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Mouse and human urothelial cancer organoids: A tool for bladder cancer research. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4567-4574. [PMID: 30787188 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803595116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common malignancy that has a relatively poor outcome. Lack of culture models for the bladder epithelium (urothelium) hampers the development of new therapeutics. Here we present a long-term culture system of the normal mouse urothelium and an efficient culture system of human bladder cancer cells. These so-called bladder (cancer) organoids consist of 3D structures of epithelial cells that recapitulate many aspects of the urothelium. Mouse bladder organoids can be cultured efficiently and genetically manipulated with ease, which was exemplified by creating genetic knockouts in the tumor suppressors Trp53 and Stag2. Human bladder cancer organoids can be derived efficiently from both resected tumors and biopsies and cultured and passaged for prolonged periods. We used this feature of human bladder organoids to create a living biobank consisting of bladder cancer organoids derived from 53 patients. Resulting organoids were characterized histologically and functionally. Organoid lines contained both basal and luminal bladder cancer subtypes based on immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis. Common bladder cancer mutations like TP53 and FGFR3 were found in organoids in the biobank. Finally, we performed limited drug testing on organoids in the bladder cancer biobank.
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Sone M, Toyoda T, Cho YM, Akagi JI, Matsushita K, Mizuta Y, Morikawa T, Nishikawa A, Ogawa K. Immunohistochemistry of γ-H2AX as a method of early detection of urinary bladder carcinogenicity in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:868-876. [PMID: 30701581 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) has been demonstrated as a DNA damage marker both in vitro and in vivo. We previously reported the effects of genotoxic carcinogens in the urinary bladder of rats by immunohistochemical analysis of γ-H2AX using samples from 28-day repeated-dose tests. To evaluate the application of γ-H2AX as a biomarker of carcinogenicity in the bladder, we examined species differences in γ-H2AX formation in the urinary bladder of mice. Six-week-old male B6C3F1 mice were treated orally with 12 chemicals for 4 weeks. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine, p-cresidine and 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), classified as genotoxic bladder carcinogens, induced significant increases in γ-H2AX levels in the bladder urothelium. In contrast, genotoxic (2-nitroanisole, glycidol, N-nitrosodiethylamine and acrylamide) and non-genotoxic (dimethylarsinic acid and melamine) non-bladder carcinogens did not upregulate γ-H2AX. Importantly, 2-nitroanisole, a potent genotoxic bladder carcinogen in rats, significantly increased the proportion of γ-H2AX-positive cells in rats only, reflecting differences in carcinogenicity in the urinary bladder between rats and mice. Significant upregulation of γ-H2AX was also induced by uracil, a non-genotoxic bladder carcinogen that may be associated with cell proliferation, as demonstrated by increased Ki67 expression. 2-AAF caused γ-H2AX formation mainly in the superficial layer, together with reduced and disorganized expression of uroplakin III, unlike in rats, suggesting the mouse-specific cytotoxicity of 2-AAF in umbrella cells. These results suggest γ-H2AX is a useful biomarker reflecting species differences in carcinogenicity in the urinary bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Sone
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Young-Man Cho
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Akagi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kohei Matsushita
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yasuko Mizuta
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Tomomi Morikawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nishikawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, 911-1 Takebayashi-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-0974, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
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Jung M, Lee JH, Kim B, Park JH, Moon KC. Transcriptional Analysis of Immunohistochemically Defined Subgroups of Non-Muscle-Invasive Papillary High-Grade Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E570. [PMID: 30699951 PMCID: PMC6386996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CK5/6 and CK20 was reported to be correlated with the prognosis of early urothelial carcinoma in a way contrary to that of advanced tumors for unknown reasons. We aimed to characterize the gene expression profiles of subgroups of non-muscle-invasive papillary high-grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) classified by CK5/6 and CK20 expression levels: group 1 (CK5/6-high/CK20-low), group 2 (CK5/6-high/CK20-high), and group 3 (CK5/6-low/CK20-high). Expression of group 3 was predictive of worse prognosis of non-muscle-invasive papillary high-grade UTUC. Transcriptional analysis revealed 308 differentially expressed genes across the subgroups. Functional analyses of the genes identified cell adhesion as a common process differentially enriched in group 3 compared to the other groups, which could explain its high-risk phenotype. Late cell cycle/proliferation signatures were also enriched in group 3 and in some of the other groups, which may be used as a prognostic biomarker complementary to CK5/6 and CK20. Group 2, characterized by low levels of genes associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase and tumor necrosis factor signaling pathways, was hypothesized to represent the least cancerous subtype considering its normal urothelium-like IHC pattern. This study would facilitate the application of easily accessible prognostic biomarkers in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Jung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Jeong Hoon Lee
- Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics (SNUBI), Division of Biomedical Informatics and Systems Biomedical Informatics National Core Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Bohyun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Jeong Hwan Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Department of Pathology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Kyung Chul Moon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Kidney Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
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Huang CP, Chen CC, Tsai YT, Wu CC, Shyr CR. Intravesical Administration of Xenogeneic Porcine Urothelial Cells Attenuates Cyclophosphamide-Induced Cystitis in Mice. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:296-305. [PMID: 30675801 PMCID: PMC6425110 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718822773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The urothelium of the bladder, renal pelvis, ureter and urethra is maintained through the regulated proliferation and differentiation of urothelial stem and progenitor cells. These cells provide a rich source of a novel urothelial cell therapy approach that could be used to protect, regenerate, repair and restore a damaged urothelium. Urothelial injury caused by physical, chemical and microbial stress is the pathological basis of cystitis (bladder inflammation). The loss of urothelial integrity triggers a series of inflammatory events, resulting in pain and hematuria such as hemorrhage cystitis and interstitial cystitis. Here we investigate a novel cell therapy strategy to treat cystitis by protecting the urothelium from detrimental stresses through intravesically instilling porcine urothelial cells (PUCs) into the bladder. Using a chemical-induced urothelial injury mouse model of cyclophosphamide (CPP)-induced hemorrhagic cystitis, we determined how the intravesical instillation of PUCs could protect the urothelium from toxic attack from CPP metabolites. We show that intravesical PUC instillation protected the bladder from toxic chemical attack in mice receiving CPP with reduced inflammation and edema. Compared with the vehicle control mice, the proliferative response to chemical injury and apoptotic cells within the bladder tissues were reduced by intravesical PUC treatment. Furthermore, the urothelium integrity was maintained in the intravesical PUC-treated group. After xenogeneic PUCs were introduced and adhered to the mouse urothelium, immunological rejection responses were observed with increased neutrophil infiltration in the lamina propria and higher immune-related gene expression. Our findings provide an innovative and promising intravesical PUC cell therapy for cystitis with urothelial injury by protecting the urothelium from noxious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ping Huang
- Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology and Urology, Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung
| | - Chi-Cheng Chen
- Department of Urology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung
| | - Yi-Tung Tsai
- Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology and Urology, Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung
| | - Chun-Chie Wu
- Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology and Urology, Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung
| | - Chih-Rong Shyr
- Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology and Urology, Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung
- Chih-Rong Shyr, Sex Hormone Research Center, Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University and Hospital, No. 9, Hsiuh-Shih Rd, Taichung 404.
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Toyoda T, Matsushita K, Morikawa T, Yamada T, Miyoshi N, Ogawa K. Distinct differences in the mechanisms of mucosal damage and γ-H2AX formation in the rat urinary bladder treated with o-toluidine and o-anisidine. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:753-762. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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SIU-ICUD consultation on bladder cancer: basic science. World J Urol 2018; 37:15-29. [PMID: 30547196 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-018-2594-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide a condensed summary of the Basic Science chapter that was included in the Third International Consultation on Bladder Cancer. METHODS World bladder cancer basic science experts used the published literature to create summaries of recent progress in their areas of expertise. RESULTS The completion of several large-scale genomics projects coupled with a strong collaborative culture within the research community and the exciting clinical activity of immune checkpoint blockade have combined to transform the bladder cancer research landscape. Bladder cancer molecular subtypes and the presence of specific DNA alterations provide important information about disease heterogeneity that has direct implications for clinical management, and some can be targeted by compounds that are already clinically available. Tests are being developed that can measure many of these alterations non-invasively in peripheral blood or urine, raising confidence that they could be used as biomarkers for surveillance and monitoring the effects of local and systemic therapies. CONCLUSIONS Although the bulk of the mechanistic work lies ahead, the genomics results have created a hypothesis-generating description of bladder cancer heterogeneity that has set the stage for deeper mechanistic studies, and they have already provided us with extremely attractive candidate biomarkers to guide clinical practice. Here, we will summarize the recent progress in basic bladder cancer research and highlight near-term opportunities for the future.
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57
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Jung M, Kim B, Moon KC. Immunohistochemistry of cytokeratin (CK) 5/6, CD44 and CK20 as prognostic biomarkers of non-muscle-invasive papillary upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Histopathology 2018; 74:483-493. [PMID: 30286252 DOI: 10.1111/his.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for cytokeratin (CK) 5/6, CD44 and CK20 has been significantly associated with the prognosis of urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma, and probably reflects its molecular characteristics. We aimed to investigate the IHC-based subgroups and their prognostic effects on non-muscle-invasive papillary upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). METHODS AND RESULTS IHC staining for CK5/6, CK20 and CD44 was analysed in 211 patients with non-muscle-invasive papillary UTUC. Staining was classified as showing a negative, positive or normal pattern. We found that CK5/6-negative, CD44-negative and CK20-positive tumours were distinctly high-risk subgroups that were associated with high grade (CK5/6-negative, P < 0.001; CD44-negative, P < 0.001; CK20-positive, P = 0.017) and frequent intravesical recurrence (CK5/6-negative, P = 0.002). Using survival analysis with Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests, we found that these IHC subgroups were correlated with poor progression-free (CK5/6-negative, P = 0.001; CD44-negative, P = 0.009; CK20-positive, P = 0.031) and cancer-specific (CK5/6-negative, P = 0.009) survival. Furthermore, CK5/6 negativity was an independent prognostic factor for shorter progression-free (P = 0.009) and cancer-specific (P = 0.045) survival. CK5/6 improved Harrell's C-indices for progression-free (0.68-0.77, P = 0.029) and cancer-specific (0.59-0.77, P < 0.001) survival. When markers were combined, luminal-like subtypes showed poor prognoses. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that IHC staining for CK5/6, CD44 and CK20 was significantly associated with the clinicopathological characteristics and prognoses of patients with non-muscle-invasive papillary UTUC. The IHC subgroups may be correlated with the molecular characteristics of non-muscle-invasive papillary UTUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Jung
- Department of Pathology, Medical Research Centre, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohyun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Medical Research Centre, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Moon
- Department of Pathology, Medical Research Centre, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Kidney Research Institute, Medical Research Centre, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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58
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Chen X, Xie R, Gu P, Huang M, Han J, Dong W, Xie W, Wang B, He W, Zhong G, Chen Z, Huang J, Lin T. Long Noncoding RNA LBCS Inhibits Self-Renewal and Chemoresistance of Bladder Cancer Stem Cells through Epigenetic Silencing of SOX2. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:1389-1403. [PMID: 30397178 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chemoresistance and tumor relapse are the leading cause of deaths in bladder cancer patients. Bladder cancer stem cells (BCSCs) have been reported to contribute to these pathologic properties. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their self-renewal and chemoresistance remain largely unknown. In the current study, a novel lncRNA termed Low expressed in Bladder Cancer Stem cells (lnc-LBCS) has been identified and explored in BCSCs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Firstly, we establish BCSCs model and explore the BCSCs-associated lncRNAs by transcriptome microarray. The expression and clinical features of lnc-LBCS are analyzed in three independent large-scale cohorts. The functional role and mechanism of lnc-LBCS are further investigated by gain- and loss-of-function assays in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Lnc-LBCS is significantly downregulated in BCSCs and cancer tissues, and correlates with tumor grade, chemotherapy response, and prognosis. Moreover, lnc-LBCS markedly inhibits self-renewal, chemoresistance, and tumor initiation of BCSCs both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, lnc-LBCS directly binds to heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNPK) and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), and serves as a scaffold to induce the formation of this complex to repress SRY-box 2 (SOX2) transcription via mediating histone H3 lysine 27 tri-methylation. SOX2 is essential for self-renewal and chemoresistance of BCSCs, and correlates with the clinical severity and prognosis of bladder cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS As a novel regulator, lnc-LBCS plays an important tumor-suppressor role in BCSCs' self-renewal and chemoresistance, contributing to weak tumorigenesis and enhanced chemosensitivity. The lnc-LBCS-hnRNPK-EZH2-SOX2 regulatory axis may represent a therapeutic target for clinical intervention in chemoresistant bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruihui Xie
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Gu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Huang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinli Han
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Dong
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weibin Xie
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wang He
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangzheng Zhong
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyue Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Tianxin Lin
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Eckstein M, Wirtz RM, Gross-Weege M, Breyer J, Otto W, Stoehr R, Sikic D, Keck B, Eidt S, Burger M, Bolenz C, Nitschke K, Porubsky S, Hartmann A, Erben P. mRNA-Expression of KRT5 and KRT20 Defines Distinct Prognostic Subgroups of Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Bladder Cancer Correlating with Histological Variants. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3396. [PMID: 30380731 PMCID: PMC6274690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) has been subclassified by gene expression profiling, with a substantial impact on therapy response and patient outcome. We tested whether these complex molecular subtypes of MIBC can be determined by mRNA detection of keratin 5 (KRT5) and keratin 20 (KRT20). Reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was applied to quantify gene expression of KRT5 and KRT20 using TaqMan®-based assays in 122 curatively treated MIBC patients (median age 68.0 years). Furthermore, in silico analysis of the MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) cohort (GSE48277 + GSE47993) was performed. High expression of KRT5 and low expression of KRT20 were associated with significantly improved recurrence-free survival (RFS) and disease-specific survival disease specific survival (DSS: 5-year DSS for KRT5 high: 58%; 5-year DSS for KRT20 high: 29%). KRT5 and KRT20 were associated with rates of lymphovascular invasion and lymphonodal metastasis. The combination of KRT5 and KRT20 allowed identification of patients with a very poor prognosis (KRT20⁺/KRT5-, 5-year DSS 0%, p < 0.0001). In silico analysis of the independent MDACC cohorts revealed congruent results (5-year DSS for KRT20 low vs. high: 84% vs. 40%, p = 0.042). High KRT20-expressing tumors as well as KRT20⁺/KRT- tumors were significantly enriched with aggressive urothelial carcinoma variants (micropapillary, plasmacytoid, nested).
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Eckstein
- Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Ralph Markus Wirtz
- STRATIFYER Molecular Pathology GmbH, 50935 Cologne, Germany.
- Institute of Pathology at the St Elisabeth Hospital Köln-Hohenlind, 50935 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Matthias Gross-Weege
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Johannes Breyer
- Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Otto
- Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Robert Stoehr
- Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Danijel Sikic
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Bastian Keck
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Eidt
- Institute of Pathology at the St Elisabeth Hospital Köln-Hohenlind, 50935 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Burger
- Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | | | - Katja Nitschke
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Stefan Porubsky
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Philipp Erben
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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CD24 regulates cancer stem cell (CSC)-like traits and a panel of CSC-related molecules serves as a non-invasive urinary biomarker for the detection of bladder cancer. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:961-970. [PMID: 30327565 PMCID: PMC6203855 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD24 is a cornerstone of tumour progression in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB). However, its contribution to cancer stem cell (CSC)-like traits and the clinical utility of CD24 as a urinary biomarker for cancer detection have not been determined. Methods The functional relevance of CD24 was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo approaches. The clinical utility of CSC-related molecules was assessed in urine samples by quantitative RT-PCR. Results The knockdown of CD24 attenuated cancer stemness properties. The high-CD24-expressing cells, isolated from patient-derived UCB xenograft tumours, exhibited their enhanced stemness properties. CD24 was overexpressed not only in primary tumours but also in urine from UCB subjects. By assessment of 15 candidate CSC-related molecules in urine samples of a training cohort, a panel of three molecules (CD24, CD49f, and NANOG) was selected. The combination of these three molecules yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 81.7% and 74.3%, respectively, in an independent cohort. A combined set of 84 cases and 207 controls provided a sensitivity and specificity of 82% and 76%, respectively. Conclusion CD24 has a crucial role in maintaining the urothelial cancer stem-like traits and a panel of CSC-related molecules has potential as a urinary biomarker for non-invasive UCB detection.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent whole genome characterizations of primary human bladder cancers revealed that they can be grouped into "intrinsic" basal and luminal molecular subtypes. Here, we provide an overview of the subtypes and discuss their biological and clinical properties. RECENT FINDINGS Basal cancers are characterized by advanced stage and metastatic disease at presentation. They tend to be enriched with squamous and small cell/neuroendocrine features and inactivating mutations and deletions of TP53 and RB1. Basal cancers can be divided into "epithelial" and "mesenchymal" (also known as "claudin low") subsets, and a portion of the latter form a "neuroendocrine/neuronal" subset that is associated with particularly poor survival. Luminal cancers are often enriched with papillary histopathological features and activating mutations in FGFR3, and they can also be divided into additional subsets based on differential stromal cell infiltration, relative genomic instability, and high- versus low-level expression of carcinoma in situ (CIS) gene expression signatures. Importantly, the bladder cancer molecular subtypes display differential sensitivities to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade, and preliminary data also suggest that they respond differently to radiation with or without hypoxia modulation. Ongoing studies are investigating the relevance of the molecular subtypes to the bladder cancer histopathological variants and to upper tract urothelial cancer. The bladder cancer molecular subtypes were associated with different prognoses and responses to conventional and targeted therapies in retrospective studies. If validated in prospective studies, molecular subtyping will be integrated into bladder cancer clinical management.
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Ooki A, Begum A, Marchionni L, VandenBussche CJ, Mao S, Kates M, Hoque MO. Arsenic promotes the COX2/PGE2-SOX2 axis to increase the malignant stemness properties of urothelial cells. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:113-126. [PMID: 29396848 PMCID: PMC5938132 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic arsenic exposure is associated with the development of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB). To elucidate the contribution of arsenic exposure to urothelial cancer stem cell (CSC) generation, we established an in vitro stepwise malignant model transformed by chronically exposing human urothelial cells to arsenic. Using this model, we found that chronic arsenic exposure endows urothelial cells with malignant stemness properties including increased expression of stemness-related factors such as SOX2, sphere formation, self-renewal, invasion and chemoresistance. SOX2 was gradually and irreversibly overexpressed in line with acquired sphere-forming and self-renewal abilities. Following gene set enrichment analyses of arsenic-exposed and arsenic-unexposed cells, we found COX2 as an enriched gene for oncogenic signature. Mechanistically, arsenic-induced COX2/PGE2 increases SOX2 expression that eventually promotes malignant stem cell generation and repopulation. In urine samples from 90 subjects exposed to arsenic and 91 control subjects, we found a significant linear correlation between SOX2 and COX2 expression and the potential of SOX2 and COX2 expression as urinary markers to detect subjects exposed to arsenic. Furthermore, the combination marker yielded a high sensitivity for UCB detection in a separate cohort. Finally, our in vitro model exhibits basal-type molecular features and dual inhibition of EGFR and COX2 attenuated stem cell enrichment more efficiently than an EGFR inhibitor alone. In conclusion, the COX2/PGE2-SOX2 axis promotes arsenic-induced malignant stem cell transformation. In addition, our findings indicate the possible use of SOX2 and COX2 expression as urinary markers for the risk stratification and detection of UCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ooki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Asma Begum
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Luigi Marchionni
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | | | - Shifeng Mao
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
| | - Max Kates
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Mohammad Obaidul Hoque
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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63
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Jones RT, Theodorescu D. Two methods of prediction signatures. Nat Rev Urol 2018; 15:340-342. [DOI: 10.1038/s41585-018-0004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mo Q, Nikolos F, Chen F, Tramel Z, Lee YC, Hayashi K, Xiao J, Shen J, Chan KS. Prognostic Power of a Tumor Differentiation Gene Signature for Bladder Urothelial Carcinomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 2018; 110:448-459. [PMID: 29342309 PMCID: PMC6279371 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBCs) cause approximately 150 000 deaths per year worldwide. Survival for MIBC patients is heterogeneous, with no clinically validated molecular markers that predict clinical outcome. Non-MIBCs (NMIBCs) generally have favorable outcome; however, a portion progress to MIBC. Hence, development of a prognostic tool that can guide decision-making is crucial for improving clinical management of bladder urothelial carcinomas. Methods Tumor grade is defined by pathologic evaluation of tumor cell differentiation, and it often associates with clinical outcome. The current study extrapolates this conventional wisdom and combines it with molecular profiling. We developed an 18-gene signature that molecularly defines urothelial cellular differentiation, thus classifying MIBCs and NMIBCs into two subgroups: basal and differentiated. We evaluated the prognostic capability of this "tumor differentiation signature" and three other existing gene signatures including the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA; 2707 genes), MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDA; 2252 genes/2697 probes), and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC; 47 genes) using five gene expression data sets derived from MIBC and NMIBC patients. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results The tumor differentiation signature demonstrated consistency and statistical robustness toward stratifying MIBC patients into different overall survival outcomes (TCGA cohort 1, P = .03; MDA discovery, P = .009; MDA validation, P = .01), while the other signatures were not as consistent. In addition, we analyzed the progression (Ta/T1 progressing to ≥T2) probability of NMIBCs. NMIBC patients with a basal tumor differentiation signature associated with worse progression outcome (P = .008). Gene functional term enrichment and gene set enrichment analyses revealed that genes involved in the biologic process of immune response and inflammatory response are among the most elevated within basal bladder cancers, implicating them as candidates for immune checkpoint therapies. Conclusions These results provide definitive evidence that a biology-prioritizing clustering methodology generates meaningful insights into patient stratification and reveals targetable molecular pathways to impact future therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxing Mo
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX
| | - Fotis Nikolos
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX
| | - Fengju Chen
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX
| | - Zoe Tramel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX
| | - Yu-Cheng Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX
| | - Kazukuni Hayashi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX
| | - Jianjun Shen
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX
| | - Keith Syson Chan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (STaR) Center, Center for Drug Discovery, and Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Zhu F, Qian W, Zhang H, Liang Y, Wu M, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Gao Q, Li Y. SOX2 Is a Marker for Stem-like Tumor Cells in Bladder Cancer. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 9:429-437. [PMID: 28793245 PMCID: PMC5550032 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that functionally distinct cancer stem cells (CSCs) exist in human bladder cancer (BCa). Here, we found that Sox2, a transcription factor that is well characterized as a marker for stem cells, is upregulated in both mouse and human BCa. Sox2 expression is absent in normal urothelial cells, but it begins to be expressed in pre-neoplastic bladder tumors and continues to be expressed in invasive mouse BCa. Using s as a reporter of Sox2 transcriptional expression, we demonstrated that Sox2-expressing cells mark a subpopulation of tumor cells that fuel the growth of established BCa. SOX2-positive cells also expressed other previously reported BCa CSC markers, including Keratin14 (KRT14) and CD44v6. Ablation of Sox2-expressing cells within primary invasive BCa led to enhanced tumor regression, supporting the essential role of SOX2-positive cells in regulating BCa maintenance and progression. Our data show that Sox2 is a marker of bladder CSCs and indicate it as a potential clinical target for BCa therapy. Sox2 expression marks bladder cancer stem cells in vivo SOX2-positive cells are a subpopulation of KRT14-expressing cancer stem cells SOX2-positive cells are a subpopulation of CD44v6-expressing cancer stem cells Elimination of Sox2-expressing cells led to reduction of bladder cancer progression
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Zhu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Weiqing Qian
- Department of Urology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Department of Urology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Mingqing Wu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Yingyin Zhang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Xiuhong Zhang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China.
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Li YP, Jia XP, Jiang YQ, Wang W, Wang YL, Wang XL, Guo YX. Differential expression of cytokeratin 14 and 18 in bladder cancer tumorigenesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:344-349. [PMID: 29350066 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218754493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been previously suggested that cytokeratins (CKs) are important diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for urothelial lesions. Hence it is imperative to understand the expression pattern of cytokeratins during formation of papillary bladder cancer, which was the objective of the current study. Expression pattern of CK14 and CK18 were examined using immunohistochemical staining in a mice model of papillary bladder cancer. Twenty female mice were divided into two groups-group 1 (NT) and group 2, which received N-butyl- N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN) for 20 weeks plus one week without treatment. Following histological classification of bladder lesions, CK14 and CK18 immunostaining was assessed according to its distribution and intensity. In NT animals, both basal cells and umbrella cells showed sporadic positive staining for CK14 and CK18, respectively. In BBN group, hyperplastic lesions showed significantly more CK14 and significantly less CK18 staining ( P < 0.05 in each case). Invasive carcinomas showed increased CK14 immunostaining in all epithelial layers. Cumulatively, our data indicate that altered CK14 (high) and CK18 (low) expression is perhaps an early event in bladder cancer tumorigenesis in females at least and is characteristic of both urothelial superficial pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Impact statement Studies have shown that expression of cytokeratins (CKs) or their altered distribution affects the bladder cancer pathogenesis and disease outcome, while the underlying mechanisms are not clear. The present study aims to explore the expression pattern of CK14 and CK18 during formation of papillary bladder cancer. The results showed that hyperplastic lesions showed significantly more CK14 and significantly less CK18 staining and invasive carcinomas showed increased CK14 immunostaining in all epithelial layers in N-butyl- N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN)-induced mouse model. The results indicate that altered CK14 (high) and CK18 (low) expression is perhaps an early event in bladder cancer tumorigenesis and is characteristic of both urothelial superficial pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions, which may provide the early diagnosis index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Peng Li
- 1 Department of Urology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Jia
- 1 Department of Urology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Yu-Qing Jiang
- 1 Department of Urology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Wei Wang
- 1 Department of Urology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Yun-Liang Wang
- 1 Department of Urology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Xiu-Li Wang
- 2 Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Yue-Xian Guo
- 1 Department of Urology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
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Hatina J, Parmar HS, Kripnerova M, Hepburn A, Heer R. Urothelial Carcinoma Stem Cells: Current Concepts, Controversies, and Methods. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1655:121-136. [PMID: 28889382 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7234-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are defined as a self-renewing and self-protecting subpopulation of cancer cells able to differentiate into morphologically and functionally diverse cancer cells with a limited lifespan. To purify cancer stem cells, two basic approaches can be applied, the marker-based approach employing various more of less-specific cell surface marker molecules and a marker-free approach largely based on various self-protection mechanisms. Within the context of urothelial carcinoma, both methods could find use. The cell surface markers have been mainly derived from the urothelial basal cell, a probable cell of origin of muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma, with CD14, CD44, CD90, and 67LR representing successful examples of this strategy. The marker-free approaches involve side population sorting, for which a detailed protocol is provided, as well as the Aldefluor assay, which rely on a specific overexpression of efflux pumps or the detoxification enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase, respectively, in stem cells. These assays have been applied to both non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive bladder cancer samples and cell lines. Urothelial carcinoma stem cells feature a pronounced heterogeneity as to their molecular stemness mechanisms. Several aspects of urothelial cancer stem cell biology could enter translational development rather soon, e.g., a specific CD44+-derived gene expression signature able to identify non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients with a high risk of progression, or deciphering a mechanism responsible for repopulating activity of urothelial carcinoma stem cells within the context of therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Hatina
- Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Institute of Biology, Charles University in Prague, Plzen, Czech Republic.
| | - Hamendra Singh Parmar
- Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Institute of Biology, Charles University in Prague, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kripnerova
- Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Institute of Biology, Charles University in Prague, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Anastasia Hepburn
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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Ooki A, Del Carmen Rodriguez Pena M, Marchionni L, Dinalankara W, Begum A, Hahn NM, VandenBussche CJ, Rasheed ZA, Mao S, Netto GJ, Sidransky D, Hoque MO. YAP1 and COX2 Coordinately Regulate Urothelial Cancer Stem-like Cells. Cancer Res 2017; 78:168-181. [PMID: 29180467 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Overcoming acquired drug resistance remains a core challenge in the clinical management of human cancer, including in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB). Cancer stem-like cells (CSC) have been implicated in the emergence of drug resistance but mechanisms and intervention points are not completely understood. Here, we report that the proinflammatory COX2/PGE2 pathway and the YAP1 growth-regulatory pathway cooperate to recruit the stem cell factor SOX2 in expanding and sustaining the accumulation of urothelial CSCs. Mechanistically, COX2/PGE2 signaling induced promoter methylation of let-7, resulting in its downregulation and subsequent SOX2 upregulation. YAP1 induced SOX2 expression more directly by binding its enhancer region. In UCB clinical specimens, positive correlations in the expression of SOX2, COX2, and YAP1 were observed, with coexpression of COX2 and YAP1 particularly commonly observed. Additional investigations suggested that activation of the COX2/PGE2 and YAP1 pathways also promoted acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors in basal-type UCB. In a mouse xenograft model of UCB, dual inhibition of COX2 and YAP1 elicited a long-lasting therapeutic response by limiting CSC expansion after chemotherapy and EGFR inhibition. Our findings provide a preclinical rationale to target these pathways concurrently with systemic chemotherapy as a strategy to improve the clinical management of UCB.Significance: These findings offer a preclinical rationale to target the COX2 and YAP1 pathways concurrently with systemic chemotherapy to improve the clinical management of UCB, based on evidence that these two pathways expand cancer stem-like cell populations that mediate resistance to chemotherapy. Cancer Res; 78(1); 168-81. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ooki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Luigi Marchionni
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wikum Dinalankara
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Asma Begum
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Noah M Hahn
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Zeshaan A Rasheed
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shifeng Mao
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - George J Netto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mohammad O Hoque
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Toyoda T, Totsuka Y, Matsushita K, Morikawa T, Miyoshi N, Wakabayashi K, Ogawa K. γ-H2AX formation in the urinary bladder of rats treated with two norharman derivatives obtained from o
-toluidine and aniline. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:537-543. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Toyoda
- Division of Pathology; National Institute of Health Sciences; 3-25-26 Tonomachi Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki 210-9501 Japan
| | - Y. Totsuka
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention; National Cancer Center Research Institute; 5-1-1 Tsukiji Chuo-ku Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
| | - K. Matsushita
- Division of Pathology; National Institute of Health Sciences; 3-25-26 Tonomachi Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki 210-9501 Japan
| | - T. Morikawa
- Division of Pathology; National Institute of Health Sciences; 3-25-26 Tonomachi Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki 210-9501 Japan
| | - N. Miyoshi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate Program of Food Nutritional Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - K. Wakabayashi
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - K. Ogawa
- Division of Pathology; National Institute of Health Sciences; 3-25-26 Tonomachi Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki 210-9501 Japan
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Yousef PG, Gabril MY. An update on the molecular pathology of urinary bladder tumors. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 214:1-6. [PMID: 29254798 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma is the fourth most common tumors after prostate cancer, lung, and colorectal carcinoma but the second most common urologic malignancy. Urothelial carcinoma composed more than 90% of bladder tumors while squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinomas composed 5% and 2% respectively. The intense research involving the different molecular aspects of bladder cancer has provided a great insight into identifying more about molecular profiling and pathways of bladder cancer. In this review, we will highlight the general concepts of the molecular features; profiling and classification as well as the molecular pathways for bladder carcinomas, especially urothelial carcinoma. Also, we will discuss the advances of molecular biomarkers for screening, early diagnosis, surveillance and potential prognosis of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Studies showed that accumulation of genetic alterations involving the clonal expansion of altered cells with growth advantages through sequential multi-step pathways results in progression of bladder tumors. The accumulated research data from literature has revealed that the genomic signatures of urothelial carcinoma are required to subclassify bladder cancer into genetically distinct subgroups. These findings could improve the understating of pathogenesis as well as will provide new therapeutic modules e.g. targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Yousef
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manal Y Gabril
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
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71
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Urinary Tissue Engineering: Challenges and Opportunities. Sex Med Rev 2017; 6:35-44. [PMID: 29066225 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this review, we discuss major advancements and common challenges in constructing and regenerating a neo-urinary conduit (NUC). First, we focus on the need for regenerating the urothelium, the hallmark the urine barrier, unique to urinary tissues. Second, we focus on clinically feasible scaffolds based on decellularized matrices and molded collagen that are currently of great research interest. AIM To discuss the major advancements in constructing a tissue-engineered NUC (TE-NUC) and the challenges involved in their successful clinical translation. METHODS A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed literature from PubMed and Google Scholar on subjects related to urothelium regeneration, decellularized tissue matrices, and collagen scaffolds was conducted. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE We evaluated the main biological and mechanical functions of urinary tissues, the need for TE implants to create a urinary diversion, the reasons for their failures in clinical settings, and the applications of decellularized tissue matrices and collagen-based molded scaffolds in their regeneration. RESULTS It is necessary to create a urine barrier that prevents urine leakage into the stroma that can cause failure of the graft. Despite the regeneration potential of the urothelium, the limited supply of healthy urothelial cells in patients with bladder cancer remains a major challenge. In this context, alternative strategies, such as transdifferentiation of cells into urothelium or engineered scaffolds based on decellularized tissues and molded collagen with robust urine barrier properties, are active areas of research. CONCLUSION There is an immediate need for developing a functional TE-NUC that can improve the quality of life of patients with bladder cancer. It is possible to achieve a TE-NUC by bioengineering an implant that has appropriate biological and mechanical properties to store and transport urine. We anticipate that future advancements in urothelium regeneration and material design will lead us closer to successful neo-urinary tissue constructs. Singh A, Bivalacqua TJ, Sopko N. Urinary Tissue Engineering: Challenges and Opportunities. Sex Med Rev 2018;6:35-44.
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Huang CP, Chen CC, Shyr CR. The anti-tumor effect of intravesical administration of normal urothelial cells on bladder cancer. Cytotherapy 2017; 19:1233-1245. [PMID: 28818454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) is the second most common cancer of the genitourinary tract and for advanced forms of the disease it has a high mortality rate. There are no approved new molecularly targeted agents or chemotherapeutics for advanced UBC beyond cisplatin-based chemotherapy except the recently approved anti-programmed death ligand 1 (anti-PD-1/PD-L1) antibody. With complex genetic and epigenetic alterations in tumors, despite several druggable targets identified, to cure UBC is still a challenging unmet medical need. Like other cancers, UBC to the host body is considered as a wound, aging stem cell disease and immunosuppressive disorder. Therefore, we proposed a novel cellular approach to target the host body by intravesical instilling of normal urothelial cells that could repair the injury and reduce inflammation by activating body-reparative capacity and because non-self cells are transplanted, host body immune responses could be induced in the tumor microenvironment of UBC to restrain and even eliminate tumor cells. METHODS In this study, we isolated and expanded normal male murine urothelial cells and intravesically administered them into the bladders of female mice of two orthotopic bladder tumor models and one urothelial injury model. RESULTS We showed that the instillation of normal urothelial cells containing stem/progenitor cell population into bladders could have anti-tumor effect in orthotopic tumor models, possibly by activating immune responses and helping injured urothelium tissue recovery in a chemically induced urothelial injury model. CONCLUSIONS Our findings could lead to an innovative and revolutionary cell therapy modality with normal urothelial cells as an effective and safe therapeutic option for UBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ping Huang
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Departments of Urology/Surgery and Medical Laboratory Science & Biotechnology, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Cheng Chen
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Departments of Urology/Surgery and Medical Laboratory Science & Biotechnology, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Rong Shyr
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Departments of Urology/Surgery and Medical Laboratory Science & Biotechnology, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Noninvasive Papillary Basal-like Urothelial Carcinoma: A Subgroup of Urothelial Carcinomas With Immunohistochemical Features of Basal Urothelial Cells Associated With a High Rate of Recurrence and Progression. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2017; 24:575-82. [PMID: 26574632 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the clinical and pathologic significance of a subgroup of noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinomas (UCs) expressing reactivity to urothelial basal cell markers. DESIGN In total, 302 consecutive cases of noninvasive papillary UC were evaluated immunohistochemically with cytokeratin 5 (CK5)/CD44. Any UC that was reactive for greater than 25% thickness of the urothelium was designated as basal-like urothelial carcinoma (BUC); remaining UC cases were designated as non-BUC. The follow-up period was up to 3 years. Historical review of UC was extended for up to 3 retrospective years. RESULTS Among 302 noninvasive UC, BUC was identified in 33 of 256 (12.9%) low-grade UC and 8 of 46 (17%) high-grade UC (P=0.041). Immunoreactivity for CD44 was similar to that of CK5, but displayed weaker and more diffuse staining. CK20 was reactive in 9 cases, primarily high-grade BUC. Other basal cell markers (34bE12, p63, bcl2, and EP4) were found to be neither sensitive nor specific in detecting UC with high CK5 expression. In comparison with non-BUC, BUC was associated with increased multifocality, larger tumor size, higher recurrence rate, and more frequent upgrading and stage progression. In the follow-up period of 3 years, distant metastasis occurred in 6 cases of which 5 were in the BUC subgroup. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that noninvasive papillary BUC represents a small subset associated with increased risk of tumor recurrence and progression. The aggressive behavior is likely associated with basal-like features of BUC, as seen in carcinomas with basal cell features in other body sites.
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Flat Intraurothelial Neoplasia Exhibiting Diffuse Immunoreactivity for CD44 and Cytokeratin 5 (Urothelial Stem Cell/Basal Cell Markers): A Variant of Intraurothelial Neoplasia Commonly Associated With Muscle-invasive Urothelial Carcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2017; 25:505-512. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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75
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Yang Z, He L, Lin K, Zhang Y, Deng A, Liang Y, Li C, Wen T. The KMT1A-GATA3-STAT3 Circuit Is a Novel Self-Renewal Signaling of Human Bladder Cancer Stem Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:6673-6685. [PMID: 28765327 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Bladder cancer is one of the most common urinary malignancies worldwide characterized by a high rate of recurrence and no targeted therapy method. Bladder cancer stem cells (BCSCs) play a crucial role in tumor initiation, metastasis, and drug resistance. However, the regulatory signaling and self-renewal mechanisms of BCSCs remain largely unknown. Here, we identified a novel signal, the KMT1A-GATA3-STAT3 circuit, which promoted the self-renewal and tumorigenicity of human BCSCs.Experimental Design: In a discovery step, human BCSCs and bladder cancer non-stem cells (BCNSCs) isolated from primary bladder cancer samples #1 and #2, and the bladder cancer cell line EJ were analyzed by transcriptome microarray. In a validation step, 10 paired bladder cancer and normal tissues, different tumor cell lines, the public microarray datasets of human bladder cancer, and The Cancer Genome Atlas database were applied for the verification of gene expression.Results: KMT1A was highly expressed and responsible for the increase of tri-methylating lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9me3) modification in BCSCs compared with either BCNSCs or normal bladder tissue. GATA3 bound to the -1710∼-1530 region of STAT3 promoter and repressed its transcription. H3K9me3 modification on the -1351∼-1172bp region of the GATA3 promoter mediated by KMT1A repressed the transcription of GATA3 and upregulated the expression of STAT3. In addition, the activated STAT3 triggered self-renewal of BCSCs. Furthermore, depletion of KMT1A or STAT3 abrogated the formation of BCSC tumorspheres and xenograft tumors.Conclusions: KMT1A positively regulated the self-renewal and tumorigenicity of human BCSCs via KMT1A-GATA3-STAT3 circuit, in which KMT1A could be a promising target for bladder cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 23(21); 6673-85. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luyun He
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaisu Lin
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aihua Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Li
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Jianlan Institute of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tingyi Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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76
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Warrick JI, Kaag M, Raman JD, Chan W, Tran T, Kunchala S, Shuman L, DeGraff D, Chen G. FOXA1 and CK14 as markers of luminal and basal subtypes in histologic variants of bladder cancer and their associated conventional urothelial carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2017; 471:337-345. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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77
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Zhu YT, Pang SY, Luo Y, Chen W, Bao JM, Tan WL. A modified method by differential adhesion for enrichment of bladder cancer stem cells. Int Braz J Urol 2017; 42:817-24. [PMID: 27564296 PMCID: PMC5006781 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2015.0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: In a previous study the vaccine was effective against bladder cancer in a mouse model. However, a small portion of tumors regrew because the vaccine could not eliminate bladder cancer stem cells (CSCs). In this study, we showed a modified method for the isolation of bladder CSCs using a combination of differential adhesion method and serum-free culture medium (SFM) method. Materials and Methods: Trypsin-resistant cells and trypsin-sensitive cells were isolated from MB49, EJ and 5637 cells by a combination of differential adhesion method and SFM method. The CSCs characterizations of trypsin-resistant cells were verified by the flow cytometry, the western blotting, the quantitative polymerase chain reaction, the resistance to chemotherapy assay, the transwell assay, and the tumor xenograft formation assay. Results: Trypsin-resistant cells were isolated and identified in CSCs characters, with high expression of CSCs markers, higher resistance to chemotherapy, greater migration in vitro, and stronger tumorigenicity in vivo. Conclusion: Trypsin-resistant cells displayed specific CSCs properties. Our study showed trypsin-resistant cells were isolated successfully with a modified method using a combination of differential adhesion method and SFM method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Tong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Yu Pang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Ming Bao
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wan-Long Tan
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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78
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Kaga K, Inoue KI, Kaga M, Ichikawa T, Yamanishi T. Expression profile of urothelial transcription factors in bladder biopsies with interstitial cystitis. Int J Urol 2017. [PMID: 28626955 DOI: 10.1111/iju.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize interstitial cystitis pathology based on the expression profile of urothelial tissue-specific master transcription factors. METHODS Bladder carcinoma cell lines derived from the urothelial stem cells (epithelial or mesenchymal) were used to identify candidate urothelial master transcription factors. Gene expression was measured with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. From the initial screening of 170 transcription factors (human homologs of Drosophila segmentation genes and known master transcription factors from a database), 28 transcription factors were selected. Subsequently, messenger ribonucleic acid from bladder biopsies of interstitial cystitis patients was purified, and gene expression levels of known urothelial marker genes and candidate master transcription factors were measured. Multivariate expression data were analyzed with spss software. RESULTS Factor analysis decomposed the expression profile into four axes: principal axis 1 included retinoic acid receptors and 17 candidate master transcription factors. Principal axis 2 included KRT5 and five candidates. Principal axis 3 included transcription factor TP63 and two candidates. Principal axis 4 included SHH and two candidates. Principal component analysis segregated biopsies from Hunner's lesion in the principal component 1 (retinoic acid)/principal component 2 (SOX13)/principal component 3 (TP63) space. CONCLUSIONS Urothelial master transcription factors could serve as novel diagnostic markers and potentially explain the molecular pathology of interstitial cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanya Kaga
- Department of Urology, Continence Center, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan.,Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Center for Research Support, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kaga
- Department of Urology, Continence Center, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan.,Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomonori Yamanishi
- Department of Urology, Continence Center, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
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79
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Eich ML, Dyrskjøt L, Netto GJ. Toward personalized management in bladder cancer: the promise of novel molecular taxonomy. Virchows Arch 2017; 471:271-280. [PMID: 28429075 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Empowered by the recent advances in next generation sequencing and bioinformatics technology, an unprecedented wave of integrated transcriptomic and genomic studies have impacted the field of bladder cancer. These studies not only have confirmed previously charted genetic pathways in bladder cancer development but also have led to the discovery of numerous additional crucial driver genetic alterations. As a result, a novel genomic-based taxonomy is emerging that promises to better define clinically relevant intrinsic subtypes of bladder cancer. The current review is an update on the above advances and their significant implications on the future of bladder cancer patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lisa Eich
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama in Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lars Dyrskjøt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - George J Netto
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama in Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA.
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80
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Odate S, Veschi V, Yan S, Lam N, Woessner R, Thiele CJ. Inhibition of STAT3 with the Generation 2.5 Antisense Oligonucleotide, AZD9150, Decreases Neuroblastoma Tumorigenicity and Increases Chemosensitivity. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:1771-1784. [PMID: 27797972 PMCID: PMC5381521 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Neuroblastoma is a pediatric tumor of peripheral sympathoadrenal neuroblasts. The long-term event-free survival of children with high-risk neuroblastoma is still poor despite the improvements with current multimodality treatment protocols. Activated JAK/STAT3 pathway plays an important role in many human cancers, suggesting that targeting STAT3 is a promising strategy for treating high-risk neuroblastoma.Experimental Design: To evaluate the biologic consequences of specific targeting of STAT3 in neuroblastoma, we assessed the effect of tetracycline (Tet)-inducible STAT3 shRNA and the generation 2.5 antisense oligonucleotide AZD9150 which targets STAT3 in three representative neuroblastoma cell line models (AS, NGP, and IMR32).Results: Our data indicated that Tet-inducible STAT3 shRNA and AZD9150 inhibited endogenous STAT3 and STAT3 target genes. Tet-inducible STAT3 shRNA and AZD9150 decreased cell growth and tumorigenicity. In vivo, STAT3 inhibition by Tet-inducible STAT3 shRNA or AZD9150 alone had little effect on growth of established tumors. However, when treated xenograft tumor cells were reimplanted into mice, there was a significant decrease in secondary tumors in the mice receiving AZD9150-treated tumor cells compared with the mice receiving ntASO-treated tumor cells. This indicates that inhibition of STAT3 decreases the tumor-initiating potential of neuroblastoma cells. Furthermore, inhibition of STAT3 significantly increased neuroblastoma cell sensitivity to cisplatin and decreased tumor growth and increased the survival of tumor-bearing mice in vivoConclusions: Our study supports the development of strategies targeting STAT3 inhibition in combination with conventional chemotherapy for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. Clin Cancer Res; 23(7); 1771-84. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Odate
- Cell & Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Veronica Veschi
- Cell & Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shuang Yan
- Cell & Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Norris Lam
- Cell & Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Richard Woessner
- Cancer Bioscience Drug Discovery, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Carol J Thiele
- Cell & Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
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81
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Wang C, Ross WT, Mysorekar IU. Urothelial generation and regeneration in development, injury, and cancer. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:336-343. [PMID: 28109014 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic maintenance and repair of the urothelium upon injury are required for a functional bladder in both healthy and disease conditions. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the urothelial regenerative response is key to designing strategies for tissue repair and ultimately treatments for urologic diseases including urinary tract infections, voiding dysfunction, painful bladder syndrome, and bladder cancer. In this article, we review studies on urothelial ontogeny during development and regeneration following various injury modalities. Signaling pathways involved in urothelial regeneration and in urothelial carcinogenesis are also discussed. Developmental Dynamics 246:336-343, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Whitney Trotter Ross
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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82
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Rodriguez-Brenes IA, Kurtova AV, Lin C, Lee YC, Xiao J, Mims M, Chan KS, Wodarz D. Cellular Hierarchy as a Determinant of Tumor Sensitivity to Chemotherapy. Cancer Res 2017; 77:2231-2241. [PMID: 28235762 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy has been shown to enrich cancer stem cells in tumors. Recently, we demonstrated that administration of chemotherapy to human bladder cancer xenografts could trigger a wound-healing response that mobilizes quiescent tumor stem cells into active proliferation. This phenomenon leads to a loss of sensitivity to chemotherapy partly due to an increase in the number of tumor stem cells, which typically respond to chemotherapy-induced cell death less than more differentiated cells. Different bladder cancer xenografts, however, demonstrate differential sensitivities to chemotherapy, the basis of which is not understood. Using mathematical models, we show that characteristics of the tumor cell hierarchy can be crucial for determining the sensitivity of tumors to drug therapy, under the assumption that stem cell enrichment is the primary basis for drug resistance. Intriguingly, our model predicts a weaker response to therapy if there is negative feedback from differentiated tumor cells that inhibits the rate of tumor stem cell division. If this negative feedback is less pronounced, the treatment response is predicted to be enhanced. The reason is that negative feedback on the rate of tumor cell division promotes a permanent rise of the tumor stem cell population over time, both in the absence of treatment and even more so during drug therapy. Model application to data from chemotherapy-treated patient-derived xenografts indicates support for model predictions. These findings call for further research into feedback mechanisms that might remain active in cancers and potentially highlight the presence of feedback as an indication to combine chemotherapy with approaches that limit the process of tumor stem cell enrichment. Cancer Res; 77(9); 2231-41. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio A Rodriguez-Brenes
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California.,Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Antonina V Kurtova
- Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Christopher Lin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Yu-Cheng Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Martha Mims
- Dun L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Keith Syson Chan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. .,Dun L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Scott Department of Urology, Center for Cell Gene and Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Dominik Wodarz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California.
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Aurora Kinase A is a Biomarker for Bladder Cancer Detection and Contributes to its Aggressive Behavior. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40714. [PMID: 28102366 PMCID: PMC5244380 DOI: 10.1038/srep40714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of AURKA overexpression associated with poor clinical outcomes have been attributed to increased cell cycle progression and the development of genomic instability with aneuploidy. We used RNA interference to examine the effects of AURKA overexpression in human bladder cancer cells. Knockdown had minimal effects on cell proliferation but blocked tumor cell invasion. Whole genome mRNA expression profiling identified nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) as a downstream target that was repressed by AURKA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and NNMT promoter luciferase assays revealed that AURKA’s effects on NNMT were caused by PAX3-mediated transcriptional repression and overexpression of NNMT blocked tumor cell invasion in vitro. Overexpression of AURKA and activation of its downstream pathway was enriched in the basal subtype in primary human tumors and was associated with poor clinical outcomes. We also show that the FISH test for the AURKA gene copy number in urine yielded a specificity of 79.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 74.2% to 84.1%), and a sensitivity of 79.6% (95% CI = 74.2% to 84.1%) with an AUC of 0.901 (95% CI = 0.872 to 0.928; P < 0.001). These results implicate AURKA as an effective biomarker for bladder cancer detection as well as therapeutic target especially for its basal type.
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84
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In stage pT1 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), high KRT20 and low KRT5 mRNA expression identify the luminal subtype and predict recurrence and survival. Virchows Arch 2017; 470:267-274. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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85
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Single-cell Sequencing Reveals Variants in ARID1A, GPRC5A and MLL2 Driving Self-renewal of Human Bladder Cancer Stem Cells. Eur Urol 2017; 71:8-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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86
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Brooks M, Mo Q, Krasnow R, Ho PL, Lee YC, Xiao J, Kurtova A, Lerner S, Godoy G, Jian W, Castro P, Chen F, Rowley D, Ittmann M, Chan KS. Positive association of collagen type I with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer progression. Oncotarget 2016; 7:82609-82619. [PMID: 27655672 PMCID: PMC5347718 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-muscle invasive bladder cancers (NMIBC) are generally curable, while ~15% progresses into muscle-invasive cancer with poor prognosis. While efforts have been made to identify genetic alternations associated with progression, the extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment remains largely unexplored. Type I collagen is a major component of the bladder ECM, and can be altered during cancer progression. We set out to explore the association of type I collagen with NMIBC progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The associations of COL1A1 and COL1A2 mRNA levels with progression were evaluated in a multi-center cohort of 189 patients with NMIBCs. Type I collagen protein expression and structure were evaluated in an independent single-center cohort of 80 patients with NMIBCs. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed and state-of-the-art multi-photon microscopy was used to evaluate collagen structure via second harmonic generation imaging. Progression to muscle invasion was the primary outcome. Kaplan-Meier method, Cox regression, and Wilcoxon rank-sum were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS There is a significant association of high COL1A1 and COL1A2 mRNA expression in patients with poor progression-free survival (P=0.0037 and P=0.011, respectively) and overall survival (P=0.024 and P=0.012, respectively). Additionally, immunohistochemistry analysis of type I collagen protein deposition revealed a significant association with progression (P=0.0145); Second-harmonic generation imaging revealed a significant lower collagen fiber curvature ratio in patients with invasive progression (P = 0.0018). CONCLUSIONS Alterations in the ECM microenvironment, particularly type I collagen, likely contributes to bladder cancer progression. These findings will open avenues to future functional studies to investigate ECM-tumor interaction as a potential therapeutic intervention to treat NMIBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Brooks
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Qianxing Mo
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Ross Krasnow
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Philip Levy Ho
- Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Kelsey-Seybold Clinic, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yu-Cheng Lee
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Antonina Kurtova
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Seth Lerner
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Gui Godoy
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Weiguo Jian
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Patricia Castro
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, and Michael E. DeBakey VAMC, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Fengju Chen
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - David Rowley
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Michael Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, and Michael E. DeBakey VAMC, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Keith Syson Chan
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
- Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Kelsey-Seybold Clinic, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
- Center for Cell, Gene and Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
- Center for Drug Discovery Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
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87
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Hoffmann MJ, Koutsogiannouli E, Skowron MA, Pinkerneil M, Niegisch G, Brandt A, Stepanow S, Rieder H, Schulz WA. The New Immortalized Uroepithelial Cell Line HBLAK Contains Defined Genetic Aberrations Typical of Early Stage Urothelial Tumors. Bladder Cancer 2016; 2:449-463. [PMID: 28035326 PMCID: PMC5181672 DOI: 10.3233/blc-160065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background: Cell culture models of normal urothelial cells are important for studying differentiation, disease mechanisms and anticancer drug development. Beyond primary cultures with their limitations in lifespan, interindividual heterogeneity and supply, few conditionally immortalized cell lines with limited applicability due to partial transformation or impaired differentiation capacity are available. We describe characteristics of the new spontaneously immortalized cell line HBLAK derived from a primary culture of uroepithelial cells. Objective: To characterize utility and limitations of HBLAK cells as an urothelial cell culture model. Methods: Differentiation markers were investigated by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR, genetic changes by standard karyotyping, array-CGH, PCR, RT-PCR and exome sequencing; expression of p53 and p21 by Western blotting. Results: HBLAK cells proliferated for >50 passages without senescing. They expressed cytokeratins of basal urothelial cells. Terminal differentiation markers appeared only after induction of differentiation by specific protocols. The karyotype was stable, with few chromosomal changes, especially gains of chromosomes 5 and 20 and a chromosome 9p21 deletion resulting in p16INK4A loss. A C228T TERT promoter mutation was present, but no other mutation typical of urothelial carcinoma. TP53 was wild-type and the cell cycle was arrested in response to genomic stress. Conclusions: HBLAK cells retain some differentiation potential and respond to cytotoxic agents similar to normal urothelial cells, but contain genetic changes contributing to immortalization in urothelial tumors. HBLAK may be valuable for evaluating the tumor specificity of novel cancer drugs, but may also be applied as an urothelial in vitro carcinogenesis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Margaretha A Skowron
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Pinkerneil
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Artur Brandt
- Institute for Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Stepanow
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Harald Rieder
- Institute for Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
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88
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Ferreira-Teixeira M, Parada B, Rodrigues-Santos P, Alves V, Ramalho JS, Caramelo F, Sousa V, Reis F, Gomes CM. Functional and molecular characterization of cancer stem-like cells in bladder cancer: a potential signature for muscle-invasive tumors. Oncotarget 2016; 6:36185-201. [PMID: 26452033 PMCID: PMC4742170 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Striking evidence associates cancer stem cells (CSCs) to the high recurrence rates and poor survival of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (BC). However, the prognostic implication of those cells in risk stratification is not firmly established, mainly due to the functional and phenotypic heterogeneity of CSCs populations, as well as, to the conflicting data regarding their identification based on a single specific marker. This emphasizes the need to exploit putative CSC-related molecular markers with potential prognostic significance in BC patients. This study aimed to isolate and characterize bladder CSCs making use of different functional and molecular approaches. The data obtained provide strong evidence that muscle-invasive BC is enriched with a heterogeneous stem-like population characterized by enhanced chemoresistance and tumor initiating properties, able to recapitulate the heterogeneity of the original tumor. Additionally, a logistic regression analysis identified a 2-gene stem-like signature (SOX2 and ALDH2) that allows a 93% accurate discrimination between non-muscle-invasive and invasive tumors. Our findings suggest that a stemness-related gene signature, combined with a cluster of markers to more narrowly refine the CSC phenotype, could better identify BC patients that would benefit from a more aggressive therapeutic intervention targeting CSCs population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Ferreira-Teixeira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Belmiro Parada
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Urology and Renal Transplantation Department, Coimbra University Hospital Centre (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Rodrigues-Santos
- Immunology and Oncology Laboratory, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vera Alves
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José S Ramalho
- CEDOC, Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco Caramelo
- Laboratory of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vitor Sousa
- Institute of Anatomical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Service of Anatomical Pathology, Coimbra University Hospital Centre (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Célia M Gomes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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89
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Kobayashi T. Understanding the biology of urothelial cancer metastasis. Asian J Urol 2016; 3:211-222. [PMID: 29264189 PMCID: PMC5730871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of unresectable urothelial cancer (UC) has been a clinical challenge for decades. While drug resistance is a key issue, precise understanding of biology of UC metastasis is another challenge for the improvement of treatment outcome of UC patients. Introduction of the cell biology concepts including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stemness seems to explain UC metastasis. Molecular genetics based on gene expression profiling, next generation sequencing, and explosion of non-coding RNA world has opened the door to intrinsic molecular subtyping of UC. Next steps include, based on the recently accumulated understanding, the establishment of novel disease models representing UC metastasis in various experimental platforms, particularly in vivo animal systems. Indeed, novel knowledge molecular genetics has not been fully linked to the modeling of UC metastasis. Further understanding of bladder carcinogenesis is needed particularly with regard to cell of origin related to tumor characteristics including driver gene alterations, pathological differentiations, and metastatic ability. Then we will be able to establish better disease models, which will consequently lead us to further understanding of biology and eventually the development of novel therapeutic strategies for UC metastasis.
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90
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Abstract
DNA methylation alterations are common in urothelial carcinoma, a prevalent cancer worldwide caused predominantly by chemical carcinogens. Recent studies have proposed sets of hypermethylated genes as promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers from urine or tissue samples, which require validation. Other studies have revealed intriguing links between specific carcinogens and DNA methylation alterations in cancer tissues or blood that might clarify carcinogenesis mechanisms and aid prevention. Like DNA methylation alterations, mutations in chromatin regulators are frequent, underlining the importance of epigenetic changes. However, the relations between the two changes and their functions in urothelial carcinogenesis remain unclear. Transcription factor genes with altered methylation deserve particular interest. Elucidating the functional impact of methylation changes is a prerequisite for their therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Goering
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany
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91
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Zage PE, Whittle SB, Shohet JM. CD114: A New Member of the Neural Crest-Derived Cancer Stem Cell Marker Family. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:221-231. [PMID: 27428599 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is a population of cells in the vertebrate embryo that gives rise to a wide range of tissues and cell types, including components of the peripheral nervous system and the craniofacial skeleton as well as melanocytes and the adrenal medulla. Aberrations in neural crest development can lead to numerous diseases, including cancers such as melanoma and neuroblastoma. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in these neural crest-derived tumors, and these CSCs demonstrate resistance to treatment and are likely key contributors to disease relapse. Patients with neural crest-derived tumors often have poor outcomes due to frequent relapses, likely due to the continued presence of residual treatment-resistant CSCs, and therapies directed against these CSCs are likely to improve patient outcomes. CSCs share many of the same genetic and biologic features of primordial neural crest cells, and therefore a better understanding of neural crest development will likely lead to the development of effective therapies directed against these CSCs. Signaling through STAT3 has been shown to be required for neural crest development, and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF)-mediated activation of STAT3 has been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of neural crest-derived tumors. Expression of the cell surface marker CD114 (the receptor for GCSF) has been identified as a potential marker for CSCs in neural crest-derived tumors, suggesting that CD114 expression and function may contribute to disease relapse and poor patient outcomes. Here we review the processes of neural crest development and tumorigenesis and we discuss the previously identified markers for CSC subpopulations identified in neural crest tumors and their role in neural crest tumor biology. We also discuss the potential for CD114 and downstream intracellular signaling pathways as potential targets for CSC-directed therapy. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 221-231, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Zage
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Peckham Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
| | - Sarah B Whittle
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason M Shohet
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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92
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Zhu L, Ni C, Dong B, Zhang Y, Shi Y, Niu H, Li C. A novel hedgehog inhibitor iG2 suppresses tumorigenesis by impairing self-renewal in human bladder cancer. Cancer Med 2016; 5:2579-86. [PMID: 27465044 PMCID: PMC5055183 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor recurrence is still a major challenge for clinical treatment of bladder cancer. Cumulative evidences indicate cancer stem cells (CSCs) contribute to drug resistance and leave a putative source for disease relapse. Identifying novel agents targeting CSCs may represent a new paradigm in the therapy of bladder cancer. Here, we separated a novel hedgehog (Hh) inhibitor, iG2, from streptomyces roseofulvus, which dramatically blocked the activation of Gli2 in bladder cancer cells. The iG2 strongly repressed the growth of cancer cells rather than the peri‐tumor stroma cells. Attenuated proliferation and enhanced apoptosis of tumor cells were observed upon iG2 stimulation. Furthermore, iG2 reduced the self‐renewal ability of bladder CSCs as well as the tumor formation. Collectively, iG2 is potentially used as a novel therapeutic agent for bladder cancer by targeting self‐renewal through inhibiting Hh pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Zhu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Chen Ni
- Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Baijun Dong
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yuefeng Shi
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Haitao Niu
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Chong Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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93
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Papafotiou G, Paraskevopoulou V, Vasilaki E, Kanaki Z, Paschalidis N, Klinakis A. KRT14 marks a subpopulation of bladder basal cells with pivotal role in regeneration and tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11914. [PMID: 27320313 PMCID: PMC4915139 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The urothelium is a specialized epithelium that lines the urinary tract. It consists of three different cell types, namely, basal, intermediate and superficial cells arranged in relatively distinct cell layers. Normally, quiescent, it regenerates fast upon injury, but the regeneration process is not fully understood. Although several reports have indicated the existence of progenitors, their identity and exact topology, as well as their role in key processes such as tissue regeneration and carcinogenesis have not been clarified. Here we show that a minor subpopulation of basal cells, characterized by the expression of keratin 14, possesses self-renewal capacity and also gives rise to all cell types of the urothelium during natural and injury-induced regeneration. Moreover, these cells represent cells of origin of urothelial cancer. Our findings support the hypothesis of basally located progenitors with profound roles in urothelial homoeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Papafotiou
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Varvara Paraskevopoulou
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Vasilaki
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Zoi Kanaki
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Paschalidis
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos Klinakis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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94
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Liu Q, Yuan W, Tong D, Liu G, Lan W, Zhang D, Xiao H, Zhang Y, Huang Z, Yang J, Zhang J, Jiang J. Metformin represses bladder cancer progression by inhibiting stem cell repopulation via COX2/PGE2/STAT3 axis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:28235-46. [PMID: 27058422 PMCID: PMC5053723 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a sub-population of tumor cells playing essential roles in initiation, differentiation, recurrence, metastasis and development of drug resistance of various cancers, including bladder cancer. Although multiple lines of evidence suggest that metformin is capable of repressing CSC repopulation in different cancers, the effect of metformin on bladder cancer CSCs remains largely unknown. Using the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced rat orthotropic bladder cancer model, we demonstrated that metformin is capable of repressing bladder cancer progression from both mild to moderate/severe dysplasia lesions and from carcinoma in situ (CIS) to invasive lesions. Metformin also can arrest bladder cancer cells in G1/S phases, which subsequently leads to apoptosis. And also metformin represses bladder cancer CSC repopulation evidenced by reducing cytokeratin 14 (CK14+) and octamer-binding transcription factor 3/4 (OCT3/4+) cells in both animal and cellular models. More importantly, we found that metformin exerts these anticancer effects by inhibiting COX2, subsequently PGE2 as well as the activation of STAT3. In conclusion, we are the first to systemically demonstrate in both animal and cell models that metformin inhibits bladder cancer progression by inhibiting stem cell repopulation through the COX2/PGE2/STAT3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Wenqiang Yuan
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Dali Tong
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Gaolei Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Weihua Lan
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Dianzheng Zhang
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19131, USA
| | - Hualiang Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Zaoming Huang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Junjie Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
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95
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recently completed cancer genomics projects identified intrinsic subtypes in muscle-invasive bladder cancers. Here we will describe the studies that led to their discovery and review their biological and clinical properties. RECENT FINDINGS Whole genome mRNA expression profiling and unsupervised hierarchical cluster analyses identified intrinsic basal and luminal subtypes in muscle-invasive bladder cancers that are similar to the ones found in breast cancer. Tumors within each subtype have distinct responses to conventional cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy, and they contain gene expression signatures and DNA alterations that may render them vulnerable to clinically available targeted therapies. SUMMARY Like their breast cancer counterparts, basal bladder cancers are characterized by poor clinical outcomes in the absence of effective systemic therapy, but a large fraction of them do respond to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, suggesting that the tumors should be managed aggressively. On the contrary, tumors that belong to the 'p53-like' subtype tend to be chemoresistant, so patients with these tumors should probably be managed differently. It seems likely that prospective identification of tumor intrinsic subtype membership could complement the use of DNA-based biomarkers to identify the groups of patients who will benefit the most from chemotherapy and targeted agents.
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96
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Zhou H, Wang X, Mo L, Liu Y, He F, Zhang F, Huang KH, Wu XR. Role of isoenzyme M2 of pyruvate kinase in urothelial tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:23947-60. [PMID: 26992222 PMCID: PMC5029676 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of precancerous lesions to full-fledged cancers requires the affected cells to surpass certain rate-limiting steps. We recently showed that activation of HRAS proto-oncogene in urothelial cells of transgenic mice causes simple urothelial hyperplasia (SUH) which is persistent and whose transition to low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma (UC) must undergo nodular urothelial hyperplasia (NUH). We hypothesized that NUH, which has acquired fibrovascular cores, plays critical roles in mesenchymal-to-epithelial signaling, breaching the barriers of urothelial tumor initiation. Using proteomics involving two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting with pan-phosphotyrosine antibody and MALDI-mass spectrometry, we identified isoform 2 of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) as the major tyrosine-phosphorylated protein switched on during NUH. We extended this finding using specimens from transgenic mice, human UC and UC cell lines, establishing that PKM2, but not its spliced variant PKM1, was over-expressed in low-grade and, more prominently, high-grade UC. In muscle-invasive UC, PKM2 was co-localized with cytokeratins 5 and 14, UC progenitor markers. Specific inhibition of PKM2 by siRNA or shRNA suppressed UC cell proliferation via increased apoptosis, autophagy and unfolded protein response. These results strongly suggest that PKM2 plays an important role in the genesis of low-grade non-invasive and high-grade invasive urothelial carcinomas.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Humans
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Protein Isoforms
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Thyroid Hormones/genetics
- Thyroid Hormones/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
- Uroplakin II/physiology
- Thyroid Hormone-Binding Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Zhou
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lan Mo
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Feng He
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kuo-How Huang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System Manhattan Campus, New York, NY 10010, USA
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97
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Li C, Du Y, Yang Z, He L, Wang Y, Hao L, Ding M, Yan R, Wang J, Fan Z. GALNT1-Mediated Glycosylation and Activation of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Maintains the Self-Renewal and Tumor-Initiating Capacity of Bladder Cancer Stem Cells. Cancer Res 2016; 76:1273-83. [PMID: 26676748 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The existence of bladder cancer stem cells (BCSC) has been suggested to underlie bladder tumor initiation and recurrence. Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling has been implicated in promoting cancer stem cell (CSC) self-renewal and is activated in bladder cancer, but its impact on BCSC maintenance is unclear. In this study, we generated a mAb (BCMab1) against CD44(+) human bladder cancer cells that recognizes aberrantly glycosylated integrin α3β1. The combination of BCMab1 with an anti-CD44 antibody identified a BCMab1(+)CD44(+) cell subpopulation as BCSCs with stem cell-like properties. Gene expression analysis revealed that the hedgehog pathway was activated in the BCMab1(+)CD44(+) subpopulation and was required for BCSC self-renewal. Furthermore, the glycotransferase GALNT1 was highly expressed in BCMab1(+)CD44(+) cells and correlated with clinicopathologic features of bladder cancers. Mechanistically, GALNT1 mediated O-linked glycosylation of SHH to promote its activation, which was essential for the self-renewal maintenance of BCSCs and bladder tumorigenesis. Finally, intravesical instillation of GALNT1 siRNA and the SHH inhibitor cyclopamine exerted potent antitumor activity against bladder tumor growth. Taken together, our findings identify a BCSC subpopulation in human bladder tumors that appears to be responsive to the inhibition of GALNT1 and SHH signaling, and thus highlight a potential strategy for preventing the rapid recurrence typical in patients with bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luyun He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxia Ding
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ruping Yan
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiansong Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
| | - Zusen Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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98
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The miR-130 family promotes cell migration and invasion in bladder cancer through FAK and Akt phosphorylation by regulating PTEN. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20574. [PMID: 26837847 PMCID: PMC4738343 DOI: 10.1038/srep20574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer causes an estimated 150,000 deaths per year worldwide. Although 15% of the recurrent bladder cancer becomes an invasive type, currently used targeted therapy for malignant bladder cancer is still not efficient. We focused on the miR-130 family (miR-130b, miR-301a, and miR-301b) that was significantly upregulated in bladder cancer specimens than that of the normal urothelial specimens. We analyzed the functional significance of miR-130 family using a 5637 bladder cancer cell line and revealed that miR-130 family of inhibitors suppressed cell migration and invasion by downregulating focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Akt phosphorylation. Mechanistic analyses indicate that the miR-130 family directly targets phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 (PTEN), resulting in the upregulation of FAK and Akt phosphorylation. In clinical bladder cancer specimens, downregulation of PTEN was found to be closely correlated with miR-130 family expression levels. Overall, the miR-130 family has a crucial role in malignant progression of bladder cancer and thus the miR-130 family could be a promising therapeutic target for invasive bladder cancer.
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Lerner SP, McConkey DJ, Hoadley KA, Chan KS, Kim WY, Radvanyi F, Höglund M, Real FX. Bladder Cancer Molecular Taxonomy: Summary from a Consensus Meeting. Bladder Cancer 2016; 2:37-47. [PMID: 27376123 PMCID: PMC4927916 DOI: 10.3233/blc-150037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The advent of Omics technologies has been key to the molecular subclassification of urothelial bladder cancer. Several groups have used different strategies to this aim, with partially overlapping findings. The meeting at the Spanish National Cancer Research Center-CNIO was held to discuss such classifications and reach consensus where appropriate. After updated presentations on the work performed by the teams attending the meeting, a consensus was reached regarding the existence of a group of Basal-Squamous-like tumors – designated BASQ – charaterized the high expression of KRT5/6 and KRT14 and low/undetectable expression of FOXA1 and GATA3. An additional tumor subgroup with urothelial differentiation features was recognized whose optimal molecular definition is required. For other subtypes described, more work is needed to determine how robust they are and how to best define them at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth P Lerner
- Scott Department of Urology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA
| | - David J McConkey
- Department of Urology and Department of Cancer Biology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katherine A Hoadley
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapell Hill , Chapell Hill, NC, USA
| | - Keith S Chan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center for Cell Gene & Therapy, Scott Departmentof Urology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA
| | - William Y Kim
- Department of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Lineberger ComprehensiveCancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapell Hill , Chapell Hill, NC, USA
| | - François Radvanyi
- CNRS, UMR 144, Oncologie Moléculaire, Institut Curie , Paris, France
| | - Mattias Höglund
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University , Lund, Sweden
| | - Francisco X Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain and Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Barcelona, Spain
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Bladder Cancer Stem-Like Cells: Their Origin and Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:ijms17010043. [PMID: 26729098 PMCID: PMC4730288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC), the most common cancer arising from the human urinary tract, consists of two major clinicopathological phenotypes: muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). MIBC frequently metastasizes and is associated with an unfavorable prognosis. A certain proportion of patients with metastatic BC can achieve a remission with systemic chemotherapy; however, the disease relapses in most cases. Evidence suggests that MIBC comprises a small population of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which may be resistant to these treatments and may be able to form new tumors in the bladder or other organs. Therefore, the unambiguous identification of bladder CSCs and the development of targeted therapies are urgently needed. Nevertheless, it remains unclear where bladder CSCs originate and how they are generated. We review recent studies on bladder CSCs, specifically focusing on their proposed origin and the possible therapeutic options based on the CSC theory.
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