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Wang Y, Balvers MGJ, Esser D, Schutte S, Vincken JP, Afman LA, Witkamp RF, Meijerink J. Nutrient composition of different energy-restricted diets determines plasma endocannabinoid profiles and adipose tissue DAGL-α expression; a 12-week randomized controlled trial in subjects with abdominal obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 128:109605. [PMID: 38401691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is dysregulated during obesity and metabolic disorders. Weight loss favours the re-establishment of ECS homeostatic conditions, but also the fatty acid composition of the diet can modulate endocannabinoid profiles. However, the combined impact of nutrient quality and energy restriction on the ECS remains unclear. In this 12 weeks randomized controlled trial, men and women (40-70 years) with obesity (BMI: 31.3 ± 3.5 kg/ m2) followed either a low nutrient quality 25% energy-restricted (ER) diet (n=39) high in saturated fats and fructose, or a high nutrient quality ER diet (n=34) amongst others enriched in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) or kept their habitual diet (controls). Profiles of plasma- and adipose N-acylethanolamines and mono-acyl glycerol esters were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Gene expression of ECS-related enzymes and receptors was determined in adipose tissue. Measurements were performed under fasting conditions before and after 12 weeks. Our results showed that plasma level of the DHA-derived compound docosahexaenoylethanolamide (DHEA) was decreased in the low nutrient quality ER diet (P<0.001) compared with the high nutrient quality ER diet, whereas anandamide (AEA) and arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) levels were unaltered. However, adipose tissue gene expression of the 2-AG synthesizing enzyme diacylglycerol lipase alpha (DAGL-α) was increased following the low nutrient quality ER diet (P<.009) and differed upon intervention with both other diets. Concluding, nutrient quality of the diet affects N-acylethanolamine profiles and gene expression of ECS-related enzymes and receptors even under conditions of high energy restriction in abdominally obese humans. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02194504.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; The Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel G J Balvers
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik Esser
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Schutte
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- The Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lydia A Afman
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renger F Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jocelijn Meijerink
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Comella F, Lama A, Pirozzi C, Annunziata C, Piegari G, Sodano F, Melini S, Paciello O, Lago Paz F, Meli R, Mattace Raso G. Oleoylethanolamide attenuates acute-to-chronic kidney injury: in vivo and in vitro evidence of PPAR-α involvement. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116094. [PMID: 38183745 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) development after acute kidney injury (AKI) involves multiple mechanisms, including inflammation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and extracellular matrix deposition, leading to progressive tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Recently, a central role for peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-α has been addressed in preserving kidney function during AKI. Among endogenous lipid mediators, oleoylethanolamide (OEA), a PPAR-α agonist, has been studied for its metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we have investigated OEA effects on folic acid (FA)-induced kidney injury in mice and the underlying mechanisms. OEA improved kidney function, normalized urine output, and reduced serum BUN, creatinine, and albuminuria. Moreover, OEA attenuated tubular epithelial injury, as shown by histological analysis, and decreased expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and kidney injury molecule-1. Gene expression analysis of kidney tissue indicated that OEA limited immune cell infiltration and inflammation. Moreover, OEA significantly inhibited Wnt7b and Catnb1 gene transcription and α-smooth muscle actin expression, indicating suppression of EMT. Accordingly, OEA exhibited an anti-fibrotic effect, as shown by Masson staining and the reduced levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, fibronectin, and collagen IV. Mechanistically, the nephroprotective effect of OEA was related to PPAR-α activation since OEA failed to exert its beneficial activity in FA-insulted PPAR-α-/- mice. PPAR-α involvement was also confirmed in HK2 cells where GW6471, a PPAR-α antagonist, blunted OEA activity on the TGF-β1 signalling pathway and associated pro-inflammatory and fibrotic patterns. Our findings revealed that OEA counteracts kidney injury by controlling inflammation and fibrosis, making it an effective therapeutic tool for limiting AKI to CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Comella
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Adriano Lama
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Pirozzi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Annunziata
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Piegari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Sodano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Melini
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Francisca Lago Paz
- University Clinic Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Rosaria Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mattace Raso
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Boachie N, Gaudette E, Bazinet RP, Lin L, Tyndale RF, Mansouri E, Huestis MA, Tong J, Le Foll B, Kish SJ, George TP, Boileau I. Circulating Endocannabinoids and N-Acylethanolamines in Individuals with Cannabis Use Disorder-Preliminary Findings. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1375. [PMID: 37891745 PMCID: PMC10605789 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are bioactive lipids with important physiological functions and putative roles in mental health and addictions. Although chronic cannabis use is associated with endocannabinoid system changes, the status of circulating endocannabinoids and related NAEs in people with cannabis use disorder (CUD) is uncertain. METHODS Eleven individuals with CUD and 54 healthy non-cannabis using control participants (HC) provided plasma for measurement by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of endocannabinoids (2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA)) and related NAE fatty acids (N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (DHEA) and N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA)). Participants were genotyped for the functional gene variant of FAAH (rs324420, C385A) which may affect concentrations of AEA as well as other NAEs (OEA, DHEA). RESULTS In overnight abstinent CUD, AEA, OEA and DHEA concentrations were significantly higher (31-40%; p < 0.05) and concentrations of the endocannabinoid 2-AG were marginally elevated (55%, p = 0.13) relative to HC. There were no significant correlations between endocannabinoids/NAE concentrations and cannabis analytes, self-reported cannabis use frequency or withdrawal symptoms. DHEA concentration was inversely related with marijuana craving (r = -0.86; p = 0.001). Genotype had no significant effect on plasma endocannabinoids/NAE concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary findings, requiring replication, might suggest that activity of the endocannabinoid system is elevated in chronic cannabis users. It is unclear whether this elevation is a compensatory response or a predating state. Studies examining endocannabinoids and NAEs during prolonged abstinence as well as the potential role of DHEA in craving are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Boachie
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada; (N.B.)
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Erin Gaudette
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada; (N.B.)
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Rachel F. Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Esmaeil Mansouri
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada; (N.B.)
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Severna Park, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA
| | - Junchao Tong
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada; (N.B.)
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada; (N.B.)
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Addictions Division and Institute of Mental Health Policy and Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada
- Departments of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Waypoint Research Institute, Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, ON L9M 1G3, Canada
| | - Stephen J. Kish
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada; (N.B.)
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Tony P. George
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada; (N.B.)
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Addictions Division and Institute of Mental Health Policy and Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada
| | - Isabelle Boileau
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada; (N.B.)
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Addictions Division and Institute of Mental Health Policy and Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada
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Pirozzi C, Coretti L, Opallo N, Bove M, Annunziata C, Comella F, Turco L, Lama A, Trabace L, Meli R, Lembo F, Mattace Raso G. Palmitoylethanolamide counteracts high-fat diet-induced gut dysfunction by reprogramming microbiota composition and affecting tryptophan metabolism. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1143004. [PMID: 37599675 PMCID: PMC10434518 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1143004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with gastrointestinal (GI) tract and central nervous system (CNS) disorders. High-fat diet (HFD) feeding-induced obesity in mice induces dysbiosis, causing a shift toward bacteria-derived metabolites with detrimental effects on metabolism and inflammation: events often contributing to the onset and progression of both GI and CNS disorders. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endogenous lipid mediator with beneficial effects in mouse models of GI and CNS disorders. However, the mechanisms underlining its enteroprotective and neuroprotective effects still need to be fully understood. Here, we aimed to study the effects of PEA on intestinal inflammation and microbiota alterations resulting from lipid overnutrition. Ultramicronized PEA (30 mg/kg/die per os) was administered to HFD-fed mice for 7 weeks starting at the 12th week of HFD regimen. At the termination of the study, the effects of PEA on inflammatory factors and cells, gut microbial features and tryptophan (TRP)-kynurenine metabolism were evaluated. PEA regulates the crosstalk between the host immune system and gut microbiota via rebalancing colonic TRP metabolites. PEA treatment reduced intestinal immune cell recruitment, inflammatory response triggered by HFD feeding, and corticotropin-releasing hormone levels. In particular, PEA modulated HFD-altered TRP metabolism in the colon, rebalancing serotonin (5-HT) turnover and reducing kynurenine levels. These effects were associated with a reshaping of gut microbiota composition through increased butyrate-promoting/producing bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium, Oscillospiraceae and Turicibacter sanguinis, with the latter also described as 5-HT sensor. These data indicate that the rebuilding of gut microbiota following PEA supplementation promotes host 5-HT biosynthesis, which is crucial in regulating intestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Pirozzi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorena Coretti
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Opallo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Bove
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Chiara Annunziata
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Comella
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigia Turco
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Adriano Lama
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosaria Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Lembo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mattace Raso
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Couttas TA, Boost C, Pahlisch F, Sykorova EB, Leweke JE, Koethe D, Endepols H, Rohleder C, Leweke FM. Simultaneous Assessment of Serum Levels and Pharmacologic Effects of Cannabinoids on Endocannabinoids and N-Acylethanolamines by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:657-669. [PMID: 35580134 PMCID: PMC10442685 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The primary compounds of Cannabis sativa, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), inflict a direct influence on the endocannabinoid system-a complex lipid signaling network with a central role in neurotransmission and control of inhibitory and excitatory synapses. These phytocannabinoids often interact with endogenously produced endocannabinoids (eCBs), as well as their structurally related N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), to drive neurobiological, nociceptive, and inflammatory responses. Identifying and quantifying changes in these lipid neuromodulators can be challenging owing to their low abundance in complex matrices. Materials and Methods: This article describes a robust liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the extraction and quantification of the eCBs anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, along with their congener NAEs oleoylethanolamine and palmitoylethanolamine, and phytocannabinoids CBD, Δ9-THC, and 11-Nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, a major metabolite of Δ9-THC. Our method was applied to explore pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects from intraperitoneal injections of Δ9-THC and CBD on circulating levels of eCBs and NAEs in rodent serum. Results: Detection limits ranged from low nanomolar to picomolar in concentration for eCBs (0.012-0.24 pmol/mL), NAEs (0.059 pmol/mL), and phytocannabinoids (0.24-0.73 pmol/mL). Our method displayed good linearity for calibration curves of all analytes (R2>0.99) as well as acceptable accuracy and precision, with quality controls not deviating >15% from their nominal value. Our LC-MS/MS method reliably identified changes to these endogenous lipid mediators that followed a causal relationship, which was dependent on both the type of phytocannabinoid administered and its pharmaceutical preparation. Conclusion: We present a rapid and reliable method for the simultaneous quantification of phytocannabinoids, eCBs, and NAEs in serum using LC-MS/MS. The accuracy and sensitivity of our assay infer it can routinely monitor endogenous levels of these lipid neuromodulators in serum and their response to external stimuli, including cannabimimetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Couttas
- Brain and Mind Centre, Translational Research Collective, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carola Boost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Franziska Pahlisch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Eliska B. Sykorova
- Brain and Mind Centre, Translational Research Collective, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Judith E. Leweke
- Brain and Mind Centre, Translational Research Collective, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Koethe
- Brain and Mind Centre, Translational Research Collective, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Endepols
- Department of Multimodal Imaging, Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Juelich, Germany
| | - Cathrin Rohleder
- Brain and Mind Centre, Translational Research Collective, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen University, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Multimodal Imaging, Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany
- Endosane Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - F. Markus Leweke
- Brain and Mind Centre, Translational Research Collective, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Vrkoslav V, Smeringaiova I, Smorodinova N, Svobodova A, Strnad S, Jackson CJ, Burkert J, Jirsova K. Quantification of Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Lipid Mediators in Long-Term Cryopreserved and Freeze-Dried Preserved Human Amniotic Membrane. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:740. [PMID: 37370671 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10060740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare concentrations of endogenous N-acylethanolamine (NAE) lipid mediators-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA), and anandamide (AEA)-in fresh, decontaminated, cryopreserved, and freeze-dried amniotic membrane (AM) allografts, thereby determining whether AM's analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficiency related to NAEs persists during storage. The concentrations of NAEs were measured using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Indirect fluorescent immunohistochemistry was used to detect the PEA PPAR-α receptor. The concentrations of PEA, OEA, and AEA were significantly higher after decontamination. A significant decrease was found in cryopreserved AM compared to decontaminated tissue for PEA but not for OEA and AEA. However, significantly higher values for all NAEs were detected in cryopreserved samples compared to fresh tissue before decontamination. The freeze-dried AM had similar values to decontaminated AM with no statistically significant difference. The nuclear staining of the PPAR-α receptor was clearly visible in all specimens. The stability of NAEs in AM after cryopreservation was demonstrated under tissue bank storage conditions. However, a significant decrease, but still higher concentration of PEA compared to fresh not decontaminated tissue, was found in cryopreserved, but not freeze-dried, AM. Results indicate that NAEs persist during storage in levels sufficient for the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. This means that cryopreserved AM allografts released for transplant purposes before the expected expiration (usually 3-5 years) will still show a strong analgesic effect. The same situation was confirmed for AM lyophilized after one year of storage. This work thus contributed to the clarification of the analgesic effect of NAEs in AM allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Vrkoslav
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ingrida Smeringaiova
- Laboratory of the Biology and Pathology of the Eye, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Smorodinova
- Laboratory of the Biology and Pathology of the Eye, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alzbeta Svobodova
- 2nd Department of Surgery-Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Strnad
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Catherine Joan Jackson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Burkert
- Department of Transplantation and Tissue Bank, University Hospital in Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Jirsova
- Laboratory of the Biology and Pathology of the Eye, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
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7
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Romano A, Friuli M, Eramo B, Gallelli CA, Koczwara JB, Azari EK, Paquot A, Arnold M, Langhans W, Muccioli GG, Lutz TA, Gaetani S. "To brain or not to brain": evaluating the possible direct effects of the satiety factor oleoylethanolamide in the central nervous system. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1158287. [PMID: 37234803 PMCID: PMC10206109 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1158287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oleoylethanolamide (OEA), an endogenous N-acylethanolamine acting as a gut-to-brain signal to control food intake and metabolism, has been attracting attention as a target for novel therapies against obesity and eating disorders. Numerous observations suggested that the OEA effects might be peripherally mediated, although they involve central pathways including noradrenergic, histaminergic and oxytocinergic systems of the brainstem and the hypothalamus. Whether these pathways are activated directly by OEA or whether they are downstream of afferent nerves is still highly debated. Some early studies suggested vagal afferent fibers as the main route, but our previous observations have contradicted this idea and led us to consider the blood circulation as an alternative way for OEA's central actions. Methods To test this hypothesis, we first investigated the impact of subdiaphragmatic vagal deafferentation (SDA) on the OEA-induced activation of selected brain nuclei. Then, we analyzed the pattern of OEA distribution in plasma and brain at different time points after intraperitoneal administration in addition to measuring food intake. Results Confirming and extending our previous findings that subdiaphragmatic vagal afferents are not necessary for the eating-inhibitory effect of exogenous OEA, our present results demonstrate that vagal sensory fibers are also not necessary for the neurochemical effects of OEA. Rather, within a few minutes after intraperitoneal administration, we found an increased concentration of intact OEA in different brain areas, associated with the inhibition of food intake. Conclusion Our results support that systemic OEA rapidly reaches the brain via the circulation and inhibits eating by acting directly on selected brain nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Friuli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Eramo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Anna Gallelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Justyna Barbara Koczwara
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Adrien Paquot
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Myrtha Arnold
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Giulio G. Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Alexander Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Rothner A, Gov T, Hinden L, Nemirovski A, Tam J, Rosenzweig B. Systemic Changes in Endocannabinoids and Endocannabinoid-like Molecules in Response to Partial Nephrectomy-Induced Ischemia in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36835635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR), a routine feature of partial nephrectomy (PN), can contribute to the development of acute kidney injury (AKI). Rodent studies show that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a major regulator of renal hemodynamics and IR injury; however, its clinical relevance remains to be established. Here, we assessed the clinical changes in systemic endocannabinoid (eCB) levels induced by surgical renal IR. Sixteen patients undergoing on-clamp PN were included, with blood samples taken before renal ischemia, after 10 min of ischemia time, and 10 min following blood reperfusion. Kidney function parameters (serum creatinine (sCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum glucose) and eCB levels were measured. Baseline levels and individual changes in response to IR were analyzed and correlation analyses were performed. The baseline levels of eCB 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) were positively correlated with kidney dysfunction biomarkers. Unilateral renal ischemia increased BUN, sCr, and glucose, which remained elevated following renal reperfusion. Renal ischemia did not induce changes in eCB levels for all patients pooled together. Nevertheless, stratifying patients according to their body mass index (BMI) revealed a significant increase in N-acylethanolamines (anandamide, AEA; N-oleoylethanolamine, OEA; and N-palmitoylethanolamine, PEA) in the non-obese patients. No significant changes were found in obese patients who had higher N-acylethanolamines baseline levels, positively correlated with BMI, and more cases of post-surgery AKI. With the inefficiency of 'traditional' IR-injury 'preventive drugs', our data support future research on the role of the ECS and its manipulation in renal IR.
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Murru E, Muntoni AL, Manca C, Aroni S, Pistis M, Banni S, Carta G. Profound Modification of Fatty Acid Profile and Endocannabinoid-Related Mediators in PPARα Agonist Fenofibrate-Treated Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24. [PMID: 36614161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fenofibrate (FBR), an oral medication used to treat dyslipidemia, is a ligand of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), a nuclear receptor that regulates the expression of metabolic genes able to control lipid metabolism and food intake. PPARα natural ligands include fatty acids (FA) and FA derivatives such as palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA), known to have anti-inflammatory and anorexigenic activities, respectively. We investigated changes in the FA profile and FA derivatives by HPLC and LC-MS in male C57BL/6J mice fed a standard diet with or without 0.2% fenofibrate (0.2% FBR) for 21 days. Induction of PPARα by 0.2% FBR reduced weight gain, food intake, feed efficiency, and liver lipids and induced a profound change in FA metabolism mediated by parallel enhanced mitochondrial and peroxisomal β-oxidation. The former effects led to a steep reduction of essential FA, particularly 18:3n3, with a consequent decrease of the n3-highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) score; the latter effect led to an increase of 16:1n7 and 18:1n9, suggesting enhanced hepatic de novo lipogenesis with increased levels of hepatic PEA and OEA, which may activate a positive feedback and further sustain reductions of body weight, hepatic lipids and feed efficiency.
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10
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Cammarota M, Ferlenghi F, Vacondio F, Vincenzi F, Varani K, Bedini A, Rivara S, Mor M, Boscia F. Combined targeting of fatty acid amide hydrolase and melatonin receptors promotes neuroprotection and stimulates inflammation resolution in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 180:1316-1338. [PMID: 36526591 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Devising novel strategies to therapeutically favour inflammation resolution and provide neuroprotection is an unmet clinical need. Enhancing endocannabinoid tone by inhibiting the catabolic enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), or stimulating melatonin receptors has therapeutic potential to treat neuropathological states in which neuroinflammation plays a central role. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A rodent hippocampal explant model of inflammatory injury was used to assess the effects of UCM1341, a dual-acting compound with FAAH inhibitory action and agonist activity at melatonin receptors, against neuroinflammatory damage. FAAH activity was measured by a radiometric assay, and N-acylethanolamine levels were assessed by HPLC-MS/MS methods. FAAH distribution, evolution of inflammation and the contribution of UCM1341 to the expression of proteins controlling macrophage behaviour were investigated by biochemical and confocal analyses. KEY RESULTS UCM1341 exhibited greater neuroprotection against neuroinflammatory degeneration, compared with the reference compounds URB597 (FAAH inhibitor) and melatonin. During neuroinflammation, UCM1341 augmented the levels of anandamide and N-oleoylethanolamine, but not N-palmitoylethanolamine, up-regulated PPAR-α levels, attenuated demyelination and prevented the release of TNF-α. UCM1341 modulated inflammatory responses by contributing to microglia/macrophage polarization, stimulating formation of lipid-laden macrophages and regulating expression of proteins controlling cholesterol metabolism and efflux. The neuroprotective effects of UCM1341 were prevented by PPARα, TRPV1 and melatonin receptor antagonists. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS UCM1341, by enhancing endocannabinoid and melatoninergic signalling, benefits neuroprotection and stimulates inflammation resolution pathways. Our findings provide an encouraging prospect of therapeutically targeting endocannabinoid and melatoninergic systems in inflammatory demyelinating states in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Cammarota
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annalida Bedini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Urbino, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Boscia
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Kurlyandchik I, Lauche R, Tiralongo E, Warne LN, Schloss J. Plasma and interstitial levels of endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines in patients with chronic widespread pain and fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain Rep 2022; 7:e1045. [PMID: 36381652 DOI: 10.1097/PR9.0000000000001045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an essential endogenous signaling system that may be involved in the pathophysiology of chronic widespread pain (CWP) and fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Further research is required to understand the role of ECS in the development and maintenance of CWP and FMS. We provided the first systematic review and meta-analysis exploring the clinical relevance of ECS alterations in patients with CWP and FMS by comparing plasma and interstitial levels of endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines in patients and healthy controls. A systematic search was conducted to identify studies that measured plasma and/or interstitial levels of endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines in patients with CWP or FMS and healthy controls. A total of 8 studies were included for qualitative review, and 7 studies were included for meta-analysis. The findings identified increased plasma levels of oleoylethanolamide and stearoylethanolamide in patients with FMS compared with those in controls (P = 0.005 and P < 0.0001, respectively) and increased plasma levels of palmitoylethanolamide and interstitial levels of stearoylethanolamide in patients with CWP compared with those in controls (P = 0.05 and P = 0.001, respectively). There were no significant differences in other ECS parameters. Most studies did not account for variables that may influence ECS function, including cannabis use, concomitant medication, comorbidities, physical activity, stress levels, circadian rhythm, sleep quality, and dietary factors, suggesting that future studies should explore the correlation between these variables and endocannabinoid activity. We highlight the importance of investigating endocannabinoid activity in CWP and FMS because it will underpin future translational research in the area.
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12
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Lama A, Pirozzi C, Severi I, Morgese MG, Senzacqua M, Annunziata C, Comella F, Del Piano F, Schiavone S, Petrosino S, Mollica MP, Diano S, Trabace L, Calignano A, Giordano A, Mattace Raso G, Meli R. Palmitoylethanolamide dampens neuroinflammation and anxiety-like behavior in obese mice. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 102:110-123. [PMID: 35176443 PMCID: PMC10662208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) consumption leads to obesity and a chronic state of low-grade inflammation, named metainflammation. Notably, metainflammation contributes to neuroinflammation due to the increased levels of circulating free fatty acids and cytokines. It indicates a strict interplay between peripheral and central counterparts in the pathogenic mechanisms of obesity-related mood disorders. In this context, the impairment of internal hypothalamic circuitry runs in tandem with the alteration of other brain areas associated with emotional processing (i.e., hippocampus and amygdala). Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an endogenous lipid mediator belonging to the N-acylethanolamines family, has been extensively studied for its pleiotropic effects both at central and peripheral level. Our study aimed to elucidate PEA capability in limiting obesity-induced anxiety-like behavior and neuroinflammation-related features in an experimental model of HFD-fed obese mice. PEA treatment promoted an improvement in anxiety-like behavior of obese mice and the systemic inflammation, reducing serum pro-inflammatory mediators (i.e., TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, LPS). In the amygdala, PEA increased dopamine turnover, as well as GABA levels. PEA also counteracted the overactivation of HPA axis, reducing the expression of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone and its type 1 receptor. Moreover, PEA attenuated the immunoreactivity of Iba-1 and GFAP and reduced pro-inflammatory pathways and cytokine production in both the hypothalamus and hippocampus. This finding, together with the reduced transcription of mast cell markers (chymase 1 and tryptase β2) in the hippocampus, indicated the weakening of immune cell activation underlying the neuroprotective effect of PEA. Obesity-driven neuroinflammation was also associated with the disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the hippocampus. PEA limited the albumin extravasation and restored tight junction transcription modified by HFD. To gain mechanistic insight, we designed an in vitro model of metabolic injury using human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells insulted by a mix of glucosamine and glucose. Here, PEA directly counteracted inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in a PPAR-α-dependent manner since the pharmacological blockade of the receptor reverted its effects. Our results strengthen the therapeutic potential of PEA in obesity-related neuropsychiatric comorbidities, controlling neuroinflammation, BBB disruption, and neurotransmitter imbalance involved in behavioral dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Lama
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49 - 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Pirozzi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49 - 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ilenia Severi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto, 10, A - 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Morgese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20 - 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Martina Senzacqua
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto, 10, A - 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Chiara Annunziata
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49 - 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Comella
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49 - 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Del Piano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20 - 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrosino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte, Sant'Angelo, Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21 - Edificio 7, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina Diano
- Program in Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20 - 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49 - 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto, 10, A - 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mattace Raso
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49 - 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Rosaria Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49 - 80131 Naples, Italy
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Parksepp M, Haring L, Kilk K, Koch K, Uppin K, Kangro R, Zilmer M, Vasar E. The Expanded Endocannabinoid System Contributes to Metabolic and Body Mass Shifts in First-Episode Schizophrenia: A 5-Year Follow-Up Study. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020243. [PMID: 35203453 PMCID: PMC8869544 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the expanded endocannabinoid system (eECS) and cell membrane composition have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. We enrolled 54 antipsychotic (AP)-naïve first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients and 58 controls and applied a targeted metabolomics approach followed by multivariate data analysis to investigate the profile changes in the serum levels of endocannabinoids: 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide, endocannabinoids-like N-acylethanolamines (NAEs: linoleoylethanolamide, oleoylethanolamide, and palmitoylethanolamide), and their dominating lipid precursor’s phosphatidylcholines. Biomolecule profiles were measured at the onset of first-episode psychosis (FEP) and 0.6 years and 5.1 years after the initiation of AP treatment. The results indicated that FEP might be characterized by elevated concentrations of NAEs and by decreased 2-AG levels. At this stage of the disease, the NAE-mediated upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) manifested themselves in energy expenditure. A 5-year disease progression and AP treatment adverse effects led to a robust increase in 2-AG levels, which contributed to strengthened cannabinoid (CB1) receptor-mediated effects, which manifested in obesity. Dynamic 2-AG, NAEs, and their precursors in terms of phosphatidylcholines are relevant to the description of the metabolic shifts resulting from the altered eECS function during and after FEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madis Parksepp
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406 Tartu, Estonia;
- Psychiatry Clinic of Viljandi Hospital, 71024 Viljandi, Estonia
| | - Liina Haring
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406 Tartu, Estonia;
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (K.U.)
- Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Univesignallingrsity of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (M.Z.); (E.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +372-7318-767
| | - Kalle Kilk
- Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Univesignallingrsity of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (M.Z.); (E.V.)
| | - Kadri Koch
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (K.U.)
| | - Kärt Uppin
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (K.U.)
| | - Raul Kangro
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Mihkel Zilmer
- Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Univesignallingrsity of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (M.Z.); (E.V.)
| | - Eero Vasar
- Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Univesignallingrsity of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (M.Z.); (E.V.)
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Camacho-Muñoz D, Kiezel-Tsugunova M, Kiss O, Uddin M, Sundén M, Ryaboshapkina M, Lind L, Oscarsson J, Nicolaou A. Omega-3 carboxylic acids and fenofibrate differentially alter plasma lipid mediators in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21976. [PMID: 34618982 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100380rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fibrates and omega-3 polyunsaturated acids are used for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia but have not demonstrated consistent effects on cardiovascular (CV) risk. In this study, we investigate how these two pharmacological agents influence plasma levels of bioactive lipid mediators, aiming to explore their efficacy beyond that of lipid-lowering agents. Plasma from overweight patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hypertriglyceridemia, participating in a randomized placebo-controlled study investigating the effects of 12 weeks treatment with fenofibrate or omega-3 free carboxylic acids (OM-3CA) (200 mg or 4 g per day, respectively), were analyzed for eicosanoids and related PUFA species, N-acylethanolamines (NAE) and ceramides. OM-3CA reduced plasma concentrations of proinflammatory PGE2 , as well as PGE1 , PGD1 and thromboxane B2 but increased prostacyclin, and eicosapentaenoic acid- and docosahexaenoic acid-derived lipids of lipoxygenase and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) (e.g., 17-HDHA, 18-HEPE, 19,20-DiHDPA). Fenofibrate reduced plasma concentrations of vasoactive CYP-derived eicosanoids (DHETs). Although OM-3CA increased plasma levels of the NAE docosahexaenoyl ethanolamine and docosapentaenoyl ethanolamine, and fenofibrate increased palmitoleoyl ethanolamine, the effect of both treatments may have been masked by the placebo (olive oil). Fenofibrate was more efficacious than OM-3CA in significantly reducing plasma ceramides, pro-inflammatory lipids associated with CV disease risk. Neither treatment affected putative lipid species associated with NAFLD. Our results show that OM-3CA and fenofibrate differentially modulate the plasma mediator lipidome, with OM-3CA promoting the formation of lipid mediators with potential effects on chronic inflammation, while fenofibrate mainly reducing ceramides. These findings suggest that both treatments could ameliorate chronic inflammation with possible impact on disease outcomes, independent of triglyceride reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Camacho-Muñoz
- Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Magdalena Kiezel-Tsugunova
- Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Orsolya Kiss
- Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Mohib Uddin
- AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, Mӧlndal, Sweden
| | - Mattias Sundén
- Department of Economics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Oscarsson
- AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, Mӧlndal, Sweden
| | - Anna Nicolaou
- Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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15
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Sagheddu C, Melis M, Muntoni AL, Pistis M. Repurposing Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Agonists in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1025. [PMID: 34681249 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Common pathophysiological mechanisms have emerged for different neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. In particular, mechanisms of oxidative stress, immuno-inflammation, and altered metabolic pathways converge and cause neuronal and non-neuronal maladaptative phenomena, which underlie multifaceted brain disorders. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors modulating, among others, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective genes in diverse tissues. Both endogenous and synthetic PPAR agonists are approved treatments for metabolic and systemic disorders, such as diabetes, fatty liver disease, and dyslipidemia(s), showing high tolerability and safety profiles. Considering that some PPAR-acting drugs permeate through the blood-brain barrier, the possibility to extend their scope from the periphery to central nervous system has gained interest in recent years. Here, we review preclinical and clinical evidence that PPARs possibly exert a neuroprotective role, thereby providing a rationale for repurposing PPAR-targeting drugs to counteract several diseases affecting the central nervous system.
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Abstract
N-Acylethanolamine (NAE) signaling has received considerable attention in vertebrates as part of the endocannabinoid signaling system, where anandamide acts as a ligand for G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors. Recent studies indicate that G proteins also are required for some types of NAE signaling in plants. The genetic ablation of the Gβγ dimer or loss of the full set of extra-large G proteins strongly attenuated NAE-induced chloroplast responses in seedlings. Intriguing parallels and distinct differences have emerged between plants and animals in NAE signaling, despite the conserved use of these lipid mediators to modulate cellular processes. Here we compare similarities and differences and identify open questions in a fundamental lipid signaling pathway in eukaryotes with components that are both conserved and diverged in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Cannon
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99163, USA; Department of Crop and Soil Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA.
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
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Kasatkina LA, Rittchen S, Sturm EM. Neuroprotective and Immunomodulatory Action of the Endocannabinoid System under Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115431. [PMID: 34063947 PMCID: PMC8196612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are lipid-based retrograde messengers with a relatively short half-life that are produced endogenously and, upon binding to the primary cannabinoid receptors CB1/2, mediate multiple mechanisms of intercellular communication within the body. Endocannabinoid signaling is implicated in brain development, memory formation, learning, mood, anxiety, depression, feeding behavior, analgesia, and drug addiction. It is now recognized that the endocannabinoid system mediates not only neuronal communications but also governs the crosstalk between neurons, glia, and immune cells, and thus represents an important player within the neuroimmune interface. Generation of primary endocannabinoids is accompanied by the production of their congeners, the N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), which together with N-acylneurotransmitters, lipoamino acids and primary fatty acid amides comprise expanded endocannabinoid/endovanilloid signaling systems. Most of these compounds do not bind CB1/2, but signal via several other pathways involving the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and non-cannabinoid G-protein coupled receptors (GPRs) to mediate anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective activities. In vivo generation of the cannabinoid compounds is triggered by physiological and pathological stimuli and, specifically in the brain, mediates fine regulation of synaptic strength, neuroprotection, and resolution of neuroinflammation. Here, we review the role of the endocannabinoid system in intrinsic neuroprotective mechanisms and its therapeutic potential for the treatment of neuroinflammation and associated synaptopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila A. Kasatkina
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.A.K.); (S.R.)
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sonja Rittchen
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Eva M. Sturm
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.A.K.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Kostrzewa M, Mahmoud AM, Verde R, Scotto di Carlo F, Gianfrancesco F, Piscitelli F, Ligresti A. Modulation of Endocannabinoid Tone in Osteoblastic Differentiation of MC3T3-E1 Cells and in Mouse Bone Tissue over Time. Cells 2021; 10:1199. [PMID: 34068882 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a highly complex and metabolically active tissue undergoing a continuous remodeling process, which endures throughout life. A complex cell-signaling system that plays role in regulating different physiological processes, including bone remodeling, is the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Bone mass expresses CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors and enzymatic machinery responsible for the metabolism of their endogenous ligands, endocannabinoids (AEA and 2-AG). Exogenous AEA is reported to increase the early phase of human osteoblast differentiation in vitro. However, regarding this cell context little is known about how endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related N-acylethanolamines like PEA and OEA are modulated, in vitro, during cell differentiation and, in vivo, over time up to adulthood. Here we characterized the endocannabinoid tone during the different phases of the osteoblast differentiation process in MC3T3-E1 cells, and we measured endocannabinoid levels in mouse femurs at life cycle stages characterized by highly active bone growth (i.e., of juvenile, young adult, and mature adult bone). Endocannabinoid tone was significantly altered during osteoblast differentiation, with substantial OEA increment, decline in 2-AG and AEA, and consistent modulation of their metabolic enzymes in maturing and mineralized MC3T3-E1 cells. Similarly, in femurs, we found substantial, age-related, decline in 2-AG, OEA, and PEA. These findings can expand existing knowledge underlying physiological bone cell function and contribute to therapeutic strategies for preventing bone-related metabolic changes accruing through lifespan.
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della Rocca G, Gamba D. Chronic Pain in Dogs and Cats: Is There Place for Dietary Intervention with Micro-Palmitoylethanolamide? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:952. [PMID: 33805489 PMCID: PMC8065429 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of chronic pain is an integral challenge of small animal veterinary practitioners. Multiple pharmacological agents are usually employed to treat maladaptive pain including opiates, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and others. In order to limit adverse effects and tolerance development, they are often combined with non-pharmacologic measures such as acupuncture and dietary interventions. Accumulating evidence suggests that non-neuronal cells such as mast cells and microglia play active roles in the pathogenesis of maladaptive pain. Accordingly, these cells are currently viewed as potential new targets for managing chronic pain. Palmitoylethanolamide is an endocannabinoid-like compound found in several food sources and considered a body's own analgesic. The receptor-dependent control of non-neuronal cells mediates the pain-relieving effect of palmitoylethanolamide. Accumulating evidence shows the anti-hyperalgesic effect of supplemented palmitoylethanolamide, especially in the micronized and co-micronized formulations (i.e., micro-palmitoylethanolamide), which allow for higher bioavailability. In the present paper, the role of non-neuronal cells in pain signaling is discussed and a large number of studies on the effect of palmitoylethanolamide in inflammatory and neuropathic chronic pain are reviewed. Overall, available evidence suggests that there is place for micro-palmitoylethanolamide in the dietary management of chronic pain in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia della Rocca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Centro di Ricerca sul Dolore Animale (CeRiDA), Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Davide Gamba
- Operational Unit of Anesthesia, Centro Veterinario Gregorio VII, 00165 Roma, Italy;
- Freelance, DG Vet Pain Therapy, 24124 Bergamo, Italy
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20
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Ramírez-López A, Pastor A, de la Torre R, La Porta C, Ozaita A, Cabañero D, Maldonado R. Role of the endocannabinoid system in a mouse model of Fragile X undergoing neuropathic pain. Eur J Pain 2021; 25:1316-1328. [PMID: 33619843 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain is a complex condition characterized by sensory, cognitive and affective symptoms that magnify the perception of pain. The underlying pathogenic mechanisms are largely unknown and there is an urgent need for the development of novel medications. The endocannabinoid system modulates pain perception and drugs targeting the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) devoid of psychoactive side effects could emerge as novel analgesics. An interesting model to evaluate the mechanisms underlying resistance to pain is the fragile X mental retardation protein knockout mouse (Fmr1KO), a model of fragile X syndrome that exhibits nociceptive deficits and fails to develop neuropathic pain. METHODS A partial sciatic nerve ligation was performed to wild-type (WT) and Fmr1KO mice having (HzCB2 and Fmr1KO-HzCB2, respectively) or not (WT and Fmr1KO mice) a partial deletion of CB2 to investigate the participation of the endocannabinoid system on the pain-resistant phenotype of Fmr1KO mice. RESULTS Nerve injury induced canonical hypersensitivity in WT and HzCB2 mice, whereas this increased pain sensitivity was absent in Fmr1KO mice. Interestingly, Fmr1KO mice partially lacking CB2 lost this protection against neuropathic pain. Similarly, pain-induced depressive-like behaviour was observed in WT, HzCB2 and Fmr1KO-HzCB2 mice, but not in Fmr1KO littermates. Nerve injury evoked different alterations in WT and Fmr1KO mice at spinal and supra-spinal levels that correlated with these nociceptive and emotional alterations. CONCLUSIONS This work shows that CB2 is necessary for the protection against neuropathic pain observed in Fmr1KO mice, raising the interest in targeting this receptor for the treatment of neuropathic pain. SIGNIFICANCE Neuropathic pain is a complex chronic pain condition and current treatments are limited by the lack of efficacy and the incidence of important side effects. Our findings show that the pain-resistant phenotype of Fmr1KO mice against nociceptive and emotional manifestations triggered by persistent nerve damage requires the participation of the cannabinoid receptor CB2, raising the interest in targeting this receptor for neuropathic pain treatment. Additional multidisciplinary studies more closely related to human pain experience should be conducted to explore the potential use of cannabinoids as adequate analgesic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ramírez-López
- Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Pastor
- IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carmen La Porta
- Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Ozaita
- Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Cabañero
- Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Sagheddu C, Torres LH, Marcourakis T, Pistis M. Endocannabinoid-Like Lipid Neuromodulators in the Regulation of Dopamine Signaling: Relevance for Drug Addiction. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 12:588660. [PMID: 33424577 PMCID: PMC7786397 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.588660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of lipid neuromodulators has been rapidly growing, as the use of different -omics techniques led to the discovery of a large number of naturally occurring N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and N-acyl amino acids belonging to the complex lipid signaling system termed endocannabinoidome. These molecules exert a variety of biological activities in the central nervous system, as they modulate physiological processes in neurons and glial cells and are involved in the pathophysiology of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Their effects on dopamine cells have attracted attention, as dysfunctions of dopamine systems characterize a range of psychiatric disorders, i.e., schizophrenia and substance use disorders (SUD). While canonical endocannabinoids are known to regulate excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs impinging on dopamine cells and modulate several dopamine-mediated behaviors, such as reward and addiction, the effects of other lipid neuromodulators are far less clear. Here, we review the emerging role of endocannabinoid-like neuromodulators in dopamine signaling, with a focus on non-cannabinoid N-acylethanolamines and their receptors. Mounting evidence suggests that these neuromodulators contribute to modulate synaptic transmission in dopamine regions and might represent a target for novel medications in alcohol and nicotine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sagheddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Larissa Helena Torres
- Department of Food and Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Tania Marcourakis
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Pistis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Section of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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22
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Kevala K, Lagarde M, Spector AA, Kim HY. Biosynthesis of N-Docosahexanoylethanolamine from Unesterified Docosahexaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoyl-Lysophosphatidylcholine in Neuronal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8768. [PMID: 33233525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the synthesis of N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (synaptamide) in neuronal cells from unesterified docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or DHA-lysophosphatidylcholine (DHA-lysoPC), the two major lipid forms that deliver DHA to the brain, in order to understand the formation of this neurotrophic and neuroprotective metabolite of DHA in the brain. Both substrates were taken up in Neuro2A cells and metabolized to N-docosahexaenoylphosphatidylethanolamine (NDoPE) and synaptamide in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, but unesterified DHA was 1.5 to 2.4 times more effective than DHA-lysoPC at equimolar concentrations. The plasmalogen NDoPE (pNDoPE) amounted more than 80% of NDoPE produced from DHA or DHA-lysoPC, with 16-carbon-pNDoPE being the most abundant species. Inhibition of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) by hexachlorophene or bithionol significantly decreased the synaptamide production, indicating that synaptamide synthesis is mediated at least in part via NDoPE hydrolysis. NDoPE formation occurred much more rapidly than synaptamide production, indicating a precursor–product relationship. Although NDoPE is an intermediate for synaptamide biosynthesis, only about 1% of newly synthesized NDoPE was converted to synaptamide, possibly suggesting additional biological function of NDoPE, particularly for pNDoPE, which is the major form of NDoPE produced.
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23
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Tagliamonte S, Gill CIR, Pourshahidi LK, Slevin MM, Price RK, Ferracane R, Lawther R, O'Connor G, Vitaglione P. Endocannabinoids, endocannabinoid-like molecules and their precursors in human small intestinal lumen and plasma: does diet affect them? Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:2203-2215. [PMID: 33104865 PMCID: PMC8137602 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the small intestinal concentration of endocannabinoids (ECs), N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and their precursors N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) in humans. To identify relationships between those concentrations and habitual diet composition as well as individual inflammatory status. METHODS An observational study was performed involving 35 participants with an ileostomy (18W/17M, aged 18-70 years, BMI 17-40 kg/m2). Overnight fasting samples of ileal fluid and plasma were collected and ECs, NAEs and NAPEs concentrations were determined by LC-HRMS. Dietary data were estimated from self-reported 4-day food diaries. RESULTS Regarding ECs, N-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) was not detected in ileal fluids while 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) was identified in samples from two participants with a maximum concentration of 129.3 µg/mL. In contrast, mean plasma concentration of AEA was 2.1 ± 0.06 ng/mL and 2-AG was 4.9 ± 1.05 ng/mL. NAEs concentrations were in the range 0.72-17.6 µg/mL in ileal fluids and 0.014-0.039 µg/mL in plasma. NAPEs concentrations were in the range 0.3-71.5 µg/mL in ileal fluids and 0.19-1.24 µg/mL in plasma being more abundant in participants with obesity than normal weight and overweight. Significant correlations between the concentrations of AEA, OEA and LEA in biological fluids with habitual energy or fat intakes were identified. Plasma PEA positively correlated with serum C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION We quantified ECs, NAEs and NAPEs in the intestinal lumen. Fat and energy intake may influence plasma and intestinal concentrations of these compounds. The luminal concentrations reported would allow modulation of the homeostatic control of food intake via activation of GPR119 receptors located on the gastro-intestinal mucosa. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER AND WEBSITE NCT04143139; www.clinicaltrials.gov .
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tagliamonte
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - L Kirsty Pourshahidi
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Mary M Slevin
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Ruth K Price
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Rosalia Ferracane
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Roger Lawther
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust, Glenshane Road, Londonderry, UK
| | - Gloria O'Connor
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust, Glenshane Road, Londonderry, UK
| | - Paola Vitaglione
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy.
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24
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Rastelli M, Van Hul M, Terrasi R, Lefort C, Régnier M, Beiroa D, Delzenne NM, Everard A, Nogueiras R, Luquet S, Muccioli GG, Cani PD. Intestinal NAPE-PLD contributes to short-term regulation of food intake via gut-to-brain axis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E647-E657. [PMID: 32776827 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00146.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to explore the physiological role of the intestinal endocannabinoids in the regulation of appetite upon short-term exposure to high-fat-diet (HFD) and understand the mechanisms responsible for aberrant gut-brain signaling leading to hyperphagia in mice lacking Napepld in the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). We generated a murine model harboring an inducible NAPE-PLD deletion in IECs (NapepldΔIEC). After an overnight fast, we exposed wild-type (WT) and NapepldΔIEC mice to different forms of lipid challenge (HFD or gavage), and we compared the modification occurring in the hypothalamus, in the vagus nerve, and at endocrine level 30 and 60 min after the stimulation. NapepldΔIEC mice displayed lower hypothalamic levels of N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA) in response to HFD. Lower mRNA expression of anorexigenic Pomc occurred in the hypothalamus of NapepldΔIEC mice after lipid challenge. This early hypothalamic alteration was not the consequence of impaired vagal signaling in NapepldΔIEC mice. Following lipid administration, WT and NapepldΔIEC mice had similar portal levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and similar rates of GLP-1 inactivation. Administration of exendin-4, a full agonist of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), prevented the hyperphagia of NapepldΔIEC mice upon HFD. We conclude that in response to lipid, NapepldΔIEC mice displayed reduced OEA in brain and intestine, suggesting an impairment of the gut-brain axis in this model. We speculated that decreased levels of OEA likely contributes to reduce GLP-1R activation, explaining the observed hyperphagia in this model. Altogether, we elucidated novel physiological mechanisms regarding the gut-brain axis by which intestinal NAPE-PLD regulates appetite rapidly after lipid exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialetizia Rastelli
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Hul
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Romano Terrasi
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Lefort
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Marion Régnier
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Daniel Beiroa
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Amandine Everard
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Serge Luquet
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
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25
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Forte D, Fanelli F, Mezzullo M, Barone M, Corradi G, Auteri G, Bartoletti D, Martello M, Ottaviani E, Terragna C, Curti A, Pagotto U, Palandri F, Cavo M, Catani L. Disease-Specific Derangement of Circulating Endocannabinoids and N-Acylethanolamines in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3399. [PMID: 32403407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence highlights the endocannabinoid (EC) system involvement in cancer progression. Lipid mediators of this system are secreted by hematopoietic cells, including the ECs 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2AG) and arachidonoyl-ethanolamide (AEA), the 2AG metabolite 1AG, and members of N-acylethanolamine (NAE) family—palmitoyl-ethanolamide (PEA) and oleoyl-ethanolamide (OEA). However, the relevance of the EC system in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) was never investigated. We explored the EC plasma profile in 55 MPN patients, including myelofibrosis (MF; n = 41), polycythemia vera (PV; n = 9), and essential thrombocythemia (ET; n = 5) subclasses and in 10 healthy controls (HC). AEA, PEA, OEA, 2AG, and 1AG plasma levels were measured by LC–MS/MS. Overall considered, MPN patients displayed similar EC and NAE levels compared to HC. Nonetheless, AEA levels in MPN were directly associated with the platelet count. MF patients showed higher levels of the sum of 2AG and 1AG compared to ET and PV patients, higher OEA/AEA ratios compared to HC and ET patients, and higher OEA/PEA ratios compared to HC. Furthermore, the sum of 2AG and 1AG positively correlated with JAK2V617F variant allele frequency and splenomegaly in MF and was elevated in high-risk PV patients compared to in low-risk PV patients. In conclusion, our work revealed specific alterations of ECs and NAE plasma profile in MPN subclasses and potentially relevant associations with disease severity.
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Piscitelli F, Guida F, Luongo L, Iannotti FA, Boccella S, Verde R, Lauritano A, Imperatore R, Smoum R, Cristino L, Lichtman AH, Parker LA, Mechoulam R, Maione S, Di Marzo V. Protective Effects of N-Oleoylglycine in a Mouse Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1117-1128. [PMID: 32017529 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the main causes of death in young people for which currently no efficacious treatment exists. Recently, we have reported that mice with mild-TBI with a specific injury in the insula showed elevated levels of a little investigated N-acyl amino acid, N-oleoylglycine (OlGly). N-acyl amino acids have recently experienced an increased interest because of their important biological activities. They belong to the endocannabinoidome family of lipids with structural similarities with the endocannabinoids (eCBs). The aim of this study was to test the neuroprotective and antihyperalgesic actions of OlGly in a model of mouse mild-TBI (mTBI) and its effect on levels of eCBs and N-acylethanolamines at the end of treatment. Following mTBI, mice were administered a daily injection of OlGly (10-50-100 mg/kg i.p.) for 14 days. Treatment with OlGly normalized motor impairment and behavior in the light/dark box test, ameliorated TBI-induced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia, and normalized aggressiveness and depression. Moreover, levels of eCBs and some N-acylethanolamines underwent significant changes 60 days after TBI, especially in the prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus, and OlGly reversed some of these changes. In conclusion, our findings reveal that OlGly ameliorates the behavioral alterations associated with mTBI in mice, while concomitantly modulating eCB and eCB-like mediator tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Piscitelli
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Livio Luongo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Boccella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Verde
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Lauritano
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Imperatore
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Reem Smoum
- Institute for Drug Research, Medical Faculty, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Luigia Cristino
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Linda A. Parker
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute for Drug Research, Medical Faculty, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
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Aziz M, Chapman KD. Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases: An Expanded Capacity for Chemical Communication? Trends Plant Sci 2020; 25:236-249. [PMID: 31919033 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an enzyme that belongs to the amidase signature (AS) superfamily and is widely distributed in multicellular eukaryotes. FAAH hydrolyzes lipid signaling molecules - namely, N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) - which terminates their actions. Recently, the crystal structure of Arabidopsis thaliana FAAH was solved and key residues were identified for substrate-specific interactions. Here, focusing on residues surrounding the substrate-binding pocket, a comprehensive analysis of FAAH sequences from angiosperms reveals a distinctly different family of FAAH-like enzymes. We hypothesize that FAAH, in addition to its role in seedling development, also acts in an N-acyl amide communication axis to facilitate plant-microbe interactions and that structural diversity provides for the flexible use of a wide range of small lipophilic signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Aziz
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
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Aziz M, Wang X, Tripathi A, Bankaitis VA, Chapman KD. Structural analysis of a plant fatty acid amide hydrolase provides insights into the evolutionary diversity of bioactive acylethanolamides. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7419-7432. [PMID: 30894416 PMCID: PMC6509493 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) are fatty acid derivatives that in animal systems include the well-known bioactive metabolites of the endocannabinoid signaling pathway. Plants use NAE signaling as well, and these bioactive molecules often have oxygenated acyl moieties. Here, we report the three-dimensional crystal structures of the signal-terminating enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) from Arabidopsis in its apo and ligand-bound forms at 2.1- and 3.2-Å resolutions, respectively. This plant FAAH structure revealed features distinct from those of the only other available FAAH structure (rat). The structures disclosed that although catalytic residues are conserved with the mammalian enzyme, AtFAAH has a more open substrate-binding pocket that is partially lined with polar residues. Fundamental differences in the organization of the membrane-binding "cap" and the membrane access channel also were evident. In accordance with the observed structural features of the substrate-binding pocket, kinetic analysis showed that AtFAAH efficiently uses both unsubstituted and oxygenated acylethanolamides as substrates. Moreover, comparison of the apo and ligand-bound AtFAAH structures identified three discrete sets of conformational changes that accompany ligand binding, suggesting a unique "squeeze and lock" substrate-binding mechanism. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we evaluated these conformational changes further and noted a partial unfolding of a random-coil helix within the region 531-537 in the apo structure but not in the ligand-bound form, indicating that this region likely confers plasticity to the substrate-binding pocket. We conclude that the structural divergence in bioactive acylethanolamides in plants is reflected in part in the structural and functional properties of plant FAAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Aziz
- From the BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 and
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- From the BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 and
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Vytas A Bankaitis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Kent D Chapman
- From the BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 and
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Steels E, Venkatesh R, Steels E, Vitetta G, Vitetta L. A double-blind randomized placebo controlled study assessing safety, tolerability and efficacy of palmitoylethanolamide for symptoms of knee osteoarthritis. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:475-85. [PMID: 30927159 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00582-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to assess the safety, tolerability and efficacy of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) when dosed at 300 mg and 600 mg per day on symptoms of knee osteoarthritis. METHODS This was a single site, comparative, double-blind placebo controlled study in adults with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis with 111 participants randomized to receive 300 mg PEA, 600 mg PEA or placebo each day, in divided doses b.i.d, for 8 weeks. The primary outcome was the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). The secondary outcomes were the Numerical Rating Scales (NRS) for pain, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), the use of rescue pain medication and clinical safety assessment. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in the total WOMAC score in the 300 mg PEA (p = 0.0372) and the 600 mg PEA (p = 0.0012) groups, the WOMAC pain score (300 mg PEA, p = 0.0074; 600 mg PEA, p = < 0.001), the WOMAC stiffness score (PEA 300 mg, p < 0.0490; 600 mg PEA, p = 0.001) and in the WOMAC function score in the 600 mg PEA group (p = 0.033) compared to placebo. The NRS pain evaluations for "worst pain" and "least pain" were significantly reduced in the 300 mg PEA group (p < 0.001, p = 0.005) and the 600 mg PEA group (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) compared to placebo. There was a significant reduction in anxiety (DASS) in both active treatment groups (300 mg PEA, p = 0.042; 600 mg PEA group (p = 0.043) compared to placebo. There were no changes in the clinical markers and the product was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated that palmitoylethanolamide may be a novel treatment for attenuating pain and reducing other associated symptoms of knee osteoarthritis. Further studies on the pharmacological basis of this anti-inflammatory effect are now required.
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Bystrowska B, Frankowska M, Smaga I, Niedzielska-Andres E, Pomierny-Chamioło L, Filip M. Cocaine-Induced Reinstatement of Cocaine Seeking Provokes Changes in the Endocannabinoid and N-Acylethanolamine Levels in Rat Brain Structures. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061125. [PMID: 30901889 PMCID: PMC6470884 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is strong support for the role of the endocannabinoid system and the noncannabinoid lipid signaling molecules, N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), in cocaine reward and withdrawal. In the latest study, we investigated the changes in the levels of the above molecules and expression of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) in several brain regions during cocaine-induced reinstatement in rats. By using intravenous cocaine self-administration and extinction procedures linked with yoked triad controls, we found that a priming dose of cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) evoked an increase of the anadamide (AEA) level in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex only in animals that had previously self-administered cocaine. In the same animals, the level of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) increased in the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens. Moreover, the drug-induced relapse resulted in a potent increase in NAEs levels in the cortical areas and striatum and, at the same time, a decrease in the tissue levels of oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) was noted in the nucleus accumbens, cerebellum, and/or hippocampus. At the level of cannabinoid receptors, a priming dose of cocaine evoked either upregulation of the CB1 and CB2 receptors in the prefrontal cortex and lateral septal nuclei or downregulation of the CB1 receptors in the ventral tegmental area. In the medial globus pallidus we observed the upregulation of the CB2 receptor only after yoked chronic cocaine treatment. Our findings support that in the rat brain, the endocannabinoid system and NAEs are involved in cocaine induced-reinstatement where these molecules changed in a region-specific manner and may represent brain molecular signatures for the development of new treatments for cocaine addiction.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Cocaine/pharmacology
- Cocaine-Related Disorders/etiology
- Cocaine-Related Disorders/metabolism
- Cocaine-Related Disorders/physiopathology
- Endocannabinoids/metabolism
- Ethanolamines/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Rats
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Receptors, Cannabinoid
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Bystrowska
- Department of Toxicology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Frankowska
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Irena Smaga
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, PL 31-066 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ewa Niedzielska-Andres
- Department of Toxicology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Lucyna Pomierny-Chamioło
- Department of Toxicology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Filip
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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Bruun S, Gouveia-Figueira S, Domellöf M, Husby S, Neergaard Jacobsen L, Michaelsen KF, Fowler CJ, Zachariassen G. Satiety Factors Oleoylethanolamide, Stearoylethanolamide, and Palmitoylethanolamide in Mother's Milk Are Strongly Associated with Infant Weight at Four Months of Age-Data from the Odense Child Cohort. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1747. [PMID: 30428553 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of appetite and food intake is partly regulated by N-acylethanolamine lipids oleoylethanolamide (OEA), stearoylethanolamide (SEA), and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), which induce satiety through endogenous formation in the small intestine upon feeding, but also when orally or systemic administered. OEA, SEA, and PEA are present in human milk, and we hypothesized that the content of OEA, SEA, and PEA in mother’s milk differed for infants being heavy (high weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ)) or light (low WAZ) at time of milk sample collection. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the concentration of OEA, SEA, and PEA in milk samples collected four months postpartum from mothers to high (n = 50) or low (n = 50) WAZ infants. Associations between OEA, SEA, and PEA concentration and infant anthropometry at four months of age as well as growth from birth were investigated using linear and logistic regression analyses, adjusted for birth weight, early infant formula supplementation, and maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index. Mean OEA, SEA, and PEA concentrations were lower in the high compared to the low WAZ group (all p < 0.02), and a higher concentration of SEA was associated with lower anthropometric measures, e.g., triceps skinfold thickness (mm) (β = −2.235, 95% CI = −4.04, −0.43, p = 0.016), and weight gain per day since birth (g) (β = −8.169, 95% CI = −15.26, −1.08, p = 0.024). This raises the possibility, that the content of satiety factors OEA, SEA, and PEA in human milk may affect infant growth.
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32
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Stensson N, Ghafouri N, Ernberg M, Mannerkorpi K, Kosek E, Gerdle B, Ghafouri B. The Relationship of Endocannabinoidome Lipid Mediators With Pain and Psychological Stress in Women With Fibromyalgia: A Case-Control Study. J Pain 2018; 19:1318-1328. [PMID: 29885369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Characterized by chronic widespread pain, generalized hyperalgesia, and psychological stress, fibromyalgia (FM) is difficult to diagnose and lacks effective treatments. Endocannabinoids-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), and the related oleoylethanolamide (OEA), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and stearoylethanolamide (SEA)-are endogenous lipid mediators with analgesic and anti-inflammatory characteristics, in company with psychological modulating properties (eg, stress and anxiety), and are included in a new emerging "ome," the endocannabinoidome. This case-control study compared the concentration differences of AEA, OEA, PEA, SEA, and 2-AG in 104 women with FM and 116 healthy control subjects. All participants rated their pain, anxiety, depression, and current health status. The relationships between the lipid concentrations and the clinical assessments were investigated using powerful multivariate data analysis and traditional bivariate statistics. The concentrations of OEA, PEA, SEA, and 2-AG were significantly higher in women with FM than in healthy control subjects; significance remained for OEA and SEA after controlling for body mass index and age. 2-AG correlated positively with FM duration and body mass index, and to some extent negatively with pain, anxiety, depression, and health status. In FM, AEA correlated positively with depression ratings. The elevated circulating levels of endocannabinoidome lipids suggest that these lipids play a role in the complex pathophysiology of FM and might be signs of ongoing low-grade inflammation in FM. Although the investigated lipids are significantly altered in FM, their biological roles are uncertain with respect to the clinical manifestations of FM. Thus plasma lipids alone are not good biomarkers for FM. PERSPECTIVE: This study reports about elevated plasma levels of endocannabinoidome lipid mediators in FM. The lipids' suitability to work as biomarkers for FM in the clinic were low; however, their altered levels indicate that a metabolic asymmetry is ongoing in FM, which could serve as a baseline during explorative FM pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas Stensson
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden..
| | - Nazdar Ghafouri
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Malin Ernberg
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Scandinavian Centre for Orofacial Neurosciences, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kaisa Mannerkorpi
- Physiotherapy, Section of Health and Rehabilitation, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.; Centre for Person Centred Care, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eva Kosek
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.; Stockholm Spine Centre, Löwenströmska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Gerdle
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bijar Ghafouri
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Britti D, Crupi R, Impellizzeri D, Gugliandolo E, Fusco R, Schievano C, Morittu VM, Evangelista M, Di Paola R, Cuzzocrea S. A novel composite formulation of palmitoylethanolamide and quercetin decreases inflammation and relieves pain in inflammatory and osteoarthritic pain models. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:229. [PMID: 28768536 PMCID: PMC5541643 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1151-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common progressive joint disease in dogs and cats. The goal of OA treatment is to reduce inflammation, minimize pain, and maintain joint function. Currently, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., meloxicam) are the cornerstone of treatment for OA pain, but side effects with long-term use pose important challenges to veterinary practitioners when dealing with OA pain. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a naturally-occurring fatty acid amide, locally produced on demand by tissues in response to stress. PEA endogenous levels change during inflammatory and painful conditions, including OA, i.e., they are typically increased during acute conditions and decreased in chronic inflammation. Systemic treatment with PEA has anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects in several disorders, yet data are lacking in OA. Here we tested a new composite, i.e., PEA co-ultramicronized with the natural antioxidant quercetin (PEA-Q), administered orally in two different rat models of inflammatory and OA pain, namely carrageenan paw oedema and sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA. Oral treatment with meloxicam was used as benchmark. RESULTS PEA-Q decreased inflammatory and hyperalgesic responses induced by carrageenan injection, as shown by: (i) paw oedema reduction, (ii) decreased severity in histological inflammatory score, (iii) reduced activity of myeloperoxidase, i.e., a marker of inflammatory cell infiltration, and (iv) decreased thermal hyperalgesia. Overall PEA-Q showed superior effects compared to meloxicam. In MIA-treated animals, PEA-Q exerted the following effects: (i) reduced mechanical allodynia and improved locomotor function, (ii) protected cartilage against MIA-induced histological damage, and (iii) counteracted the increased serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, metalloproteases 1, 3, 9 and nerve growth factor. The magnitude of these effects was comparable to, or even greater than, those of meloxicam. CONCLUSION The present findings shed new light on some of the inflammatory and nociceptive pathways and mediators targeted by PEA-Q and confirm its anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects in rodent OA pain models. The translatability of these observations to canine and feline OA pain is currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Sciences V. le Europa, Campus S. Venuta, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31-, I-98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31-, I-98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31-, I-98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31-, I-98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Carlo Schievano
- Innovative Statistical Research SRL, Prato Della Valle 24, I-35123, Padova, Italy
| | - Valeria Maria Morittu
- Department of Health Sciences V. le Europa, Campus S. Venuta, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maurizio Evangelista
- Institute of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31-, I-98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31-, I-98166, Messina, Italy. .,Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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34
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Stensson N, Ghafouri B, Gerdle B, Ghafouri N. Alterations of anti-inflammatory lipids in plasma from women with chronic widespread pain - a case control study. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:112. [PMID: 28606089 PMCID: PMC5469054 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic widespread pain conditions (CWP) such as the pain associated with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) are significant health problems with unclear aetiology. Although CWP and FMS can alter both central and peripheral pain mechanisms, there are no validated markers for such alterations. Pro- and anti-inflammatory components of the immune system such as cytokines and endogenous lipid mediators could serve as systemic markers of alterations in chronic pain. Lipid mediators associated with anti-inflammatory qualities – e.g., oleoylethanolamide (OEA), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and stearoylethanolamide (SEA) – belong to N-acylethanolamines (NAEs). Previous studies have concluded that these lipid mediators may modulate pain and inflammation via the activation of peroxisome proliferator activating receptors (PPARs) and the activation of PPARs may regulate gene transcriptional factors that control the expression of distinct cytokines. Methods This study investigates NAEs and cytokines in 17 women with CWP and 21 healthy controls. Plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory lipids OEA, PEA, and SEA, the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were investigated. T-test of independent samples was used for group comparisons. Bivariate correlation analyses, and multivariate regression analysis were performed between lipids, cytokines, and pain intensity of the participants. Results Significantly higher levels of OEA and PEA in plasma were found in CWP. No alterations in the levels of cytokines existed and no correlations between levels of lipids and cytokines were found. Conclusions We conclude that altered levels of OEA and PEA might indicate the presence of systemic inflammation in CWP. In addition, we believe our findings contribute to the understanding of the biochemical mechanisms involved in chronic musculoskeletal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas Stensson
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Bijar Ghafouri
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Björn Gerdle
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nazdar Ghafouri
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Malek N, Kostrzewa M, Makuch W, Pajak A, Kucharczyk M, Piscitelli F, Przewlocka B, Di Marzo V, Starowicz K. The multiplicity of spinal AA-5-HT anti-nociceptive action in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:251-263. [PMID: 27326920 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable evidence to support the role of anandamide (AEA), an endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors, in neuropathic pain modulation. AEA also produces effects mediated by other biological targets, of which the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) has been the most investigated. Both, inhibition of AEA breakdown by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and blockage of TRPV1 have been shown to produce anti-nociceptive effects. Recent research suggests the usefulness of dual-action compounds, which may afford greater anti-allodynic efficacy. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the effect of N-arachidonoyl-serotonin (AA-5-HT), a blocker of FAAH and TRPV1, in a rat model of neuropathic pain after intrathecal administration. We found that treatment with AA-5-HT increased the pain threshold to mechanical and thermal stimuli, with highest effect at the dose of 500nM, which was most strongly attenuated by AM-630, CB2 antagonist, administration. The single action blockers PF-3845 (1000nM, for FAAH) and I-RTX (1nM, for TRPV1) showed lower efficacy than AA-5-HT. Moreover AA-5-HT (500nM) elevated AEA and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) levels. Among the possible targets of these mediators, only the mRNA levels of CB2, GPR18 and GPR55, which are believed to be novel cannabinoid receptors, were upregulated in the spinal cord and/or DRG of CCI rats. It was previously reported that AA-5-HT acts in CB1 and TRPV1-dependent manner after systemic administration, but here for the first time we show that AA-5-HT action at the spinal level involves CB2, with potential contributions from GRP18 and/or GPR55 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Malek
- Laboratory of Pain Pathophysiology, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Kostrzewa
- Laboratory of Pain Pathophysiology, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Wioletta Makuch
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Pajak
- Laboratory of Pain Pathophysiology, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Kucharczyk
- Laboratory of Pain Pathophysiology, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular ChemistryC.N.R., Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy.
| | - Barbara Przewlocka
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular ChemistryC.N.R., Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy.
| | - Katarzyna Starowicz
- Laboratory of Pain Pathophysiology, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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36
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Orefice NS, Alhouayek M, Carotenuto A, Montella S, Barbato F, Comelli A, Calignano A, Muccioli GG, Orefice G. Oral Palmitoylethanolamide Treatment Is Associated with Reduced Cutaneous Adverse Effects of Interferon-β1a and Circulating Proinflammatory Cytokines in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:428-38. [PMID: 26857391 PMCID: PMC4824021 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endogenous lipid mediator known to reduce pain and inflammation. However, only limited clinical studies have evaluated the effects of PEA in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune and inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Although subcutaneous administration of interferon (IFN)-β1a is approved as first-line therapy for the treatment of relapsing-remitting MS (RR-MS), its commonly reported adverse events (AEs) such as pain, myalgia, and erythema at the injection site, deeply affect the quality of life (QoL) of patients with MS. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we tested the effect of ultramicronized PEA (um-PEA) added to IFN-β1a in the treatment of clinically defined RR-MS. The primary objectives were to estimate whether, with um-PEA treatment, patients with MS perceived an improvement in pain and a decrease of the erythema width at the IFN-β1a injection site in addition to an improvement in their QoL. The secondary objectives were to evaluate the effects of um-PEA on circulating interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-17 serum levels, N-acylethanolamine plasma levels, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) progression, and safety and tolerability after 1 year of treatment. Patients with MS receiving um-PEA perceived an improvement in pain sensation without a reduction of the erythema at the injection site. A significant improvement in QoL was observed. No significant difference was reported in EDSS score, and um-PEA was well tolerated. We found a significant increase of palmitoylethanolamide, anandamide and oleoylethanolamide plasma levels, and a significant reduction of interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-17 serum profile compared with the placebo group. Our results suggest that um-PEA may be considered as an appropriate add-on therapy for the treatment of IFN-β1a-related adverse effects in RR-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola S Orefice
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antonio Carotenuto
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvana Montella
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Franscesco Barbato
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Albert Comelli
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies, Section of Radiological Sciences, University of Palermo, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Orefice
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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37
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Jacome-Sosa M, Vacca C, Mangat R, Diane A, Nelson RC, Reaney MJ, Shen J, Curtis JM, Vine DF, Field CJ, Igarashi M, Piomelli D, Banni S, Proctor SD. Vaccenic acid suppresses intestinal inflammation by increasing anandamide and related N-acylethanolamines in the JCR:LA-cp rat. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:638-49. [PMID: 26891736 PMCID: PMC4808772 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m066308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccenic acid (VA), the predominant ruminant-derived trans fat in the food chain, ameliorates hyperlipidemia, yet mechanisms remain elusive. We investigated whether VA could influence tissue endocannabinoids (ECs) by altering the availability of their biosynthetic precursor, arachidonic acid (AA), in membrane phospholipids (PLs). JCR:LA-cp rats were assigned to a control diet with or without VA (1% w/w), cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (1% w/w) or VA+CLA (1% + 0.5% w/w) for 8 weeks. VA reduced the EC, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), in the liver and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) relative to control diet (P < 0.001), but did not change AA in tissue PLs. There was no additive effect of combining VA+CLA on 2-AG relative to VA alone (P > 0.05). Interestingly, VA increased jejunal concentrations of anandamide and those of the noncannabinoid signaling molecules, oleoylethanolamide and palmitoylethanolamide, relative to control diet (P < 0.05). This was consistent with a lower jejunal protein abundance (but not activity) of their degrading enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase, as well as the mRNA expression of TNFα and interleukin 1β (P < 0.05). The ability of VA to reduce 2-AG in the liver and VAT provides a potential mechanistic explanation to alleviate ectopic lipid accumulation. The opposing regulation of ECs and other noncannabinoid lipid signaling molecules by VA suggests an activation of benefit via the EC system in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Jacome-Sosa
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Alberta Diabetes and Mazankowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Claudia Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rabban Mangat
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Alberta Diabetes and Mazankowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Abdoulaye Diane
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Alberta Diabetes and Mazankowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Randy C Nelson
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Alberta Diabetes and Mazankowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Martin J Reaney
- Department of Plant Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jianheng Shen
- Department of Plant Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Curtis
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Donna F Vine
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Alberta Diabetes and Mazankowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Miki Igarashi
- Laboratory for Medical Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Sebastiano Banni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Spencer D Proctor
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Alberta Diabetes and Mazankowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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38
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Chumak AA, Berdyshev AG, Kosyakova GV, Talko VV, Gula NM. Potential use of N-stearoylethanolamine in radiation medicine. Probl Radiac Med Radiobiol 2015; 20:137-146. [PMID: 26695898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new class of biologically active compounds N-acylethanolamines with properties of endogenous cannabinoids are considered in the terms of promising use in radiation medicine both in the acute phase for the prevention and treatment of ionizing radiation damage and in remote period for the treatment of the effects of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Chumak
- State Institution National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 53 Melnikov Str, 04050, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - A G Berdyshev
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry. National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9, Leontovich Str., 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - G V Kosyakova
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry. National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9, Leontovich Str., 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - V V Talko
- State Institution National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 53 Melnikov Str, 04050, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - N M Gula
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry. National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9, Leontovich Str., 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Keereetaweep J, Blancaflor EB, Hornung E, Feussner I, Chapman KD. Lipoxygenase-derived 9-hydro(pero)xides of linoleoylethanolamide interact with ABA signaling to arrest root development during Arabidopsis seedling establishment. Plant J 2015; 82:315-27. [PMID: 25752187 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ethanolamide-conjugated fatty acid derivatives, also known as N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), occur at low levels (μg per g) in desiccated seeds, and endogenous amounts decline rapidly with seedling growth. Linoleoylethanolamide (NAE18:2) is the most abundant of these NAEs in seeds of almost all plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana. In Arabidopsis, NAE18:2 may be oxidized by lipoxygenase (LOX) or hydrolyzed by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) during normal seedling establishment, and this contributes to the normal progression of NAE depletion that is coincident with the depletion of abscisic acid (ABA). Here we provide biochemical, genetic and pharmacological evidence that a specific 9-LOX metabolite of NAE18:2 [9-hydro(pero)xy linoleoylethanolamide (9-NAE-H(P)OD)] has a potent negative influence on seedling root elongation, and acts synergistically with ABA to modulate the transition from embryo to seedling growth. Genetic analyses using mutants in ABA synthesis (aba1 and aba2), perception (pyr1, pyl1, pyl2, pyl4, pyl5 and pyl8) or transcriptional activation (abi3-1) indicated that arrest of root growth by 9-NAE-H(P)OD requires an intact ABA signaling pathway, and probably operates to increase ABA synthesis as part of a positive feedback loop to modulate seedling establishment in response to adverse environmental conditions. These results identify a specific, bioactive ethanolamide oxylipin metabolite of NAE18:2, different from those of ethanolamide-conjugated linolenic acid (NAE18:3), as well as a molecular explanation for its inhibitory action, emphasizing the oxidative metabolism of NAEs as an important feature of seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantana Keereetaweep
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
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40
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Murray M, Dyari HRE, Allison SE, Rawling T. Lipid analogues as potential drugs for the regulation of mitochondrial cell death. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2051-66. [PMID: 24111728 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrion plays an important role in the production of energy as ATP, the regulation of cell viability and apoptosis, and the biosynthesis of major structural and regulatory molecules, such as lipids. During ATP production, reactive oxygen species are generated that alter the intracellular redox state and activate apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a well-recognized component of the pathogenesis of diseases such as cancer. Understanding mitochondrial function, and how this is dysregulated in disease, offers the opportunity for the development of drug molecules to specifically target such defects. Altered energy metabolism in cancer, in which ATP production occurs largely by glycolysis, rather than by oxidative phosphorylation, is attributable in part to the up-regulation of cell survival signalling cascades. These pathways also regulate the balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic factors that may determine the rate of cell death and proliferation. A number of anti-cancer drugs have been developed that target these factors and one of the most promising groups of agents in this regard are the lipid-based molecules that act directly or indirectly at the mitochondrion. These molecules have emerged in part from an understanding of the mitochondrial actions of naturally occurring fatty acids. Some of these agents have already entered clinical trials because they specifically target known mitochondrial defects in the cancer cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Murray
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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41
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Gachet MS, Rhyn P, Bosch OG, Quednow BB, Gertsch J. A quantitiative LC-MS/MS method for the measurement of arachidonic acid, prostanoids, endocannabinoids, N-acylethanolamines and steroids in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 976-977:6-18. [PMID: 25436483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Free arachidonic acid is functionally interlinked with different lipid signaling networks including those involving prostanoid pathways, the endocannabinoid system, N-acylethanolamines, as well as steroids. A sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of arachidonic acid, prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, noladin ether, lineoyl ethanolamide, oleoyl ethanolamide, palmitoyl ethanolamide, steroyl ethanolamide, aldosterone, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, and testosterone in human plasma was developed and validated. Analytes were extracted using acetonitrile precipitation followed by solid phase extraction. Separations were performed by UFLC using a C18 column and analyzed on a triple quadrupole MS with electron spray ionization. Analytes were run first in negative mode and, subsequently, in positive mode in two independent LC-MS/MS runs. For each analyte, two MRM transitions were collected in order to confirm identity. All analytes showed good linearity over the investigated concentration range (r>0.98). Validated LLOQs ranged from 0.1 to 190ng/mL and LODs ranged from 0.04 to 12.3ng/mL. Our data show that this LC-MS/MS method is suitable for the quantification of a diverse set of bioactive lipids in plasma from human donors (n=32). The determined plasma levels are in agreement with the literature, thus providing a versatile method to explore pathophysiological processes in which changes of these lipids are implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Salomé Gachet
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rhyn
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oliver G Bosch
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Lenggstr. 31, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Boris B Quednow
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Lenggstr. 31, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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42
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Pandey MK, DeGrado TR, Qian K, Jacobson MS, Hagen CE, Duclos RI, Gatley SJ. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of N-(16-18F-fluorohexadecanoyl)ethanolamine (18F-FHEA) as a PET probe of N-acylethanolamine metabolism in mouse brain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:793-802. [PMID: 25003845 DOI: 10.1021/cn400214j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamines are lipid signaling molecules found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. The best-known mammalian compound of this class is anandamide, N-arachidonoylethanolamine, one of the endogenous ligands of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. Signaling by N-acylethanolamines is terminated by release of the ethanolamine moiety by hydrolyzing enzymes such as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing amidase (NAAA). Herein, we report the design and synthesis of N-(16-(18)F-fluorohexadecanoyl)ethanolamine ((18)F-FHEA) as a positron emission tomography (PET) probe for imaging the activity of N-acylethanolamine hydrolyzing enzymes in the brain. Following intravenous administration of (18)F-FHEA in Swiss Webster mice, (18)F-FHEA was extracted from blood by the brain and underwent hydrolysis at the amide bond and incorporation of the resultant (18)F-fluorofatty acid into complex lipid pools. Pretreatment of mice with the FAAH inhibitor URB-597 (1 mg/kg IP) resulted in significantly slower (18)F-FHEA incorporation into lipid pools, but overall (18)F concentrations in brain regions were not altered. Likewise, pretreatment with a NAAA inhibitor, (S)-N-(2-oxo-3-oxytanyl)biphenyl-4-carboxamide (30 mg/kg IV), did not significantly affect the uptake of (18)F-FHEA in the brain. Although evidence was found that (18)F-FHEA behaves as a substrate of FAAH in the brain, the lack of sensitivity of brain uptake kinetics to FAAH inhibition discourages its use as a metabolically trapped PET probe of N-acylethanolamine hydrolyzing enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh K. Pandey
- Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Timothy R. DeGrado
- Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kun Qian
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | | | - Richard I. Duclos
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - S. John Gatley
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Blancaflor EB, Kilaru A, Keereetaweep J, Khan BR, Faure L, Chapman KD. N-Acylethanolamines: lipid metabolites with functions in plant growth and development. Plant J 2014; 79:568-583. [PMID: 24397856 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) were considered by many lipid chemists to be biological 'artifacts' of tissue damage, and were, at best, thought to be minor lipohilic constituents of various organisms. However, that changed dramatically in 1993, when anandamide, an NAE of arachidonic acid (N-arachidonylethanolamine), was shown to bind to the human cannabinoid receptor (CB1) and activate intracellular signal cascades in mammalian neurons. Now NAEs of various types have been identified in diverse multicellular organisms, in which they display profound biological effects. Although targets of NAEs are still being uncovered, and probably vary among eukaryotic species, there appears to be remarkable conservation of the machinery that metabolizes these bioactive fatty acid conjugates of ethanolamine. This review focuses on the metabolism and functions of NAEs in higher plants, with specific reference to the formation, hydrolysis and oxidation of these potent lipid mediators. The discussion centers mostly on early seedling growth and development, for which NAE metabolism has received the most attention, but also considers other areas of plant development in which NAE metabolism has been implicated. Where appropriate, we indicate cross-kingdom conservation in NAE metabolic pathways and metabolites, and suggest areas where opportunities for further investigation appear most pressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elison B Blancaflor
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation Inc., 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
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44
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Esposito E, Cordaro M, Cuzzocrea S. Roles of fatty acid ethanolamides (FAE) in traumatic and ischemic brain injury. Pharmacol Res 2014; 86:26-31. [PMID: 24874648 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ethanolamides of long-chain fatty acids are a class of endogenous lipid mediators generally referred to as N-acylethanolamines (NAEs). NAEs include anti-inflammatory and analgesic palmitoylethanolamide, anorexic oleoylethanolamide, stearoylethanolamide, and the endocannabinoid anandamide. Traumatic brain injury (TBI), associated with a high morbidity and mortality and no specific therapeutic treatment, has become a pressing public health and medical problem. TBI is a complex process evoking systemic immune responses as well as direct local responses in the brain tissues. The direct (primary) damage disrupts the blood-brain barrier (BBB), injures the neurons and initiates a cascade of inflammatory reactions including chemokine production and activation of resident immune cells. The effect of TBI is not restricted to the brain; it can cause multi-organ damage and evoke systemic immune response with cytokine and chemokine production. This facilitates the recruitment of immune cells to the site of injury and progression of the inflammatory reaction. Depending on severity, TBI induces immediate neuropathologic effects that, for the mildest form, may be transient; however, with increasing severity, these injuries cause cumulative neural damage and degeneration. Moreover, TBI leads to increased catabolism of phospholipids, resulting in a series of phospholipid breakdown products, some of which have potent biological activity. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury resulting from stroke leads to metabolic distress, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, making it likely that multiple therapeutic intervention strategies may be needed for successful treatment. Current therapeutic strategies for stroke need complimentary neuroprotective treatments to provide a better outcome. Prior studies on NAEs have demonstrated neurotrophic/neuroprotective activities across a broad spectrum of cellular and animal models of neurodegenerative and acute cerebrovascular disorders. The present review will summarize our knowledge of the biological role of these lipid signaling molecules in brain and highlights their therapeutic effect from multipotential actions on neuronal cell death and neuroinflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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