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Tong B, Ba Y, Li Z, Yang C, Su K, Qi H, Zhang D, Liu X, Wu Y, Chen Y, Ling J, Zhang J, Yu P, Yin X. Targeting dysregulated lipid metabolism for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: Current advancements and future prospects. Neurobiol Dis 2024:106505. [PMID: 38642715 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are two of the most frequent neurological diseases. The clinical features of AD are memory decline and cognitive dysfunction, while PD mainly manifests as motor dysfunction such as limb tremors, muscle rigidity abnormalities, and slow gait. Abnormalities in cholesterol, sphingolipid, and glycerophospholipid metabolism have been demonstrated to directly exacerbate the progression of AD by stimulating Aβ deposition and tau protein tangles. Indirectly, abnormal lipids can increase the burden on brain vasculature, induce insulin resistance, and affect the structure of neuronal cell membranes. Abnormal lipid metabolism leads to PD through inducing accumulation of α-syn, dysfunction of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, and ferroptosis. Great progress has been made in targeting lipid metabolism abnormalities for the treatment of AD and PD in recent years, like metformin, insulin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) agonists, and monoclonal antibodies targeting apolipoprotein E (ApoE). This review comprehensively summarizes the involvement of dysregulated lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of AD and PD, the application of Lipid Monitoring, and emerging lipid regulatory drug targets. A better understanding of the lipidological bases of AD and PD may pave the way for developing effective prevention and treatment methods for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tong
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330006, China; School of Ophthalmology and Optometry of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yaoqi Ba
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330006, China; School of Ophthalmology and Optometry of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zhengyang Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330006, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Caidi Yang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Kangtai Su
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Haodong Qi
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Deju Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China; Center for Clinical Precision Medicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China; Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China; Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yuting Wu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yixuan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jitao Ling
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China; Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China; Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Xiaoping Yin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China.
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Sun G, Feng Z, Kuang Y, Fu Z, Wang Y, Zhao X, Wang F, Sun H, Yuan H, Dai L. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of piperazine derivatives as pan- PPARs agonists for the treatment of liver fibrosis. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 269:116344. [PMID: 38522113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is commonly occurred in chronic liver diseases, but there is no approved drug for clinical use. The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) could not only regulate metabolic homeostasis but also possess anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects, and pan-PPARs agonist was considered as a potential anti-liver fibrosis agent. In this study, a series of novel piperazine pan-PPARs agonists were developed, and the preferred compound 12 displayed potent and well-balanced pan-PPARs agonistic activity. Moreover, compound 12 could dose-dependently stimulate the PPARs target genes expression and showed high selectivity over other related nuclear receptors. Importantly, compound 12 exhibited excellent pharmacokinetic profiles and good anti-liver fibrosis effects in vivo. Collectively, compound 12 holds promise for developing an anti-liver fibrosis agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhiqi Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing, 401135, China
| | - Yufan Kuang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhuoxin Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing, 401135, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fengqin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing, 401135, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing, 401135, China
| | - Haoliang Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Liang Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing, 401135, China.
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Zheng Y, Shao M, Zheng Y, Sun W, Qin S, Sun Z, Zhu L, Guan Y, Wang Q, Wang Y, Li L. PPARs in atherosclerosis: The spatial and temporal features from mechanism to druggable targets. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00120-6. [PMID: 38555000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic and complex disease caused by lipid disorder, inflammation, and other factors. It is closely related to cardiovascular diseases, the chief cause of death globally. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are valuable anti-atherosclerosis targets that showcase multiple roles at different pathological stages of atherosclerosis and for cell types at different tissue sites. AIM OF REVIEW Considering the spatial and temporal characteristics of the pathological evolution of atherosclerosis, the roles and pharmacological and clinical studies of PPARs were summarized systematically and updated under different pathological stages and in different vascular cells of atherosclerosis. Moreover, selective PPAR modulators and PPAR-pan agonists can exert their synergistic effects meanwhile reducing the side effects, thereby providing novel insight into future drug development for precise spatial-temporal therapeutic strategy of anti-atherosclerosis targeting PPARs. KEY SCIENTIFIC Concepts of Review: Based on the spatial and temporal characteristics of atherosclerosis, we have proposed the importance of stage- and cell type-dependent precision therapy. Initially, PPARs improve endothelial cells' dysfunction by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress and then regulate macrophages' lipid metabolism and polarization to improve fatty streak. Finally, PPARs reduce fibrous cap formation by suppressing the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Therefore, research on the cell type-specific mechanisms of PPARs can provide the foundation for space-time drug treatment. Moreover, pharmacological studies have demonstrated that several drugs or compounds can exert their effects by the activation of PPARs. Selective PPAR modulators (that specifically activate gene subsets of PPARs) can exert tissue and cell-specific effects. Furthermore, the dual- or pan-PPAR agonist could perform a better role in balancing efficacy and side effects. Therefore, research on cells/tissue-specific activation of PPARs and PPAR-pan agonists can provide the basis for precision therapy and drug development of PPARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mingyan Shao
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanfei Zheng
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenlong Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Si Qin
- Lab of Food Function and Nutrigenomics, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ziwei Sun
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Linghui Zhu
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qi Wang
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Lingru Li
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Jia Q, Li B, Wang X, Ma Y, Li G. Comprehensive analysis of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors to predict the drug resistance, immune microenvironment, and prognosis in stomach adenocarcinomas. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17082. [PMID: 38529307 PMCID: PMC10962337 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) exert multiple functions in the initiation and progression of stomach adenocarcinomas (STAD). This study analyzed the relationship between PPARs and the immune status, molecular mutations, and drug therapy in STAD. Methods The expression profiles of three PPAR genes (PPARA, PPARD and PPARG) were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset to analyze their expression patterns across pan-cancer. The associations between PPARs and clinicopathologic features, prognosis, tumor microenvironment, genome mutation and drug sensitivity were also explored. Co-expression between two PPAR genes was calculated using Pearson analysis. Regulatory pathways of PPARs were scored using gene set variation analysis (GSVA) package. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blot, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and transwell assay were conducted to analyze the expression and function of the PPAR genes in STAD cell lines (AGS and SGC7901 cells). Results PPARA, PPARD and PPARG were more abnormally expressed in STAD samples and cell lines when compared to most of 32 type cancers in TCGA. In STAD, the expression of PPARD was higher in Grade 3+4 and male patients, while that of PPARG was higher in patient with Grade 3+4 and age > 60. Patients in high-PPARA expression group tended to have longer survival time. Co-expression analysis revealed 6 genes significantly correlated with the three PPAR genes in STAD. Single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) showed that the three PPAR genes were enriched in 23 pathways, including MITOTIC_SPINDLE, MYC_TARGETS_V1, E2F_TARGETS and were closely correlated with immune cells, including NK_cells_resting, T_cells_CD4_memory_resting, and macrophages_M0. Immune checkpoint genes (CD274, SIGLEC15) were abnormally expressed between high-PPAR expression and low-PPAR expression groups. TTN, MUC16, FAT2 and ANK3 genes had a high mutation frequency in both high-PPARA/PPARG and low-PPARA/PPARG expression group. Fourteen and two PPARA/PPARD drugs were identified to be able to effectively treat patients in high-PPARA/PPARG and low-PPARA/PPARG expression groups, respectively. We also found that the chemotherapy drug Vinorelbine was positively correlated with the three PPAR genes, showing the potential of Vinorelbine to serve as a treatment drug for STAD. Furthermore, cell experiments demonstrated that PPARG had higher expression in AGS and SGC7901 cells, and that inhibiting PPARG suppressed the viability, migration and invasion of AGS and SGC7901 cells. Conclusions The current results confirmed that the three PPAR genes (PPARA, PPARD and PPARG) affected STAD development through mediating immune microenvironment and genome mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Baozhen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Xiulian Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Yongfen Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Gaozhong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
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Chávez-Ortega MP, Almanza-Pérez JC, Sánchez-Muñoz F, Hong E, Velázquez-Reyes E, Romero-Nava R, Villafaña-Rauda S, Pérez-Ontiveros A, Blancas-Flores G, Huang F. Effect of Supplementation with Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Metabolic Modulators in Skeletal Muscle of Rats with an Obesogenic High-Fat Diet. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:222. [PMID: 38399437 PMCID: PMC10892617 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies provided evidence of the benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA) on the cardiovascular system and inflammation. However, its possible effect on skeletal muscle is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate whether ω-3 PUFA reverses the dysregulation of metabolic modulators in the skeletal muscle of rats on a high-fat obesogenic diet. For this purpose, an animal model was developed using male Wistar rats with a high-fat diet (HFD) and subsequently supplemented with ω-3 PUFA. Insulin resistance was assessed, and gene and protein expression of metabolism modulators in skeletal muscle was also calculated using PCR-RT and Western blot. Our results confirmed that in HFD rats, zoometric parameters and insulin resistance were increased compared to SD rats. Furthermore, we demonstrate reduced gene and protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and insulin signaling molecules. After ω-3 PUFA supplementation, we observed that glucose (24.34%), triglycerides (35.78%), and HOMA-IR (40.10%) were reduced, and QUICKI (12.16%) increased compared to HFD rats. Furthermore, in skeletal muscle, we detected increased gene and protein expression of PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, insulin receptor (INSR), insulin receptor substrate 1 (ISR-1), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4). These findings suggest that ω-3 PUFAs decrease insulin resistance of obese skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Patricia Chávez-Ortega
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 02200, Mexico;
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Asma, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico;
| | - Julio Cesar Almanza-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 02200, Mexico; (J.C.A.-P.); (E.V.-R.)
| | - Fausto Sánchez-Muñoz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico;
| | - Enrique Hong
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico;
| | - Elihu Velázquez-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 02200, Mexico; (J.C.A.-P.); (E.V.-R.)
| | - Rodrigo Romero-Nava
- Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (R.R.-N.); (S.V.-R.)
| | - Santiago Villafaña-Rauda
- Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (R.R.-N.); (S.V.-R.)
| | - Alfredo Pérez-Ontiveros
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Asma, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico;
| | - Gerardo Blancas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 02200, Mexico; (J.C.A.-P.); (E.V.-R.)
| | - Fengyang Huang
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Asma, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico;
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Burks KH, Xie Y, Gildea M, Jung IH, Mukherjee S, Lee P, Pudupakkam U, Wagoner R, Patel V, Santana K, Alisio A, Goldberg IJ, Finck BN, Fisher EA, Davidson NO, Stitziel NO. ANGPTL3 deficiency impairs lipoprotein production and produces adaptive changes in hepatic lipid metabolism. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100500. [PMID: 38219820 PMCID: PMC10875267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) is a hepatically secreted protein and therapeutic target for reducing plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Although ANGPTL3 modulates the metabolism of circulating lipoproteins, its role in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein assembly and secretion remains unknown. CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) was used to target ANGPTL3 in HepG2 cells (ANGPTL3-/-) whereupon we observed ∼50% reduction of apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100) secretion, accompanied by an increase in ApoB100 early presecretory degradation via a predominantly lysosomal mechanism. Despite defective particle secretion in ANGPTL3-/- cells, targeted lipidomic analysis did not reveal neutral lipid accumulation in ANGPTL3-/- cells; rather ANGPTL3-/- cells demonstrated decreased secretion of newly synthesized triglycerides and increased fatty acid oxidation. Furthermore, RNA sequencing demonstrated significantly altered expression of key lipid metabolism genes, including targets of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, consistent with decreased lipid anabolism and increased lipid catabolism. In contrast, CRISPR/Cas9 LDL receptor (LDLR) deletion in ANGPTL3-/- cells did not result in a secretion defect at baseline, but proteasomal inhibition strongly induced compensatory late presecretory degradation of ApoB100 and impaired its secretion. Additionally, these ANGPTL3-/-;LDLR-/- cells rescued the deficient LDL clearance of LDLR-/- cells. In summary, ANGPTL3 deficiency in the presence of functional LDLR leads to the production of fewer lipoprotein particles due to early presecretory defects in particle assembly that are associated with adaptive changes in intrahepatic lipid metabolism. In contrast, when LDLR is absent, ANGPTL3 deficiency is associated with late presecretory regulation of ApoB100 degradation without impaired secretion. Our findings therefore suggest an unanticipated intrahepatic role for ANGPTL3, whose function varies with LDLR status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall H Burks
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yan Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael Gildea
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - In-Hyuk Jung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sandip Mukherjee
- Division of Nutritional Science and Obesity Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Upasana Pudupakkam
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryan Wagoner
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ved Patel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katherine Santana
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arturo Alisio
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian N Finck
- Division of Nutritional Science and Obesity Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas O Davidson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Nathan O Stitziel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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Zhang JD, He S, He TT, Li CH, Yan BH, Yang Y, Yang J, Luo L, Yin YL, Cao LY. Triclocarban exhibits higher adipogenic activity than triclosan through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors pathways. Environ Pollut 2024; 342:123030. [PMID: 38030110 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous epidemiological and animal studies have showed the lipid metabolic disruption of antimicrobial triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS). However, the present in vivo researches were mainly devoted to the hepatic lipid metabolism, while the evidence about the impacts of TCC/TCS on the adipose tissue is very limited and the potential mechanism is unclear, especially the molecular initiation events. Moreover, little is known about the toxic difference between TCC and TCS. This study aimed to demonstrate the differential adipogenic activity of TCC/TCS as well as the potential molecular mechanism via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα/β/γ). The in vitro experiment based on 3T3-L1 cells showed that TCC/TCS promoted the differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes at nanomolar to micromolar concentrations, which was approach to their human exposure levels. We revealed for the first time by reporter gene assay that TCC could activate three PPARs signaling pathways in a concentration-dependent manner, while TCS only activate PPARβ. The molecular docking strategy was applied to simulate the interactions of TCC/TCS with PPARs, which explained well the different PPARs activities between TCC and TCS. TCC up-regulated the mRNA expression of three PPARs, but TCS only up-regulated PPARβ and PPARγ significantly. Meanwhile, TCC/TCS also promoted the expression of adipogenic genes targeted by PPARs to different extent. The cellular and simulating studies demonstrated that TCC exerted higher adipogenic effects and PPARs activities than TCS. Our mice in vivo experiment showed that TCC could lead to adipocyte size increase, adipocyte lipid accumulation growing, fat weight and body weight gain at human-related exposure levels, and high fat diet exacerbated these effects. Moreover, male mice tended to be more susceptible to TCC induced obesogenic effect than female mice. This work highlights the potential obesogenic risks of TCC/TCS via PPARs signaling pathways, and TCC deserves more concerns for its higher activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Da Zhang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Sen He
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Ting-Ting He
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Chuan-Hai Li
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Bing-Hua Yan
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Lin Luo
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yu-Long Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Lin-Ying Cao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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Sato F, Bhawal UK, Oikawa K, Muragaki Y. Loss of Dec1 inhibits alcohol-induced hepatic lipid accumulation and circadian rhythm disorder. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:1. [PMID: 38166556 PMCID: PMC10763066 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-023-00497-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol exposure increases liver damage such as lipid accumulation and hepatitis, resulting in hepatic cirrhosis. Chronic alcohol intake is known to disturb circadian rhythms in humans and animals. DEC1, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, plays an important role in the circadian rhythm, inflammation, immune responses, and tumor progression. We have previously shown that Dec1 deficiency inhibits stresses such as periodontal inflammation and perivascular fibrosis of the heart. However, the significance of Dec1 deficiency in chronic alcohol consumption remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether the biological stress caused by chronic alcohol intake is inhibited in Dec1 knockout mice. We treated control and Dec1 knockout mice for three months by providing free access to 10% alcohol. The Dec1 knockout mice consumed more alcohol than control mice, however, we observed severe hepatic lipid accumulation and circadian rhythm disturbance in control mice. In contrast, Dec1 knockout mice exhibited little effect on these outcomes. We also investigated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which are involved in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed increases of phosphorylation AMPK and PPARa but decreases PPARg in Dec1 knockout mice compared to that in control mice. This indicates a molecular basis for the inhibition of hepatic lipid accumulation in alcohol-treated Dec1 knockout mice. These results suggest a novel function of Dec1 in alcohol-induced hepatic lipid accumulation and circadian rhythm disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuki Sato
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Sunto-gun, 411-8777, Japan.
- Department of Pathology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, 641- 8509, Japan.
| | - Ujjal K Bhawal
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
- Center for Global Health Research , Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals , Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Kosuke Oikawa
- Department of Pathology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, 641- 8509, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Muragaki
- Department of Pathology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, 641- 8509, Japan
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9
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Romero-Córdoba S, Chirinos M, Noyola-Martínez N, Torres-Ramírez N, García-Olivares M, Aragón-Hernández JP, Ramírez-Camacho I, Zúñiga R, Larrea F, Halhali A, Barrera D. Transcriptional landscape of human trophoblast cells treated with calcitriol and TGF-β1. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 579:112088. [PMID: 37832930 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Calcitriol and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) are unrelated molecules that regulate biological processes according to the genetic target, cell type, and context. Several studies have shown independent effects of calcitriol and TGF-βs on the placenta, but there is no information regarding the impact of their combination on these cells. Therefore, this study analyzed the effects of calcitriol, TGF-β1, and their combination in primary cultures of human trophoblast cells using a whole genome expression microarray. Data analysis revealed a set of differentially expressed genes induced by each treatment. Enrichment pathway analysis identified modulatory effects of calcitriol on genes related to metabolic processes such as vitamin D, steroid, and fat-soluble vitamins as well as antimicrobial and immune responses. In relation to TGF-β1, the analysis showed a few differentially expressed genes that were mainly associated with the neutrophil immune response. Lastly, the analysis revealed that the combination of calcitriol and TGF-β1 up-regulated genes involving both immunologic processes and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, eicosanoids, and lipoxins, among others. In contrast, pathways down-regulated by the combination were mostly associated with the catabolic process of acylglycerols and peptides, PPAR signaling pathway, cellular response to low-density lipoprotein stimulus, renin angiotensin system and digestion, mobilization and transport of lipids. Consistent with these results, the combined treatment on human trophoblast cells induced the accumulation of intracellular neutral lipid droplets and stimulated both gene and protein expression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. In conclusion, the results revealed that differentially expressed genes induced by the combination modified the transcriptional landscape compared to each treatment alone, mainly altering the storage, activity and metabolism of lipids, which might have an impact on placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Romero-Córdoba
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, 14080, Mexico
| | - Mayel Chirinos
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción "Dr. Carlos Gual Castro", Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, Ciudad de México, 14080, Mexico
| | - Nancy Noyola-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción "Dr. Carlos Gual Castro", Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, Ciudad de México, 14080, Mexico
| | - Nayeli Torres-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Mitzi García-Olivares
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción "Dr. Carlos Gual Castro", Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, Ciudad de México, 14080, Mexico
| | - Juan Pablo Aragón-Hernández
- Departamento de la Unidad Tocoquirúrgica, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Ciudad de México, 14080, Mexico
| | - Ixchel Ramírez-Camacho
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción "Dr. Carlos Gual Castro", Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, Ciudad de México, 14080, Mexico
| | - Rosa Zúñiga
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción "Dr. Carlos Gual Castro", Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, Ciudad de México, 14080, Mexico
| | - Fernando Larrea
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción "Dr. Carlos Gual Castro", Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, Ciudad de México, 14080, Mexico
| | - Ali Halhali
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción "Dr. Carlos Gual Castro", Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, Ciudad de México, 14080, Mexico
| | - David Barrera
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción "Dr. Carlos Gual Castro", Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, Ciudad de México, 14080, Mexico.
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10
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Yang Z, Danzeng A, Liu Q, Zeng C, Xu L, Mo J, Pingcuo C, Wang X, Wang C, Zhang B, Zhang B. The Role of Nuclear Receptors in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:113-126. [PMID: 38164174 PMCID: PMC10750283 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.87305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global health burden closely linked to insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. The complex pathophysiology of NAFLD involves multiple cellular pathways and molecular factors. Nuclear receptors (NRs) have emerged as crucial regulators of lipid metabolism and inflammation in NAFLD, offering potential therapeutic targets for NAFLD. Targeting PPARs and FXRs has shown promise in ameliorating NAFLD symptoms and halting disease progression. However, further investigation is needed to address side effects and personalize therapy approaches. This review summarizes the current understanding of the involvement of NRs in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and explores their therapeutic potential. We discuss the role of several NRs in modulating lipid homeostasis in the liver, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), liver X receptors (LXRs), farnesoid X receptors (FXRs), REV-ERB, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR).The expanding knowledge of NRs in NAFLD offers new avenues for targeted therapies, necessitating exploration of novel treatment strategies and optimization of existing approaches to combat this increasingly prevalent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Yang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Awang Danzeng
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qiumeng Liu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chenglong Zeng
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jie Mo
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ciren Pingcuo
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Bixiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Binhao Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
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11
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Mifflin R, Park JE, Lee M, Jena PK, Wan YJY, Barton HA, Aghayev M, Kasumov T, Lin L, Wang X, Novak R, Li F, Huang H, Shriver LP, Lee YK. Microbial products linked to steatohepatitis are reduced by deletion of nuclear hormone receptor SHP in mice. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100469. [PMID: 37922990 PMCID: PMC10698000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deletion of the nuclear hormone receptor small heterodimer partner (Shp) ameliorates the development of obesity and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in mice. Liver-specific SHP plays a significant role in this amelioration. The gut microbiota has been associated with these metabolic disorders, and the interplay between bile acids (BAs) and gut microbiota contributes to various metabolic disorders. Since hepatic SHP is recognized as a critical regulator in BA synthesis, we assessed the involvement of gut microbiota in the antiobesity and anti-NASH phenotype of Shp-/- mice. Shp deletion significantly altered the levels of a few conjugated BAs. Sequencing the 16S rRNA gene in fecal samples collected from separately housed mice revealed apparent dysbiosis in Shp-/- mice. Cohousing Shp-/- mice with WT mice during a Western diet regimen impaired their metabolic improvement and effectively disrupted their distinctive microbiome structure, which became indistinguishable from that of WT mice. While the Western diet challenge significantly increased lipopolysaccharide and phenylacetic acid (PAA) levels in the blood of WT mice, their levels were not increased in Shp-/- mice. PAA was strongly associated with hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma isoform 2 (Pparg2) activation in mice, which may represent the basis of the molecular mechanism underlying the association of gut bacteria and hepatic steatosis. Shp deletion reshapes the gut microbiota possibly by altering BAs. While lipopolysaccharide and PAA are the major driving forces derived from gut microbiota for NASH development, Shp deletion decreases these signaling molecules via dysbiosis, thereby partially protecting mice from diet-induced metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Mifflin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Jung Eun Park
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Mikang Lee
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Prasant Kumar Jena
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Hazel A Barton
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Mirjavid Aghayev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Takhar Kasumov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Xinwen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Robert Novak
- Department of Pathology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - He Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Leah P Shriver
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yoon-Kwang Lee
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.
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12
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Staels B, Butruille L, Francque S. Treating NASH by targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. J Hepatol 2023; 79:1302-1316. [PMID: 37459921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) encompasses a complex set of intra- and extrahepatic driving mechanisms, involving numerous metabolic, inflammatory, vascular and fibrogenic pathways. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) α, β/δ and γ belong to the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors. Activated PPARs modulate target tissue transcriptomic profiles, enabling the body's adaptation to changing nutritional, metabolic and inflammatory environments. PPARs hence regulate several pathways involved in NASH pathogenesis. Whereas single PPAR agonists exert robust anti-NASH activity in several preclinical models, their clinical effects on histological endpoints of NASH resolution and fibrosis regression appear more modest. Simultaneous activation of several PPAR isotypes across different organs and within-organ cell types, resulting in pleiotropic actions, enhances the therapeutic potential of PPAR agonists as pharmacological agents for NASH and NASH-related hepatic and extrahepatic morbidity, with some compounds having already shown clinical efficacy on histological endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Staels
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France.
| | - Laura Butruille
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Sven Francque
- Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, B-2650, Edegem, Belgium; InflaMed Centre of Excellence, Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Translational Sciences in Inflammation and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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13
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Wang Y, Lei F, Lin Y, Han Y, Yang L, Tan H. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors as therapeutic target for cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 28:e17931. [PMID: 37700501 PMCID: PMC10902584 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors belonging to the nuclear receptor family. There are three subtypes of PPARs, including PPAR-α, PPAR-β/δ and PPAR-γ. They are expressed in different tissues and act by regulating the expression of target genes in the form of binding to ligands. Various subtypes of PPAR have been shown to have significant roles in a wide range of biological processes including lipid metabolism, body energy homeostasis, cell proliferation and differentiation, bone formation, tissue repair and remodelling. Recent studies have found that PPARs are closely related to tumours. They are involved in cancer cell growth, angiogenesis and tumour immune response, and are essential components in tumour progression and metastasis. As such, they have become a target for cancer therapy research. In this review, we discussed the current state of knowledge on the involvement of PPARs in cancer, including their role in tumourigenesis, the impact of PPARs in tumour microenvironment and the potential of using PPARs combinational therapy to treat cancer by targeting essential signal pathways, or as adjuvants to boost the effects of current chemo and immunotherapies. Our review highlights the complexity of PPARs in cancer and the need for a better understanding of the mechanism in order to design effective cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wang
- Department of Internal MedicineMontefiore Medical Center, Wakefield CampusBronxNew YorkUSA
| | - Feifei Lei
- Department of Infectious Disease, Lab of Liver Disease, Renmin HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Yiyun Lin
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Yuru Han
- Qinghai Provincial People's HospitalXiningChina
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Huabing Tan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Lab of Liver Disease, Renmin HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
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14
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Kuo FC, Tsai ML, Wu ST, Li SS, Wu CF, Wang SL, Chan MWY, Suen JL, Wu MT, Hung CH. Maternal di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure elicits offspring IFN-λ upregulation: Insights from birth cohort, murine model, and in vitro mechanistic analysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113993. [PMID: 37611859 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Maternal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), an environmental endocrine disruptor, may lead to developmental immunotoxicity in offspring. The causal relationship and underlying mechanism require further study. A subset of Taiwan Maternal and Infant Cohort Study data (n = 283) was analyzed and found a significant association between urinary DEHP metabolite levels from the third trimester of pregnancy and plasma levels of IL-28A and IL-29, named IFNλs, in cord blood. A trans-maternal murine model mimicking human DEHP exposure way showed that bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from maternal DEHP-exposed F1 offspring secreted higher IL-28A levels than control cells, indicating a potential causal relationship. Human bronchial epithelial cell lines treated with DEHP or its primary metabolite, mono-(2-ethyl-5-hexyl) phthalate (MEHP), expressed significantly higher levels of IFNλs mRNA or protein than controls. MEHP's effect on IFNλs expression was blocked by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PPARγ antagonists, and inhibited by a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor or a histone methyltransferase inhibitor. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that MEHP treatment promoted histone modifications at H3 and H4 proteins at the promoter regions of Il28a and Il29 genes. These results suggest maternal DEHP exposure could result in high IFNλ expression in offspring, and the health risk of early-life exposure requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chen Kuo
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Lan Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Shin-Ting Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Sih-Syuan Li
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; International Master Program of Translational Medicine, National United University, Miaoli 360, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Lin Wang
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
| | - Michael W Y Chan
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan; Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Ling Suen
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hsing Hung
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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15
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Paluvai H, Shanmukha KD, Tyedmers J, Backs J. Insights into the function of HDAC3 and NCoR1/NCoR2 co-repressor complex in metabolic diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1190094. [PMID: 37674539 PMCID: PMC10477789 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1190094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) and nuclear receptor co-repressor (NCoR1/2) are epigenetic regulators that play a key role in gene expression and metabolism. HDAC3 is a class I histone deacetylase that functions as a transcriptional co-repressor, modulating gene expression by removing acetyl groups from histones and non-histone proteins. NCoR1, on the other hand, is a transcriptional co-repressor that interacts with nuclear hormone receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and liver X receptor (LXR), to regulate metabolic gene expression. Recent research has revealed a functional link between HDAC3 and NCoR1 in the regulation of metabolic gene expression. Genetic deletion of HDAC3 in mouse models has been shown to improve glucose intolerance and insulin sensitivity in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Similarly, genetic deletion of NCoR1 has improved insulin resistance and reduced adiposity in mouse models. Dysregulation of this interaction has been associated with the development of cardio-metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity and type 2 diabetes, suggesting that targeting this pathway may hold promise for the development of novel therapeutic interventions. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of individual functions of HDAC3 and NCoR1/2 and the co-repressor complex formation (HDAC3/NCoR1/2) in different metabolic tissues. Further studies are needed to thoroughly understand the mechanisms through which HDAC3, and NCoR1/2 govern metabolic processes and the implications for treating metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikrishnareddy Paluvai
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kumar D. Shanmukha
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Tyedmers
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Backs
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Jayanti S, Dalla Verde C, Tiribelli C, Gazzin S. Inflammation, Dopaminergic Brain and Bilirubin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11478. [PMID: 37511235 PMCID: PMC10380707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is a well-known neurotransmitter due to its involvement in Parkinson's disease (PD). Dopamine is not only involved in PD but also controls multiple mental and physical activities, such as the pleasure of food, friends and loved ones, music, art, mood, cognition, motivation, fear, affective disorders, addiction, attention deficit disorder, depression, and schizophrenia. Dopaminergic neurons (DOPAn) are susceptible to stressors, and inflammation is a recognized risk for neuronal malfunctioning and cell death in major neurodegenerative diseases. Less is known for non-neurodegenerative conditions. Among the endogenous defenses, bilirubin, a heme metabolite, has been shown to possess important anti-inflammatory activity and, most importantly, to prevent DOPAn demise in an ex vivo model of PD by acting on the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). This review summarizes the evidence linking DOPAn, inflammation (when possible, specifically TNFα), and bilirubin as an anti-inflammatory in order to understand what is known, the gaps that need filling, and the hypotheses of anti-inflammatory strategies to preserve dopamine homeostasis with bilirubin included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Jayanti
- Italian Liver Foundation, Liver Brain Unit "Rita Moretti", Area Science Park, Bldg. Q, SS 14, Km 163,5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Eijkman Research Centre for Molecular Biology, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16915, Indonesia
| | - Camilla Dalla Verde
- Italian Liver Foundation, Liver Brain Unit "Rita Moretti", Area Science Park, Bldg. Q, SS 14, Km 163,5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Italian Liver Foundation, Liver Brain Unit "Rita Moretti", Area Science Park, Bldg. Q, SS 14, Km 163,5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvia Gazzin
- Italian Liver Foundation, Liver Brain Unit "Rita Moretti", Area Science Park, Bldg. Q, SS 14, Km 163,5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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Becerril-Campos AA, Ramos-Gómez M, De Los Ríos-Arellano EA, Ocampo-Anguiano PV, González-Gallardo A, Macotela Y, García-Gasca T, Ahumada-Solórzano SM. Bean Leaves Ameliorate Lipotoxicity in Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:2928. [PMID: 37447254 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive compounds in plant-based food have protective effects against metabolic alterations, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Bean leaves are widely cultivated in the world and are a source of dietary fiber and polyphenols. High fat/high fructose diet animal models promote deleterious effects in adipose and non-adipose tissues (lipotoxicity), leading to obesity and its comorbidities. Short-term supplementation of bean leaves exhibited anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anti-obesity effects in high-fat/high-fructose diet animal models. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of bean leaves supplementation in the prevention of lipotoxicity in NAFLD and contribute to elucidating the possible mechanism involved for a longer period of time. During thirteen weeks, male Wistar rats (n = 9/group) were fed with: (1) S: Rodent Laboratory Chow 5001® (RLC); (2) SBL: 90% RLC+ 10% dry bean leaves; (3) H: high-fat/high-fructose diet; (4) HBL: H+ 10% of dry bean leaves. Overall, a HBL diet enhanced impaired glucose tolerance and ameliorated obesity, risk factors in NAFLD development. Additionally, bean leaves exerted antioxidant (↑serum GSH) and anti-inflammatory (↓mRNA TNFα in the liver) effects, prevented hepatic fat accumulation by enhanced ↑mRNA PPARα (β oxidation), and enhanced lipid peroxidation (↓liver MDA). These findings suggest that bean leaves ameliorated hepatic lipotoxicity derived from the consumption of a deleterious diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Araceli Becerril-Campos
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Campus Juriquilla, Av. De las Ciencias S/N, Queretaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Minerva Ramos-Gómez
- Food Research and Graduate Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Centro Universitario, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Queretaro 76010, Mexico
| | | | - Perla Viridiana Ocampo-Anguiano
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Campus Juriquilla, Av. De las Ciencias S/N, Queretaro 76230, Mexico
- Food Research and Graduate Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Centro Universitario, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Queretaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Adriana González-Gallardo
- Proteogenomic Unit, Neurobiology Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Queretaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Yazmín Macotela
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Queretaro 76237, Mexico
| | - Teresa García-Gasca
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Campus Juriquilla, Av. De las Ciencias S/N, Queretaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Santiaga Marisela Ahumada-Solórzano
- Interdisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Campus Juriquilla, Av. De las Ciencias S/N, Queretaro 76230, Mexico
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18
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Zou H, Gong Y, Ye H, Yuan C, Li T, Zhang J, Ren L. Dietary regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in metabolic syndrome. Phytomedicine 2023; 116:154904. [PMID: 37267691 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a class of ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors, members of the type nuclear receptor superfamily, with three subtypes, namely PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ, which play a key role in the metabolic syndrome. In the past decades, a large number of studies have shown that natural products can act by regulating metabolic pathways mediated by PPARs. PURPOSE This work summarizes the physiological importance and clinical significance of PPARs and reviews the experimental evidence that natural products mediate metabolic syndrome via PPARs. METHODS This study reviews relevant literature on clinical trials, epidemiology, animals, and cell cultures published in NCBI PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and other databases from 2001 to October 2022. Search keywords were "natural product" OR "botanical" OR "phytochemical" AND "PPAR" as well as free text words. RESULTS The modulatory involvement of PPARs in the metabolic syndrome has been supported by prior research. It has been observed that many natural products can treat metabolic syndrome by altering PPARs. The majority of currently described natural compounds are mild PPAR-selective agonists with therapeutic effects that are equivalent to synthetic medicines but less harmful adverse effects. CONCLUSION PPAR agonists can be combined with natural products to treat and prevent metabolic syndrome. Further human investigations are required because it is unknown how natural products cause harm and how they might have negative impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Zou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yiyao Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Haiqing Ye
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Cuiping Yuan
- Institute of Agro-food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Tiezhu Li
- Institute of Agro-food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Li Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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19
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Xu X, Zhao L, Terry PD, Chen J. Reciprocal Effect of Environmental Stimuli to Regulate the Adipogenesis and Osteogenesis Fate Decision in Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSCs). Cells 2023; 12:1400. [PMID: 37408234 PMCID: PMC10216952 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts. Various external stimuli, including environmental contaminants, heavy metals, dietary, and physical factors, are shown to influence the fate decision of BM-MSCs toward adipogenesis or osteogenesis. The balance of osteogenesis and adipogenesis is critical for the maintenance of bone homeostasis, and the interruption of BM-MSCs lineage commitment is associated with human health issues, such as fracture, osteoporosis, osteopenia, and osteonecrosis. This review focuses on how external stimuli shift the fate of BM-MSCs towards adipogenesis or osteogenesis. Future studies are needed to understand the impact of these external stimuli on bone health and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of BM-MSCs differentiation. This knowledge will inform efforts to prevent bone-related diseases and develop therapeutic approaches to treat bone disorders associated with various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Xu
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Paul D. Terry
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37920, USA;
| | - Jiangang Chen
- Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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20
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Sun J, Yu L, Qu X, Huang T. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the tumor microenvironment, tumor cell metabolism, and anticancer therapy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1184794. [PMID: 37251321 PMCID: PMC10213337 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1184794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have been extensively studied for over 3 decades and consist of three isotypes, including PPARα, γ, and β/δ, that were originally considered key metabolic regulators controlling energy homeostasis in the body. Cancer has become a leading cause of human mortality worldwide, and the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in cancer is increasingly being investigated, especially the deep molecular mechanisms and effective cancer therapies. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are an important class of lipid sensors and are involved in the regulation of multiple metabolic pathways and cell fate. They can regulate cancer progression in different tissues by activating endogenous or synthetic compounds. This review emphasizes the significance and knowledge of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the tumor microenvironment, tumor cell metabolism, and anti-cancer treatment by summarizing recent research on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. In general, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors either promote or suppress cancer in different types of tumor microenvironments. The emergence of this difference depends on various factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor type, cancer type, and tumor stage. Simultaneously, the effect of anti-cancer therapy based on drug-targeted PPARs differs or even opposes among the three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor homotypes and different cancer types. Therefore, the current status and challenges of the use of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors agonists and antagonists in cancer treatment are further explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaao Sun
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Liyan Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xueling Qu
- Dalian Women and Children’s Medical Center(Group), Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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21
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Chae HS, Dale O, Mir TM, Ashfaq MK, Avula B, Walker LA, Khan IA, Khan SI. Juniper Berries Regulate Diabetes and Obesity Markers Through Modulating PPAR α, PPAR γ, and LXR: In Vitro and In Vivo Effects. J Med Food 2023; 26:307-318. [PMID: 37186895 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2022.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The berries of Juniperus communis have been traditionally used for therapeutic purposes. They have been reported to possess various pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. In this study, a methanolic extract of J. communis berries (JB) was evaluated for its effects on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma (PPARα and PPARγ), liver X receptor (LXR), glucose uptake and lipid accumulation using various cellular systems. At a concentration of 25 μg/mL, JB caused 3.77-fold activation of PPARα, 10.90-fold activation of PPARγ, and 4.43-fold activation of LXR in hepatic cells. JB inhibited (11%) the adipogenic effect induced by rosiglitazone in adipocytes and increased glucose uptake (90%) in muscle cells. In high-fat diet (HFD) fed mice, JB at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight exhibited a 21% decrease in body weight. Fasting glucose levels in mice treated with 12.5 mg/kg of JB were significantly decreased (39%) indicating its efficacy in regulating hyperglycemia and obesity induced by HFD thus ameliorating the symptoms of type 2 diabetes. A series of energy metabolic genes, including Sirt1 (2.00-fold) and RAF1 (2.04-fold), were upregulated by JB, while rosiglitazone regulated the hepatic PPARγ only. Phytochemical analysis of JB indicated presence of a number of flavonoids and biflavonoids which seem to be responsible for the observed activity. It was concluded that JB acted as a multiple agonist of PPARα, PPARγ and LXR without the undesired effect of adipogenesis and exhibited the property of enhancing glucose uptake. The regulation of PPARα, PPARγ and LXR seems to be through Sirt1 and RAF1. In vivo results confirmed the antidiabetic and antiobesity potential of JB and indicated its utility in metabolic disorder and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sung Chae
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Olivia Dale
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Tahir M Mir
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Mohammad K Ashfaq
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
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22
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Shang K, Ma N, Che J, Li H, Hu J, Sun H, Cao B. SLC27A2 mediates FAO in colorectal cancer through nongenic crosstalk regulation of the PPARs pathway. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:335. [PMID: 37041476 PMCID: PMC10091540 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are a nuclear hormone receptors superfamily that is closely related to fatty acid (FA) metabolism and tumor progression. Solute carrier family 27 member 2 (SLC27A2) is important for FA transportation and metabolism and is related to cancer progression. This study aims to explore the mechanisms of how PPARs and SLC27A2 regulate FA metabolism in colorectal cancer (CRC) and find new strategies for CRC treatment. METHODS Biological information analysis was applied to detect the expression and the correlation of PPARs and SLC27A2 in CRC. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) interaction networks were explored by using the STRING database. Uptake experiments and immunofluorescence staining were used to analyse the function and number of peroxisomes and colocalization of FA with peroxisomes, respectively. Western blotting and qRT‒PCR were performed to explore the mechanisms. RESULTS SLC27A2 was overexpressed in CRC. PPARs had different expression levels, and PPARG was significantly highly expressed in CRC. SLC27A2 was correlated with PPARs in CRC. Both SLC27A2 and PPARs were closely related to fatty acid oxidation (FAO)‒related genes. SLC27A2 affected the activity of ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily D Member 3 (ABCD3), also named PMP70, the most abundant peroxisomal membrane protein. We found that the ratios of p-Erk/Erk and p-GSK3β/GSK3β were elevated through nongenic crosstalk regulation of the PPARs pathway. CONCLUSIONS SLC27A2 mediates FA uptake and beta-oxidation through nongenic crosstalk regulation of the PPARs pathway in CRC. Targeting SLC27A2/FATP2 or PPARs may provide new insights for antitumour strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Shang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yongan Road, Xi-Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Nina Ma
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yongan Road, Xi-Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Juanjuan Che
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yongan Road, Xi-Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yongan Road, Xi-Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jiexuan Hu
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yongan Road, Xi-Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Haolin Sun
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yongan Road, Xi-Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Bangwei Cao
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yongan Road, Xi-Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
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23
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Merola C, Caioni G, Cimini A, Perugini M, Benedetti E. Sodium valproate exposure influences the expression of pparg in the zebrafish model. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:658-667. [PMID: 36786327 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is an anti-epileptic drug used alone or in combination with other medications to treat seizures, mania, and bipolar disorder. VPA recognized as a teratogenic chemical can cause severe birth defects mainly affecting the brain and spinal cord when administered during pregnancy. However, the potential mechanisms of developmental toxicity are still less studied, and in the present study, the influence of VPA exposure was evaluated on zebrafish early-life stages. Zebrafish were exposed to two sublethal concentrations of sodium valproate (SV) (0.06 mM and 0.15 mM) from 24 hours post-fertilization (hpf) to 96 hpf and the SV teratogenic potential was investigated through morphometric analysis of zebrafish larvae combined with the evaluation of cartilage profile. Moreover, the effect of SV on the transcription level of pparg was also performed. The results of the study showed the teratogenic potential of SV, which disrupts the morphometric signature of the head and body. The marked distortion of cartilage structures was paralleled to a malformation of telencephalon and optic tectum in both concentrations suggesting a high teratogen effect of SV on the brain. These data were further confirmed by the increased expression of pparg in the zebrafish head. Overall, the present study confirms the teratogenic activity of SV in the zebrafish model and, for the first time, points out the potential protective role of pparg in the SV dose-dependent toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Merola
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giulia Caioni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Monia Perugini
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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24
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Fontaine V, Balducci C, Dinan L, Monteiro E, Boumedine T, Fournié M, Nguyen V, Guibout L, Clatot J, Latil M, Veillet S, Sahel JA, Lafont R, Dilda PJ, Camelo S. Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Photo- and Neuro-Protective Properties of BIO203, a New Amide Conjugate of Norbixin, in Development for the Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5296. [PMID: 36982372 PMCID: PMC10049354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
9'-cis-norbixin (norbixin/BIO201) protects RPE cells against phototoxicity induced by blue light and N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E) in vitro and preserves visual functions in animal models of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in vivo. The purpose of this study was to examine the mode of action and the in vitro and in vivo effects of BIO203, a novel norbixin amide conjugate. Compared to norbixin, BIO203 displays improved stability at all temperatures tested for up to 18 months. In vitro, BIO203 and norbixin share a similar mode of action involving the inhibition of PPARs, NF-κB, and AP-1 transactivations. The two compounds also reduce IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF expression induced by A2E. In vivo, ocular maximal concentration and BIO203 plasma exposure are increased compared to those of norbixin. Moreover, BIO203 administered systemically protects visual functions and retinal structure in albino rats subjected to blue-light illumination and in the retinal degeneration model of Abca4-/- Rdh8-/- double knock-out mice following 6 months of oral complementation. In conclusion, we report here that BIO203 and norbixin share similar modes of action and protective effects in vitro and in vivo. BIO203, with its improved pharmacokinetic and stability properties, could be developed for the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases such as AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Fontaine
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; (V.F.)
| | - Christine Balducci
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.)
| | - Laurence Dinan
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.)
| | - Elodie Monteiro
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; (V.F.)
| | - Thinhinane Boumedine
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; (V.F.)
| | - Mylène Fournié
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; (V.F.)
| | - Vincent Nguyen
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; (V.F.)
| | - Louis Guibout
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.)
| | - Justine Clatot
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.)
| | - Mathilde Latil
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.)
| | - Stanislas Veillet
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.)
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; (V.F.)
- Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild, 29 rue Manin, 75019 Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - René Lafont
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.)
| | - Pierre J. Dilda
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.)
| | - Serge Camelo
- Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, BC9, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.)
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Ferrer MJ, Abruzzese GA, Heber MF, Ferreira SR, Campo Verde Arbocco F, Motta AB. Intrauterine androgen exposure impairs gonadal adipose tissue functions of adult female rats. Theriogenology 2023; 198:131-140. [PMID: 36584634 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal androgen exposure induces fetal programming leading to alterations in offspring health and phenotypes that resemble those seen in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. It has been described that prenatal androgenization affects the reproductive axis and leads to metabolic and endocrine disorders. Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in all these functions and is susceptible to programming effects. Particularly, gonadal adipose tissue is involved in reproductive functions, so dysfunctions in this tissue could be related to fertility alterations. We aimed to investigate the extent to which prenatal hyperandrogenization is able to alter the functionality of gonadal adipose tissue in female adult rats, including lipid metabolism, adipokines expression, and de novo synthesis of steroids. Pregnant rats were treated with 1 mg of testosterone from day 16 to day 19 of pregnancy, and female offspring were followed until 90 days of age, when they were euthanized. The prenatally hyperandrogenized (PH) female offspring displayed two phenotypes: irregular ovulatory (PHiov) and anovulatory (PHanov). Regarding lipid metabolism, both PH groups displayed disruptions in the main lipid pathways with altered levels of triglyceride and increased lipid peroxidation levels. In addition, we found that Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) alpha protein expression was decreased in both PH phenotypes (p < 0.05), but no changes were found in PPARγ protein levels. Furthermore, regarding adipokines, no changes were found in Leptin and Adiponectin protein levels, but Chemerin protein levels were decreased in the PHiov group (p < 0.05). Regarding de novo synthesis of steroids, the PHanov group showed increased protein levels of Cyp17a1 and Cyp19, while the PHiov group only showed decreased protein levels of Cyp19 (p < 0.05). These results suggest that prenatal androgen exposure affects females' gonadal adipose tissue in adulthood, disturbing different lipid pathways, Chemerin expression, and de novo synthesis of steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Ferrer
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, CP1121, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Giselle Adriana Abruzzese
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, CP1121, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Heber
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, CP1121, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvana Rocío Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, CP1121, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fiorella Campo Verde Arbocco
- Laboratorio de Hormonas y Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina; Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, IMBECU, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alicia Beatriz Motta
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, CP1121, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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D’Aniello E, Amodeo P, Vitale RM. Marine Natural and Nature-Inspired Compounds Targeting Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors ( PPARs). Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020089. [PMID: 36827130 PMCID: PMC9966990 DOI: 10.3390/md21020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α, γ and β/δ (PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ) are a family of ligand-activated transcriptional factors belonging to the superfamily of nuclear receptors regulating the expression of genes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, energy homeostasis, inflammation, and the immune response. For this reason, they represent attractive targets for the treatment of a variety of metabolic diseases and, more recently, for neurodegenerative disorders due to their emerging neuroprotective effects. The degree of activation, from partial to full, along with the selectivity toward the different isoforms, greatly affect the therapeutic efficacy and the safety profile of PPAR agonists. Thus, there is a high interest toward novel scaffolds with proper combinations of activity and selectivity. This review intends to provide an overview of the discovery, optimization, and structure-activity relationship studies on PPAR modulators from marine sources, along with the structural and computational studies that led to their identification and/or elucidation, and rationalization of their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico D’Aniello
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Amodeo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (R.M.V.)
| | - Rosa Maria Vitale
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (R.M.V.)
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Zhang M, He S. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors regulate the progression and treatment of gastrointestinal cancers. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1169566. [PMID: 37025484 PMCID: PMC10070695 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1169566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are essential nuclear hormone receptors regulating metabolic processes, and they participate in the initiation and progression processes of tumors. Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is a prevalent malignancy worldwide that originates from the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract and is characterized by severe symptoms and poor prognosis. Numerous published studies have investigated the critical role of PPARs in esophageal, gastric, and colorectal cancers. Here, we summarize and review the current literature to understand the role of PPARs in the pathogenesis of GI cancers and to provide a systematic reference for the subsequent investigation and development of efficient therapies targeting PPARs and their pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shujie He
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Shujie He,
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Abstract
Cannabis plant has been used from ancient times with therapeutic purposes for treating human pathologies, but the identification of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic properties of the phytocannabinoids, the active compounds in this plant, occurred in the last years of the past century. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, seminal studies demonstrated the existence of cannabinoid receptors and other elements of the so-called endocannabinoid system. These G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a key element in the functions assigned to endocannabinoids and appear to serve as promising pharmacological targets. They include CB1, CB2, and GPR55, but also non-GPCRs can be activated by endocannabinoids, like ionotropic receptor TRPV1 and even nuclear receptors of the PPAR family. Their activation, inhibition, or simply modulation have been associated with numerous physiological effects at both central and peripheral levels, which may have therapeutic value in different human pathologies, then providing a solid experimental explanation for both the ancient medicinal uses of Cannabis plant and the recent advances in the development of cannabinoid-based specific therapies. This chapter will review the scientific knowledge generated in the last years around the research on the different endocannabinoid-binding receptors and their signaling mechanisms. Our intention is that this knowledge may help readers to understand the relevance of these receptors in health and disease conditions, as well as it may serve as the theoretical basis for the different experimental protocols to investigate these receptors and their signaling mechanisms that will be described in the following chapters.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gómez-Cañas
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodríguez-Cueto
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentina Satta
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Hernández-Fisac
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Navarro
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Ruiz
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
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Hasankhani A, Bahrami A, Tavakoli-Far B, Iranshahi S, Ghaemi F, Akbarizadeh MR, Amin AH, Abedi Kiasari B, Mohammadzadeh Shabestari A. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the modulation of hyperinflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection: A perspective for COVID-19 therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127358. [PMID: 36875108 PMCID: PMC9981974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a severe respiratory disease caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that affects the lower and upper respiratory tract in humans. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with the induction of a cascade of uncontrolled inflammatory responses in the host, ultimately leading to hyperinflammation or cytokine storm. Indeed, cytokine storm is a hallmark of SARS-CoV-2 immunopathogenesis, directly related to the severity of the disease and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Considering the lack of any definitive treatment for COVID-19, targeting key inflammatory factors to regulate the inflammatory response in COVID-19 patients could be a fundamental step to developing effective therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Currently, in addition to well-defined metabolic actions, especially lipid metabolism and glucose utilization, there is growing evidence of a central role of the ligand-dependent nuclear receptors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) including PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ in the control of inflammatory signals in various human inflammatory diseases. This makes them attractive targets for developing therapeutic approaches to control/suppress the hyperinflammatory response in patients with severe COVID-19. In this review, we (1) investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanisms mediated by PPARs and their ligands during SARS-CoV-2 infection, and (2) on the basis of the recent literature, highlight the importance of PPAR subtypes for the development of promising therapeutic approaches against the cytokine storm in severe COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar Hasankhani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Bahrami
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.,Biomedical Center for Systems Biology Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Bahareh Tavakoli-Far
- Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Setare Iranshahi
- School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshty University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Ghaemi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Reza Akbarizadeh
- Department of Pediatric, School of Medicine, Amir al momenin Hospital, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Ali H Amin
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Bahman Abedi Kiasari
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mohammadzadeh Shabestari
- Department of Dental Surgery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Khorasan Covid-19 Scientific Committee, Mashhad, Iran
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Roberti SL, Gatti CR, Capobianco E, Higa R, Jawerbaum A. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor pathways in diabetic rat decidua early after implantation: regulation by dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids. Reprod Biomed Online 2022; 46:659-672. [PMID: 36863977 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathways and moieties involved in histotrophic nutrition altered in the decidua of diabetic rats? Can diets enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) administered early after implantation prevent these alterations? Can these dietary treatments improve morphological parameters in the fetus, decidua and placenta after placentation? DESIGN Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Albino Wistar rats were fed a standard diet or diets enriched in n3- or n6-PUFAs early after implantation. Decidual samples were collected on day 9 of pregnancy. Fetal, decidual and placental morphological parameters were evaluated on day 14 of pregnancy. RESULTS On gestational day 9, PPARδ levels showed no changes in the diabetic rat decidua compared with controls. In diabetic rat decidua, PPARα levels and the expression of its target genes Aco and Cpt1 had reduced. These alterations were prevented by the n6-PUFA-enriched diet. Levels of PPARγ, the expression of its target gene Fas, lipid droplet number and perilipin 2 and fatty acid binding protein 4 levels increased in the diabetic rat decidua compared with controls. Diets enriched with PUFA prevented PPARγ increase, but not the increased lipid-related PPARγ targets. On gestational day 14, fetal growth, decidual and placental weight reduced in the diabetic group, and alterations prevented by the maternal diets were enriched in PUFAs. CONCLUSION When diabetic rats are fed diets enriched in n3- and n6-PUFAs early after implantation, PPAR pathways, lipid-related genes and proteins, lipid droplets and glycogen content in the decidua are modulated. This influences decidual histotrophic function and later feto-placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Lorena Roberti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cintia Romina Gatti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Evangelina Capobianco
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Higa
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Jawerbaum
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Abstract
Breast cancer is a malignant tumor with high morbidity and lethality. Its pathogenesis is related to the abnormal expression of many genes. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a class of ligand-dependent transcription factors in the nuclear receptor superfamily. They can regulate the transcription of a large number of target genes, which are involved in life activities such as cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis, and regulate physiological processes such as glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and wound healing. Further, the changes in its expression are associated with various diseases, including breast cancer. The experimental reports related to "PPAR" and "breast cancer" were retrieved from PubMed since the discovery of PPARs and summarized in this paper. This review (1) analyzed the roles and potential molecular mechanisms of non-coordinated and ligand-activated subtypes of PPARs in breast cancer progression; (2) discussed the correlations between PPARs and estrogen receptors (ERs) as the nuclear receptor superfamily; and (3) investigated the interaction between PPARs and key regulators in several signaling pathways. As a result, this paper identifies PPARs as targets for breast cancer prevention and treatment in order to provide more evidence for the synthesis of new drugs targeting PPARs or the search for new drug combination treatments.
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Mukherjee AG, Wanjari UR, Gopalakrishnan AV, Katturajan R, Kannampuzha S, Murali R, Namachivayam A, Ganesan R, Renu K, Dey A, Vellingiri B, Prince SE. Exploring the Regulatory Role of ncRNA in NAFLD: A Particular Focus on PPARs. Cells 2022; 11:3959. [PMID: 36552725 PMCID: PMC9777112 DOI: 10.3390/cells11243959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases are responsible for global mortality and morbidity and are a significant cause of death worldwide. Consequently, the advancement of new liver disease targets is of great interest. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA), such as microRNA (miRNA) and long ncRNA (lncRNA), has been proven to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of virtually all acute and chronic liver disorders. Recent studies demonstrated the medical applications of miRNA in various phases of hepatic pathology. PPARs play a major role in regulating many signaling pathways involved in various metabolic disorders. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent form of chronic liver disease in the world, encompassing a spectrum spanning from mild steatosis to severe non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). PPARs were found to be one of the major regulators in the progression of NAFLD. There is no recognized treatment for NAFLD, even though numerous clinical trials are now underway. NAFLD is a major risk factor for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and its frequency increases as obesity and diabetes become more prevalent. Reprogramming anti-diabetic and anti-obesity drugs is an effective therapy option for NAFLD and NASH. Several studies have also focused on the role of ncRNAs in the pathophysiology of NAFLD. The regulatory effects of these ncRNAs make them a primary target for treatments and as early biomarkers. In this study, the main focus will be to understand the regulation of PPARs through ncRNAs and their role in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramkumar Katturajan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sandra Kannampuzha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arunraj Namachivayam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Sabina Evan Prince
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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Altinoz MA. Could dietary erucic acid lower risk of brain tumors? An epidemiological look to Chinese population with implications for prevention and treatment. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2643-2651. [PMID: 35704146 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Erucic acid, an omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acid present in Brassicaceae plants (rapeseed and mustard oils) is highly consumed by the Chinese population and according to several global survey studies, its highest levels are encountered in the Chinese women's milk. Erucic acid is an activating ligand of the transcription factor PPARδ and an inhibitor of the transcriptional activity of PPARγ, which drive tumorigenesis of glioblastomas and medulloblastomas. In this theoretical review, we propose that erucic acid in diet may associate with the risk of brain tumors. High grade brain tumors including medulloblastomas in children and glioblastomas in adults have devastating consequences for human health and the latter tumors are practically incurable. CONCORD-3 epidemiological study recently published in 2021 revealed a low ratio of medulloblastomas in the pediatric age group and also a low ratio of glioblastomas in adults in the Chinese population. It is certain that such profound differences can not be attributed to a single genetic factor or a single nurture pattern. It is very likely that multiple hereditary, nutritional and environmental factors are responsible for these lower ratios; yet here we propose that erucic acid may be one of the contributing factors. If future epidemiological studies and animal models show antitumor activity of erucic acid regarding brain neoplasias, it can be utilized as a preventive strategy for populations possessing very high risks to develop brain tumors such as those harbouring hereditary syndromes increasing the vulnerability to develop such malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meric A Altinoz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem M.A.A. University, Nurtepe Mh. Guven Sk. Kagithane, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Qin H, Niu Y, Luan H, Li M, Zheng L, Pan Y, Liu W. Effects of legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on PPARα/β/γ regulation and osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation. Environ Int 2022; 170:107584. [PMID: 36265359 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As the primary molecular target, there is still a gap between the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) regulation and the adverse health effects caused by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). The effects of PFASs on cellular differentiation regulated by PPARs is likely significant given the association of PFASs exposure with obesity and decreased bone density. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were used as an in vitro model to assess the roles of PPAR subtypes in the multipotent differentiation of hMSCs affected by perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and their replacement compounds. PFASs increased the expression of three PPAR subtypes in proliferating and differentiating hMSCs. Meanwhile, PFOS and PFOA decreased osteogenesis, enhanced adipogenesis, and increased bone turnover in hMSCs. Similarly, PFOA alternatives, hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) and hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA), exhibited similar or even higher potency in affecting stem cell differentiation compared with PFOA. Perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) inhibited osteogenesis with comparable potency to PFOS. In contrast, 6:2 chlorinated poly-fluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (6:2Cl-PFESA) enhanced osteogenesis. PPARβ expression is significantly positively correlated with osteogenesis and osteoprotegerin (OPG) secretion in 6:2Cl-PFESA treated cells. shRNA knockdown of PPARβ remarkably reversed the osteogenic effects of 6:2Cl-PFESA and enhanced the adipogenic effects of the six chemicals. The results suggested that the adverse effects and relative potency of PFASs on the multipotent differentiation of hMSCs were dependent on the integrated action of the three PPAR subtypes, which facilitates a better understanding of the molecular initiating events of PFASs. The present study may well explain the mechanism of the decreased bone density and increased obesity incidence among those exposed to legacy PFASs, and indicates the necessity of further health risk assessment for the alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yuxin Niu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Haiyang Luan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Minghan Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yifan Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Chen Y, Yang S, Liu L, Yang X, Duan Y, Zhang S, Han J. A novel therapy for hepatic cholestasis treatment-the combination of rosiglitazone and fenofibrate. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 938:175428. [PMID: 36436592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic cholestasis can develop into liver fibrosis and eventually liver failure. Currently, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) or UDCA combined with fenofibrate is used for cholestasis treatment. Rosiglitazone inhibited α-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestasis in mice. In this study, we compared the effect of rosiglitazone, UDCA, fenofibrate, combined rosiglitazone and fenofibrate or UDCA and fenofibrate on ANIT-induced cholestasis. C57BL/6J mice were induced cholestasis by ANIT while treated with rosiglitazone, UDCA, fenofibrate, combination of rosiglitazone and fenofibrate, or combination of UDCA and fenofibrate. Liver and serum samples were collected to determine liver necrosis and serum biochemical parameters. Rosiglitazone alone or combined with fenofibrate demonstrated better effects than UDCA alone or UDCA combined with fenofibrate in reduction of cholestasis-induced serum biochemical parameters and liver necrosis. Surprisingly, UDCA combined with fenofibrate, but not rosiglitazone combined with fenofibrate, potently increased accumulation of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the liver. Mechanistically, the protection of combination of rosiglitazone and fenofibrate against cholestasis was attributed to activated adiponectin pathway to enhance FXR and mitochondrial functions and reduce apoptosis in the liver. The accumulation of FFAs in the liver by combination of UDCA and fenofibrate was caused by activation of fatty acid biosynthesis and uptake, and triglyceride hydrolysis. Taken together, our study not only demonstrates the adverse effect of combination therapy of UDCA and fenofibrate, but also suggests the combination of rosiglitazone and fenofibrate can be another option for cholestasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China; College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lipei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yajun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| | - Jihong Han
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China; College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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36
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Landim-Vieira M, Kahmini AR, Engel M, Cannon EN, Amat-Alarcon N, Judge DP, Pinto JR, Chelko SP. Efficacy and Safety of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in a Pre-Clinical Model of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13909. [PMID: 36430389 PMCID: PMC9697954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a familial heart disease, characterized by contractile dysfunction, ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), and the risk of sudden cardiac death. Currently, implantable cardioverter defibrillators and antiarrhythmics are the mainstays in ACM therapeutics. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have been highlighted in the treatment of heart diseases, including ACM. Yet, recent research has additionally implicated ARBs in the genesis of VAs and myocardial lipolysis via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) pathway. The latter is of particular interest, as fibrofatty infiltration is a pathological hallmark in ACM. Here, we tested two ARBs, Valsartan and Telmisartan, and the PPAR agonist, Rosiglitazone, in an animal model of ACM, homozygous Desmoglein-2 mutant mice (Dsg2mut/mut). Cardiac function, premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), fibrofatty scars, PPARα/γ protein levels, and PPAR-mediated mRNA transcripts were assessed. Of note, not a single mouse treated with Rosiglitazone made it to the study endpoint (i.e., 100% mortality: n = 5/5). Telmisartan-treated Dsg2mut/mut mice displayed the preservation of contractile function (percent ejection fraction [%EF]; 74.8 ± 6.8%EF) compared to Vehicle- (42.5 ± 5.6%EF) and Valsartan-treated (63.1 ± 4.4%EF) mice. However, Telmisartan-treated Dsg2mut/mut mice showed increased cardiac wall motion abnormalities, augmented %PVCs, electrocardiographic repolarization/depolarization abnormalities, larger fibrotic lesions, and increased expression of PPARy-regulated gene transcripts compared to their Dsg2mut/mut counterparts. Alternatively, Valsartan-treated Dsg2mut/mut mice harbored fewer myocardial scars, reduced %PVC, and increased Wnt-mediated transcripts. Considering our findings, caution should be taken by physicians when prescribing medications that may increase PPARy signaling in patients with ACM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maicon Landim-Vieira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Aida Rahimi Kahmini
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Morgan Engel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Elisa Nicole Cannon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Nuria Amat-Alarcon
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21215, USA
| | - Daniel P. Judge
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - José Renato Pinto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Stephen P. Chelko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21215, USA
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Palenca I, Seguella L, Del Re A, Franzin SB, Corpetti C, Pesce M, Rurgo S, Steardo L, Sarnelli G, Esposito G. N-Palmitoyl-D-Glucosamine Inhibits TLR-4/NLRP3 and Improves DNBS-Induced Colon Inflammation through a PPAR-α-Dependent Mechanism. Biomolecules 2022; 12. [PMID: 36009057 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to canine inflammatory enteropathy, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic idiopathic condition characterized by remission periods and recurrent flares in which diarrhea, visceral pain, rectal bleeding/bloody stools, and weight loss are the main clinical symptoms. Intestinal barrier function alterations often persist in the remission phase of the disease without ongoing inflammatory processes. However, current therapies include mainly anti-inflammatory compounds that fail to promote functional symptoms-free disease remission, urging new drug discoveries to handle patients during this step of the disease. ALIAmides (ALIA, autacoid local injury antagonism) are bioactive fatty acid amides that recently gained attention because of their involvement in the control of inflammatory response, prompting the use of these molecules as plausible therapeutic strategies in the treatment of several chronic inflammatory conditions. N-palmitoyl-D-glucosamine (PGA), an under-researched ALIAmide, resulted in being safe and effective in preclinical models of inflammation and pain, suggesting its potential engagement in the treatment of IBD. In our study, we demonstrated that micronized PGA significantly and dose-dependently reduces colitis severity, improves intestinal mucosa integrity by increasing the tight junction proteins expression, and downregulates the TLR-4/NLRP3/iNOS pathway via PPAR-α receptors signaling in DNBS-treated mice. The possibility of clinically exploiting micronized PGA as support for the treatment and prevention of inflammation-related changes in IBD patients would represent an innovative, effective, and safe strategy.
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Liu HY, Hu P, Li Y, Sun MA, Qu H, Zong Q, Gu H, Chen X, Bao W, Cai D. Targeted inhibition of PPARα ameliorates CLA-induced hypercholesterolemia via hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis reprogramming. Liver Int 2022; 42:1449-1466. [PMID: 35184357 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Disruption of lipid metabolism is largely linked to metabolic disorders, such as hypercholesterolemia (HCL) and liver steatosis. While cholesterol metabolic re-programmers can serve as targets for relevant interventions. Here we explored the dietary conjugated linoleic acids (CLA)-induced HCL in mice and the molecular regulation behind it. METHODS A high dose of CLA supplementation in the diet was used to induce HCL in mice and was found to cause a hyper-activated cholesterol biosynthesis programme in the liver, leading to cholesterol metabolism dysregulation. The effects of a small-molecule drug targeting PPARα, i.e., GW6471 were studied in vivo in mice fed diets with CLA supplementation for 28 days, and in primary hepatocytes derived from HCL-mice in vitro. RESULTS We demonstrate that CLA induced HCL and liver steatosis through multiple pathways. Among which was the PPARα-mediated cholesterogenesis. It was found to cooperate with SREBP2 via binding to Hmgcr and Dhcr7 (genes encoding key enzymes of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway) and recruits the histone marks H3K27ac and H3K4me1 and cofactors. PPARα inhibition disrupts its physical association with SREBP2 by blocking cobinding of PPARα and SREBP2 to the genomic DNA response element. We showed that NR RORγ functions as an essential mediator that facilitates the interaction of PPARα and SREBP2 to modulate the cholesterol biosynthesis genes expression. CONCLUSIONS Our study unravels that the small-molecule compound GW6471 exerts an attractive therapeutic effect for CLA-induced HCL, involving multiple pathways with the "PPARα-RORγ-SREBP2" being a potential complex player in this hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ping Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ming-An Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huan Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qiufang Zong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haotian Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Chen
- Centre for Environment and Sustainability, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | - Wenbin Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Demin Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Durai P, Beeraka NM, Ramachandrappa HVP, Krishnan P, Gudur P, Raghavendra NM, Ravanappa PKB. Advances in PPARs Molecular Dynamics and Glitazones as a Repurposing Therapeutic Strategy through Mitochondrial Redox Dynamics against Neurodegeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:893-915. [PMID: 34751120 PMCID: PMC9881103 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211109141330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) activity has significant implications for the development of novel therapeutic modalities against neurodegenerative diseases. Although PPAR-α, PPAR-β/δ, and PPAR-γ nuclear receptor expressions are significantly reported in the brain, their implications in brain physiology and other neurodegenerative diseases still require extensive studies. PPAR signaling can modulate various cell signaling mechanisms involved in the cells contributing to on- and off-target actions selectively to promote therapeutic effects as well as the adverse effects of PPAR ligands. Both natural and synthetic ligands for the PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ have been reported. PPARα (WY 14.643) and PPARγ agonists can confer neuroprotection by modulating mitochondrial dynamics through the redox system. The pharmacological effect of these agonists may deliver effective clinical responses by protecting vulnerable neurons from Aβ toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Therefore, the current review delineated the ligands' interaction with 3D-PPARs to modulate neuroprotection, and also deciphered the efficacy of numerous drugs, viz. Aβ aggregation inhibitors, vaccines, and γ-secretase inhibitors against AD; this review elucidated the role of PPAR and their receptor isoforms in neural systems, and neurodegeneration in human beings. Further, we have substantially discussed the efficacy of PPREs as potent transcription factors in the brain, and the role of PPAR agonists in neurotransmission, PPAR gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and mitochondrial dynamics in neuroprotection during AD conditions. This review concludes with the statement that the development of novel PPARs agonists may benefit patients with neurodegeneration, mainly AD patients, which may help mitigate the pathophysiology of dementia, subsequently improving overall the patient's quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Durai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru 570 015, India and JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Narasimha M. Beeraka
- Center of Excellence in Regenerative Medicine and Molecular Biology (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570 015, Karnataka, India;,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119146, Russia
| | - Hemanth Vikram Poola Ramachandrappa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru 570 015, India and JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Pranesh Gudur
- Swamy Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana Deemed University, Bengaluru 560 105, India
| | | | - Prashantha Kumar Bommenahally Ravanappa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru 570 015, India and JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India;,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru 570 015, India and JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India; E-mail:
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40
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Frias-Soler RC, Kelsey NA, Villarín Pildaín L, Wink M, Bairlein F. Transcriptome signature changes in the liver of a migratory passerine. Genomics 2022; 114:110283. [PMID: 35143886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays a principal role in avian migration. Here, we characterised the liver transcriptome of a long-distance migrant, the Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe), sampled at different migratory stages, looking for molecular processes linked with adaptations to migration. The analysis of the differentially expressed genes suggested changes in the periods of the circadian rhythm, variation in the proportion of cells in G1/S cell-cycle stages and the putative polyploidization of this cell population. This may explain the dramatic increment in the liver's metabolic capacities towards migration. Additionally, genes involved in anti-oxidative stress, detoxification and innate immune responses, lipid metabolism, inflammation and angiogenesis were regulated. Lipophagy and lipid catabolism were active at all migratory stages and increased towards the fattening and fat periods, explaining the relevance of lipolysis in controlling steatosis and maintaining liver health. Our study clears the way for future functional studies regarding long-distance avian migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Carlos Frias-Soler
- Institute of Avian Research, An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Natalie A Kelsey
- Institute of Avian Research, An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
| | - Lilian Villarín Pildaín
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Franz Bairlein
- Institute of Avian Research, An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany.
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Parksepp M, Haring L, Kilk K, Koch K, Uppin K, Kangro R, Zilmer M, Vasar E. The Expanded Endocannabinoid System Contributes to Metabolic and Body Mass Shifts in First-Episode Schizophrenia: A 5-Year Follow-Up Study. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020243. [PMID: 35203453 PMCID: PMC8869544 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the expanded endocannabinoid system (eECS) and cell membrane composition have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. We enrolled 54 antipsychotic (AP)-naïve first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients and 58 controls and applied a targeted metabolomics approach followed by multivariate data analysis to investigate the profile changes in the serum levels of endocannabinoids: 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide, endocannabinoids-like N-acylethanolamines (NAEs: linoleoylethanolamide, oleoylethanolamide, and palmitoylethanolamide), and their dominating lipid precursor’s phosphatidylcholines. Biomolecule profiles were measured at the onset of first-episode psychosis (FEP) and 0.6 years and 5.1 years after the initiation of AP treatment. The results indicated that FEP might be characterized by elevated concentrations of NAEs and by decreased 2-AG levels. At this stage of the disease, the NAE-mediated upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) manifested themselves in energy expenditure. A 5-year disease progression and AP treatment adverse effects led to a robust increase in 2-AG levels, which contributed to strengthened cannabinoid (CB1) receptor-mediated effects, which manifested in obesity. Dynamic 2-AG, NAEs, and their precursors in terms of phosphatidylcholines are relevant to the description of the metabolic shifts resulting from the altered eECS function during and after FEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madis Parksepp
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406 Tartu, Estonia;
- Psychiatry Clinic of Viljandi Hospital, 71024 Viljandi, Estonia
| | - Liina Haring
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406 Tartu, Estonia;
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (K.U.)
- Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Univesignallingrsity of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (M.Z.); (E.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +372-7318-767
| | - Kalle Kilk
- Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Univesignallingrsity of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (M.Z.); (E.V.)
| | - Kadri Koch
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (K.U.)
| | - Kärt Uppin
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (K.U.)
| | - Raul Kangro
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Mihkel Zilmer
- Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Univesignallingrsity of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (M.Z.); (E.V.)
| | - Eero Vasar
- Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Univesignallingrsity of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (M.Z.); (E.V.)
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Khalil Y, Carrino S, Lin F, Ferlin A, Lad HV, Mazzacuva F, Falcone S, Rivers N, Banks G, Concas D, Aguilar C, Haynes AR, Blease A, Nicol T, Al-Shawi R, Heywood W, Potter P, Mills K, Gale DP, Clayton PT. Tissue Proteome of 2-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Lyase Deficient Mice Reveals Peroxisome Proliferation and Activation of ω-Oxidation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020987. [PMID: 35055171 PMCID: PMC8781152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomal fatty acid α-oxidation is an essential pathway for the degradation of β-carbon methylated fatty acids such as phytanic acid. One enzyme in this pathway is 2-hydroxyacyl CoA lyase (HACL1), which is responsible for the cleavage of 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA into pristanal and formyl-CoA. Hacl1 deficient mice do not present with a severe phenotype, unlike mice deficient in other α-oxidation enzymes such as phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase deficiency (Refsum disease) in which neuropathy and ataxia are present. Tissues from wild-type and Hacl1−/− mice fed a high phytol diet were obtained for proteomic and lipidomic analysis. There was no phenotype observed in these mice. Liver, brain, and kidney tissues underwent trypsin digestion for untargeted proteomic liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, while liver tissues also underwent fatty acid hydrolysis, extraction, and derivatisation for fatty acid gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The liver fatty acid profile demonstrated an accumulation of phytanic and 2-hydroxyphytanic acid in the Hacl1−/− liver and significant decrease in heptadecanoic acid. The liver proteome showed a significant decrease in the abundance of Hacl1 and a significant increase in the abundance of proteins involved in PPAR signalling, peroxisome proliferation, and omega oxidation, particularly Cyp4a10 and Cyp4a14. In addition, the pathway associated with arachidonic acid metabolism was affected; Cyp2c55 was upregulated and Cyp4f14 and Cyp2b9 were downregulated. The kidney proteome revealed fewer significantly upregulated peroxisomal proteins and the brain proteome was not significantly different in Hacl1−/− mice. This study demonstrates the powerful insight brought by proteomic and metabolomic profiling of Hacl1−/− mice in better understanding disease mechanism in fatty acid α-oxidation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Khalil
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK; (Y.K.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (W.H.); (K.M.)
| | - Sara Carrino
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK; (Y.K.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (W.H.); (K.M.)
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fujun Lin
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK; (F.L.); (A.F.); (D.P.G.)
- Department of Nephrology, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Anna Ferlin
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK; (F.L.); (A.F.); (D.P.G.)
- Clinical Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Royal Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Heena V. Lad
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK; (H.V.L.); (S.F.); (N.R.); (G.B.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (A.R.H.); (A.B.); (T.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Francesca Mazzacuva
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK; (Y.K.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (W.H.); (K.M.)
- Department of Bioscience, University of East London, London E15 4LZ, UK
| | - Sara Falcone
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK; (H.V.L.); (S.F.); (N.R.); (G.B.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (A.R.H.); (A.B.); (T.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Natalie Rivers
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK; (H.V.L.); (S.F.); (N.R.); (G.B.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (A.R.H.); (A.B.); (T.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Gareth Banks
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK; (H.V.L.); (S.F.); (N.R.); (G.B.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (A.R.H.); (A.B.); (T.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Danilo Concas
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK; (H.V.L.); (S.F.); (N.R.); (G.B.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (A.R.H.); (A.B.); (T.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Carlos Aguilar
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK; (H.V.L.); (S.F.); (N.R.); (G.B.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (A.R.H.); (A.B.); (T.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Andrew R. Haynes
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK; (H.V.L.); (S.F.); (N.R.); (G.B.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (A.R.H.); (A.B.); (T.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Andy Blease
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK; (H.V.L.); (S.F.); (N.R.); (G.B.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (A.R.H.); (A.B.); (T.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Thomas Nicol
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK; (H.V.L.); (S.F.); (N.R.); (G.B.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (A.R.H.); (A.B.); (T.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Raya Al-Shawi
- Genetics Unit and Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK;
| | - Wendy Heywood
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK; (Y.K.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (W.H.); (K.M.)
| | - Paul Potter
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK; (H.V.L.); (S.F.); (N.R.); (G.B.); (D.C.); (C.A.); (A.R.H.); (A.B.); (T.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Kevin Mills
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK; (Y.K.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (W.H.); (K.M.)
| | - Daniel P. Gale
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK; (F.L.); (A.F.); (D.P.G.)
| | - Peter T. Clayton
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK; (Y.K.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (W.H.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Shen M, Manca C, Suriano F, Nallabelli N, Pechereau F, Allam-Ndoul B, Iannotti FA, Flamand N, Veilleux A, Cani PD, Silvestri C, Di Marzo V. Three of a Kind: Control of the Expression of Liver-Expressed Antimicrobial Peptide 2 (LEAP2) by the Endocannabinoidome and the Gut Microbiome. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010001. [PMID: 35011234 PMCID: PMC8746324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoidome (expanded endocannabinoid system, eCBome)-gut microbiome (mBIome) axis plays a fundamental role in the control of energy intake and processing. The liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) is a recently identified molecule acting as an antagonist of the ghrelin receptor and hence a potential effector of energy metabolism, also at the level of the gastrointestinal system. Here we investigated the role of the eCBome-gut mBIome axis in the control of the expression of LEAP2 in the liver and, particularly, the intestine. We confirm that the small intestine is a strong contributor to the circulating levels of LEAP2 in mice, and show that: (1) intestinal Leap2 expression is profoundly altered in the liver and small intestine of 13 week-old germ-free (GF) male mice, which also exhibit strong alterations in eCBome signaling; fecal microbiota transfer (FMT) from conventionally raised to GF mice completely restored normal Leap2 expression after 7 days from this procedure; in 13 week-old female GF mice no significant change was observed; (2) Leap2 expression in organoids prepared from the mouse duodenum is elevated by the endocannabinoid noladin ether, whereas in human Caco-2/15 epithelial intestinal cells it is elevated by PPARγ activation by rosiglitazone; (3) Leap2 expression is elevated in the ileum of mice with either high-fat diet—or genetic leptin signaling deficiency—(i.e., ob/ob and db/db mice) induced obesity. Based on these results, we propose that LEAP2 originating from the small intestine may represent a player in eCBome- and/or gut mBIome-mediated effects on food intake and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Shen
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (M.S.); (C.M.); (N.N.); (N.F.)
| | - Claudia Manca
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (M.S.); (C.M.); (N.N.); (N.F.)
- Unité Mixte Internationale en Recherche Chimique et Biomoléculaire du Microbiome et son Impact sur la Santé Métabolique et la Nutrition, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Francesco Suriano
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.S.); (P.D.C.)
| | - Nayudu Nallabelli
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (M.S.); (C.M.); (N.N.); (N.F.)
| | - Florent Pechereau
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), École de Nutrition (FSAA), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (F.P.); (B.A.-N.); (A.V.)
| | - Bénédicte Allam-Ndoul
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), École de Nutrition (FSAA), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (F.P.); (B.A.-N.); (A.V.)
| | - Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (M.S.); (C.M.); (N.N.); (N.F.)
| | - Alain Veilleux
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), École de Nutrition (FSAA), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (F.P.); (B.A.-N.); (A.V.)
| | - Patrice D. Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.S.); (P.D.C.)
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (M.S.); (C.M.); (N.N.); (N.F.)
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), École de Nutrition (FSAA), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (F.P.); (B.A.-N.); (A.V.)
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (V.D.); Tel.: +1-418-656-8711 (ext. 7229) (C.S.); +1-418-656-8711 (ext. 7263) (V.D.)
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (M.S.); (C.M.); (N.N.); (N.F.)
- Unité Mixte Internationale en Recherche Chimique et Biomoléculaire du Microbiome et son Impact sur la Santé Métabolique et la Nutrition, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), École de Nutrition (FSAA), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (F.P.); (B.A.-N.); (A.V.)
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (V.D.); Tel.: +1-418-656-8711 (ext. 7229) (C.S.); +1-418-656-8711 (ext. 7263) (V.D.)
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Peña-Villalobos I, Otárola FA, Casas BS, Sabat P, Palma V. Perinatal Food Deprivation Modifies the Caloric Restriction Response in Adult Mice Through Sirt1. Front Physiol 2021; 12:769444. [PMID: 34925065 PMCID: PMC8675943 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.769444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in the availability of nutritional resources in animals can trigger reversible adjustments, which in the short term are manifested as behavioral and physiological changes. Several of these responses are mediated by Sirt1, which acts as an energy status sensor governing a global genetic program to cope with changes in nutritional status. Growing evidence suggests a key role of the response of the perinatal environment to caloric restriction in the setup of physiological responses in adulthood. The existence of adaptive predictive responses has been proposed, which suggests that early nutrition could establish metabolic capacities suitable for future food-scarce environments. We evaluated how perinatal food deprivation and maternal gestational weight gain impact the transcriptional, physiological, and behavioral responses in mice, when acclimated to caloric restriction in adulthood. Our results show a strong predictive capacity of maternal weight and gestational weight gain, in the expression of Sirt1 and its downstream targets in the brain and liver, mitochondrial enzymatic activity in skeletal muscle, and exploratory behavior in offspring. We also observed differential responses of both lactation and gestational food restriction on gene expression, thermogenesis, organ masses, and behavior, in response to adult caloric restriction. We conclude that the early nutritional state could determine the magnitude of responses to food scarcity later in adulthood, mediated by the pivotal metabolic sensor Sirt1. Our results suggest that maternal gestational weight gain could be an important life history trait and could be used to predict features that improve the invasive capacity or adjustment to seasonal food scarcity of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Peña-Villalobos
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola A Otárola
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bárbara S Casas
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Sabat
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Palma
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Sanjay, Sharma A, Lee HJ. Role of Phytoconstituents as PPAR Agonists: Implications for Neurodegenerative Disorders. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1914. [PMID: 34944727 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-γ, PPAR-α, and PPAR-β/δ) are ligand-dependent nuclear receptors that play a critical role in the regulation of hundreds of genes through their activation. Their expression and targeted activation play an important role in the treatment of a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, diabetes, and cancer. In recent years, several reviews have been published describing the therapeutic potential of PPAR agonists (natural or synthetic) in the disorders listed above; however, no comprehensive report defining the role of naturally derived phytoconstituents as PPAR agonists targeting neurodegenerative diseases has been published. This review will focus on the role of phytoconstituents as PPAR agonists and the relevant preclinical studies and mechanistic insights into their neuroprotective effects. Exemplary research includes flavonoids, fatty acids, cannabinoids, curcumin, genistein, capsaicin, and piperine, all of which have been shown to be PPAR agonists either directly or indirectly. Additionally, a few studies have demonstrated the use of clinical samples in in vitro investigations. The role of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a potential model for studying neurodegenerative diseases has also been highlighted.
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Hassan FU, Nadeem A, Li Z, Javed M, Liu Q, Azhar J, Rehman MS, Cui K, Rehman SU. Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors ( PPARs) in Energy Homeostasis of Dairy Animals: Exploiting Their Modulation through Nutrigenomic Interventions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12463. [PMID: 34830341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are the nuclear receptors that could mediate the nutrient-dependent transcriptional activation and regulate metabolic networks through energy homeostasis. However, these receptors cannot work properly under metabolic stress. PPARs and their subtypes can be modulated by nutrigenomic interventions, particularly under stress conditions to restore cellular homeostasis. Many nutrients such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, dietary amino acids and phytochemicals have shown their ability for potential activation or inhibition of PPARs. Thus, through different mechanisms, all these nutrients can modulate PPARs and are ultimately helpful to prevent various metabolic disorders, particularly in transition dairy cows. This review aims to provide insights into the crucial role of PPARs in energy metabolism and their potential modulation through nutrigenomic interventions to improve energy homeostasis in dairy animals.
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Sagheddu C, Melis M, Muntoni AL, Pistis M. Repurposing Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Agonists in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1025. [PMID: 34681249 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Common pathophysiological mechanisms have emerged for different neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. In particular, mechanisms of oxidative stress, immuno-inflammation, and altered metabolic pathways converge and cause neuronal and non-neuronal maladaptative phenomena, which underlie multifaceted brain disorders. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors modulating, among others, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective genes in diverse tissues. Both endogenous and synthetic PPAR agonists are approved treatments for metabolic and systemic disorders, such as diabetes, fatty liver disease, and dyslipidemia(s), showing high tolerability and safety profiles. Considering that some PPAR-acting drugs permeate through the blood-brain barrier, the possibility to extend their scope from the periphery to central nervous system has gained interest in recent years. Here, we review preclinical and clinical evidence that PPARs possibly exert a neuroprotective role, thereby providing a rationale for repurposing PPAR-targeting drugs to counteract several diseases affecting the central nervous system.
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Porcuna J, Mínguez-Martínez J, Ricote M. The PPARα and PPARγ Epigenetic Landscape in Cancer and Immune and Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910573. [PMID: 34638914 PMCID: PMC8508752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-modulated nuclear receptors that play pivotal roles in nutrient sensing, metabolism, and lipid-related processes. Correct control of their target genes requires tight regulation of the expression of different PPAR isoforms in each tissue, and the dysregulation of PPAR-dependent transcriptional programs is linked to disorders, such as metabolic and immune diseases or cancer. Several PPAR regulators and PPAR-regulated factors are epigenetic effectors, including non-coding RNAs, epigenetic enzymes, histone modifiers, and DNA methyltransferases. In this review, we examine advances in PPARα and PPARγ-related epigenetic regulation in metabolic disorders, including obesity and diabetes, immune disorders, such as sclerosis and lupus, and a variety of cancers, providing new insights into the possible therapeutic exploitation of PPAR epigenetic modulation.
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Crossland H, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Greenhaff PL. The Regulatory Roles of PPARs in Skeletal Muscle Fuel Metabolism and Inflammation: Impact of PPAR Agonism on Muscle in Chronic Disease, Contraction and Sepsis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9775. [PMID: 34575939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family of transcription factors has been demonstrated to play critical roles in regulating fuel selection, energy expenditure and inflammation in skeletal muscle and other tissues. Activation of PPARs, through endogenous fatty acids and fatty acid metabolites or synthetic compounds, has been demonstrated to have lipid-lowering and anti-diabetic actions. This review will aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the functions of PPARs in energy homeostasis, with a focus on the impacts of PPAR agonism on muscle metabolism and function. The dysregulation of energy homeostasis in skeletal muscle is a frequent underlying characteristic of inflammation-related conditions such as sepsis. However, the potential benefits of PPAR agonism on skeletal muscle protein and fuel metabolism under these conditions remains under-investigated and is an area of research opportunity. Thus, the effects of PPARγ agonism on muscle inflammation and protein and carbohydrate metabolism will be highlighted, particularly with its potential relevance in sepsis-related metabolic dysfunction. The impact of PPARδ agonism on muscle mitochondrial function, substrate metabolism and contractile function will also be described.
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Abstract
The ubiquitous exposure of humans to microplastics (MPs) through inhalation of particles in air and ingestion in dust, water, and diet is well established. Humans are estimated to ingest tens of thousands to millions of MP particles annually, or on the order of several milligrams daily. Available information suggests that inhalation of indoor air and ingestion of drinking water bottled in plastic are the major sources of MP exposure. Little is known on the occurrence of MPs in human diet. Evidence is accumulating that feeding bottles and medical devices can contribute to MP exposure in newborns and infants. Biomonitoring studies of human stool, fetus, and placenta provide direct evidence of MP exposure in infants and children. MPs <20 µm were reported to cross biological membranes. Although plastics were once perceived as inert materials, MP exposure in laboratory animals is linked to various forms of inflammation, immunological response, endocrine disruption, alteration of lipid and energy metabolism, and other disorders. Whereas exposure to MPs itself is a concern, MPs can also be sources of exposure to plastic additives and other toxicants. Exposure of human cell lines to MP additives such as phthalates, bisphenols, and organotins causes adverse effects through the activation of nuclear receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) α, β, and γ, and retinoid X receptor (RXR), leading to oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, thyroid hormone disruption, and altered adipogenesis and energy production. The size, shape, chemical composition, surface charge, and hydrophobicity of MPs influence their toxicity. Maternal transfer of MPs to the developing fetus has been demonstrated in exposed laboratory animals and through the analysis of human placenta. In laboratory animal studies, maternal exposure to MPs altered energy and lipid metabolism in offspring and subsequent generations. Moreover, concomitant with the global increase in plastics production, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in human populations has increased over the past five decades, and there is evidence to support the hypothesis that MPs and their additives are potential obesogens. Even though MP exposures are ubiquitous and toxic effects from such exposures are a concern, systematic studies on this topic remain urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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