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Aydogan Kirmizi D, Başer E, Kaymak E, Kılıc D, Onat T, Ozkut MM. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Activity in Over Ischemia Reperfusion Damage: Can Endocannabinoids Protect Ovarian Reserve? Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:591-600. [PMID: 36749133 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The present study aimed to demonstrate the possible effects of increased 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) by applying the monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor KML-29 on rats with ovarian ischemia-reperfusion (IR) model. Methods: Forty-eight female Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups. Group 1: Sham, Group 2: Ischemia, Group 3: IR, Group 4: IR + KML-29 (2 mg/kg), Group 5: IR + KML-29 (20 mg/kg), and Group 6: IR + vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide). Three hours of ischemia followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Two different doses of KML-29 (2 and 10 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally in Groups 4 and 5, 30 min before reperfusion. Ovarian IR injury and ovarian reserve were evaluated histopathological and by using nuclear factor (NF)-κB, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase pre-/postoperative blood antimullerian hormone, and inhibin B. Results: In the KML-1 and KML-2 groups, this damage was significantly reduced compared to the ischemia group. NF-κB, IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 immunoreactivities increased statistically significantly in the ischemia group compared to the control group (p<0.001). Immunoreactivities of these proteins were significantly decreased in the KML-1 and KML-2 groups (p<0.001). It was observed that the number of these apoptotic cells decreased significantly in the KML-1 and KML-2 groups compared to the ischemia group (p<0.001). The postoperative inhibin level showed a significant decrease in the ischemia group compared to the sham group, while a significant increase was observed in the KML-1 and KML-2 groups compared to the ischemia group. Conclusion: It was seen that anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic activity was formed, and the ovarian reserve was preserved with 2-AG in ovarian IR damage. The protective effect of endocannabinoids on the ovaries may create a promising new treatment strategy for many pathologies that will affect the ovarian reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Aydogan Kirmizi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Emre Başer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Emin Kaymak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Derya Kılıc
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Taylan Onat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Mahmud Mustafa Ozkut
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
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Mohammadpour-Asl S, Roshan-Milani S, Fard AA, Golchin A. Hormetic effects of a cannabinoid system component, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, on cell viability and expression profile of growth factors in cultured mouse Sertoli cells: Friend or foe of male fertility? Reprod Toxicol 2024; 125:108575. [PMID: 38462211 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The generally undesired effects of exocannabinoids on male reproduction include alterations in testicular cell proliferation and function, as well as apoptosis induction. However, this paradigm has been challenged by the ability of endocannabinoids to regulate reproductive function. The present study addresses these paradoxical facts by investigating the effects of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) on mouse Sertoli cells' survival and apoptosis, with a mechanistic insight into Sertoli cell-based growth factors' production. The Mus musculus Sertoli cell line (TM4) was exposed to different concentrations of 2-AG, and cell viability was evaluated using MTT assay. Growth factors' gene and protein expressions were analyzed through RT-PCR and western blotting. 2-AG concentration dependently increased TM4 viability, with a slight increase starting at 0.0001 µM, a peak of 190% of the control level at 1 µM, and a decrease at 3 µM. Moreover, 2-AG paradoxically altered mRNA expression of caspase-3 and growth factors. Caspase-3 mRNA expression was down-regulated, and growth factors mRNA and protein expression were up-regulated when using a low concentration of 2-AG (1 μM). Opposite effects were observed by a higher concentration of 2-AG (3 μM). These paradoxical effects of 2-AG can be explained through the concept of hormesis. The results indicate the pivotal role of 2-AG in mediating Sertoli cell viability and apoptosis, at least in part, through altering growth factors secretion. Furthermore, they suggest the involvement of endocannabinoids in Sertoli cell-based physiological and pathological conditions and reflect the ability of abnormally elevated 2-AG to mimic the actions of exocannabinoids in reproductive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Mohammadpour-Asl
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shiva Roshan-Milani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Amin Abdollahzade Fard
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Golchin
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Haddad NM, De Jesus LP, Serpa M, Van De Bilt M, Talib L, Costa A, Gattaz W, Loch AA. Endocannabinoid system alterations in schizophrenia: association with cannabis use and antipsychotic medication. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024:10.1007/s00406-024-01788-x. [PMID: 38502208 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01788-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Determining peripheral modulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) may be important for differentiating individuals with schizophrenia. Such differentiation can also be extended to subgroups of individuals, those who use cannabis and antipsychotic medications, particularly those who are treatment resistant. Patients and controls were recruited from the outpatient clinic of the Psychosis Group of the University of São Paulo, Brazil. A final sample of 93 individuals was divided into 3 groups: patients with schizophrenia using clozapine (treatment-resistant) (n = 29), patients with schizophrenia using another antipsychotic (n = 31), and controls (n = 33). By measuring the proteins and metabolites involved in the ECS pathways in the peripheral blood, AEA (anandamide), 2-AG (2-arachidonoyl ethanolamine), and CB2 receptor (peripheral) were quantified. Individuals reporting lifetime cannabis use had lower 2-AG plasma levels (p = 0.011). Regarding the CB2 receptor, the values of patients with schizophrenia and controls were similar, but those of patients using antipsychotics other than clozapine differed (p = 0.022). In generalized linear models to control for confounders, the use of cannabis remained the only factor that significantly influenced 2-AG levels. The relationship for non-clozapine antipsychotics as the only factor related to CB2 changes was marginally significant. We found for the first time that cannabis use and non-clozapine antipsychotic medication are potentially involved in the modulation of the ECS, specifically influencing 2-AG endocannabinoid and CB2 receptor levels. More studies regarding the ECS are needed since it has been increasingly related to the physiopathology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mansur Haddad
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Peroni De Jesus
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Serpa
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Martinus Van De Bilt
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Leda Talib
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Alana Costa
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Wagner Gattaz
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Andrade Loch
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brasília, Brazil
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Ramos-Medina L, Rosas-Vidal LE, Patel S. Pharmacological diacylglycerol lipase inhibition impairs contextual fear extinction in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:569-584. [PMID: 38182791 PMCID: PMC10884152 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Acquisition and extinction of associative fear memories are critical for guiding adaptive behavioral responses to environmental threats, and dysregulation of these processes is thought to represent important neurobehavioral substrates of trauma and stress-related disorders including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) signaling has been heavily implicated in the extinction of aversive fear memories and we have recently shown that pharmacological inhibition of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) synthesis, a major eCB regulating synaptic suppression, impairs fear extinction in an auditory cue conditioning paradigm. Despite these data, the role of 2-AG signaling in contextual fear conditioning is not well understood. Here, we show that systemic pharmacological blockade of diacylglycerol lipase, the rate-limiting enzyme catalyzing in the synthesis of 2-AG, enhances contextual fear learning and impairs within-session extinction. In sham-conditioned mice, 2-AG synthesis inhibition causes a small increase in unconditioned freezing behavior. No effects of 2-AG synthesis inhibition were noted in the Elevated Plus Maze in mice tested after fear extinction. These data provide support for 2-AG signaling in the suppression of contextual fear learning and the expression of within-session extinction of contextual fear memories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis E Rosas-Vidal
- Northwestern Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sachin Patel
- Northwestern Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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van Hooijdonk CFM, Balvers MGJ, van der Pluijm M, Smith CLC, de Haan L, Schrantee A, Yaqub M, Witkamp RF, van de Giessen E, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, Booij J, Selten JP. Endocannabinoid levels in plasma and neurotransmitters in the brain: a preliminary report on patients with a psychotic disorder and healthy individuals. Psychol Med 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38389452 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291724000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interactions between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and neurotransmitter systems might mediate the risk of developing a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD). Consequently, we investigated in patients with SSD and healthy controls (HC) the relations between (1) plasma concentrations of two prototypical endocannabinoids (N-arachidonoylethanolamine [anandamide] and 2-arachidonoylglycerol [2-AG]) and (2) striatal dopamine synthesis capacity (DSC), and glutamate and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). As anandamide and 2-AG might reduce the activity of these neurotransmitters, we hypothesized negative correlations between their plasma levels and the abovementioned neurotransmitters in both groups. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from 18 patients and 16 HC to measure anandamide and 2-AG plasma concentrations. For all subjects, we acquired proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy scans to assess Glx (i.e. glutamate plus glutamine) and GABA + (i.e. GABA plus macromolecules) concentrations in the ACC. Ten patients and 14 HC also underwent [18F]F-DOPA positron emission tomography for assessment of striatal DSC. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to investigate the relations between the outcome measures. RESULTS A negative association between 2-AG plasma concentration and ACC Glx concentration was found in patients (p = 0.008). We found no evidence of other significant relationships between 2-AG or anandamide plasma concentrations and dopaminergic, glutamatergic, or GABAergic measures in either group. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary results suggest an association between peripheral 2-AG and ACC Glx levels in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen F M van Hooijdonk
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Rivierduinen, Institute for Mental Health Care, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel G J Balvers
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke van der Pluijm
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte L C Smith
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Schrantee
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maqsood Yaqub
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renger F Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elsmarieke van de Giessen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Therese A M J van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Booij
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Selten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Rivierduinen, Institute for Mental Health Care, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Zhou S, Ling X, Zhu J, Liang Y, Feng Q, Xie C, Li J, Chen Q, Chen S, Miao J, Zhang M, Li Z, Shen W, Li X, Wu Q, Wang X, Liu R, Wang C, Hou FF, Kong Y, Liu Y, Zhou L. MAGL protects against renal fibrosis through inhibiting tubular cell lipotoxicity. Theranostics 2024; 14:1583-1601. [PMID: 38389852 PMCID: PMC10879875 DOI: 10.7150/thno.92848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Renal fibrosis, with no therapeutic approaches, is a common pathological feature in various chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Tubular cell injury plays a pivotal role in renal fibrosis. Commonly, injured tubular cells exhibit significant lipid accumulation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Methods: 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) levels in CKD patients and CKD model specimens were measured using mass spectrometry. 2-AG-loaded nanoparticles were infused into unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice. Lipid accumulation and renal fibrosis were tested. Furthermore, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), the hydrolyzing enzyme of 2-AG, was assessed in CKD patients and models. Tubular cell-specific MAGL knock-in mice were generated. Moreover, MAGL recombination protein was also administered to unilateral ischemia reperfusion injury (UIRI) mice. Besides, a series of methods including RNA sequencing, metabolomics, primary cell culture, lipid staining, etc. were used. Results: 2-AG was increased in the serum or kidneys from CKD patients and models. Supplement of 2-AG further induced lipid accumulation and fibrogenesis through cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2)/β-catenin signaling. β-catenin knockout blocked 2-AG/CB2-induced fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) deficiency and lipid accumulation. Remarkably, MAGL significantly decreased in CKD, aligning with lipid accumulation and fibrosis. Specific transgene of MAGL in tubular cells significantly preserved FAO, inhibited lipid-mediated toxicity in tubular cells, and finally retarded fibrogenesis. Additionally, supplementation of MAGL in UIRI mice also preserved FAO function, inhibited lipid accumulation, and protected against renal fibrosis. Conclusion: MAGL is a potential diagnostic marker for kidney function decline, and also serves as a new therapeutic target for renal fibrosis through ameliorating lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jielin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Health Care, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ye Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qijian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Xie
- Nephrology Department, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Jiemei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Nephrology Department, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Shuangqin Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jinhua Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiyuan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Fan Fan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaozhong Kong
- Nephrology Department, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Youhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Leidmaa E, Prodan AM, Depner LL, Komorowska-Müller JA, Beins EC, Schuermann B, Kolbe CC, Zimmer A. Astrocytic Dagla Deletion Decreases Hedonic Feeding in Female Mice. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:74-88. [PMID: 38265773 PMCID: PMC10874831 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Endocannabinoids and exogenous cannabinoids are potent regulators of feeding behavior and energy metabolism. Stimulating cannabinoid receptor signaling enhances appetite, particularly for energy-dense palatable foods, and promotes energy storage. To elucidate the underlying cellular mechanisms, we investigate here the potential role of astrocytic endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Astrocytes provide metabolic support for neurons and contribute to feeding regulation but the effect of astrocytic 2-AG on feeding is unknown. Materials and Methods: We generated mice lacking the 2-AG synthesizing enzyme diacylglycerol lipase alpha (Dagla) in astrocytes (GLAST-Dagla KO) and investigated hedonic feeding behavior in male and female mice. Body weight and baseline water and food intake was characterized; additionally, the mice went through milk, saccharine, and sucrose preference tests in fed and fasted states. In female mice, the estrous cycle stages were identified and plasma levels of female sex hormones were measured. Results: We found that the effects of the inducible astrocytic Dagla deletion were sex-specific. Acute milk preference was decreased in female, but not in male mice and the effect was most evident in the estrus stage of the cycle. This prompted us to investigate sex hormone profiles, which were found to be altered in GLAST-Dagla KO females. Specifically, follicle-stimulating hormone was elevated in the estrus stage, luteinizing hormone in the proestrus, and progesterone was increased in both proestrus and estrus stages of the cycle compared with controls. Conclusions: Astrocytic Dagla regulates acute hedonic appetite for palatable food in females and not in males, possibly owing to a deregulated female sex hormone profile. It is plausible that endocannabinoid production by astrocytes at least partly contributes to the greater susceptibility to overeating in females. This finding may also be important for understanding the effects of exogenous cannabinoids on sex hormone profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Este Leidmaa
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alexandra Maria Prodan
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lena-Louise Depner
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Eva Carolina Beins
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Britta Schuermann
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Zimmer
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Aukema RJ, Baglot SL, Scheufen J, Lightfoot SH, Hill MN. Circadian Influence on Acute Stress-induced Changes in Cortico-limbic Endocannabinoid Levels in Adult Male Rats. Neuroscience 2024; 537:84-92. [PMID: 38006961 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) system plays an important role in regulating the stress response, including glucocorticoid release and the generation of avoidance behaviour. Its two major ligands, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide; AEA), are dynamically influenced by psychological stress to gate the generation of the stress response and facilitate recovery upon stress termination. Many biological systems exhibit circadian "daily" rhythms, including glucocorticoids and endocannabinoids, and the behavioural and endocrine impact of stress is modulated by the time of day. Nonetheless, most preclinical experiments investigating the interaction between stress and endocannabinoids occur in the light, "inactive" phase. We therefore tested if circadian phase influences stress-induced changes in eCB levels in the hippocampus (HIP), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and amygdala (AMY). Adult male rats were exposed to 15 min swim stress or immediately euthanized, and brains were collected. Testing occurred either early in the light or early in the dark phase of their cycle to compare circadian effects. We found that overall, stress decreased AEA in the AMY and HIP, with an effect in the PFC dependent on the time of day. Conversely, stress increased 2-AG in the AMY, with an effect in the PFC and HIP dependent on the time of day. This suggests that stress has a similar overall impact on eCB levels regardless of circadian phase, but that subtle differences may occur depending on the brain region, especially the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Aukema
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Mathison Centre for Mental Health, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Samantha L Baglot
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Mathison Centre for Mental Health, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jessica Scheufen
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Mathison Centre for Mental Health, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Savannah Hm Lightfoot
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Mathison Centre for Mental Health, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Mathison Centre for Mental Health, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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9
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Levine AA, Liktor-Busa E, Balasubramanian S, Palomino SM, Burtman AM, Couture SA, Lipinski AA, Langlais PR, Largent-Milnes TM. Depletion of Endothelial-Derived 2-AG Reduces Blood-Endothelial Barrier Integrity via Alteration of VE-Cadherin and the Phospho-Proteome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:531. [PMID: 38203706 PMCID: PMC10778805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports the role of the endocannabinoid system in neurophysiology, including blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. Recent work has demonstrated that activation of endocannabinoid receptors can mitigate insults to the BBB during neurological disorders like traumatic brain injury, cortical spreading depression, and stroke. As alterations to the BBB are associated with worsening clinical outcomes in these conditions, studies herein sought to examine the impact of endocannabinoid depletion on BBB integrity. Barrier integrity was investigated in vitro via bEnd.3 cell monolayers to assess endocannabinoid synthesis, barrier function, calcium influx, junctional protein expression, and proteome-wide changes. Inhibition of 2-AG synthesis using DAGLα inhibition and siRNA inhibition of DAGLα led to loss of barrier integrity via altered expression of VE-cadherin, which could be partially rescued by exogenous application of 2-AG. Moreover, the deleterious effects of DAGLα inhibition on BBB integrity showed both calcium and PKC (protein kinase C)-dependency. These data indicate that disruption of 2-AG homeostasis in brain endothelial cells, in the absence of insult, is sufficient to disrupt BBB integrity thus supporting the role of the endocannabinoid system in neurovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan A. Levine
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (A.A.L.); (E.L.-B.); (S.B.); (S.M.P.); (A.M.B.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Erika Liktor-Busa
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (A.A.L.); (E.L.-B.); (S.B.); (S.M.P.); (A.M.B.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Shreya Balasubramanian
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (A.A.L.); (E.L.-B.); (S.B.); (S.M.P.); (A.M.B.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Seph M. Palomino
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (A.A.L.); (E.L.-B.); (S.B.); (S.M.P.); (A.M.B.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Anya M. Burtman
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (A.A.L.); (E.L.-B.); (S.B.); (S.M.P.); (A.M.B.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Sarah A. Couture
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (A.A.L.); (E.L.-B.); (S.B.); (S.M.P.); (A.M.B.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Austin A. Lipinski
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (A.A.L.); (P.R.L.)
| | - Paul R. Langlais
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (A.A.L.); (P.R.L.)
| | - Tally M. Largent-Milnes
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (A.A.L.); (E.L.-B.); (S.B.); (S.M.P.); (A.M.B.); (S.A.C.)
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10
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Vozella V, Cruz B, Feldman HC, Bullard R, Bianchi PC, Natividad LA, Cravatt BF, Zorrilla EP, Ciccocioppo R, Roberto M. Sexually dimorphic effects of monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor MJN110 on stress-related behaviour and drinking in Marchigian Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:3130-3145. [PMID: 37488777 PMCID: PMC10805956 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The endocannabinoid (eCB) system plays an important homeostatic role in the regulation of stress circuits and has emerged as a therapeutic target to treat stress disorders and alcohol use disorder (AUD). Extensive research has elucidated a role for the eCB anandamide (AEA), but less is known about 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) mediated signalling. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We pharmacologically enhanced eCB signalling by inhibiting the 2-AG metabolizing enzyme, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), in male and female Marchigian Sardinian alcohol-preferring (msP) rats, a model of innate alcohol preference and stress hypersensitivity, and in control Wistar rats. We tested the acute effect of the selective MAGL inhibitor MJN110 in alleviating symptoms of alcohol drinking, anxiety, irritability and fear. KEY RESULTS A single systemic administration of MJN110 increased 2-AG levels in the central amygdala, prelimbic and infralimbic cortex but did not acutely alter alcohol drinking. MAGL inhibition reduced aggressive behaviours in female msPs, and increased defensive behaviours in male msPs, during the irritability test. Moreover, in the novelty-induced hypophagia test, MJN110 selectively enhanced palatable food consumption in females, mitigating stress-induced food suppression. Lastly, msP rats showed increased conditioned fear behaviour compared with Wistar rats, and MJN110 reduced context-associated conditioned fear responses, but not cue-probed fear expression, in male msPs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Acute inhibition of MAGL attenuated some stress-related responses in msP rats but not voluntary alcohol drinking. Our results provide new insights into the sex dimorphism documented in stress-induced responses. Sex-specific eCB-based approaches should be considered in the clinical development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vozella
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bryan Cruz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hannah C. Feldman
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan Bullard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Paula C. Bianchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Luis A. Natividad
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton Street, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eric P. Zorrilla
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, Camerino, 62032 Italy
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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11
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Tajiri E, Yoshimura E, Tobina T, Yamashita T, Kume K, Hatamoto Y, Shimoda S. Effects of sleep restriction on food intake and appetite under free-living conditions: A randomized crossover trial. Appetite 2023; 189:106998. [PMID: 37562755 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
To investigate changes in subjective psychological factors and dietary intake during sleep restriction, we carried out a randomized crossover trial with a 3-day sleep restriction condition (SR; 5 h of sleep) and control sleep condition (CS; 8 h of sleep). Days 3 and 4 involved free-living and laboratory (in the morning) conditions, respectively. Subjective psychological factors (hunger, appetite, desire for sweets and fatty foods, sleepiness, and fatigue) were assessed using a 0.0-10.0 cm visual analog scale (VAS) every hour throughout the day on day 3, and at 8:00 a.m. on day 4. Dietary intake on day 3 was assessed on the basis of the food purchased and eaten. Fasting blood samples were collected at 8:00 a.m. on day 4. Dietary intake during the ad libitum breakfast was assessed on day 4. The participants were 13 women and 11 men (mean age, 21.4 ± 1.0 years; mean body mass index, 19.8 ± 1.7 kg/m2). The areas under the curve 0-16 h after waking for hunger, desire for fatty foods, sleepiness, and fatigue were higher in the SR than CS on day 3 (P < 0.05). Energy and carbohydrate intakes from snacks (daytime and nighttime) on day 3 were higher in the SR than CS (P < 0.05) but total dietary intake on day 3 was not different between the conditions (P > 0.05). The 2-arachidonoylglycerol level was different between the conditions (P < 0.05), but was not associated with sweet taste preference, dietary intake, or the active ghrelin level on day 4 (P > 0.05). In conclusion, ratings for subjective psychological factors and energy and carbohydrate intakes from snacks increased in association with sleep restriction under free-living conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Tajiri
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 862-8502, Japan.
| | - Eiichi Yoshimura
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 566-0002, Japan.
| | - Takuro Tobina
- Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 851-2195, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Yamashita
- Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 851-2195, Japan.
| | - Kokoro Kume
- Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 851-2195, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Hatamoto
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 566-0002, Japan.
| | - Seiya Shimoda
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 862-8502, Japan.
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12
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Gustavsen S, Olsson A, Oturai AB, Linnet K, Thomsen R, Rasmussen BS, Jørgensen CF, Langkilde AR, Sorensen PS, Sellebjerg F, Søndergaard HB. The peripheral endocannabinoid system and its association with biomarkers of inflammation in untreated patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:3212-3220. [PMID: 37337838 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been found altered in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, whether the ECS alteration is present in the early stage of MS remains unknown. First, we aimed to compare the ECS profile between newly diagnosed MS patients and healthy controls (HCs). Next, we explored the association of the ECS, biomarkers of inflammation, and clinical parameters in newly diagnosed MS patients. METHODS Whole blood gene expression of ECS components and levels of endocannabinoids in plasma were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively, in 66 untreated MS patients and 46 HCs. RESULTS No differences were found in the gene expression or plasma levels of the selected ECS components between newly diagnosed MS patients and HCs. Interferon-γ, encoded by the gene IFNG, correlated positively (ρ = 0.60) with the expression of G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), and interleukin1β (IL1B) correlated negatively (ρ = -0.50) with cannabinoid receptor 2 (CNR2) in HCs. CONCLUSIONS We found no alteration in the peripheral ECS between untreated patients with MS and HC. Furthermore, our results indicate that the ECS has a minor overall involvement in the early stage of MS on inflammatory markers and clinical parameters when compared with HCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gustavsen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Anna Olsson
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Annette B Oturai
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section of Forensic Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ragnar Thomsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section of Forensic Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian S Rasmussen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section of Forensic Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian F Jørgensen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section of Forensic Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annika R Langkilde
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per S Sorensen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle B Søndergaard
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
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13
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Boachie N, Gaudette E, Bazinet RP, Lin L, Tyndale RF, Mansouri E, Huestis MA, Tong J, Le Foll B, Kish SJ, George TP, Boileau I. Circulating Endocannabinoids and N-Acylethanolamines in Individuals with Cannabis Use Disorder-Preliminary Findings. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1375. [PMID: 37891745 PMCID: PMC10605789 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are bioactive lipids with important physiological functions and putative roles in mental health and addictions. Although chronic cannabis use is associated with endocannabinoid system changes, the status of circulating endocannabinoids and related NAEs in people with cannabis use disorder (CUD) is uncertain. METHODS Eleven individuals with CUD and 54 healthy non-cannabis using control participants (HC) provided plasma for measurement by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of endocannabinoids (2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA)) and related NAE fatty acids (N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (DHEA) and N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA)). Participants were genotyped for the functional gene variant of FAAH (rs324420, C385A) which may affect concentrations of AEA as well as other NAEs (OEA, DHEA). RESULTS In overnight abstinent CUD, AEA, OEA and DHEA concentrations were significantly higher (31-40%; p < 0.05) and concentrations of the endocannabinoid 2-AG were marginally elevated (55%, p = 0.13) relative to HC. There were no significant correlations between endocannabinoids/NAE concentrations and cannabis analytes, self-reported cannabis use frequency or withdrawal symptoms. DHEA concentration was inversely related with marijuana craving (r = -0.86; p = 0.001). Genotype had no significant effect on plasma endocannabinoids/NAE concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary findings, requiring replication, might suggest that activity of the endocannabinoid system is elevated in chronic cannabis users. It is unclear whether this elevation is a compensatory response or a predating state. Studies examining endocannabinoids and NAEs during prolonged abstinence as well as the potential role of DHEA in craving are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Boachie
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada; (N.B.)
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Erin Gaudette
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada; (N.B.)
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Rachel F. Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Esmaeil Mansouri
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada; (N.B.)
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Severna Park, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA
| | - Junchao Tong
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada; (N.B.)
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada; (N.B.)
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Addictions Division and Institute of Mental Health Policy and Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada
- Departments of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Waypoint Research Institute, Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, ON L9M 1G3, Canada
| | - Stephen J. Kish
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada; (N.B.)
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Tony P. George
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada; (N.B.)
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Addictions Division and Institute of Mental Health Policy and Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada
| | - Isabelle Boileau
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada; (N.B.)
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Addictions Division and Institute of Mental Health Policy and Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON N6B 1Y6, Canada
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14
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Beldarrain G, Hilario E, Lara-Celador I, Chillida M, Catalan A, Álvarez-Diaz AÁ, Alonso-Alconada D. The Long-Term Neuroprotective Effect of the Endocannabinoid 2-AG and Modulation of the SGZ's Neurogenic Response after Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1667. [PMID: 37376115 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) often causes hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), a neurological condition that can lead to overall disability in newborns. The only treatment available for affected neonates is therapeutic hypothermia; however, cooling is not always effective to prevent the deleterious effects of HI, so compounds such as cannabinoids are currently under research as new therapies. Modulating the endocannabinoid system (ECS) may reduce brain damage and/or stimulate cell proliferation at the neurogenic niches. Further, the long-term effects of cannabinoid treatment are not so clear. Here, we studied the middle- and long-term effects of 2-AG, the most abundant endocannabinoid in the perinatal period after HI in neonatal rats. At middle-term (postnatal day 14), 2-AG reduced brain injury and increased SGZ's cell proliferation and the number of neuroblasts. At post-natal day 90, the treatment with the endocannabinoid showed global and local protection, suggesting long-lasting neuroprotective effects of 2-AG after neonatal HI in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorane Beldarrain
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Enrique Hilario
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Idoia Lara-Celador
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Marc Chillida
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Ana Catalan
- Psychiatry Department, OSI Bilbao-Basurto, Basurto University Hospital, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48013 Leioa, Spain
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Antonia Ángeles Álvarez-Diaz
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Daniel Alonso-Alconada
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
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Liktor-Busa E, Levine AA, Palomino SM, Singh S, Wahl J, Vanderah TW, Stella N, Largent-Milnes TM. ABHD6 and MAGL control 2-AG levels in the PAG and allodynia in a CSD-induced periorbital model of headache. Front Pain Res (Lausanne) 2023; 4:1171188. [PMID: 37287623 PMCID: PMC10242073 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1171188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The high prevalence and severe symptoms of migraines in humans emphasizes the need to identify underlying mechanisms that can be targeted for therapeutic benefit. Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency (CED) posits that reduced endocannabinoid tone may contribute to migraine development and other neuropathic pain conditions. While strategies that increase levels of the endocannabinoid n-arachidonoylethanolamide have been tested, few studies have investigated targeting the levels of the more abundant endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylgycerol, as an effective migraine intervention. Methods Cortical spreading depression was induced in female Sprague Dawley rats via KCl (potassium chloride) administration, followed by measures of endocannabinoid levels, enzyme activity, and neuroinflammatory markers. Efficacy of inhibiting 2-arachidonoylglycerol hydrolysis to mitigate periorbital allodynia was then tested using reversal and prevention paradigms. Results We discovered reduced 2-arachidonoylglycerol levels in the periaqueductal grey associated with increased hydrolysis following headache induction. Pharmacological inhibition of the 2-arachidonoylglycerol hydrolyzing enzymes, α/β-hydrolase domain-containing 6 and monoacylglycerol lipase reversed and prevented induced periorbital allodynia in a cannabinoid receptor-dependent manner. Discussion Our study unravels a mechanistic link between 2-arachidonoylglycerol hydrolysis activity in the periaqueductal grey in a preclinical, rat model of migraine. Thus, 2-arachidonoylglycerol hydrolysis inhibitors represent a potential new therapeutic avenue for the treatment of headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Liktor-Busa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Aidan A. Levine
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Seph M. Palomino
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Simar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jared Wahl
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Todd W. Vanderah
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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16
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Ramsay S, Spencer NJ, Zagorodnyuk V. Endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-AG, regulate mechanosensitivity of mucosal afferents in the Guinea pig bladder. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 945:175624. [PMID: 36858341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Bladder afferents play a crucial role in urine storage and voiding, and conscious sensations from the bladder. Endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonolylglycerol (2-AG), are endogenous ligands of G-protein coupled cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) found in the CNS and peripheral organs. They also have off-target effects on some ligand- and voltage-gated channels. The aim of this study is to determine the role of AEA and 2-AG in regulation of mechanosensitivity of probable nociceptive neurons innervating the bladder - capsaicin-sensitive mucosal afferents. The activity of these afferents was determined by ex vivo single unit extracellular recordings in the guinea pig bladder. A stable analogue of anandamide, methanandamide (mAEA) evoked initial excitatory response of mucosal afferents followed by potentiation of their responses to mechanical stimulation. In the presence of TRPV1 antagonist (AMG9810), mAEA's effect on mechanosensitivity switched from excitatory to inhibitory. The inhibitory effect of mAEA is due to activation of both CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors since it was abolished by combined application of selective CB1 (NESS0327) and CB2 (SR144528) antagonists. 2-AG application evoked a brief excitation of mucosal afferents, without potentiation of their mechanosensitivity, followed by the inhibition of their responses to mechanical stimulation. CB2 receptor antagonist, SR144528 abolished the inhibitory effect of 2-AG. Our data indicated that anandamide and 2-AG have opposite effects on mechanosensitivity of mucosal capsaicin-sensitive afferents in the guinea pig bladder; mAEA potentiated while 2-AG inhibited responses of mucosal afferents to mechanical stimulation. These findings are important for understanding of the role of endocannabinoids in regulating bladder sensation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Ramsay
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nick J Spencer
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| | - Vladimir Zagorodnyuk
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia.
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Salemme BW, Raymundi AM, Sohn JMB, Stern CA. The Estrous Cycle Influences the Effects of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase and Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibition in the Anxiety-Like Behavior in Rats. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023. [PMID: 37010373 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sex differences in the response to the anxiety-related effects of cannabinoid drugs have been reported, with females being more sensitive than males. Evidence suggests that, according to sex and estrous cycle phase (ECP), the content of the endocannabinoids (eCBs) N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) varies in brain areas involved in the anxiety-like behavior. Methods: Considering the lack of studies evaluating sex and ECP differences in the eCB system in anxiety, using URB597, a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor, or MJN110, a monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor, we explored the effects of increasing AEA or 2-AG levels, respectively, in cycling and ovariectomized (OVX) female adult Wistar rats, as well as males, subjected to the elevated plus maze. Results: The administration of URB597 (0.1 or 0.3mg/kg; intraperitoneally) either increased or reduced the percentage of open arms time (%OAT) and open arms entries (%OAE), being anxiolytic in diestrus and anxiogenic in estrus. No effects were observed in proestrus or when all ECPs were analyzed together. Both doses produced anxiolytic-like effects in males. In OVX females, the anxiolytic-like effect of URB597 0.1 was associated with low levels of estradiol, whereas the anxiogenic-like effect of URB597 0.3 was spared by estradiol pretreatment. The systemic administration of MJN110 3.0 mg/kg reduced the risk assessment behavior (RAB), suggesting an anxiolytic-like effect independent of the ECP. When considering the ECP, MJN110 3.0 increased the %OAT and reduced the RAB, being anxiolytic in estrus and diestrus. No effects were observed in proestrus. Both doses of MJN110 were anxiogenic in males. In OVX females, the anxiolytic-like effect of MJN110 was dependent on low estradiol levels. Conclusion: Together, our findings support the evidence that females react differently to the effects of cannabinoids in the anxiety-like behavior; in addition, AEA and 2-AG modulation elicits anxiety-like responses that are closely influenced by hormone levels, mainly estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Maria Raymundi
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
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18
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Fernández-Rilo AC, Forte N, Palomba L, Tunisi L, Piscitelli F, Imperatore R, Di Costanzo A, Di Marzo V, Cristino L. Orexin induces the production of an endocannabinoid-derived lysophosphatidic acid eliciting hypothalamic synaptic loss in obesity. Mol Metab 2023; 72:101713. [PMID: 36977433 PMCID: PMC10122056 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Orexin-A (OX-A) is a neuropeptide produced selectively by neurons of the lateral hypothalamus. It exerts powerful control over brain function and physiology by regulating energy homeostasis and complex behaviors linked to arousal. Under conditions of chronic or acute brain leptin signaling deficiency, such as in obesity or short-term food deprivation, respectively, OX-A neurons become hyperactive and promote hyperarousal and food seeking. However, this leptin-dependent mechanism is still mostly unexplored. The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) is known to be implicated in food consumption by promoting hyperphagia and obesity, and we and others demonstrated that OX-A is a strong inducer of 2-AG biosynthesis. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that, under acute (6h fasting in wt mice) or chronic (in ob/ob mice) hypothalamic leptin signaling reduction, OX-A-induced enhancement of 2-AG levels leads to the production of the 2-AG-derived 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (2-AGP), a bioactive lipid belonging to the class of lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs), which then regulates hypothalamic synaptic plasticity by disassembling α-MSH anorexigenic inputs via GSK-3β-mediated Tau phosphorylation, ultimately affecting food intake. METHODS We combined cell-type-specific morphological (CLEM and confocal microscopy), biochemical, pharmacological, and electrophysiological techniques to dissect the leptin- and OX-A/2-AGP-mediated molecular pathways regulating GSK-3β-controlled pT231-Tau production at POMC neurons of obese ob/ob and wild-type (wt) lean littermate mice and in in vitro model of POMC neurons such as mHypoN41 neurons (N41). RESULTS 2-AGP is overproduced in the hypothalamus of obese leptin-deficient, or lean 6h food-deprived mice and promotes food intake by reducing α-MSH-expressing synaptic inputs to OX-A neurons via lysophosphatidic acid type-1 receptor (LPA1-R) activation, and pT231-Tau accumulation in α-MSH projections. This effect is due to the activation of the Pyk2-mediated pTyr216-GSK3β pathway and contributes to further elevating OX-A release in obesity. Accordingly, we found a strong correlation between OX-A and 2-AGP levels in the serum of obese mice and of human subjects. CONCLUSIONS Hypothalamic feeding pathways are endowed with 2-AGP-mediated synaptic plasticity according to their inherent functional activities and the necessity to adapt to changes in the nutritional status. These findings reveal a new molecular pathway involved in energy homeostasis regulation, which could be targeted to treat obesity and related disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Forte
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; Heart and Lung Research Institute and Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods with Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | | | - Lea Tunisi
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | | | - Alfonso Di Costanzo
- Centre for Research and Training in Medicine of Aging, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio"; University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; Heart and Lung Research Institute and Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods with Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada.
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy.
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Aretxabala X, García del Caño G, Barrondo S, López de Jesús M, González-Burguera I, Saumell-Esnaola M, Goicolea MA, Sallés J. Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Synthesis and Metabolism at Neuronal Nuclear Matrix Fractions Derived from Adult Rat Brain Cortex. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043165. [PMID: 36834575 PMCID: PMC9965625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report, we describe the kinetics characteristics of the diacylglycerol lipase-α (DGLα) located at the nuclear matrix of nuclei derived from adult cortical neurons. Thus, using high-resolution fluorescence microscopy, classical biochemical subcellular fractionation, and Western blot techniques, we demonstrate that the DGLα enzyme is located in the matrix of neuronal nuclei. Furthermore, by quantifying the 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) level by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry when 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (SAG) was exogenously added as substrate, we describe the presence of a mechanism for 2-AG production through DGLα dependent biosynthesis with an apparent Km (Kmapp) of 180 µM and a Vmax of 1.3 pmol min-1 µg-1 protein. We also examined the presence of enzymes with hydrolytic and oxygenase activities that are able to use 2-AG as substrate, and described the localization and compartmentalization of the major 2-AG degradation enzymes, namely monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), α/β-hydrolase domain 12 protein (ABHD12) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2). Of these, only ABHD12 exhibited the same distribution with respect to chromatin, lamin B1, SC-35 and NeuN as that described for DGLα. When 2-AG was exogenously added, we observed the production of arachidonic acid (AA), which was prevented by inhibitors (but not specific MGL or ABHD6 inhibitors) of the ABHD family. Overall, our results expand knowledge about the subcellular distribution of neuronal DGLα, and provide biochemical and morphological evidence to ensure that 2-AG is produced in the neuronal nuclear matrix. Thus, this work paves the way for proposing a working hypothesis about the role of 2-AG produced in neuronal nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Aretxabala
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Gontzal García del Caño
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Sergio Barrondo
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maider López de Jesús
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Imanol González-Burguera
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Miquel Saumell-Esnaola
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - María Aranzazu Goicolea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Joan Sallés
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-945-013114
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20
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Abstract
After a traumatic childhood in Europe during the Second World War, I found that scientific research in Israel was a pleasure beyond my expectations. Over the last 65 year, I have worked on the chemistry and pharmacology of natural products. During the last few decades, most of my research has been on plant cannabinoids, the endogenous cannabinoids arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, and endogenous anandamide-like compounds, all of which are involved in a wide spectrum of physiological reactions. Two plant cannabinoids, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, are approved drugs. However, the endogenous cannabinoids and the anandamide-like constituents have not yet been well investigated in humans. For me, intellectual freedom-the ability to do research based on my own scientific interests-has been the most satisfying part of my working life. Looking back over the 91 years of my long life, I conclude that I have been lucky, very lucky, both personally and scientifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute of Drug Research, Medical Faculty, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;
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21
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Battista N, Fanti F, Sergi M. LC-MS/MS Analysis of AEA and 2-AG. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2576:41-47. [PMID: 36152176 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2728-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
LC-MS/MS is a powerful analytical technique that provides unequivocal identification and reliable quantification of the analytes, using Selected Reaction Monitoring or Multi Reaction Monitoring acquisition mode.Anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA) and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are the most abundant endocannabinoids (eCBs), which play a major role in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. Analysis of those compounds by means of LC-MS/MS allows the detection of very low concentrations in biological samples. Here, we describe how to determine AEA and 2-AG levels in tiny samples of tissues and plasma through LC-MS/MS, by using very quick and easy-to-perform extraction procedures, with reduced solvent consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Battista
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Federico Fanti
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
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22
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Noriega‐Prieto JA, Kofuji P, Araque A. Endocannabinoid signaling in synaptic function. Glia 2023; 71:36-43. [PMID: 36408881 PMCID: PMC9679333 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, astrocytes have emerged as important regulatory cells actively involved in brain function by exchanging signaling with neurons. The endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling is widely present in many brain areas, being crucially involved in multiple brain functions and animal behaviors. The present review presents and discusses current evidence demonstrating that astrocytes sense eCBs released during neuronal activity and subsequently release gliotransmitters that regulate synaptic transmission and plasticity. The eCB signaling to astrocytes and the synaptic regulation mediated by astrocytes activated by eCBs are complex phenomena that exhibit exquisite spatial and temporal properties, a wide variety of downstream signaling mechanisms, and a large diversity of functional synaptic outcomes. Studies investigating this topic have revealed novel regulatory processes of synaptic function, like the lateral regulation of synaptic transmission and the active involvement of astrocytes in the spike-timing dependent plasticity, originally thought to be exclusively mediated by the coincident activity of pre- and postsynaptic neurons, following Hebbian rules for associative learning. Finally, the critical influence of astrocyte-mediated eCB signaling on animal behavior is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulo Kofuji
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Alfonso Araque
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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23
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Chivite M, Comesaña S, Calo J, Soengas JL, Conde-Sieira M. Endocannabinoid receptors are involved in enhancing food intake in rainbow trout. Horm Behav 2022; 146:105277. [PMID: 36356457 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in hedonic regulation of food intake, including endocannabinoid system (ECs) are scarcely known in fish. We recently demonstrate in rainbow trout the presence of a rewarding response mediated by ECs in hypothalamus and telencephalon when fish fed a lipid-enriched diet, and that central administration of main agonists of ECs namely AEA or 2-AG exert a bimodal effect on feed intake in fish with low doses inducing an increase that disappears with the high dose of both endocannabinoids (EC). To assess the precise involvement of the different receptors of the ECs (CNR1, TRPV1, and GPR55) in this response we injected intracerebroventricularly AEA or 2-AG in the absence/presence of specific receptor antagonists (AM251, capsazepine, and ML193; respectively). The presence of antagonists clearly counteracts the effect of EC supporting the specificity of EC action inducing changes not only in ECs but also in GABA and glutamate metabolism ultimately leading to the increase observed in food intake response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Chivite
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Sara Comesaña
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Jessica Calo
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - José L Soengas
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta Conde-Sieira
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Spain.
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24
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Ten-Blanco M, Flores Á, Pereda-Pérez I, Piscitelli F, Izquierdo-Luengo C, Cristino L, Romero J, Hillard CJ, Maldonado R, Di Marzo V, Berrendero F. Amygdalar CB2 cannabinoid receptor mediates fear extinction deficits promoted by orexin-A/hypocretin-1. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112925. [PMID: 35477218 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety and stress disorders are often characterized by an inability to extinguish learned fear responses. Orexins/hypocretins are involved in the modulation of aversive memories, and dysregulation of this system may contribute to the aetiology of anxiety disorders characterized by pathological fear. The mechanisms by which orexins regulate fear are unknown. Here we investigated the role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in the impaired fear extinction induced by orexin-A (OXA) in male mice. The selective inhibitor of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) biosynthesis O7460 abolished the fear extinction deficits induced by OXA. Accordingly, increased 2-AG levels were observed in the amygdala and hippocampus of mice treated with OXA that do not extinguish fear, suggesting that high levels of this endocannabinoid are related to poor extinction. Impairment of fear extinction induced by OXA was associated with increased expression of CB2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) in microglial cells of the basolateral amygdala. Consistently, the intra-amygdala infusion of the CB2R antagonist AM630 completely blocked the impaired extinction promoted by OXA. Microglial and CB2R expression depletion in the amygdala with PLX5622 chow also prevented these extinction deficits. These results show that overactivation of the orexin system leads to impaired fear extinction through 2-AG and amygdalar CB2R. This novel mechanism could be of relevance for the development of novel potential approaches to treat diseases associated with inappropriate retention of fear, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, panic anxiety and phobias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ten-Blanco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - África Flores
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Pereda-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Cristina Izquierdo-Luengo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Julián Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Hearth and Lung Research Institute (IUCPQ), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF) and NUTRISS Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Fernando Berrendero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
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Wang J, Wang S, Zhang H. Modulation of Astrocytic Glutamine Synthetase by Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in JNK-Independent Pathway. Front Pain Res (Lausanne) 2022; 2:682051. [PMID: 35295462 PMCID: PMC8915561 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.682051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective: The glutamine synthetase (GS), an astrocyte-specific enzyme, plays an important role in neuroprotection through the glutamate/glutamine shuttle and can be modulated by endocannabinoid (eCB) 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) through extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase ½ (ERK1/2) and p38 signaling pathways. However, the role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in the modulation of GS in astrocytes by 2-AG is not clear. Materials and Methods: The expression of GS and JNK in astrocytes following the exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was examined with Western blotting and immunochemistry. Results: The results revealed that short-term exposure to LPS activated GS and increased phosphorylation of JNK in astrocytes in a time-dependent manner. Treatment with 2-AG reversed the changes in GS but had no effect on the activation of JNK. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the activation of JNK induced by LPS is not involved in the modulation of astrocytic GS by 2-AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The People's Hospital of Baoan District, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shenghong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Sánchez-Marín L, Flores-López M, Pastor A, Gavito AL, Suárez J, de la Torre R, Pavón FJ, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Serrano A. Acute stress and alcohol exposure during adolescence result in an anxious phenotype in adulthood: Role of altered glutamate/endocannabinoid transmission mechanisms. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 113:110460. [PMID: 34695542 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stressful episodes and high alcohol consumption during adolescence are considered major risk factors for the development of psychiatric disorders in adulthood. Identification of mechanisms underlying these early events, which enhanced vulnerability to mental illness, is essential for both their prevention and treatment. METHODS Male Wistar rats were used to investigate the long-term effects of early restraint stress and intermittent alcohol exposure (intragastric administration of 3 g/kg ethanol; 4 days/week for 4 weeks during adolescence) on anxiety-like behavior and the expression of signaling systems associated with emotional behaviors [e.g., corticosterone, fatty acid-derived molecules and endocannabinoid enzymes, glutamate receptor subunits, corticotropin releasing hormone receptors (CRHR1 and CRHR2) and neuropeptide Y receptors (NPY1R and NPYR2)] in the blood and amygdala. RESULTS Overall, both stress and alcohol exposure during adolescence induced anxiogenic-like behaviors, increased plasma levels of corticosterone and increases in the amygdalar expression of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor and certain subunits of glutamate receptors (i.e., mGluR1, mGluR5 and NMDAR1) in young adult rats. In addition, there were specific main effects of alcohol exposure on the expression of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and NPY2R in the amygdala, and significant increases were observed in rats exposed to alcohol. Interestingly, there were significant interaction effects between restraint stress and alcohol exposure on the expression of plasma 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), and both CRHR1,2 and NPY1R in the amygdala. Thus, the restraint stress was associated with increased 2-AG levels, which was not observed in rats exposed to alcohol. The alcohol exposure was associated with an increased expression of CRHR1,2 but the restraint stress prevented these increases (stress alcohol rats). In contrast, NPY1R was only increased in rats exposed to stress and alcohol. Finally, we did not observe any potentiation of the behavioral and molecular effects by the combination of stress and alcohol, which is concordant with an overall ceiling effect on some of the variables. CONCLUSION Separate and combined early stress and alcohol induced a common anxious phenotype with increased corticosterone in adulthood. However, there were differences in the amygdalar expression of signaling systems involved in maladaptive changes in emotional behavior. Therefore, our results suggest the existence of partially different mechanisms for stress and alcohol exposures.
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Mayo LM, Rabinak CA, Hill MN, Heilig M. Targeting the Endocannabinoid System in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Promising Case of Preclinical-Clinical Translation? Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:262-272. [PMID: 34598785 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) system is one the most ubiquitous signaling systems of the brain and offers a rich pharmacology including multiple druggable targets. Preclinical research shows that eCB activity influences functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and amygdala and thereby influences an organism's ability to cope with threats and stressful experiences. Animal studies show that CB1 receptor activation within the amygdala is essential for extinction of fear memories. Failure to extinguish traumatic memories is a core symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder, suggesting that potentiating eCB signaling may have a therapeutic potential in this condition. However, it has been unknown whether animal findings in this domain translate to humans. Data to inform this critical question are now emerging and are the focus of this review. We first briefly summarize the biology of the eCB system and the animal studies that support its role in fear extinction and stress responding. We then discuss the pharmacological eCB-targeting strategies that may be exploited for therapeutic purposes: direct CB1 receptor activation, using Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol or its synthetic analogs; or indirect potentiation, through inhibition of eCB-degrading enzymes, the anandamide-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase; or the 2-AG (2-arachidonoyl glycerol)-degrading enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase. We then review recent human data on direct CB1 receptor activation via Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and anandamide potentiation through fatty acid amide hydrolase blockade. The available human data consistently support a translation of animal findings on fear memories and stress reactivity and suggest a potential therapeutic utility in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Mayo
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Christine A Rabinak
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Translational Neuroscience Program, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy & Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Markus Heilig
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) system is one of the most widespread neuromodulatory systems in the mammalian brain, with a multifaceted role in functions ranging from development to synaptic plasticity. Endocannabinoids are synthesized on demand from membrane lipid precursors, and act primarily on a single G-protein coupled receptor type, CB1, to carry out diverse functions. Despite the importance of the eCB system both in healthy brain function and in disease, critically important details of eCB signaling remained unknown. How eCBs are released from the membrane, how these lipid molecules are transported between cells, and how the distribution of their receptors is controlled, remained elusive. Recent advances in optical microscopy methods and biosensor engineering may open up new avenues for studying eCB signaling. We summarize applications of superresolution microscopy using single molecule localization to reveal distinct patterns of nanoscale CB1 distribution in neuronal axons and axon terminals. We review single particle tracking studies using quantum dots that allowed visualizing CB1 trajectories. We highlight the recent development of fluorescent eCB biosensors, that revealed spatiotemporally specific eCB release in live cells and live animals. Finally, we discuss future directions where method development may help to advance a precise understanding of eCB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barna Dudok
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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29
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Leen N, de Weijer A, van Rooij S, Kennis M, Baas J, Geuze E. The Role of the Endocannabinoids 2-AG and Anandamide in Clinical Symptoms and Treatment Outcome in Veterans with PTSD. Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks) 2022; 6:24705470221107290. [PMID: 35707677 PMCID: PMC9190205 DOI: 10.1177/24705470221107290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although current treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in war veterans are effective, unfortunately 30-50% still do not benefit from these treatments. Trauma-focused therapies, eg exposure therapy, are primarily based on extinction processes in which the endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a significant role. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that poor treatment response on trauma-focused therapy due to extinction deficits may be associated with a poorly functioning ECS. The present study examined whether the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) are associated with post-treatment symptom reduction. METHODS Blood plasma levels of AEA and 2-AG were determined in war veterans with a PTSD diagnosis (n = 54) and combat controls (n = 26) before and after a 6-8 month interval. During this period veterans with PTSD received trauma-focused therapy (eg cognitive behavioral therapy with exposure or eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing). Clinical symptoms were assessed before and after therapy with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ). RESULTS Regression analysis demonstrated that pretreatment endocannabinoid levels were not predictive of PTSD symptom reduction. Additionally, baseline endocannabinoid levels did not differ between either PTSD and combat controls or between combat controls, treatment responders, and non-responders. Only cortisol levels significantly decreased over time from pre- to posttreatment (p = .041). Endocannabinoid levels were significantly lower in individuals who reported cannabis use during their lifetime, independent of PTSD diagnosis. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed that pretreatment 2-AG levels in PTSD were positively correlated with anxious arousal (r = .354, p = .015) and negatively with avoidance symptoms (r = -.271, p = .048). Both posttreatment AEA and 2-AG were positively correlated with trait anxiety (AEA r = .459, p = .003; 2-AG r = .423, p = .006), anxious arousal (AEA r = .351, p = .024; 2-AG r = .311, p = .048) and general distress depression symptoms (AEA r = .414, p = .007; 2-AG r = .374, p = .016). CONCLUSION Since endocannabinoids are mainly generated 'on demand', future work could benefit by investigating endocannabinoid circulation under both baseline and stressful conditions. In line with previous research cannabis use was associated with lower endocannabinoid levels. The correlation analysis between pre- and posttreatment endocannabinoid levels and pre- and posttreatment clinical symptomatology were exploratory analysis and should be replicated in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- N.A. Leen
- University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Brain Research and Innovation Center, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht,
the Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Helmholtz Institute,
Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the
Netherlands
| | - A.D. de Weijer
- University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Brain Research and Innovation Center, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht,
the Netherlands
| | | | - M. Kennis
- ARQ Nationaal Psychotrauma Centrum, Diemen, the Netherlands
| | - J.M.P. Baas
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Helmholtz Institute,
Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the
Netherlands
| | - E. Geuze
- University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Brain Research and Innovation Center, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht,
the Netherlands
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30
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Johnson CT, de Abreu GHD, Mackie K, Lu HC, Bradshaw HB. Cannabinoids accumulate in mouse breast milk and differentially regulate lipid composition and lipid signaling molecules involved in infant development. BBA Adv 2022; 2:100054. [PMID: 36643901 PMCID: PMC9835790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2022.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal cannabis use during lactation may expose developing infants to cannabinoids (CBs) such as Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). CBs modulate lipid signaling molecules in the central nervous system in age- and cell-dependent ways, but their influence on the lipid composition of breast milk has yet to be established. This study investigates the effects of THC, CBD, or their combination on milk lipids by analyzing the stomach contents of CD1 mouse pups that have been nursed by dams injected with CBs on postnatal days (PND) 1 -10. Stomach contents were collected 2 hours after the last injection on PND10 and HPLC/MS/MS was used to identify and quantify over 80 endogenous lipid species and cannabinoids in the samples. We show that CBs differentially accumulate in milk, lead to widespread decreases in free fatty acids, decreases in N-acyl methionine species, increases N-linoleoyl species, as well as modulate levels of endogenous CBs (eCBs) AEA, 2-AG, and their structural congeners. Our data indicate the passage of CBs to pups through breast milk and that maternal CB exposure alters breast milk lipid compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare T Johnson
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, United States
| | | | - Ken Mackie
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, United States
- Gill Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, United States
| | - Hui-Chen Lu
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, United States
- Gill Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, United States
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, United States
- Corresponding author.
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Farah SI, Hilston S, Tran N, Zvonok N, Makriyannis A. 1-, 2- and 3-AG as substrates of the endocannabinoid enzymes and endogenous ligands of the cannabinoid receptor 1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 591:31-36. [PMID: 34995983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the most potent and abundant endocannabinoid that acts as a full agonist at the cannabinoid 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2) receptors. It serves as a substrate for several serine hydrolases, including monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), α/β hydrolase domain 6 (ABHD6) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). However, 2-AG's rapid conversion to 1-AG (the S stereoisomer) and 3-AG (the R stereoisomer) complicates in vivo signaling. Here, we present the interaction profiles of 2-AG and its isomerization products, 1- and 3-AG, with the endocannabinoid MGL, ABHD6 and FAAH enzymes as well as the CB1 receptor. The 1- and 3-AG enantiomers are less prone to isomerization, and their affinities to endocannabinoid enzymes and potencies at CB1 receptor are quite different compared to 2-AG. Although MGL is the principal hydrolytic enzyme of 2-AG, 3-AG (the R isomer) appears to be the best substrate for hMGL. Contrarily, 1-AG (the S isomer) demonstrates the worst substrate profile, indicating that the stereochemistry of 1(3)-monoacylglycerols is very important for MGL enzyme. On the other hand, both 1- and 3-AG (the sn1 monoacylglycerols) are efficiently hydrolyzed by hABHD6 without preference, while 2-AG (the sn2 monoacylglycerol) has the lowest rate of hydrolysis. FAAH, the principal hydrolytic enzyme for arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA), catalyzes the hydrolysis of all three isomers with similar efficiencies. In a functional cAMP assay at CB1 receptor, all three isomers behaved as agonists, with 2-AG being the most potent, followed by 3-AG then 1-AG. The presented data provides stereochemical insights to design chemically stable AG analogs with preferential stability against enzymes of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrouq I Farah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Samantha Hilston
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ngan Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nikolai Zvonok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Incontro S, Sammari M, Azzaz F, Inglebert Y, Ankri N, Russier M, Fantini J, Debanne D. Endocannabinoids Tune Intrinsic Excitability in O-LM Interneurons by Direct Modulation of Postsynaptic Kv7 Channels. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9521-38. [PMID: 34620719 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1279-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
KCNQ-Kv7 channels are found at the axon initial segment of pyramidal neurons, where they control cell firing and membrane potential. In oriens lacunosum moleculare (O-LM) interneurons, these channels are mainly expressed in the dendrites, suggesting a peculiar function of Kv7 channels in these neurons. Here, we show that Kv7 channel activity is upregulated following induction of presynaptic long-term synaptic depression (LTD) in O-LM interneurons from rats of both sex, thus resulting in a synergistic long-term depression of intrinsic excitability (LTD-IE). Both LTD and LTD-IE involve endocannabinoid (eCB) biosynthesis for induction. However, although LTD is dependent on cannabinoid type 1 receptors, LTD-IE is not. Molecular modeling shows a strong interaction of eCBs with Kv7.2/3 channel, suggesting a persistent action of these lipids on Kv7 channel activity. Our data thus unveil a major role for eCB synthesis in triggering both synaptic and intrinsic depression in O-LM interneurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In principal cells, Kv7 channels are essentially located at the axon initial segment. In contrast, in O-LM interneurons, Kv7 channels are highly expressed in the dendrites, suggesting a singular role of these channels in O-LM cell function. Here, we show that LTD of excitatory inputs in O-LM interneurons is associated with an upregulation of Kv7 channels, thus resulting in a synergistic LTD of LTD-IE. Both forms of plasticity are mediated by the biosynthesis of eCBs. Stimulation of CB1 receptors induces LTD, whereas the direct interaction of eCBs with Kv7 channels induces LTD-IE. Our results thus provide a previously unexpected involvement of eCBs in long-lasting plasticity of intrinsic excitability in GABAergic interneurons.
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Kienzl M, Hasenoehrl C, Maitz K, Sarsembayeva A, Taschler U, Valadez-Cosmes P, Kindler O, Ristic D, Raftopoulou S, Santiso A, Bärnthaler T, Brcic L, Hahnefeld L, Gurke R, Thomas D, Geisslinger G, Kargl J, Schicho R. Monoacylglycerol lipase deficiency in the tumor microenvironment slows tumor growth in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1965319. [PMID: 34527428 PMCID: PMC8437460 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1965319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) expressed in cancer cells influences cancer pathogenesis but the role of MGL in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is less known. Using a syngeneic tumor model with KP cells (KrasLSL-G12D/p53fl/fl; from mouse lung adenocarcinoma), we investigated whether TME-expressed MGL plays a role in tumor growth of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In sections of human and experimental NSCLC, MGL was found in tumor cells and various cells of the TME including macrophages and stromal cells. Mice treated with the MGL inhibitor JZL184 as well as MGL knock-out (KO) mice exhibited a lower tumor burden than the controls. The reduction in tumor growth was accompanied by an increased number of CD8+ T cells and eosinophils. Naïve CD8+ T cells showed a shift toward more effector cells in MGL KOs and an increased expression of granzyme-B and interferon-γ, indicative of enhanced tumoricidal activity. 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) was increased in tumors of MGL KO mice, and dose-dependently induced differentiation and migration of CD8+ T cells as well as migration and activation of eosinophils in vitro. Our results suggest that next to cancer cell-derived MGL, TME cells expressing MGL are responsible for maintaining a pro-tumorigenic environment in tumors of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kienzl
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Carina Hasenoehrl
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kathrin Maitz
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Arailym Sarsembayeva
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute Of Molecular Biosciences, University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Paulina Valadez-Cosmes
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Oliver Kindler
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dusica Ristic
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sofia Raftopoulou
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ana Santiso
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Bärnthaler
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Luka Brcic
- Diagnostic And Research Institute Of Pathology, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lisa Hahnefeld
- Institute Of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Gurke
- Institute Of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute For Translational Medicine And Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Institute Of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute Of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute For Translational Medicine And Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Kargl
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
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Maselli DB, Camilleri M. Pharmacology, Clinical Effects, and Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19:1748-1758.e2. [PMID: 32673642 PMCID: PMC7854774 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis and cannabinoids (such as tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol) are frequently used to relieve gastrointestinal symptoms. Cannabinoids have effects on the immune system and inflammatory responses, as well as neuromuscular and sensory functions of digestive organs, including pancreas and liver. Cannabinoids can cause hyperemesis and cyclic vomiting syndrome, but they might also be used to reduce gastrointestinal, pancreatic, or hepatic inflammation, as well as to treat motility, pain, and functional disorders. Cannabinoids activate cannabinoid receptors, which inhibit release of transmitters from presynaptic neurons and also inhibit diacylglycerol lipase alpha, to prevent synthesis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. However, randomized trials are needed to clarify their effects in patients; these compounds can have adverse effects on the central nervous system (such as somnolence and psychosis) or the developing fetus, when used for nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Cannabinoid-based therapies can also hide symptoms and disease processes, such as in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. It is important for gastroenterologists and hepatologists to understand cannabinoid mechanisms, effects, and risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Maselli
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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35
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Farrell JS, Colangeli R, Dong A, George AG, Addo-Osafo K, Kingsley PJ, Morena M, Wolff MD, Dudok B, He K, Patrick TA, Sharkey KA, Patel S, Marnett LJ, Hill MN, Li Y, Teskey GC, Soltesz I. In vivo endocannabinoid dynamics at the timescale of physiological and pathological neural activity. Neuron 2021; 109:2398-2403.e4. [PMID: 34352214 PMCID: PMC8351909 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The brain's endocannabinoid system is a powerful controller of neurotransmitter release, shaping synaptic communication under physiological and pathological conditions. However, our understanding of endocannabinoid signaling in vivo is limited by the inability to measure their changes at timescales commensurate with the high lability of lipid signals, leaving fundamental questions of whether, how, and which endocannabinoids fluctuate with neural activity unresolved. Using novel imaging approaches in awake behaving mice, we now demonstrate that the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol, not anandamide, is dynamically coupled to hippocampal neural activity with high spatiotemporal specificity. Furthermore, we show that seizures amplify the physiological endocannabinoid increase by orders of magnitude and drive the downstream synthesis of vasoactive prostaglandins that culminate in a prolonged stroke-like event. These results shed new light on normal and pathological endocannabinoid signaling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Farrell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Roberto Colangeli
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, PKU-THU Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Antis G George
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kwaku Addo-Osafo
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Philip J Kingsley
- A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Maria Morena
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Marshal D Wolff
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Barna Dudok
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kaikai He
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, PKU-THU Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Toni A Patrick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sachin Patel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lawrence J Marnett
- A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, PKU-THU Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - G Campbell Teskey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Díaz-Rúa A, Chivite M, Comesaña S, Velasco C, Soengas JL, Conde-Sieira M. Central administration of endocannabinoids exerts bimodal effects in food intake of rainbow trout. Horm Behav 2021; 134:105021. [PMID: 34242873 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECs) is known to participate in several processes in mammals related to synaptic signaling including regulation of food intake, appetite and energy balance. In fish, the relationship of ECs with food intake regulation is poorly understood. In the present study, we assessed in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss the effect of intracerebroventricular administration (ICV) of low and high doses of the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) on food intake. We assessed endocannabinoid levels in hypothalamus, telencephalon and plasma as well as the effect of AEA and 2-AG administration at central level on gene expression of receptors involved in ECs (cnr1, gpr55 and trpv1) and markers of neural activity (fos, ntrk2 and GABA-related genes). The results obtained indicate that whereas high doses of endocannabinoids did not elicit changes in food intake levels, low doses of the endocannabinoids produce an orexigenic effect that could be due to a possible inhibition of gabaergic neurotransmission and the modulation of neural plasticity in brain areas related to appetite control, such as hypothalamus and telencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Díaz-Rúa
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Mauro Chivite
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Sara Comesaña
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Cristina Velasco
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Spain; CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av.General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - José L Soengas
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta Conde-Sieira
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Spain.
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Bersani G, Pacitti F, Iannitelli A, Caroti E, Quartini A, Xenos D, Marconi M, Cuoco V, Bigio B, Bowles NP, Weisz F, Fanelli F, Di Lallo VD, Belluomo I, Nicoletti F, Nasca C. Inverse correlation between plasma 2-arachidonoylglycerol levels and subjective severity of depression. Hum Psychopharmacol 2021; 36:e2779. [PMID: 33559925 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endocannabinoids have been implicated in the pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and might represent potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Objectives of the study were: (1) to measure plasma levels of endocannabinoids in a group of antidepressant-free depressed outpatients; (2) to explore their relationship with the severity of depressive symptoms as subjectively perceived by the patients; and (3) to investigate the effect of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram on endocannabinoid levels. METHODS We measured plasma levels of the two major endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anadamide), in 12 drug-free outpatients diagnosed with MDD and in 12 matched healthy controls. In the patient group, endocannabinoids plasma levels were assessed at baseline and after 2 months of treatment with escitalopram. RESULTS Baseline plasma levels of the two endocannabinoids did not differ between depressed patients and healthy controls. However, there was a significant inverse correlation between 2-arachidonoylglycerol levels and the severity of subjectively perceived depressive symptoms. Treatment with escitalopram did not change endocannabinoid levels in depressed patients, although it caused the expected improvement of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that 2-arachidonylglycerol, the most abundant endocannabinoid in the central nervous system, might act to mitigate depressive symptoms, and raise the interesting possibility that 2-arachidonylglycerol and anandamide are differentially regulated in patients affected by MDD. Also, our data suggest but do not prove that the endocannabinoid system is not regulated by serotonergic transmission, at least in depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bersani
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pacitti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Applied Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Angela Iannitelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Applied Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Eleonora Caroti
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Adele Quartini
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Dionysios Xenos
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michela Marconi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Cuoco
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Bigio
- The Rockefeller University, Center for Clinical & Translational Science, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicole P Bowles
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Filippo Weisz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Flaminia Fanelli
- University of Bologna, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina D Di Lallo
- University of Bologna, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Belluomo
- University of Bologna, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Carla Nasca
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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38
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Oubraim S, Wang R, Hausknecht KA, Shen RY, Haj-Dahmane S. Tonic Endocannabinoid Signaling Gates Synaptic Plasticity in Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Serotonin Neurons Through Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:691219. [PMID: 34262460 PMCID: PMC8273699 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.691219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs), which include 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (AEA) are lipid signaling molecules involved in the regulation of an array of behavioral and physiological functions. Released by postsynaptic neurons, eCBs mediate both phasic and tonic signaling at central synapses. While the roles of phasic eCB signaling in modulating synaptic functions and plasticity are well characterized, very little is known regarding the physiological roles and mechanisms regulating tonic eCB signaling at central synapses. In this study, we show that both 2-AG and AEA are constitutively released in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), where they exert tonic control of glutamatergic synaptic transmission onto serotonin (5-HT) neurons. The magnitude of this tonic eCB signaling is tightly regulated by the overall activity of neuronal network. Thus, short term in vitro neuronal silencing or blockade of excitatory synaptic transmission abolishes tonic eCB signaling in the DRn. Importantly, in addition to controlling basal synaptic transmission, this study reveals that tonic 2-AG, but not AEA signaling, modulates synaptic plasticity. Indeed, short-term increase in tonic 2-AG signaling impairs spike-timing dependent potentiation (tLTP) of glutamate synapses. This tonic 2-AG-mediated homeostatic control of DRN glutamate synapses is not signaled by canonical cannabinoid receptors, but by intracellular peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Further examination reveals that 2-AG mediated activation of PPARγ blocks tLTP by inhibiting nitric oxide (NO), soluble guanylate cyclase, and protein kinase G (NO/sGC/PKG) signaling pathway. Collectively, these results unravel novel mechanisms by which tonic 2-AG signaling integrates network activities and controls the synaptic plasticity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saida Oubraim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Ruixiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Kathryn A Hausknecht
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Roh-Yu Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Samir Haj-Dahmane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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39
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Thornton AM, Humphrey RM, Kerr DM, Finn DP, Roche M. Increasing Endocannabinoid Tone Alters Anxiety-Like and Stress Coping Behaviour in Female Rats Prenatally Exposed to Valproic Acid. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123720. [PMID: 34207178 PMCID: PMC8233839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the sex differences evident in the prevalence of autism, there is an increased awareness of the importance of including females in autism research to determine sexual dimorphism and sex-specific treatments. Cannabinoids and endocannabinoid modulators have been proposed as potential novel treatments for autism-related symptoms; however, few studies to date have examined if these pharmacological agents elicit sex-specific effects. The aim of the present study was to use the valproic acid (VPA) model of autism to compare the behavioural responses of male and female rats and examine the effects of increasing endocannabinoid tone on the behavioural responses of VPA-exposed female rats. These data revealed that VPA-exposed male, but not female, rats exhibit reduced social responding in the three-chamber and olfactory habituation/dishabituation (OHD) test during adolescence. In comparison, VPA-exposed female, but not male, adolescent rats exhibited anxiety-like behaviour in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field test (OFT). In VPA-exposed female rats, increasing 2-AG levels augmented anxiety-like behaviour in the EPM and OFT, while increasing AEA levels reduced stress coping behaviour in the swim stress test. These data highlight sexual dimorphic behaviours in the VPA model and indicate that enhancing endocannabinoid levels may exacerbate negative affective behaviour in VPA-exposed females. Thus, considerations should be paid to the possible sex-specific effects of cannabinoids for the treatment of symptoms associated with autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife M. Thornton
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland; (A.M.T.); (R.M.H.)
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Rachel M. Humphrey
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland; (A.M.T.); (R.M.H.)
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland;
- Centre for Pain Research, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland
| | - Daniel M. Kerr
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland;
| | - David P. Finn
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland;
- Centre for Pain Research, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Michelle Roche
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland; (A.M.T.); (R.M.H.)
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland;
- Centre for Pain Research, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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40
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Abate G, Uberti D, Tambaro S. Potential and Limits of Cannabinoids in Alzheimer's Disease Therapy. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:542. [PMID: 34204237 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary This review was aimed at exploring the potentiality of drugging the endocannabinoid system as a therapeutic option for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent discoveries have demonstrated how the modulation of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and receptor 2 (CB2) can exert neuroprotective effects without the recreational and pharmacological properties of Cannabis sativa. Thus, this review explores the potential of cannabinoids in AD, also highlighting their limitations in perspective to point out the need for further research on cannabinoids in AD therapy. Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a detrimental brain disorder characterized by a gradual cognitive decline and neuronal deterioration. To date, the treatments available are effective only in the early stage of the disease. The AD etiology has not been completely revealed, and investigating new pathological mechanisms is essential for developing effective and safe drugs. The recreational and pharmacological properties of marijuana are known for centuries, but only recently the scientific community started to investigate the potential use of cannabinoids in AD therapy—sometimes with contradictory outcomes. Since the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is highly expressed in the hippocampus and cortex, cannabis use/abuse has often been associated with memory and learning dysfunction in vulnerable individuals. However, the latest findings in AD rodent models have shown promising effects of cannabinoids in reducing amyloid plaque deposition and stimulating hippocampal neurogenesis. Beneficial effects on several dementia-related symptoms have also been reported in clinical trials after cannabinoid treatments. Accordingly, future studies should address identifying the correct therapeutic dosage and timing of treatment from the perspective of using cannabinoids in AD therapy. The present paper aims to summarize the potential and limitations of cannabinoids as therapeutics for AD, focusing on recent pre-clinical and clinical evidence.
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Kim BE, Choi B, Park WR, Kim YJ, Kim IY, Jung YS, Kim YH, Lee CH, Choi HS, Kim DK. Orphan Nuclear Receptor ERRγ Is a Transcriptional Regulator of CB1 Receptor-Mediated TFR2 Gene Expression in Hepatocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6021. [PMID: 34199599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Orphan nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) is an important transcription factor modulating gene transcription involved in endocrine control of liver metabolism. Transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2), a carrier protein for transferrin, is involved in hepatic iron overload in alcoholic liver disease (ALD). However, TFR2 gene transcriptional regulation in hepatocytes remains largely unknown. In this study, we described a detailed molecular mechanism of hepatic TFR2 gene expression involving ERRγ in response to an endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Treatment with 2-AG and arachidonyl-2′-chloroethylamide, a selective cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) receptor agonist, increased ERRγ and TFR2 expression in hepatocytes. Overexpression of ERRγ was sufficient to induce TFR2 expression in both human and mouse hepatocytes. In addition, ERRγ knockdown significantly decreased 2-AG or alcohol-mediated TFR2 gene expression in cultured hepatocytes and mouse livers. Finally, deletion and mutation analysis of the TFR2 gene promoter demonstrated that ERRγ directly modulated TFR2 gene transcription via binding to an ERR-response element. This was further confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Taken together, these results reveal a previously unrecognized role of ERRγ in the transcriptional regulation of TFR2 gene expression in response to alcohol.
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42
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Rahaman O, Ganguly D. Endocannabinoids in immune regulation and immunopathologies. Immunology 2021; 164:242-252. [PMID: 34053085 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are key bioactive components of the endocannabinoid system, and the profound influence of endocannabinoids on the modulation of the immune system is being increasingly appreciated. The knowledge of endocannabinoid-immune cell crosstalk will pave the way to therapeutic implications of modulators of this pathway in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders. Endocannabinoids seem to exert both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory effects in specific contexts, based on specific receptor engagement and the downstream signalling pathways involved. In this review, we summarized the biosynthesis, signalling and degradation of two well-studied endocannabinoids-anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol in immune cells. Then, we discussed the effects of these two endocannabinoids on the functioning of major innate and adaptive immune cells, along with the choice of receptors employed in such interactions. Finally, we outline our current knowledge on the involvement of anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol in context of inflammation, allergies, autoimmunity and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oindrila Rahaman
- Dendritic Cell Biology Laboratory, IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Dipyaman Ganguly
- Dendritic Cell Biology Laboratory, IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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43
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Silveira KM, Wegener G, Joca SRL. Targeting 2-arachidonoylglycerol signalling in the neurobiology and treatment of depression. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 129:3-14. [PMID: 33905617 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is an atypical neurotransmitter synthesized on demand in response to a wide range of stimuli, including exposure to stress. Through the activation of cannabinoid receptors, 2-AG can interfere with excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in different brain regions and modulate behavioural, endocrine and emotional components of the stress response. Exposure to chronic or intense unpredictable stress predisposes to maladaptive behaviour and is one of the main risk factors involved in developing mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD). In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms involved in 2-AG signalling in the brain of healthy and stressed animals and discuss how such mechanisms could modulate stress adaptation and susceptibility to depression. Furthermore, we review preclinical evidence indicating that the pharmacological modulation of 2-AG signalling stands as a potential new therapeutic target in treating MDD. Particular emphasis is given to the pharmacological augmentation of 2-AG levels by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitors and the modulation of CB2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennia M Silveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto (FCFRP), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sâmia R L Joca
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto (FCFRP), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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44
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Orr SA, Ahn S, Park C, Miller TH, Kassai M, Issa FA. Social Experience Regulates Endocannabinoids Modulation of Zebrafish Motor Behaviors. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:668589. [PMID: 34045945 PMCID: PMC8144649 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.668589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Social status-dependent modulation of neural circuits has been investigated extensively in vertebrate and invertebrate systems. However, the effects of social status on neuromodulatory systems that drive motor activity are poorly understood. Zebrafish form a stable social relationship that consists of socially dominant and subordinate animals. The locomotor behavior patterns differ according to their social ranks. The sensitivity of the Mauthner startle escape response in subordinates increases compared to dominants while dominants increase their swimming frequency compared to subordinates. Here, we investigated the role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in mediating these differences in motor activities. We show that brain gene expression of key ECS protein pathways are socially regulated. Diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) expression significantly increased in dominants and significantly decreased in subordinates relative to controls. Moreover, brain gene expression of the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) was significantly increased in subordinates relative to controls. Secondly, increasing ECS activity with JZL184 reversed swimming activity patterns in dominant and subordinate animals. JZL184 did not affect the sensitivity of the startle escape response in dominants while it was significantly reduced in subordinates. Thirdly, blockage of CB1R function with AM-251 had no effect on dominants startle escape response sensitivity, but startle sensitivity was significantly reduced in subordinates. Additionally, AM-251 did not affect swimming activities in either social phenotypes. Fourthly, we demonstrate that the effects of ECS modulation of the startle escape circuit is mediated via the dopaminergic system specifically via the dopamine D1 receptor. Finally, our empirical results complemented with neurocomputational modeling suggest that social status influences the ECS to regulate the balance in synaptic strength between excitatory and inhibitory inputs to control the excitability of motor behaviors. Collectively, this study provides new insights of how social factors impact nervous system function to reconfigure the synergistic interactions of neuromodulatory pathways to optimize motor output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Orr
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Sungwoo Ahn
- Department of Mathematics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Choongseok Park
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Thomas H Miller
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Miki Kassai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Fadi A Issa
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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Mizuno I, Matsuda S. The role of endocannabinoids in consolidation, retrieval, reconsolidation, and extinction of fear memory. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:984-1003. [PMID: 33954935 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are involved in various physiological functions, including synaptic plasticity and memory, and some psychiatric disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), through the activation of cannabinoid (CB) receptors. Patients with PTSD often show excessive fear memory and impairment of fear extinction (FE). It has been reported that the stability of acquired fear memory is altered through multiple memory stages, such as consolidation and reconsolidation. FE also affects the stability of fear memory. Each stage of fear memory formation and FE are regulated by different molecular mechanisms, including the CB system. However, to the best of our knowledge, no review summarizes the role of the CB system during each stage of fear memory formation and FE. In this review, we summarize the roles of endocannabinoids in fear memory formation and FE. Moreover, based on the summary, we propose a new hypothesis for the role of endocannabinoids in fear regulation, and discuss treatment for PTSD using CB system-related drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikumi Mizuno
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165, Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsuda
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165, Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan. .,Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. .,Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
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Manchanda M, Leishman E, Sangani K, Alamri A, Bradshaw HB. Activation of TRPV1 by Capsaicin or Heat Drives Changes in 2-Acyl Glycerols and N-Acyl Ethanolamines in a Time, Dose, and Temperature Dependent Manner. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:611952. [PMID: 33937226 PMCID: PMC8085603 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.611952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are associated with thermoregulation; however, there are many gaps in the understanding of how these signaling systems work together in responding to changes in temperature. TRPV1, a calcium-permeable ion channel, is activated by capsaicin, elevated temperature, the eCB Anandamide, and over 15 additional endogenous lipids. There is also evidence for signaling crosstalk between TRPV1 and the eCB receptor, CB1. We recently found that activation of TRPV1-HEK cells by capsaicin increases the production of the eCB, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), suggesting a molecular link between these receptors. Here, we tested the hypothesis that TRPV1 activation by capsaicin drives regulation of a wider-range of lipid signaling molecules and is time and dose-dependent. We also tested the hypothesis that changes in temperature that drive changes in calcium mobilization in TRPV1-HEK will likewise drive similar changes in lipid signaling molecule regulation. Lipid analysis was conducted by partial purification of methanolic extracts on C18 solid phase extraction columns followed by HPLC/MS/MS. Capsaicin increased the release of 2-acyl glycerols (2-AG, 2-linoleoyl glycerol, 2-oleoyl glycerol), in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, whereas levels of N-acyl ethanolamines (NAEs), including Anandamide, were significantly decreased. Analogous changes in 2-acyl glycerols and NAEs were measured upon ramping the temperature from 37 to 45°C. In contrast, opposite effects were measured when analyzing lipids after they were maintained at 27°C and then quickly ramped to 37°C, wherein 2-acyl glycerol levels decreased and NAEs increased. These results provide further evidence that the eCB system and TRPV1 have integrated signaling functions that are associated with the molecular response to temperature variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Manchanda
- Bradshaw Laboratory of Lipid Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Emma Leishman
- Bradshaw Laboratory of Lipid Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Kishan Sangani
- Bradshaw Laboratory of Lipid Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Ali Alamri
- Bradshaw Laboratory of Lipid Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- Bradshaw Laboratory of Lipid Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
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Chioccarelli T, Migliaccio M, Suglia A, Manfrevola F, Porreca V, Diano N, Errico S, Fasano S, Cobellis G. Characterization of Estrogenic Activity and Site-Specific Accumulation of Bisphenol-A in Epididymal Fat Pad: Interfering Effects on the Endocannabinoid System and Temporal Progression of Germ Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2540. [PMID: 33802611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work has been to characterize the estrogenic activity of bisphenol-A (BPA) and the adverse effects on the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in modulating germ cell progression. Male offspring exposed to BPA during the foetal-perinatal period at doses below the no-observed-adverse-effect-level were used to investigate the exposure effects in adulthood. Results showed that BPA accumulates specifically in epididymal fat rather than in abdominal fat and targets testicular expression of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and cytochrome P450 aromatase, thus promoting sustained increase of estrogens and a decrease of testosterone. The exposure to BPA affects the expression levels of some ECS components, namely type-1 (CB1) and type-2 cannabinoid (CB2) receptor and monoacylglycerol-lipase (MAGL). Furthermore, it affects the temporal progression of germ cells reported to be responsive to ECS and promotes epithelial germ cell exfoliation. In particular, it increases the germ cell content (i.e., spermatogonia while reducing spermatocytes and spermatids), accelerates progression of spermatocytes and spermatids, promotes epithelial detachment of round and condensed spermatids and interferes with expression of cell–cell junction genes (i.e., zonula occcludens protein-1, vimentin and β-catenin). Altogether, our study provides evidence that early exposure to BPA produces in adulthood sustained and site-specific BPA accumulation in epididymal fat, becoming a risk factor for the reproductive endocrine pathways associated to ECS.
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Clarke TL, Johnson RL, Simone JJ, Carlone RL. The Endocannabinoid System and Invertebrate Neurodevelopment and Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2103. [PMID: 33672634 PMCID: PMC7924210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis has long been used for its medicinal and psychoactive properties. With the relatively new adoption of formal medicinal cannabis regulations worldwide, the study of cannabinoids, both endogenous and exogenous, has similarly flourished in more recent decades. In particular, research investigating the role of cannabinoids in regeneration and neurodevelopment has yielded promising results in vertebrate models. However, regeneration-competent vertebrates are few, whereas a myriad of invertebrate species have been established as superb models for regeneration. As such, this review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the endocannabinoid system, with a focus on current advances in the area of endocannabinoid system contributions to invertebrate neurodevelopment and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristyn L. Clarke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (T.L.C.); (R.L.J.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Rachael L. Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (T.L.C.); (R.L.J.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Jonathan J. Simone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (T.L.C.); (R.L.J.); (J.J.S.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
- eCB Consulting Inc., P.O. Box 652, 3 Cameron St. W., Cannington, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Robert L. Carlone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (T.L.C.); (R.L.J.); (J.J.S.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Abstract
Endocannabinoid (eCB) and serotonin (5-HT) neuromodulatory systems work both independently and together to finely orchestrate neuronal activity throughout the brain to strongly sculpt behavioral functions. Surprising parallelism between the behavioral effects of 5-HT and eCB activity has been widely reported, including the regulation of emotional states, stress homeostasis, cognitive functions, food intake and sleep. The distribution pattern of the 5-HT system and the eCB molecular elements in the brain display a strong overlap and several studies report a functional interplay and even a tight interdependence between eCB/5-HT signaling. In this review, we examine the available evidence of the interaction between the eCB and 5-HT systems. We first introduce the eCB system, then we describe the eCB/5-HT crosstalk at the neuronal and synaptic levels. Finally, we explore the potential eCB/5-HT interaction at the behavioral level with the implication for psychiatric and neurological disorders. The precise elucidation of how this neuromodulatory interaction dynamically regulates biological functions may lead to the development of more targeted therapeutic strategies for the treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders, psychosis and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Colangeli
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - G Campbell Teskey
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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50
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Laguerre A, Keutler K, Hauke S, Schultz C. Regulation of Calcium Oscillations in β-Cells by Co-activated Cannabinoid Receptors. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:88-96.e3. [PMID: 33147441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological treatment of pancreatic β cells targeting cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) has been shown to result in significant effects on insulin release, possibly by modulating intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+]i). It is unclear how the interplay of CB1 and CB2 affects insulin secretion. Here, we demonstrate by the use of highly specific receptor antagonists and the recently developed photo-releasable endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol that both receptors have counteracting effects on cytosolic calcium oscillations. We further show that both receptors are juxtaposed in a way that increases [Ca2+]i oscillations in silent β cells but dampens them in active ones. This study highlights a functional role of CB1 and CB2 acting in concert as a compensator/attenuator switch for regulating β cell excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Laguerre
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Kaya Keutler
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sebastian Hauke
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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