1
|
Li G, Duan S, Zheng T, Zhu T, Qu B, Liu L, Liu Z. Genetic causal relationship between immune diseases and migraine: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1376698. [PMID: 38650934 PMCID: PMC11033421 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1376698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Migraine has an increased prevalence in several immune disorders, but genetic cause-effect relationships remain unclear. Mendelian randomization (MR) was used in this study to explore whether immune diseases are causally associated with migraine and its subtypes. Methods We conducted a two-sample bidirectional multivariate Mendelian randomization study. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) for six immune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), allergic rhinitis (AR), asthma and psoriasis, were used as genetic instrumental variables. Summary statistics for migraine were obtained from 3 databases: the International Headache Genetics Consortium (IHGC), UK Biobank, and FinnGen study. MR analyses were performed per outcome database for each exposure and subsequently meta-analyzed. Reverse MR analysis was performed to determine whether migraine were risk factors for immune diseases. In addition, we conducted a genetic correlation to identify shared genetic variants for these two associations. Results No significant causal relationship was found between immune diseases and migraine and its subtypes. These results were robust with a series of sensitivity analyses. Using the linkage disequilibrium score regression method (LDSC), we detected no genetic correlation between migraine and immune diseases. Conclusion The evidence from our study does not support a causal relationship between immune diseases and migraine. The mechanisms underlying the frequent comorbidity of migraine and several immune diseases need to be further elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanglu Li
- Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shaojie Duan
- Department of Geriatrics, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Zhu
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoquan Qu
- Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zunjing Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bacchetta R, Roncarolo MG. IPEX syndrome from diagnosis to cure, learning along the way. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:595-605. [PMID: 38040040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
In the past 2 decades, a significant number of studies have been published describing the molecular and clinical aspects of immune dysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked (IPEX) syndrome. These studies have refined our knowledge of this rare yet prototypic genetic autoimmune disease, advancing the diagnosis, broadening the clinical spectrum, and improving our understanding of the underlying immunologic mechanisms. Despite these advances, Forkhead box P3 mutations have devastating consequences, and treating patients with IPEX syndrome remains a challenge, even with safer strategies for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy becoming a promising reality. The aim of this review was to highlight novel features of the disease to further advance awareness and improve the diagnosis and treatment of patients with IPEX syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Bacchetta
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine (CDCM), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.
| | - Maria Grazia Roncarolo
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine (CDCM), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Borna S, Meffre E, Bacchetta R. FOXP3 deficiency, from the mechanisms of the disease to curative strategies. Immunol Rev 2024; 322:244-258. [PMID: 37994657 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
FOXP3 gene is a key transcription factor driving immune tolerance and its deficiency causes immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy X-linked syndrome (IPEX), a prototypic primary immune regulatory disorder (PIRD) with defective regulatory T (Treg) cells. Although life-threatening, the increased awareness and early diagnosis have contributed to improved control of the disease. IPEX currently comprises a broad spectrum of clinical autoimmune manifestations from severe early onset organ involvement to moderate, recurrent manifestations. This review focuses on the mechanistic advancements that, since the IPEX discovery in early 2000, have informed the role of the human FOXP3+ Treg cells in controlling peripheral tolerance and shaping the overall immune landscape of IPEX patients and carrier mothers, contributing to defining new treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Borna
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rosa Bacchetta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine (CDCM), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Segura-Tudela A, López-Nevado M, Nieto-López C, García-Jiménez S, Díaz-Madroñero MJ, Delgado Á, Cabrera-Marante O, Pleguezuelo D, Morales P, Paz-Artal E, Gil-Niño J, Marco FM, Serrano C, González-Granado LI, Quesada-Espinosa JF, Allende LM. Enrichment of Immune Dysregulation Disorders in Adult Patients with Human Inborn Errors of Immunity. J Clin Immunol 2024; 44:61. [PMID: 38363452 PMCID: PMC10873437 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-024-01664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Human inborn errors of immunity (IEI) comprise a group of diseases resulting from molecular variants that compromise innate and adaptive immunity. Clinical features of IEI patients are dominated by susceptibility to a spectrum of infectious diseases, as well as autoimmune, autoinflammatory, allergic, and malignant phenotypes that usually appear in childhood, which is when the diagnosis is typically made. However, some IEI patients are identified in adulthood due to symptomatic delay of the disease or other reasons that prevent the request for a molecular study. The application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) as a diagnostic technique has given rise to an ever-increasing identification of IEI-monogenic causes, thus improving the diagnostic yield and facilitating the possibility of personalized treatment. This work was a retrospective study of 173 adults with IEI suspicion that were sequenced between 2005 and 2023. Sanger, targeted gene-panel, and whole exome sequencing were used for molecular diagnosis. Disease-causing variants were identified in 44 of 173 (25.43%) patients. The clinical phenotype of these 44 patients was mostly related to infection susceptibility (63.64%). An enrichment of immune dysregulation diseases was found when cohorts with molecular diagnosis were compared to those without. Immune dysregulation disorders, group 4 from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee (IUIS), were the most prevalent among these adult patients. Immune dysregulation as a new item in the Jeffrey Model Foundation warning signs for adults significantly increases the sensitivity for the identification of patients with an IEI-producing molecular defect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Segura-Tudela
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Andalucía S/N, 28041, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital, 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta López-Nevado
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Andalucía S/N, 28041, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital, 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Nieto-López
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Andalucía S/N, 28041, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital, 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra García-Jiménez
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Andalucía S/N, 28041, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital, 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Díaz-Madroñero
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Andalucía S/N, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Delgado
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Andalucía S/N, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Cabrera-Marante
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Andalucía S/N, 28041, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital, 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Pleguezuelo
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Andalucía S/N, 28041, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital, 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Morales
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Andalucía S/N, 28041, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital, 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Paz-Artal
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Andalucía S/N, 28041, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital, 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Gil-Niño
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco M Marco
- Unit of Immunology, University Hospital General Dr Balmis, Alicante, Spain
| | - Cristina Serrano
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis I González-Granado
- Research Institute Hospital, 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Immunodeficiencies, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F Quesada-Espinosa
- Research Institute Hospital, 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics, University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Allende
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital, 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Andalucía S/N, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
- Research Institute Hospital, 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
- School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alda-Catalinas C, Ibarra-Soria X, Flouri C, Gordillo JE, Cousminer D, Hutchinson A, Sun B, Pembroke W, Ullrich S, Krejci A, Cortes A, Acevedo A, Malla S, Fishwick C, Drewes G, Rapiteanu R. Mapping the functional impact of non-coding regulatory elements in primary T cells through single-cell CRISPR screens. Genome Biol 2024; 25:42. [PMID: 38308274 PMCID: PMC10835965 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-024-03176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug targets with genetic evidence are expected to increase clinical success by at least twofold. Yet, translating disease-associated genetic variants into functional knowledge remains a fundamental challenge of drug discovery. A key issue is that the vast majority of complex disease associations cannot be cleanly mapped to a gene. Immune disease-associated variants are enriched within regulatory elements found in T-cell-specific open chromatin regions. RESULTS To identify genes and molecular programs modulated by these regulatory elements, we develop a CRISPRi-based single-cell functional screening approach in primary human T cells. Our pipeline enables the interrogation of transcriptomic changes induced by the perturbation of regulatory elements at scale. We first optimize an efficient CRISPRi protocol in primary CD4+ T cells via CROPseq vectors. Subsequently, we perform a screen targeting 45 non-coding regulatory elements and 35 transcription start sites and profile approximately 250,000 T -cell single-cell transcriptomes. We develop a bespoke analytical pipeline for element-to-gene (E2G) mapping and demonstrate that our method can identify both previously annotated and novel E2G links. Lastly, we integrate genetic association data for immune-related traits and demonstrate how our platform can aid in the identification of effector genes for GWAS loci. CONCLUSIONS We describe "primary T cell crisprQTL" - a scalable, single-cell functional genomics approach for mapping regulatory elements to genes in primary human T cells. We show how this framework can facilitate the interrogation of immune disease GWAS hits and propose that the combination of experimental and QTL-based techniques is likely to address the variant-to-function problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bin Sun
- Genomic Sciences, GSK, Stevenage, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gerard Drewes
- Genomic Sciences, GSK, Stevenage, UK
- Genomic Sciences, GSK, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ong MS, Rider NL, Stein S, Maglione PJ, Galbraith A, DiGiacomo DV, Farmer JR. Racial and ethnic disparities in early mortality among patients with inborn errors of immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:335-340.e1. [PMID: 37802474 PMCID: PMC10872997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial and ethnic disparities in life expectancy in the United States have been widely documented. To date, there remains a paucity of similar data in patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEIs). OBJECTIVE Our aim was to examine racial and ethnic differences in mortality due to an IEI in the United States. METHODS We analyzed National Center for Health Statistics national mortality data from 2003 to 2018. We quantified age-adjusted death rate and age-specific death rate as a result of an IEI for each major racial and ethnic group in the United States and examined the association of race and ethnicity with death at a younger age. RESULTS From 2003 to 2018, IEIs were reported as the underlying or contributing cause of death in 14,970 individuals nationwide. The age-adjusted death rate was highest among Black patients (4.25 per 1,000,000 person years), compared with 2.01, 1.71, 1.50, and 0.92 per 1,000,000 person years for White, American Indian/Alaska Native, Hispanic, and Asian/Pacific Islander patients, respectively. The odds of death before age 65 years were greatest among Black patients (odds ratio [OR] = 5.15 [95% CI = 4.61-5.76]), followed by American Indian/Alaska Native patients (OR = 3.58 [95% CI = 2.30-5.82]), compared with White patients. The odds of death before age 24 years were greater among Hispanic patients than among non-Hispanic patients (OR = 3.60 [95% CI = 3.08-4.18]). CONCLUSION Our study highlights racial and ethnic disparities in mortality due to an IEI and the urgent need to further identify and systematically remove barriers in care for historically marginalized patients with IEIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Sing Ong
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Mass.
| | - Nicholas L Rider
- Division of Clinical Informatics, Pediatrics, Allergy and Immunology, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine and Collaborative Health Partners, Lynchburg, Va
| | - Sarah Stein
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Mass
| | - Paul J Maglione
- Pulmonary Center and Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass
| | - Alison Galbraith
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass
| | - Daniel V DiGiacomo
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Jocelyn R Farmer
- Beth Israel Lahey Health, Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alemayehu T, Asfaw YM, Weldetsadik AY. Inborn Errors of Immunity and Efforts to Diagnose Affected Children in the Absence of Training and Specialty Practice in Clinical Immunology in Ethiopia: a Brief Report. J Clin Immunol 2023; 44:11. [PMID: 38129332 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Four in five children with inborn errors of immunity globally remain undiagnosed. These figures are disproportionally high in low-income countries like Ethiopia. Apart from the inclusion of basic overviews of these disorders in to postgraduate pediatric curricula, little effort has been placed in to establishing clinical immunology training programs. This report summarizes the existing epidemiology of inborn errors of immunity in Ethiopia, unique presentations in Ethiopian children, challenges faced in diagnosing them, and efforts to improve their management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tinsae Alemayehu
- American Medical Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Yemisrach Mekonnen Asfaw
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wobma H, Janssen E. Expanding IPEX: Inborn Errors of Regulatory T Cells. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2023; 49:825-840. [PMID: 37821198 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for enforcing peripheral tolerance. Monogenic "Tregopathies" affecting Treg development, stability, and/or function commonly present with polyautoimmunity, atopic disease, and infection. While autoimmune manifestations may present in early childhood, as more disorders are characterized, conditions with later onset have been identified. Treg numbers in the blood may be decreased in Tregopathies, but this is not always the case, and genetic testing should be pursued when there is high clinical suspicion. Currently, hematopoietic cell transplantation is the only curative treatment, but gene therapies are in development, and small molecule inhibitors/biologics may also be used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly Wobma
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erin Janssen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Michigan Medicine, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, SPC 5718, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Garrett-Sinha LA. An update on the roles of transcription factor Ets1 in autoimmune diseases. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1627. [PMID: 37565573 PMCID: PMC10842644 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors are crucial to regulate gene expression in immune cells and in other cell types. In lymphocytes, there are a large number of different transcription factors that are known to contribute to cell differentiation and the balance between quiescence and activation. One such transcription factor is E26 oncogene homolog 1 (Ets1). Ets1 expression is high in quiescent B and T lymphocytes and its levels are decreased upon activation. The human ETS1 gene has been identified as a susceptibility locus for many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In accord with this, gene knockout of Ets1 in mice leads to development of a lupus-like autoimmune disease, with enhanced activation and differentiation of both B cells and T cells. Prior reviews have summarized functional roles for Ets1 based on studies of Ets1 knockout mice. In recent years, numerous additional studies have been published that further validate ETS1 as a susceptibility locus for human diseases where immune dysregulation plays a causative role. In this update, new information that further links Ets1 to human autoimmune diseases is organized and collated to serve as a resource. This update also describes recent studies that seek to understand molecularly how Ets1 regulates immune cell activation, either using human cells and tissues or mouse models. This resource is expected to be useful to investigators seeking to understand how Ets1 may regulate the human immune response, particularly in terms of its roles in autoimmunity and inflammation. This article is categorized under: Immune System Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Immune System Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Tangye
- From the Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, and the School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Randwick, NSW - both in Australia (S.G.T.); and the Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, and the Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals, Leuven, and Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen, Brussels - all in Belgium (I.M.)
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- From the Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, and the School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Randwick, NSW - both in Australia (S.G.T.); and the Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, and the Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals, Leuven, and Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen, Brussels - all in Belgium (I.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hou AN, Wang Y, Pan YQ. A Case Report of IPEX Syndrome with Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus and Congenital Hypothyroidism as the Initial Presentation, and a Systematic Review of neonatal IPEX. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:979-988. [PMID: 36867340 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01456-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome (IPEX) is a serious disorder, which may comprise diabetes, thyroid disease, enteropathy, cytopenias, eczema, and other multi-system autoimmune dysfunction features. IPEX syndrome is caused by mutations in the forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) gene. Here, we report the clinical manifestations of a patient with IPEX syndrome onset in the neonatal period. A de novo mutation at exon 11 of the FOXP3 gene (c.1190G > A, p.R397Q) was found, and its main clinical manifestations included hyperglycemia and hypothyroidism. Subsequently, we comprehensively reviewed the clinical characteristics and FOXP3 mutations of 55 reported neonatal IPEX cases. The most frequent clinical presentation included symptoms of gastrointestinal involvement (n = 51, 92.7%), followed by skin-related symptoms (n = 37, 67.3%), diabetes mellitus (DM) (n = 33, 60.0%), elevated IgE (n = 28, 50.9%), hematological abnormality (n = 23, 41.8%), thyroid dysfunction (n = 18, 32.7%), and kidney-related symptoms (n = 13, 23.6%). In total, 38 variants were observed in the 55 neonatal patients. The most frequent mutation was c.1150G > A (n = 6; 10.9%), followed by c.1189C > T (n = 4; 7.3%), c.816 + 5G > A (n = 3; 5.5%), and C.1015C > G (n = 3; 5.5%), which were reported more than twice. The genotype-phenotype relationship showed that the repressor domain mutations were associated with DM (P = 0.020), and the leucine zipper mutations were associated with nephrotic syndrome (P = 0.020). The survival analysis suggested that treatment with glucocorticoids increased the survival of the neonatal patients. This literature review provides an informative reference for the diagnosis and treatment of IPEX syndrome in the neonatal period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A-Na Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, People's Republic of China, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qing Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, People's Republic of China, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Guilz NC, Ahn YO, Seo S, Mace EM. Unwinding the Role of the CMG Helicase in Inborn Errors of Immunity. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:847-861. [PMID: 36809597 PMCID: PMC10789183 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a collection of diseases resulting from genetic causes that impact the immune system through multiple mechanisms. Natural killer cell deficiency (NKD) is one such IEI where natural killer (NK) cells are the main immune lineage affected. Though rare, the deficiency of several genes has been described as underlying causes of NKD, including MCM4, GINS1, MCM10 , and GINS4 , all of which are involved in the eukaryotic CMG helicase. The CMG helicase is made up of C DC45 – M CM – G INS and accessory proteins including MCM10. The CMG helicase plays a critical role in DNA replication by unwinding the double helix and enabling access of polymerases to single-stranded DNA, and thus helicase proteins are active in any proliferating cell. Replication stress, DNA damage, and cell cycle arrest are among the cellular phenotypes attributed to loss of function variants in CMG helicase proteins. Despite the ubiquitous function of the CMG helicase, NK cells have an apparent susceptibility to the deficiency of helicase proteins. This review will examine the role of the CMG helicase in inborn errors of immunity through the lens of NKD and further discuss why natural killer cells can be so strongly affected by helicase deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Guilz
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Yong-Oon Ahn
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Seungmae Seo
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Emily M Mace
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kwon SS, Cho YK, Hahn S, Oh J, Won D, Shin S, Kang JM, Ahn JG, Lee ST, Choi JR. Genetic diagnosis of inborn errors of immunity using clinical exome sequencing. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1178582. [PMID: 37325673 PMCID: PMC10264570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1178582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) include a variety of heterogeneous genetic disorders in which defects in the immune system lead to an increased susceptibility to infections and other complications. Accurate, prompt diagnosis of IEI is crucial for treatment plan and prognostication. In this study, clinical utility of clinical exome sequencing (CES) for diagnosis of IEI was evaluated. For 37 Korean patients with suspected symptoms, signs, or laboratory abnormalities associated with IEI, CES that covers 4,894 genes including genes related to IEI was performed. Their clinical diagnosis, clinical characteristics, family history of infection, and laboratory results, as well as detected variants, were reviewed. With CES, genetic diagnosis of IEI was made in 15 out of 37 patients (40.5%). Seventeen pathogenic variants were detected from IEI-related genes, BTK, UNC13D, STAT3, IL2RG, IL10RA, NRAS, SH2D1A, GATA2, TET2, PRF1, and UBA1, of which four variants were previously unreported. Among them, somatic causative variants were identified from GATA2, TET2, and UBA1. In addition, we identified two patients incidentally diagnosed IEI by CES, which was performed to diagnose other diseases of patients with unrecognized IEI. Taken together, these results demonstrate the utility of CES for the diagnosis of IEI, which contributes to accurate diagnosis and proper treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soon Sung Kwon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Keong Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Hahn
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Oh
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongju Won
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Saeam Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Man Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Gyun Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Tae Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Dxome, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Rak Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Dxome, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Immunity to infection has been extensively studied in humans and mice bearing naturally occurring or experimentally introduced germline mutations. Mouse studies are sometimes neglected by human immunologists, on the basis that mice are not humans and the infections studied are experimental and not natural. Conversely, human studies are sometimes neglected by mouse immunologists, on the basis of the uncontrolled conditions of study and small numbers of patients. However, both sides would agree that the infectious phenotypes of patients with inborn errors of immunity often differ from those of the corresponding mutant mice. Why is that? We argue that this important question is best addressed by revisiting and reinterpreting the findings of both mouse and human studies from a genetic perspective. Greater caution is required for reverse-genetics studies than for forward-genetics studies, but genetic analysis is sufficiently strong to define the studies likely to stand the test of time. Genetically robust mouse and human studies can provide invaluable complementary insights into the mechanisms of immunity to infection common and specific to these two species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gros
- McGill University Research Center on Complex Traits, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada;
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA;
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, and University of Paris Cité, Imagine Institute and Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mackie J, Ma CS, Tangye SG, Guerin A. The ups and downs of STAT3 function: too much, too little and human immune dysregulation. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 212:107-116. [PMID: 36652220 PMCID: PMC10128169 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The STAT3 story has almost 30 years of evolving history. First identified in 1994 as a pro-inflammatory transcription factor, Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) has continued to be revealed as a quintessential pleiotropic signalling module spanning fields including infectious diseases, autoimmunity, vaccine responses, metabolism, and malignancy. In 2007, germline heterozygous dominant-negative loss-of-function variants in STAT3 were discovered as the most common cause for a triad of eczematoid dermatitis with recurrent skin and pulmonary infections, first described in 1966. This finding established that STAT3 plays a critical non-redundant role in immunity against some pathogens, as well as in the connective tissue, dental and musculoskeletal systems. Several years later, in 2014, heterozygous activating gain of function germline STAT3 variants were found to be causal for cases of early-onset multiorgan autoimmunity, thereby underpinning the notion that STAT3 function needed to be regulated to maintain immune homeostasis. As we and others continue to interrogate biochemical and cellular perturbations due to inborn errors in STAT3, we will review our current understanding of STAT3 function, mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, and future directions in this dynamic field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Mackie
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Antoine Guerin
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Malech HL, Notarangelo LD. Gene therapy for inborn errors of immunity: Base editing comes into play. Cell 2023; 186:1302-1304. [PMID: 37001495 PMCID: PMC10364572 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9-based base editing allows precise base editing to achieve conversion of adenosine to guanine or cytosine to thymidine. In this issue of Cell, McAuley et al. use adenine base editing to correct a single base-pair mutation causing human CD3δ deficiency, demonstrating superior efficiency of genetic correction with reduced undesired genetic alterations compared with standard CRISPR-Cas9 editing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry L Malech
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hazime R, Eddehbi FE, El Mojadili S, Lakhouaja N, Souli I, Salami A, M’Raouni B, Brahim I, Oujidi M, Guennouni M, Bousfiha AA, Admou B. Inborn errors of immunity and related microbiome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:982772. [PMID: 36177048 PMCID: PMC9513548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.982772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are characterized by diverse clinical manifestations that are dominated by atypical, recurrent, chronic, or severe infectious or non-infectious features, including autoimmunity, lymphoproliferative disease, granulomas, and/or malignancy, which contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality. Some data suggest a correlation between clinical manifestations of IEI and altered gut microbiota. Many IEI display microbial dysbiosis resulting from the proliferation of pro-inflammatory bacteria or a decrease in anti-inflammatory bacteria with variations in the composition and function of numerous microbiota. Dysbiosis is considered more established, mainly within common variable immunodeficiency, selective immunoglobulin A deficiency, severe combined immunodeficiency diseases, Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome, Hyper-IgE syndrome, autoimmune polyendocrinopathy–candidiasis–ectodermal-dystrophy (APECED), immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy X-linked (IPEX) syndrome, IL-10 receptor deficiency, chronic granulomatous disease, and Kostmann disease. For certain IEIs, the specific predominance of gastrointestinal, respiratory, and cutaneous involvement, which is frequently associated with dysbiosis, justifies the interest for microbiome identification. With the better understanding of the relationship between gut microbiota, host immunity, and infectious diseases, the integration of microbiota modulation as a therapeutic approach or a preventive measure of infection becomes increasingly relevant. Thus, a promising strategy is to develop optimized prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and fecal microbial transplantation to rebalance the intestinal microbiota and thereby attenuate the disease activity of many IEIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raja Hazime
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Clinical Research, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Marrakech, Morocco
- Biosciences Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Fatima-Ezzohra Eddehbi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Clinical Research, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Saad El Mojadili
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Clinical Research, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Nadia Lakhouaja
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Clinical Research, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Ikram Souli
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Clinical Research, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abdelmouïne Salami
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Clinical Research, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Bouchra M’Raouni
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Clinical Research, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Imane Brahim
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Clinical Research, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Oujidi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Clinical Research, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Morad Guennouni
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Clinical Research, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Aziz Bousfiha
- Pediatric infectious and Immunology Department, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology inflammation and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Brahim Admou
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Clinical Research, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Marrakech, Morocco
- Biosciences Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
- *Correspondence: Brahim Admou,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Huang Y, Fang S, Zeng T, Chen J, Yang L, Sun G, Dai R, An Y, Tang X, Dou Y, Zhao X, Zhou L. Clinical and immunological characteristics of five patients with immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome in China–expanding the atypical phenotypes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:972746. [PMID: 36091011 PMCID: PMC9448973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.972746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome is a rare disorder of the immune regulatory system caused by forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) mutations. Abnormal numbers or functions of regulatory T (Treg) cells account for the various autoimmune symptoms. We aimed to explore the molecular genetics and phenotypic spectra of patients with atypical IPEX syndrome in China. Methods We analyzed the molecular, clinical and immune phenotype characteristics of five Chinese patients with FOXP3 mutations. Results We summarized the molecular and phenotypic features of five patients with FOXP3 mutations, including two novel mutations. Four of the five patients displayed atypical phenotypes, and one developed immune-related peripheral neuropathy. Three of the five patients showed normal frequencies of Treg cells, but the proportions of subsets of Treg cells, CD4+ T cells and B cells were out of balance. Conclusions Our report broadens the understanding of the clinical features of atypical IPEX syndrome. Our detailed analyses of the immunological characteristics of these patients enhance the understanding of the possible mechanisms underlying the clinical manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Hematological Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuyu Fang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Zeng
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gan Sun
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rongxin Dai
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunfei An
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Dou
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Hematological Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaodong Zhao, ; Lina Zhou,
| | - Lina Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaodong Zhao, ; Lina Zhou,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Song Y, Liu X, Stielow JB, de Hoog S, Li R. Post-translational changes in Phialophora verrucosa via lysine lactylation during prolonged presence in a patient with a CARD9-related immune disorder. Front Immunol 2022; 13:966457. [PMID: 36003392 PMCID: PMC9395174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.966457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CARD9-related inherited immune disorders are a major risk factor for chronic disseminated fungal infection. In addition to pathogens of Candida and dermatophytes, the environmental opportunists of the black yeast-like fungi are relatively frequent in this patient cohort. Particularly the genus Phialophora is overrepresented. We investigated two isolates of a strain of P. verrucosa residing in a CARD9 patient, sampled with a period of ten years apart. Genomes, melanization and antifungal susceptibility of progenitor and derived strains were compared, and potential adaptation to the host habitat was investigated with proteomic techniques using post-translational modification as a proxy. Global lactylation analysis was performed using high accuracy nano-LC-MS/MS in combination with enrichment of lactylated peptides from digested cell lysates, and subsequent peptide identification. The genome of the derived isolate had accumulated 6945 SNPs, of which 31 were detected in CDS. A large number of identified proteins were significantly enriched, e.g. in melanin biosynthesis. A total of 636 lactylation sites on 420 lactylated proteins were identified, which contained in 26 types of modification motifs. Lysine lactylation (Kla) was found in 23 constituent proteins of the ribosome, indicating an impact of Kla in protein synthesis. Twelve lactylated proteins participated in pathogenicity. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis suggested that protein lactylations are widely distributed influencing various biological processes. Our findings reveal widespread roles for lysine lactylation in regulating metabolism and melanin biosynthesis in black fungi. Several large rearrangements and inversions were observed in the genome, but genomic changes could not be linked to adaptation or to known clinically relevant properties of progenitor to derived isolate; in vitro antifungal susceptibility had largely remained unaltered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinggai Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
- Radboud UMC: Radboud University Medical Center/CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | | | - Sybren de Hoog
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Radboud UMC: Radboud University Medical Center/CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Foundation Atlas of Clinical of Fungi, Hilversum, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Sybren de Hoog, ; Ruoyu Li,
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Sybren de Hoog, ; Ruoyu Li,
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hubbard NW, Ames JM, Maurano M, Chu LH, Somfleth KY, Gokhale NS, Werner M, Snyder JM, Lichauco K, Savan R, Stetson DB, Oberst A. ADAR1 mutation causes ZBP1-dependent immunopathology. Nature 2022; 607:769-775. [PMID: 35859177 PMCID: PMC9339495 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04896-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1 is essential for the suppression of innate immune activation and pathology caused by aberrant recognition of self-RNA, a role it carries out by disrupting the duplex structure of endogenous double-stranded RNA species1,2. A point mutation in the sequence encoding the Z-DNA-binding domain (ZBD) of ADAR1 is associated with severe autoinflammatory disease3-5. ZBP1 is the only other ZBD-containing mammalian protein6, and its activation can trigger both cell death and transcriptional responses through the kinases RIPK1 and RIPK3, and the protease caspase 8 (refs. 7-9). Here we show that the pathology caused by alteration of the ZBD of ADAR1 is driven by activation of ZBP1. We found that ablation of ZBP1 fully rescued the overt pathology caused by ADAR1 alteration, without fully reversing the underlying inflammatory program caused by this alteration. Whereas loss of RIPK3 partially phenocopied the protective effects of ZBP1 ablation, combined deletion of caspase 8 and RIPK3, or of caspase 8 and MLKL, unexpectedly exacerbated the pathogenic effects of ADAR1 alteration. These findings indicate that ADAR1 is a negative regulator of sterile ZBP1 activation, and that ZBP1-dependent signalling underlies the autoinflammatory pathology caused by alteration of ADAR1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua M Ames
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Megan Maurano
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lan H Chu
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kim Y Somfleth
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nandan S Gokhale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Margo Werner
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica M Snyder
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katrina Lichauco
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ram Savan
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel B Stetson
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fang H, Knight JC. Priority index: database of genetic targets in immune-mediated disease. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:D1358-D1367. [PMID: 34751399 PMCID: PMC8728240 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a comprehensive and unique database 'Priority index' (Pi; http://pi.well.ox.ac.uk) of prioritized genes encoding potential therapeutic targets that encompasses all major immune-mediated diseases. We provide targets at the gene level, each receiving a 5-star rating supported by: genomic evidence arising from disease genome-wide associations and functional immunogenomics, annotation evidence using ontologies restricted to genes with genomic evidence, and network evidence from protein interactions. Target genes often act together in related molecular pathways. The underlying Pi approach is unique in identifying a network of highly rated genes that mediate pathway crosstalk. In the Pi website, disease-centric pages are specially designed to enable the users to browse a complete list of prioritized genes and also a manageable list of nodal genes at the pathway crosstalk level; both switchable by clicks. Moreover, target genes are cross-referenced and supported using additional information, particularly regarding tractability, including druggable pockets viewed in 3D within protein structures. Target genes highly rated across diseases suggest drug repurposing opportunity, while genes in a particular disease reveal disease-specific targeting potential. To facilitate the ease of such utility, cross-disease comparisons involving multiple diseases are also supported. This facility, together with the faceted search, enhances integrative mining of the Pi resource to accelerate early-stage therapeutic target identification and validation leveraging human genetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Fang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Centre for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Julian C Knight
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, the rapid evolution in the diagnosis and treatment of primary immunodeficiencies (PI) and the recognition of immune dysregulation as a feature in some have prompted the use of "inborn errors of immunity" (IEI) as a more encompassing term used to describe these disorders [1, 2] . This article aims to review the future of therapy of PI/IEI (referred to IEI throughout this paper). Historically, immune deficiencies have been characterized as monogenic disorders resulting in immune deficiencies affecting T cells, B cells, combination of T and B cells, or innate immune disorders. More recently, immunologists are also recognizing a variety of phenotypes associated with one genotype or similar phenotypes across genotypes and a role for incomplete penetrance or variable expressivity of some genes causing inborn errors of immunity [3]. The IUIS classification of immune deficiencies (IEIs) has evolved over time to include 10 categories, with disorders of immune dysregulation accounting for a new subset, some treatable with small molecule inhibitors or biologics. [1] Until recently, management options were limited to prompt treatment of infections, gammaglobulin replacement, and possibly bone marrow transplant depending on the defect. Available therapies have expanded to include small molecule inhibitors, biologics, gene therapy, and the use of adoptive transfer of virus-specific T cells to fight viral infections in immunocompromised patients. Several significant contributions to the field of clinical immunology have fueled the rapid advancement of therapies over the past two decades. Among these are educational efforts to recruit young immunologists to the field resulting in the growth of a world-wide community of clinicians and investigators interested in rare diseases, efforts to increase awareness of IEI globally contributing to international collaborations, along with advancements in diagnostic genetic testing, newborn screening, molecular biology techniques, gene correction, use of immune modulators, and ex vivo expansion of engineered T cells for therapeutic use. The development and widespread use of newborn screening have helped to identify severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) earlier resulting in better outcomes [4]. Continual improvements and accessibility of genetic sequencing have helped to identify new IEI diseases at an accelerated pace [5]. Advances in gene therapy and bone marrow transplant have made treatments possible in otherwise fatal diseases. Furthermore, the increased awareness of IEI across the world has driven networks of immunologists working together to improve the diagnosis and treatment of these rare diseases. These improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of IEI noted over the past 20 years bring hope for a better future for the IEI community. This paper will review future directions in a few of the newer therapies emerging for IEI. For easy reference, most of the diseases discussed in this paper are briefly described in a summary table, in the order mentioned within the paper (Appendix).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Perez
- Allergy Associates of the Palm Beaches, North Palm Beach, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zbinden A, Canté-Barrett K, Pike-Overzet K, Staal FJT. Stem Cell-Based Disease Models for Inborn Errors of Immunity. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010108. [PMID: 35011669 PMCID: PMC8750661 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic capacity of human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSCs) to reconstitute myeloid and lymphoid lineages combined with their self-renewal capacity hold enormous promises for gene therapy as a viable treatment option for a number of immune-mediated diseases, most prominently for inborn errors of immunity (IEI). The current development of such therapies relies on disease models, both in vitro and in vivo, which allow the study of human pathophysiology in great detail. Here, we discuss the current challenges with regards to developmental origin, heterogeneity and the subsequent implications for disease modeling. We review models based on induced pluripotent stem cell technology and those relaying on use of adult hHSCs. We critically review the advantages and limitations of current models for IEI both in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that existing and future stem cell-based models are necessary tools for developing next generation therapies for IEI.
Collapse
|
24
|
Prince C, Mitchell RE, Richardson TG. Integrative multiomics analysis highlights immune-cell regulatory mechanisms and shared genetic architecture for 14 immune-associated diseases and cancer outcomes. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:2259-2270. [PMID: 34741802 PMCID: PMC8715275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing functional insight into the causal molecular drivers of immunological disease is a critical challenge in genomic medicine. Here, we systematically apply Mendelian randomization (MR), genetic colocalization, immune-cell-type enrichment, and phenome-wide association methods to investigate the effects of genetically predicted gene expression on ten immune-associated diseases and four cancer outcomes. Using whole blood-derived estimates for regulatory variants from the eQTLGen consortium (n = 31,684), we constructed genetic risk scores for 10,104 genes. Applying the inverse-variance-weighted MR method transcriptome wide while accounting for linkage disequilibrium structure identified 664 unique genes with evidence of a genetically predicted effect on at least one disease outcome (p < 4.81 × 10-5). We next undertook genetic colocalization to investigate cell-type-specific effects at these loci by using gene expression data derived from 18 types of immune cells. This highlighted many cell-type-dependent effects, such as PRKCQ expression and asthma risk (posterior probability = 0.998), which was T cell specific. Phenome-wide analyses on 311 complex traits and endpoints allowed us to explore shared genetic architecture and prioritize key drivers of disease risk, such as CASP10, which provided evidence of an effect on seven cancer-related outcomes. Our atlas of results can be used to characterize known and novel loci in immune-associated disease and cancer susceptibility, both in terms of elucidating cell-type-dependent effects as well as dissecting shared disease pathways and pervasive pleiotropy. As an exemplar, we have highlighted several key findings in this study, although similar evaluations can be conducted via our interactive web platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Prince
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Ruth E Mitchell
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Tom G Richardson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; Novo Nordisk Research Centre, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shen CY, Lu CH, Wu CH, Li KJ, Kuo YM, Hsieh SC, Yu CL. Molecular Basis of Accelerated Aging with Immune Dysfunction-Mediated Inflammation (Inflamm-Aging) in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123402. [PMID: 34943909 PMCID: PMC8699891 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic connective tissue disorder characterized by immune dysregulation, chronic inflammation, vascular endothelial cell dysfunction, and progressive tissue fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Moreover, increased cancer incidence and accelerated aging are also found. The increased cancer incidence is believed to be a result of chromosome instability. Accelerated cellular senescence has been confirmed by the shortening of telomere length due to increased DNA breakage, abnormal DNA repair response, and telomerase deficiency mediated by enhanced oxidative/nitrative stresses. The immune dysfunctions of SSc patients are manifested by excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, IFN-α, and TNF-α, which can elicit potent tissue inflammation followed by tissue fibrosis. Furthermore, a number of autoantibodies including anti-topoisomerase 1 (anti-TOPO-1), anti-centromere (ACA or anti-CENP-B), anti-RNA polymerase enzyme (anti-RNAP III), anti-ribonuclear proteins (anti-U1, U2, and U11/U12 RNP), anti-nucleolar antigens (anti-Th/T0, anti-NOR90, anti-Ku, anti-RuvBL1/2, and anti-PM/Scl), and anti-telomere-associated proteins were also found. Based on these data, inflamm-aging caused by immune dysfunction-mediated inflammation exists in patients with SSc. Hence, increased cellular senescence is elicited by the interactions among excessive oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and autoantibodies. In the present review, we will discuss in detail the molecular basis of chromosome instability, increased oxidative stress, and functional adaptation by deranged immunome, which are related to inflamm-aging in patients with SSc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Yu Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.W.); (K.-J.L.); (Y.-M.K.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.W.); (K.-J.L.); (Y.-M.K.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.W.); (K.-J.L.); (Y.-M.K.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Jen Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.W.); (K.-J.L.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.W.); (K.-J.L.); (Y.-M.K.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Song-Chou Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.W.); (K.-J.L.); (Y.-M.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.-C.H.); (C.-L.Y.); Tel.: +886-2-23123456 (S.-C.H. & C.-L.Y.)
| | - Chia-Li Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.W.); (K.-J.L.); (Y.-M.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.-C.H.); (C.-L.Y.); Tel.: +886-2-23123456 (S.-C.H. & C.-L.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Esmaeilzadeh A, Bahmaie N, Nouri E, Hajkazemi MJ, Zareh Rafie M. Immunobiological Properties and Clinical Applications of Interleukin-38 for Immune-Mediated Disorders: A Systematic Review Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12552. [PMID: 34830435 PMCID: PMC8625918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exponential growth in the usage of "cytokines" (as seroimmunobiomarkers) has facilitated more accurate prognosis, early diagnosis, novel, and efficient immunotherapeutics. Numerous studies have reported immunopathophysiological and immunopathological processes of interleukin-38 (IL-38). Therefore, in this systematic review article, the authors aimed to present an updated comprehensive overview on the immunobiological mechanisms, diagnostic, and immune gene-based therapeutic potentials of IL-38. According to our inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 216 articles were collected from several search engines and databases from the January 2012 to July 2021 time interval by using six main keywords. Physiologic or pathologic microenvironments, optimal dosage, and involved receptors affect the functionalities of IL-38. Alterations in serum levels of IL-38 play a major role in the immunopathogenesis of a wide array of immune-mediated disorders. IL-38 shows anti-inflammatory activities by reduction or inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, supporting the therapeutic aspects of IL-38 in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. According to the importance of pre-clinical studies, it seems that manipulation of the immune system by immunomodulatory properties of IL-38 can increase the accuracy of diagnosis, and decipher optimal clinical outcomes. To promote our knowledge, more collaboration is highly recommended among laboratory scientists, internal/infectious diseases specialists, oncologists, immunologists, diseases-specific biomarkers scientists, and basic medical researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran
- Immunotherapy Research & Technology Group, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran
| | - Nazila Bahmaie
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Health Science, Near East University (NEU), Nicosia 99138, Cyprus;
- Pediatric Ward, Department of Allergy and Immunology, Near East University affiliated Hospital, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
- Serology and Immunology Ward, Clinical Diagnosis Laboratory, Private Baskent Hospital, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Elham Nouri
- School of Paramedicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran;
- Shahid Beheshti University Affiliated Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Hajkazemi
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran; (M.J.H.); (M.Z.R.)
| | - Maryam Zareh Rafie
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran; (M.J.H.); (M.Z.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Overactive phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) in cancer and immune dysregulation has spurred extensive efforts to develop therapeutic PI3K inhibitors. Although progress has been hampered by issues such as poor drug tolerance and drug resistance, several PI3K inhibitors have now received regulatory approval - the PI3Kα isoform-selective inhibitor alpelisib for the treatment of breast cancer and inhibitors mainly aimed at the leukocyte-enriched PI3Kδ in B cell malignancies. In addition to targeting cancer cell-intrinsic PI3K activity, emerging evidence highlights the potential of PI3K inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy. This Review summarizes key discoveries that aid the clinical translation of PI3Kα and PI3Kδ inhibitors, highlighting lessons learnt and future opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew W D Perry
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jennifer R Brown
- CLL Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fabrice André
- Institut Gustave Roussy, INSERM U981, Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Porcuna J, Mínguez-Martínez J, Ricote M. The PPARα and PPARγ Epigenetic Landscape in Cancer and Immune and Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910573. [PMID: 34638914 PMCID: PMC8508752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-modulated nuclear receptors that play pivotal roles in nutrient sensing, metabolism, and lipid-related processes. Correct control of their target genes requires tight regulation of the expression of different PPAR isoforms in each tissue, and the dysregulation of PPAR-dependent transcriptional programs is linked to disorders, such as metabolic and immune diseases or cancer. Several PPAR regulators and PPAR-regulated factors are epigenetic effectors, including non-coding RNAs, epigenetic enzymes, histone modifiers, and DNA methyltransferases. In this review, we examine advances in PPARα and PPARγ-related epigenetic regulation in metabolic disorders, including obesity and diabetes, immune disorders, such as sclerosis and lupus, and a variety of cancers, providing new insights into the possible therapeutic exploitation of PPAR epigenetic modulation.
Collapse
|
29
|
Balikov DA, Jacobson A, Prasov L. Glaucoma Syndromes: Insights into Glaucoma Genetics and Pathogenesis from Monogenic Syndromic Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091403. [PMID: 34573386 PMCID: PMC8471311 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monogenic syndromic disorders frequently feature ocular manifestations, one of which is glaucoma. In many cases, glaucoma in children may go undetected, especially in those that have other severe systemic conditions that affect other parts of the eye and the body. Similarly, glaucoma may be the first presenting sign of a systemic syndrome. Awareness of syndromes associated with glaucoma is thus critical both for medical geneticists and ophthalmologists. In this review, we highlight six categories of disorders that feature glaucoma and other ocular or systemic manifestations: anterior segment dysgenesis syndromes, aniridia, metabolic disorders, collagen/vascular disorders, immunogenetic disorders, and nanophthalmos. The genetics, ocular and systemic features, and current and future treatment strategies are discussed. Findings from rare diseases also uncover important genes and pathways that may be involved in more common forms of glaucoma, and potential novel therapeutic strategies to target these pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Balikov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (D.A.B.); (A.J.)
| | - Adam Jacobson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (D.A.B.); (A.J.)
| | - Lev Prasov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (D.A.B.); (A.J.)
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Moseley N, King J, Van Dort B, Williams S, Rodriguez-Casero V, Ramachandran S, Choo S, Cole T, McLean-Tooke A. Anti-voltage-Gated Potassium Channel (VGKC) Antibodies and Acquired Neuromyotonia in Patients with Immune Dysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy X-Lined (IPEX) Syndrome. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:1972-1974. [PMID: 34478044 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Autoantibodies/blood
- Child
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/congenital
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Diarrhea/blood
- Diarrhea/genetics
- Diarrhea/immunology
- Diarrhea/therapy
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/blood
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/genetics
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/immunology
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/therapy
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Humans
- Immune System Diseases/blood
- Immune System Diseases/congenital
- Immune System Diseases/genetics
- Immune System Diseases/immunology
- Immune System Diseases/therapy
- Infant, Newborn
- Isaacs Syndrome/blood
- Isaacs Syndrome/genetics
- Isaacs Syndrome/immunology
- Isaacs Syndrome/therapy
- Male
- Mutation
- Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Moseley
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jovanka King
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Immunology, PP Block, PathWest, QEII, Nedlands, WA, 6008, Australia
| | - Ben Van Dort
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Children's Cancer Centre, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon Williams
- Department of Neurology, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | | | - Shanti Ramachandran
- Department of Oncology, Haematology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sharon Choo
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Children's Cancer Centre, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Immunology Laboratory, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Theresa Cole
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Children's Cancer Centre, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew McLean-Tooke
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
- Department of Immunology, PP Block, PathWest, QEII, Nedlands, WA, 6008, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Duncan CJA, Hambleton S. Human Disease Phenotypes Associated with Loss and Gain of Function Mutations in STAT2: Viral Susceptibility and Type I Interferonopathy. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:1446-1456. [PMID: 34448086 PMCID: PMC8390117 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
STAT2 is distinguished from other STAT family members by its exclusive involvement in type I and III interferon (IFN-I/III) signaling pathways, and its unique behavior as both positive and negative regulator of IFN-I signaling. The clinical relevance of these opposing STAT2 functions is exemplified by monogenic diseases of STAT2. Autosomal recessive STAT2 deficiency results in heightened susceptibility to severe and/or recurrent viral disease, whereas homozygous missense substitution of the STAT2-R148 residue is associated with severe type I interferonopathy due to loss of STAT2 negative regulation. Here we review the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and management of these disorders of STAT2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher James Arthur Duncan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
- Royal Victoria Infirmary, The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NE1 4LP, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Great North Children's Hospital, The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NE1 4LP, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jackson JT, Mulazzani E, Nutt SL, Masters SL. The role of PLCγ2 in immunological disorders, cancer, and neurodegeneration. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100905. [PMID: 34157287 PMCID: PMC8318911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) is a critical signaling molecule activated downstream from a variety of cell surface receptors that contain an intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif. These receptors recruit kinases such as Syk, BTK, and BLNK to phosphorylate and activate PLCγ2, which then generates 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. These well-known second messengers are required for diverse membrane functionality including cellular proliferation, endocytosis, and calcium flux. As a result, PLCγ2 dysfunction is associated with a variety of diseases including cancer, neurodegeneration, and immune disorders. The diverse pathologies associated with PLCγ2 are exemplified by distinct genetic variants. Inherited mutations at this locus cause PLCγ2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation, in some cases with autoinflammation. Acquired mutations at this locus, which often arise as a result of BTK inhibition to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia, result in constitutive downstream signaling and lymphocyte proliferation. Finally, a third group of PLCγ2 variants actually has a protective effect in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, presumably by increased uptake and degradation of deleterious neurological aggregates. Therefore, manipulating PLCγ2 activity either up or down could have therapeutic benefit; however, we require a better understanding of the signaling pathways propagated by these variants before such clinical utility can be realized. Here, we review the signaling roles of PLCγ2 in hematopoietic cells to help understand the effect of mutations driving immune disorders and cancer and extrapolate from this to roles which may relate to protection against neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Jackson
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Mulazzani
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seth L Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Immunology Laboratory, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Over the last six decades production of laboratory rodents have been refined with the aim of eliminating all pathogens, which could influence research results. This has, however, also created rodents with little diversity in their microbiota. Until 10 years ago the impact of the microbiota on the outcome of rodent studies was ignored, but today it is clear that the phenotype of rodent models differs essentially in relation to the environment of origin, i.e. different breeders or different rooms. In this review, we outline the mechanisms behind gut bacterial impact on rodent models of immune mediated diseases, and how differences in environment of origin leads to phenotypic model differences within research areas such as infectious diseases and vaccine development, the metabolic syndrome, gut immunity and inflammation, autoimmunity and allergy. Finally, we sum up some tools to handle this impact to increase reproducibility and translatability of rodent models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Kornerup Hansen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Camilla Hartmann Friis Hansen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Karimi E, Mahmoudian F, Reyes SOL, Bargir UA, Madkaikar M, Artac H, Sabzevari A, Lu N, Azizi G, Abolhassani H. Approach to genetic diagnosis of inborn errors of immunity through next-generation sequencing. Mol Immunol 2021; 137:57-66. [PMID: 34216999 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) present with a heterogeneous clinical and immunological phenotype, therefore a correct molecular diagnosis is crucial for the classification and subsequent therapeutic management. On the other hand, IEI are a group of rare congenital diseases with highly diverse features and, in most cases, an as yet unknown genetic etiology. Next generation sequencing has facilitated genetic examinations of rare inherited disorders during the recent years, thus allowing a suitable molecular diagnosis in the IEI patients. This review aimed to investigate the current findings about these techniques in the field of IEI, suggesting an efficient stepwise approach to molecular diagnosis of inborn errors of immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esmat Karimi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mahmoudian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saul O Lugo Reyes
- Immune Deficiencies Lab, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Umair Ahmed Bargir
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, India
| | - Manisha Madkaikar
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, India
| | - Hasibe Artac
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Araz Sabzevari
- CinnaGen Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Na Lu
- State Key Lab of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The immune system plays a vital role in health and disease, and is regulated through a complex interactive network of many different immune cells and mediators. To understand the complexity of the immune system, we propose to apply a multi-omics approach in immunological research. This review provides a complete overview of available methodological approaches for the different omics data layers relevant for immunological research, including genetics, epigenetics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and cellomics. Thereafter, we describe the various methods for data analysis as well as how to integrate different layers of omics data. Finally, we discuss the possible applications of multi-omics studies and opportunities they provide for understanding the complex regulatory networks as well as immune variation in various immune-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Chu
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Valerie A. C. M. Koeken
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Aluri J, Cooper MA, Schuettpelz LG. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling in the Establishment and Function of the Immune System. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061374. [PMID: 34199501 PMCID: PMC8228919 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that play a central role in the development and function of the immune system. TLR signaling promotes the earliest emergence of hematopoietic cells during development, and thereafter influences the fate and function of both primitive and effector immune cell types. Aberrant TLR signaling is associated with hematopoietic and immune system dysfunction, and both loss- and gain-of- function variants in TLR signaling-associated genes have been linked to specific infection susceptibilities and immune defects. Herein, we will review the role of TLR signaling in immune system development and the growing number of heritable defects in TLR signaling that lead to inborn errors of immunity.
Collapse
|
37
|
Affiliation(s)
- Satu Mustjoki
- From the Translational Immunology Research Program and the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, the Hematology Research Unit, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship - all in Helsinki (S.M.); and the Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (N.S.Y.)
| | - Neal S Young
- From the Translational Immunology Research Program and the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, the Hematology Research Unit, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship - all in Helsinki (S.M.); and the Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (N.S.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Devaprasad A, Radstake TRDJ, Pandit A. Integration of Immunome With Disease-Gene Network Reveals Common Cellular Mechanisms Between IMIDs and Drug Repurposing Strategies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669400. [PMID: 34108969 PMCID: PMC8181425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Development and progression of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) involve intricate dysregulation of the disease-associated genes (DAGs) and their expressing immune cells. Identifying the crucial disease-associated cells (DACs) in IMIDs has been challenging due to the underlying complex molecular mechanism. Methods Using transcriptome profiles of 40 different immune cells, unsupervised machine learning, and disease-gene networks, we constructed the Disease-gene IMmune cell Expression (DIME) network and identified top DACs and DAGs of 12 phenotypically different IMIDs. We compared the DIME networks of IMIDs to identify common pathways between them. We used the common pathways and publicly available drug-gene network to identify promising drug repurposing targets. Results We found CD4+Treg, CD4+Th1, and NK cells as top DACs in inflammatory arthritis such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS), psoriatic arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA); neutrophils, granulocytes, and BDCA1+CD14+ cells in systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic scleroderma; ILC2, CD4+Th1, CD4+Treg, and NK cells in the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). We identified lymphoid cells (CD4+Th1, CD4+Treg, and NK) and their associated pathways to be important in HLA-B27 type diseases (psoriasis, AS, and IBDs) and in primary-joint-inflammation-based inflammatory arthritis (AS and RA). Based on the common cellular mechanisms, we identified lifitegrast as a potential drug repurposing candidate for Crohn's disease and other IMIDs. Conclusions Existing methods are inadequate in capturing the intricate involvement of the crucial genes and cell types essential to IMIDs. Our approach identified the key DACs, DAGs, common mechanisms between IMIDs, and proposed potential drug repurposing targets using the DIME network. To extend our method to other diseases, we built the DIME tool (https://bitbucket.org/systemsimmunology/dime/) to help scientists uncover the etiology of complex and rare diseases to further drug development by better-determining drug targets, thereby mitigating the risk of failure in late clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinandan Devaprasad
- Division Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Timothy R. D. J. Radstake
- Division Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aridaman Pandit
- Division Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bonacina F, Pirillo A, Catapano AL, Norata GD. HDL in Immune-Inflammatory Responses: Implications beyond Cardiovascular Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051061. [PMID: 33947039 PMCID: PMC8146776 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High density lipoproteins (HDL) are heterogeneous particles composed by a vast array of proteins and lipids, mostly recognized for their cardiovascular (CV) protective effects. However, evidences from basic to clinical research have contributed to depict a role of HDL in the modulation of immune-inflammatory response thus paving the road to investigate their involvement in other diseases beyond those related to the CV system. HDL-C levels and HDL composition are indeed altered in patients with autoimmune diseases and usually associated to disease severity. At molecular levels, HDL have been shown to modulate the anti-inflammatory potential of endothelial cells and, by controlling the amount of cellular cholesterol, to interfere with the signaling through plasma membrane lipid rafts in immune cells. These findings, coupled to observations acquired from subjects carrying mutations in genes related to HDL system, have helped to elucidate the contribution of HDL beyond cholesterol efflux thus posing HDL-based therapies as a compelling interventional approach to limit the inflammatory burden of immune-inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizia Bonacina
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Angela Pirillo
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, E. Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, 20092 Milan, Italy;
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto S. Giovanni, 20099 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberico L. Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto S. Giovanni, 20099 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.L.C.); (G.D.N.)
| | - Giuseppe D. Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, E. Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, 20092 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.L.C.); (G.D.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhang Y, Liu H, Ai T, Xia W, Chen T, Zhang L, Luo X, Duan Y. A delayed diagnosis of atypical immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25174. [PMID: 33761697 PMCID: PMC9281912 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked (IPEX) syndrome is a rare monogenic autoimmune disease, which is caused by mutations in the forkhead box protein 3 gene, can affect various systems. The typical clinical manifestations of IPEX are enteropathy, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and skin diseases. However, some atypical phenotypes can easily be misdiagnosed clinically. PATIENT CONCERNS A 9-year-and-7-month old patient suffered from recurrent wheezing, hematochezia, and eczematous dermatitis at the age of six months, but did not have any manifestations of autoimmune endocrinopathy. The patient was treated with glucocorticoids for more than six years, and he developed bronchiectasis. DIAGNOSIS Whole exome sequencing revealed a hemizygous pathogenic mutation c.1010G>A, p. (Arg337Gln) in Forkhead box protein 3 gene (NM_014009.3). INTERVENTIONS The patient was treated with oral mycophenolate mofetil combined with inhaled budesonide formoterol for six months after diagnosis. OUTCOMES The respiratory symptoms of the patient seemed to be controlled but eczematous dermatitis progressed, which led the patient to give up the treatment. CONCLUSION Early diagnosis and treatment of IPEX are crucial. Lung injury may be a major problem in the later stages of atypical IPEX, and mycophenolate mofetil seems to control the respiratory symptoms, but could induce significant skin side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital
| | - Hanmin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan
| | - Tao Ai
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital
| | - Wanmin Xia
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital
| | | | - Lei Zhang
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital
| | - Xiulan Luo
- West China University Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Yaping Duan
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wu W, Shen N, Luo L, Deng Z, Chen J, Tao Y, Mo X, Cao Q. Fecal microbiota transplantation before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a pediatric case of chronic diarrhea with a FOXP3 mutation. Pediatr Neonatol 2021; 62:172-180. [PMID: 33358585 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome is a rare disorder caused by mutation of the forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) gene, often leading to intractable and life-threatening diarrhea. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), has been regarded in recent years as an available approach to reconstruct disrupted gut microbiome and successfully used to attenuates diarrhea induced by different underlying diseases. Therefore, FMT may have curative potential on the symptoms of enteropathy in patients with IPEX syndrome. METHODS Physical and laboratory examinations were performed, and clinical data were collected. FMT was administered via frozen fecal microbial solution, and the fecal microbiota composition was analyzed using 16S rDNA sequencing before and after FMT. RESULTS The patient was diagnosed with IPEX syndrome with a mutation detected in the FOXP3 gene, which was identified as c.767T > C (p.M256T). He presented with recurrent watery diarrhea and respiratory infections after birth and developed a significant failure to thrive. Disturbances in the gut microbiota composition and marked decreased bacterial diversity were observed to be involved in the persistent and refractory diarrhea. After receiving FMT treatment, the patient responded with remission of the diarrhea without apparent side effects. His stool output significantly decreased, corresponding to increased microbial diversity and modification of his microbiota composition. The patient finally achieved full recovery after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). CONCLUSION Our data suggest an association between the gut microbiota and clinical symptoms of patient with IPEX syndrome and demonstrate FMT as an alternative therapy for severe diarrhea unresponsive to routine therapy in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaohui Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Tao
- The Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xi Mo
- The Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qing Cao
- The Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
(1) Background: IPEX (immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked) syndrome characterizes a complex autoimmune reaction beginning in the perinatal period, caused by a dysfunction of the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3). (2) Objectives: Studies have shown the clinical, immunological, and molecular heterogeneity of patients with IPEX syndrome. The symptoms, treatment, and survival were closely connected to the genotype of the IPEX syndrome. Recognition of the kind of mutation is important for the diagnostics of IPEX syndrome in newborns and young infants, as well as in prenatal screening. The method of choice for treatment is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and immunosuppressive therapy. In children, supportive therapy for refractory diarrhea is very important, as well as replacement therapy of diabetes mellitus type 1 (DMT1) and other endocrinopathies. In the future, genetic engineering methods may be of use in the successful treatment of IPEX syndrome. (3) Conclusions: The genetic defects determine a diagnostic approach and prognosis, making the knowledge of the genetics of IPEX syndrome fundamental to introducing novel treatment methods.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Allografts
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/congenital
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/diagnosis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Diarrhea/diagnosis
- Diarrhea/genetics
- Diarrhea/metabolism
- Diarrhea/therapy
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/diagnosis
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/genetics
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/metabolism
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/therapy
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Humans
- Immune System Diseases/congenital
- Immune System Diseases/diagnosis
- Immune System Diseases/genetics
- Immune System Diseases/metabolism
- Immune System Diseases/therapy
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Mutation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Ben-Skowronek
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Camacho-Ordonez N, Ballestar E, Timmers HTM, Grimbacher B. What can clinical immunology learn from inborn errors of epigenetic regulators? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1602-1618. [PMID: 33609625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The epigenome is at the interface between environmental factors and the genome, regulating gene transcription, DNA repair, and replication. Epigenetic modifications play a crucial role in establishing and maintaining cell identity and are especially crucial for neurology, musculoskeletal integrity, and the function of the immune system. Mutations in genes encoding for the components of the epigenetic machinery lead to the development of distinct disorders, especially involving the central nervous system and host defense. In this review, we focus on the role of epigenetic modifications for the function of the immune system. By studying the immune phenotype of patients with monogenic mutations in components of the epigenetic machinery (inborn errors of epigenetic regulators), we demonstrate the importance of DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, noncoding RNAs, and mRNA processing for immunity. Moreover, we give a short overview on therapeutic strategies targeting the epigenome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Camacho-Ordonez
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Esteban Ballestar
- Epigenetics and Immune Disease Group, Josep Carreras Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - H Th Marc Timmers
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Urology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; DZIF - German Center for Infection Research, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany; RESIST- Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Axelrad
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center at NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
González-Serna D, Villanueva-Martin G, Acosta-Herrera M, Márquez A, Martín J. Approaching Shared Pathophysiology in Immune-Mediated Diseases through Functional Genomics. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1482. [PMID: 33317201 PMCID: PMC7762979 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated diseases (IMDs) are complex pathologies that are strongly influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Associations between genetic loci and susceptibility to these diseases have been widely studied, and hundreds of risk variants have emerged during the last two decades, with researchers observing a shared genetic pattern among them. Nevertheless, the pathological mechanism behind these associations remains a challenge that has just started to be understood thanks to functional genomic approaches. Transcriptomics, regulatory elements, chromatin interactome, as well as the experimental characterization of genomic findings, constitute key elements in the emerging understandings of how genetics affects the etiopathogenesis of IMDs. In this review, we will focus on the latest advances in the field of functional genomics, centering our attention on systemic rheumatic IMDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David González-Serna
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain; (D.G.-S.); (G.V.-M.); (M.A.-H.); (A.M.)
| | - Gonzalo Villanueva-Martin
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain; (D.G.-S.); (G.V.-M.); (M.A.-H.); (A.M.)
| | - Marialbert Acosta-Herrera
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain; (D.G.-S.); (G.V.-M.); (M.A.-H.); (A.M.)
| | - Ana Márquez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain; (D.G.-S.); (G.V.-M.); (M.A.-H.); (A.M.)
- Systemic Autoimmune Disease Unit, Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Martín
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain; (D.G.-S.); (G.V.-M.); (M.A.-H.); (A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Burren OS, Reales G, Wong L, Bowes J, Lee JC, Barton A, Lyons PA, Smith KGC, Thomson W, Kirk PDW, Wallace C. Genetic feature engineering enables characterisation of shared risk factors in immune-mediated diseases. Genome Med 2020; 12:106. [PMID: 33239102 PMCID: PMC7687775 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-020-00797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified pervasive sharing of genetic architectures across multiple immune-mediated diseases (IMD). By learning the genetic basis of IMD risk from common diseases, this sharing can be exploited to enable analysis of less frequent IMD where, due to limited sample size, traditional GWAS techniques are challenging. METHODS Exploiting ideas from Bayesian genetic fine-mapping, we developed a disease-focused shrinkage approach to allow us to distill genetic risk components from GWAS summary statistics for a set of related diseases. We applied this technique to 13 larger GWAS of common IMD, deriving a reduced dimension "basis" that summarised the multidimensional components of genetic risk. We used independent datasets including the UK Biobank to assess the performance of the basis and characterise individual axes. Finally, we projected summary GWAS data for smaller IMD studies, with less than 1000 cases, to assess whether the approach was able to provide additional insights into genetic architecture of less common IMD or IMD subtypes, where cohort collection is challenging. RESULTS We identified 13 IMD genetic risk components. The projection of independent UK Biobank data demonstrated the IMD specificity and accuracy of the basis even for traits with very limited case-size (e.g. vitiligo, 150 cases). Projection of additional IMD-relevant studies allowed us to add biological interpretation to specific components, e.g. related to raised eosinophil counts in blood and serum concentration of the chemokine CXCL10 (IP-10). On application to 22 rare IMD and IMD subtypes, we were able to not only highlight subtype-discriminating axes (e.g. for juvenile idiopathic arthritis) but also suggest eight novel genetic associations. CONCLUSIONS Requiring only summary-level data, our unsupervised approach allows the genetic architectures across any range of clinically related traits to be characterised in fewer dimensions. This facilitates the analysis of studies with modest sample size by matching shared axes of both genetic and biological risk across a wider disease domain, and provides an evidence base for possible therapeutic repurposing opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver S Burren
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Guillermo Reales
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Limy Wong
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John Bowes
- National Institute of Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - James C Lee
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anne Barton
- National Institute of Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul A Lyons
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Wendy Thomson
- National Institute of Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul D W Kirk
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Ovarian Cancer Programme, University of Cambridge Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Chris Wallace
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Deng Z, Chong Z, Law CS, Mukai K, Ho FO, Martinu T, Backes BJ, Eckalbar WL, Taguchi T, Shum AK. A defect in COPI-mediated transport of STING causes immune dysregulation in COPA syndrome. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20201045. [PMID: 32725126 PMCID: PMC7596814 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic COPA variants cause a Mendelian syndrome of immune dysregulation with elevated type I interferon signaling. COPA is a subunit of coat protein complex I (COPI) that mediates Golgi to ER transport. Missense mutations of the COPA WD40 domain impair binding and sorting of proteins targeted for ER retrieval, but how this causes disease remains unknown. Given the importance of COPA in Golgi-ER transport, we speculated that type I interferon signaling in COPA syndrome involves missorting of STING. We show that a defect in COPI transport causes ligand-independent activation of STING. Furthermore, SURF4 is an adapter molecule that facilitates COPA-mediated retrieval of STING at the Golgi. Activated STING stimulates type I interferon-driven inflammation in CopaE241K/+ mice that is rescued in STING-deficient animals. Our results demonstrate that COPA maintains immune homeostasis by regulating STING transport at the Golgi. In addition, activated STING contributes to immune dysregulation in COPA syndrome and may be a new molecular target in treating the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zimu Deng
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Zhenlu Chong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Christopher S. Law
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kojiro Mukai
- Laboratory of Organelle Pathophysiology, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Frances O. Ho
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Tereza Martinu
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bradley J. Backes
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Walter L. Eckalbar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Laboratory of Organelle Pathophysiology, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Anthony K. Shum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sims MC, Mayer L, Collins JH, Bariana TK, Megy K, Lavenu-Bombled C, Seyres D, Kollipara L, Burden FS, Greene D, Lee D, Rodriguez-Romera A, Alessi MC, Astle WJ, Bahou WF, Bury L, Chalmers E, Da Silva R, De Candia E, Deevi SVV, Farrow S, Gomez K, Grassi L, Greinacher A, Gresele P, Hart D, Hurtaud MF, Kelly AM, Kerr R, Le Quellec S, Leblanc T, Leinøe EB, Mapeta R, McKinney H, Michelson AD, Morais S, Nugent D, Papadia S, Park SJ, Pasi J, Podda GM, Poon MC, Reed R, Sekhar M, Shalev H, Sivapalaratnam S, Steinberg-Shemer O, Stephens JC, Tait RC, Turro E, Wu JKM, Zieger B, Kuijpers TW, Whetton AD, Sickmann A, Freson K, Downes K, Erber WN, Frontini M, Nurden P, Ouwehand WH, Favier R, Guerrero JA. Novel manifestations of immune dysregulation and granule defects in gray platelet syndrome. Blood 2020; 136:1956-1967. [PMID: 32693407 PMCID: PMC7582559 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019004776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gray platelet syndrome (GPS) is a rare recessive disorder caused by biallelic variants in NBEAL2 and characterized by bleeding symptoms, the absence of platelet α-granules, splenomegaly, and bone marrow (BM) fibrosis. Due to the rarity of GPS, it has been difficult to fully understand the pathogenic processes that lead to these clinical sequelae. To discern the spectrum of pathologic features, we performed a detailed clinical genotypic and phenotypic study of 47 patients with GPS and identified 32 new etiologic variants in NBEAL2. The GPS patient cohort exhibited known phenotypes, including macrothrombocytopenia, BM fibrosis, megakaryocyte emperipolesis of neutrophils, splenomegaly, and elevated serum vitamin B12 levels. Novel clinical phenotypes were also observed, including reduced leukocyte counts and increased presence of autoimmune disease and positive autoantibodies. There were widespread differences in the transcriptome and proteome of GPS platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, and CD4 lymphocytes. Proteins less abundant in these cells were enriched for constituents of granules, supporting a role for Nbeal2 in the function of these organelles across a wide range of blood cells. Proteomic analysis of GPS plasma showed increased levels of proteins associated with inflammation and immune response. One-quarter of plasma proteins increased in GPS are known to be synthesized outside of hematopoietic cells, predominantly in the liver. In summary, our data show that, in addition to the well-described platelet defects in GPS, there are immune defects. The abnormal immune cells may be the drivers of systemic abnormalities such as autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Sims
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Oxford Haemophilia and Thrombosis Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Louisa Mayer
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Janine H Collins
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tadbir K Bariana
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
- Department of Haematology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karyn Megy
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cecile Lavenu-Bombled
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Reference des Pathologies Plaquettaires, Hôpitaux Armand Trousseau, Bicêtre, Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Denis Seyres
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Frances S Burden
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Greene
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, Forvie Site, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Lee
- Stoller Biomarker Discovery Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Rodriguez-Romera
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Christine Alessi
- Centre for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research, INSERM 1263, INRAE 1260, Marseille, France
| | - William J Astle
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, Forvie Site, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wadie F Bahou
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Loredana Bury
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Rachael Da Silva
- Stoller Biomarker Discovery Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Erica De Candia
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Sri V V Deevi
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Farrow
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Gomez
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luigi Grassi
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Greinacher
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Paolo Gresele
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Dan Hart
- The Royal London Hospital Haemophilia Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Françoise Hurtaud
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Reference des Pathologies Plaquettaires, Hôpitaux Armand Trousseau, Bicêtre, Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Anne M Kelly
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
| | - Ron Kerr
- Department of Haematology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Le Quellec
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Thierry Leblanc
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Reference des Pathologies Plaquettaires, Hôpitaux Armand Trousseau, Bicêtre, Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Eva B Leinøe
- Department of Haematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rutendo Mapeta
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet McKinney
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alan D Michelson
- Center for Platelet Research Studies, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sara Morais
- Serviço de Hematologia Clínica, Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diane Nugent
- Center for Inherited Bleeding Disorders, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA
| | - Sofia Papadia
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Soo J Park
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - John Pasi
- The Royal London Hospital Haemophilia Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gian Marco Podda
- Unità di Medicina 2, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Man-Chiu Poon
- University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Southern Alberta Rare Blood and Bleeding Disorders Comprehensive Care Program, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rachel Reed
- Stoller Biomarker Discovery Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mallika Sekhar
- Department of Haematology, Royal Free London NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hanna Shalev
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Soroka Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Suthesh Sivapalaratnam
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
- Department of Haematology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Orna Steinberg-Shemer
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan C Stephens
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert C Tait
- Department of Haematology, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest Turro
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, Forvie Site, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John K M Wu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Barbara Zieger
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center-Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Sanquin Research Institute, Department of Blood Cell Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony D Whetton
- Stoller Biomarker Discovery Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e. V., Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Medizinische Fakultät, Medizinisches Proteom Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kathleen Freson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kate Downes
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy N Erber
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Mattia Frontini
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- British Heart Foundation, Cambridge Centre for Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paquita Nurden
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire L'Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque, Plateforme Technologique d'Innovation Biomédicale, Hôpital Xavier Arnozan, Pessac, France
| | - Willem H Ouwehand
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Remi Favier
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Reference des Pathologies Plaquettaires, Hôpitaux Armand Trousseau, Bicêtre, Robert Debré, Paris, France
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche 1170, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Universite Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Jose A Guerrero
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Tvina A, Thomsen A, Palatnik A. Prenatal and postnatal phenotype of a pathologic variant in the ATP6AP1 gene. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:103881. [PMID: 32058063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.103881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ATP6AP1 gene encodes for ATPase H+ transporting protein. ATP6AP1 gene mutations are associated with congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) and can affect multiple organ system. Descriptions of postnatal phenotype include immunodeficiency, hepatopathy and cognitive impairment. No prenatal phenotype of these gene mutations has been described to date. CASE This is a description of the prenatal workup of an infant diagnosed with a X-linked ATP6AP1 gene mutation. First trimester ultrasound demonstrated a thickened nuchal translucency measured at 3.27 mm and dysmorphic spinal canal, corresponding to kyphoscoliosis finding postnatally. Findings from amniocentesis at 15 weeks included elevated amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein (AF-AFP) and positive acetylcholinesterase (AchE). Dilation of the aortic arch was seen on fetal echocardiogram at 20 weeks. Throughout the second trimester, a rim of fluid collection was seen under the skin covering the thoracic and lumbar fetal spine, consistent with a large Aplasia Cutis below the right scapula present at birth. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first description of prenatal phenotype of an X-linked ATP6AP1 gene mutation, and the association of this gene mutation with increased NT, elevated AF-AFP and AchE and Aplasia Cutis Congenita. This variant was submitted to ClinVar public database, submission ID: SUB6537411.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Tvina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Allison Thomsen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Medical Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Anna Palatnik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ahmad I, Valverde A, Ahmad F, Naqvi AR. Long Noncoding RNA in Myeloid and Lymphoid Cell Differentiation, Polarization and Function. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020269. [PMID: 31979061 PMCID: PMC7072530 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) are a class of endogenous, non-protein coding RNAs that are increasingly being associated with various cellular functions and diseases. Yet, despite their ubiquity and abundance, only a minute fraction of these molecules has an assigned function. LncRNAs show tissue-, cell-, and developmental stage-specific expression, and are differentially expressed under physiological or pathological conditions. The role of lncRNAs in the lineage commitment of immune cells and shaping immune responses is becoming evident. Myeloid cells and lymphoid cells are two major classes of immune systems that work in concert to initiate and amplify innate and adaptive immunity in vertebrates. In this review, we provide mechanistic roles of lncRNA through which these noncoding RNAs can directly participate in the differentiation, polarization, and activation of myeloid (monocyte, macrophage, and dendritic cells) and lymphoid cells (T cells, B cells, and NK cells). While our knowledge on the role of lncRNA in immune cell differentiation and function has improved in the past decade, further studies are required to unravel the biological role of lncRNAs and identify novel mechanisms of lncRNA functions in immune cells. Harnessing the regulatory potential of lncRNAs can provide novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets in treating immune cell related diseases.
Collapse
|