in any one of a large number of genes involved in the function of immune cells. Here, we describe two families with an autosomal recessive inherited immunodeficiency disorder characterized by increased susceptibility to infection and autoimmunity. Genetic linkage studies mapped the disorder to chromosomal region 14q11.2, and a homozygous guanine-to-adenine substitution was identified at the last base of exon 3 immediately following the translational termination codon in the TCRα subunit constant gene (TRAC). RT-PCR analysis in the two affected individuals revealed impaired splicing of the mRNA, as exon 3 was lost from the TRAC transcript. The mutant TCRα chain protein was predicted to lack part of the connecting peptide domain and all of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, which have a critical role in the regulation of the assembly and/or intracellular transport of TCR complexes. We found that T cells from affected individuals were profoundly impaired for surface expression of the TCRαβ complex. We believe this to be the first report of a disease-causing human TRAC mutation. Although the absence of TCRαβ+ T cells in the affected individuals was associated with immune dysregulation and autoimmunity, they had a surprising level of protection against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil V. Morgan
- Wellchild Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Regional Department of Immunology, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
Regional Immunology Laboratory, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases Service, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Goddard
- Wellchild Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Regional Department of Immunology, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
Regional Immunology Laboratory, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases Service, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tony S. Cardno
- Wellchild Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Regional Department of Immunology, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
Regional Immunology Laboratory, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases Service, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David McDonald
- Wellchild Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Regional Department of Immunology, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
Regional Immunology Laboratory, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases Service, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Fatimah Rahman
- Wellchild Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Regional Department of Immunology, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
Regional Immunology Laboratory, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases Service, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dawn Barge
- Wellchild Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Regional Department of Immunology, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
Regional Immunology Laboratory, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases Service, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Ciupek
- Wellchild Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Regional Department of Immunology, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
Regional Immunology Laboratory, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases Service, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Straatman-Iwanowska
- Wellchild Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Regional Department of Immunology, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
Regional Immunology Laboratory, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases Service, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shanaz Pasha
- Wellchild Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Regional Department of Immunology, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
Regional Immunology Laboratory, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases Service, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Guckian
- Wellchild Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Regional Department of Immunology, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
Regional Immunology Laboratory, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases Service, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Anderson
- Wellchild Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Regional Department of Immunology, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
Regional Immunology Laboratory, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases Service, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Aarnoud Huissoon
- Wellchild Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Regional Department of Immunology, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
Regional Immunology Laboratory, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases Service, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Cant
- Wellchild Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Regional Department of Immunology, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
Regional Immunology Laboratory, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases Service, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Warren P. Tate
- Wellchild Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Regional Department of Immunology, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
Regional Immunology Laboratory, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases Service, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Wellchild Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Regional Department of Immunology, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
Regional Immunology Laboratory, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases Service, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Eamonn R. Maher
- Wellchild Paediatric Research Centre, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Regional Department of Immunology, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
Regional Immunology Laboratory, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases Service, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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92
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Zheng R, Zhou Y, Qin L, Jin R, Wang J, Lu J, Wang W, Tang S, Hu Z. Relationship between polymorphism of DC-SIGN (CD209) gene and the susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in an eastern Chinese population. Hum Immunol 2010; 72:183-6. [PMID: 21081145 PMCID: PMC7132724 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell–specific intracellular adhesion molecule–3–grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) is an important receptor for Mycobacterium tuberculosis on human dendritic cells. Previous studies have shown that the variation, especially the −871A/G and −336A/G in DC-SIGN promoter influenced the susceptibility to tuberculosis. We therefore investigated whether polymorphisms in the DC-SIGN gene were associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis in an eastern Chinese population. A total of 237 culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis case patients and 244 controls were genotyped for −871A/G and −336A/G by pyrosequencing. Our results suggested that the 2 promoter variants of DC-SIGN gene were not associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis in Chinese. Further analysis showed that the allele -336G was associated with a protective effect against fever in pulmonary tuberculosis patients, but not against cavity formation. In addition, we compared the allelic frequencies of −871A/G and −336A/G in African, Caucasian, and Asian groups. The results showed that the tw forms of allelic frequencies detected Chinese individuals in our study were similar to the reported frequencies in other Asian populations but differed significantly from those in the African and Caucasian groups studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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93
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Alcaïs A, Quintana-Murci L, Thaler DS, Schurr E, Abel L, Casanova JL. Life-threatening infectious diseases of childhood: single-gene inborn errors of immunity? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1214:18-33. [PMID: 21091717 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that inborn errors of immunity underlie infectious diseases is gaining experimental support. However, the apparent modes of inheritance of predisposition or resistance differ considerably among diseases and among studies. A coherent genetic architecture of infectious diseases is lacking. We suggest here that life-threatening infectious diseases in childhood, occurring in the course of primary infection, result mostly from individually rare but collectively diverse single-gene variations of variable clinical penetrance, whereas the genetic component of predisposition to secondary or reactivation infections in adults is more complex. This model is consistent with (i) the high incidence of most infectious diseases in early childhood, followed by a steady decline; (ii) theoretical modeling of the impact of monogenic or polygenic predisposition on the incidence distribution of infectious diseases before reproductive age; (iii) available molecular evidence from both monogenic and complex genetics of infectious diseases in children and adults; (iv) current knowledge of immunity to primary and secondary or latent infections; (v) the state of the art in the clinical genetics of noninfectious pediatric and adult diseases; and (vi) evolutionary data for the genes underlying single-gene and complex disease risk. With the recent advent of new-generation deep resequencing, this model of single-gene variations underlying severe pediatric infectious diseases is experimentally testable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Alcaïs
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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94
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A novel form of human STAT1 deficiency impairing early but not late responses to interferons. Blood 2010; 116:5895-906. [PMID: 20841510 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-04-280586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive STAT1 deficiency is associated with impaired cellular responses to interferons and susceptibility to intracellular bacterial and viral infections. We report here a new form of partial STAT1 deficiency in 2 siblings presenting mycobacterial and viral diseases. Both carried a homozygous missense mutation replacing a lysine with an asparagine residue at position 201 (K201N) of STAT1. This mutation causes the abnormal splicing out of exon 8 from most STAT1 mRNAs, thereby decreasing (by ~ 70%) STAT1 protein levels. The mutant STAT1 proteins are not intrinsically deleterious, in terms of tyrosine phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, homodimerization into γ-activating factor and heterotrimerization into ISGF-3, binding to specific DNA elements, and activation of the transcription. Interestingly, the activation of γ-activating factor and ISGF3 was impaired only at early time points in the various cells from patient (within 1 hour of stimulation), whereas sustained impairment occurs in other known forms of complete and partial recessive STAT1 deficiency. Consequently, delayed responses were normal; however, the early induction of interferon-stimulated genes was selectively and severely impaired. Thus, the early cellular responses to human interferons are critically dependent on the amount of STAT1 and are essential for the appropriate control of mycobacterial and viral infections.
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95
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Suhir H, Etzioni A. The role of Toll-like receptor signaling in human immunodeficiencies. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2010; 38:11-9. [PMID: 19430930 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-009-8135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Through the last decade, clinical immunology has witnessed a considerable progress in understanding the role of the innate immunity in human host defense, with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) being the most extensively innate immune receptors investigated. Growing literature documents the relevance of TLR signaling pathways to human disease, revealing a small, but expanding, group of new monogenic primary immunodeficiencies, in patients with various infectious diseases, previously considered as of unexplained "idiopathic" origin. Herein, we review these recently described deficiencies. Autosomal recessive IRAK-4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 deficiencies were reported in 2003 and 2008, respectively, conferring predisposition to pyogenic bacterial infections, and autosomal recessive UNC93B1 and autosomal dominant TLR3 deficiencies were reported in 2006 and 2007, respectively, conferring predisposition to herpes simplex encephalitis. Furthermore, we highlight the published data associating TLR polymorphism with an altered susceptibility to infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Suhir
- Meyer's Children Hospital, The Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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96
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Perreault C. The Origin and Role of MHC Class I-Associated Self-Peptides. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 92:41-60. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)92003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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97
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Genetic variation of the human urinary tract innate immune response and asymptomatic bacteriuria in women. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8300. [PMID: 20016852 PMCID: PMC2788705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although several studies suggest that genetic factors are associated with human UTI susceptibility, the role of DNA variation in regulating early in vivo urine inflammatory responses has not been fully examined. We examined whether candidate gene polymorphisms were associated with altered urine inflammatory profiles in asymptomatic women with or without bacteriuria. Methodology We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) in 1,261 asymptomatic women ages 18-49 years originally enrolled as participants in a population-based case-control study of recurrent UTI and pyelonephritis. We genotyped polymorphisms in CXCR1, CXCR2, TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TIRAP in women with and without ASB. We collected urine samples and measured levels of uropathogenic bacteria, neutrophils, and chemokines. Principal Findings Polymorphism TLR2_G2258A, a variant associated with decreased lipopeptide-induced signaling, was associated with increased ASB risk (odds ratio 3.44, 95%CI; 1.65–7.17). Three CXCR1 polymorphisms were associated with ASB caused by gram-positive organisms. ASB was associated with urinary CXCL-8 levels, but not CXCL-5, CXCL-6, or sICAM-1 (P≤0.0001). Urinary levels of CXCL-8 and CXCL-6, but not ICAM-1, were associated with higher neutrophil levels (P≤0.0001). In addition, polymorphism CXCR1_G827C was associated with increased CXCL-8 levels in women with ASB (P = 0.004). Conclusions TLR2 and CXCR1 polymorphisms were associated with ASB and a CXCR1 variant was associated with urine CXCL-8 levels. These results suggest that genetic factors are associated with early in vivo human bladder immune responses prior to the development of symptomatic UTIs.
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98
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Alcaïs A, Abel L, Casanova JL. Human genetics of infectious diseases: between proof of principle and paradigm. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2506-14. [PMID: 19729848 DOI: 10.1172/jci38111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation that only a fraction of individuals infected by infectious agents develop clinical disease raises fundamental questions about the actual pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Epidemiological and experimental evidence is accumulating to suggest that human genetics plays a major role in this process. As we discuss here, human predisposition to infectious diseases seems to cover a continuous spectrum from monogenic to polygenic inheritance. Although many studies have provided proof of principle that infectious diseases may result from various types of inborn errors of immunity, the genetic determinism of most infectious diseases in most patients remains unclear. However, in the future, studies in human genetics are likely to establish a new paradigm for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Alcaïs
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U550, Paris, France
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99
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Casanova JL, Abel L. Revisiting Crohn's disease as a primary immunodeficiency of macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:1839-43. [PMID: 19687225 PMCID: PMC2737171 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite two decades of mouse immunology and human genetics studies, the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) remains elusive. New clinical investigations suggest that CD may be caused by inborn errors of macrophages. These errors may result in impaired attraction of granulocytes to the gut wall, causing impaired clearance of intruding bacteria, thereby precipitating the formation of granulomas. This theory paves the way for a macrophage-based Mendelian genetic dissection of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 11065, USA.
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100
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Ramseier CA, Kinney JS, Herr AE, Braun T, Sugai JV, Shelburne CA, Rayburn LA, Tran HM, Singh AK, Giannobile WV. Identification of pathogen and host-response markers correlated with periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2009; 80:436-46. [PMID: 19254128 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.080480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is the major cause of tooth loss in adults and is linked to systemic illnesses, such as cardiovascular disease and stroke. The development of rapid point-of-care (POC) chairside diagnostics has the potential for the early detection of periodontal infection and progression to identify incipient disease and reduce health care costs. However, validation of effective diagnostics requires the identification and verification of biomarkers correlated with disease progression. This clinical study sought to determine the ability of putative host- and microbially derived biomarkers to identify periodontal disease status from whole saliva and plaque biofilm. METHODS One hundred human subjects were equally recruited into a healthy/gingivitis group or a periodontitis population. Whole saliva was collected from all subjects and analyzed using antibody arrays to measure the levels of multiple proinflammatory cytokines and bone resorptive/turnover markers. RESULTS Salivary biomarker data were correlated to comprehensive clinical, radiographic, and microbial plaque biofilm levels measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for the generation of models for periodontal disease identification. Significantly elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 and -9 were found in subjects with advanced periodontitis with Random Forest importance scores of 7.1 and 5.1, respectively. The generation of receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrated that permutations of salivary biomarkers and pathogen biofilm values augmented the prediction of disease category. Multiple combinations of salivary biomarkers (especially MMP-8 and -9 and osteoprotegerin) combined with red-complex anaerobic periodontal pathogens (such as Porphyromonas gingivalis or Treponema denticola) provided highly accurate predictions of periodontal disease category. Elevated salivary MMP-8 and T. denticola biofilm levels displayed robust combinatorial characteristics in predicting periodontal disease severity (area under the curve = 0.88; odds ratio = 24.6; 95% confidence interval: 5.2 to 116.5). CONCLUSIONS Using qPCR and sensitive immunoassays, we identified host- and bacterially derived biomarkers correlated with periodontal disease. This approach offers significant potential for the discovery of biomarker signatures useful in the development of rapid POC chairside diagnostics for oral and systemic diseases. Studies are ongoing to apply this approach to the longitudinal predictions of disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Ramseier
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Michigan Center for Oral Health Research, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA
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