51
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Knuuttila M, Mehmood A, Huhtaniemi R, Yatkin E, Häkkinen MR, Oksala R, Laajala TD, Ryberg H, Handelsman DJ, Aittokallio T, Auriola S, Ohlsson C, Laiho A, Elo LL, Sipilä P, Mäkelä SI, Poutanen M. Antiandrogens Reduce Intratumoral Androgen Concentrations and Induce Androgen Receptor Expression in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Xenografts. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:216-228. [PMID: 29126837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is associated with the activation of intratumoral androgen biosynthesis and an increase in androgen receptor (AR) expression. We recently demonstrated that, similarly to the clinical CRPC, orthotopically grown castration-resistant VCaP (CR-VCaP) xenografts express high levels of AR and retain intratumoral androgen concentrations similar to tumors grown in intact mice. Herein, we show that antiandrogen treatment (enzalutamide or ARN-509) significantly reduced (10-fold, P < 0.01) intratumoral testosterone and dihydrotestosterone concentrations in the CR-VCaP tumors, indicating that the reduction in intratumoral androgens is a novel mechanism by which antiandrogens mediate their effects in CRPC. Antiandrogen treatment also altered the expression of multiple enzymes potentially involved in steroid metabolism. Identical to clinical CRPC, the expression levels of the full-length AR (twofold, P < 0.05) and the AR splice variants 1 (threefold, P < 0.05) and 7 (threefold, P < 0.01) were further increased in the antiandrogen-treated tumors. Nonsignificant effects were observed in the expression of certain classic androgen-regulated genes, such as TMPRSS2 and KLK3, despite the low levels of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. However, other genes recently identified to be highly sensitive to androgen-regulated AR action, such as NOV and ST6GalNAc1, were markedly altered, which indicated reduced androgen action. Taken together, the data indicate that, besides blocking AR, antiandrogens modify androgen signaling in CR-VCaP xenografts at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Knuuttila
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Arfa Mehmood
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Riikka Huhtaniemi
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; R&D Oncology Research, Orion Pharma, Turku, Finland
| | - Emrah Yatkin
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Merja R Häkkinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Teemu D Laajala
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Ryberg
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Asta Laiho
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura L Elo
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Petra Sipilä
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sari I Mäkelä
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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52
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Combination treatment with docetaxel and histone deacetylase inhibitors downregulates androgen receptor signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Invest New Drugs 2017; 36:195-205. [PMID: 29110173 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Backgrounds Since most patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) develop resistance to its standard therapy docetaxel, many studies have attempted to identify novel combination treatment to meet the large clinical unmet need. In this study, we examined whether histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) enhanced the effect of docetaxel on AR signaling in CRPC cells harboring AR and its splice variants. Methods HDACIs (vorinostat and CG200745) were tested for their ability to enhance the effects of docetaxel on cell viability and inhibition of AR signaling in CRPC 22Rv1 and VCaP cells by using CellTiter-Glo™ Luminescent cell viability assay, synergy index analysis and Western blotting. The nuclear localization of AR was examined via immunocytochemical staining in 22Rv1 cells and primary tumor cells from a patient with CRPC. Results Combination treatment with HDACIs (vorinostat or CG200745) and docetaxel synergistically inhibited the growth of 22Rv1 and VCaP cells. Consistently, the combination treatment decreased the levels of full-length AR (AR-FL), AR splice variants (AR-Vs), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins more efficiently compared with docetaxel or vorinostat alone. Moreover, the combination treatment accelerated the acetylation and bundling of tubulin, which significantly inhibited the nuclear accumulation of AR in 22Rv1 cells. The cytoplasmic colocalization of AR-FL and AR-V7 with microtubule bundles increased after combination treatment in primary tumor cells from a patient with CRPC. Conclusions The results suggested that docetaxel, in combination with HDACIs, suppressed the expression and nuclear translocation of AR-FL and AR-Vs and showed synergistic anti-proliferative effect in CRPC cells. This combination therapy may be useful for the treatment of patients with CRPC.
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53
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Ponnusamy S, Coss CC, Thiyagarajan T, Watts K, Hwang DJ, He Y, Selth LA, McEwan IJ, Duke CB, Pagadala J, Singh G, Wake RW, Ledbetter C, Tilley WD, Moldoveanu T, Dalton JT, Miller DD, Narayanan R. Novel Selective Agents for the Degradation of Androgen Receptor Variants to Treat Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6282-6298. [PMID: 28978635 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) mediates the growth of prostate cancer throughout its course of development, including in abnormal splice variants (AR-SV)-driven advanced stage castration-resistant disease. AR stabilization by androgens makes it distinct from other steroid receptors, which are typically ubiquitinated and degraded by proteasomes after ligand binding. Thus, targeting AR in advanced prostate cancer requires the development of agents that can sustainably degrade variant isoforms for effective therapy. Here we report the discovery and characterization of potent selective AR degraders (SARD) that markedly reduce the activity of wild-type and splice variant isoforms of AR at submicromolar doses. Three SARDs (UT-69, UT-155, and (R)-UT-155) bind the amino-terminal transcriptional activation domain AF-1, which has not been targeted for degradation previously, with two of these SARD (UT-69 and UT-155) also binding the carboxy-terminal ligand binding domain. Despite different mechanisms of action, all three SARDs degraded wild-type AR and inhibited AR function, exhibiting greater inhibitory potency than the approved AR antagonists. Collectively, our results introduce a new candidate class of next-generation therapeutics to manage advanced prostate cancer. Cancer Res; 77(22); 6282-98. ©2017 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Androgen Receptor Antagonists/chemistry
- Androgen Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Anilides/chemistry
- Anilides/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Indoles/chemistry
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Structure
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Suriyan Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Thirumagal Thiyagarajan
- Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Kate Watts
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Dong-Jin Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yali He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Luke A Selth
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Iain J McEwan
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Charles B Duke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jayaprakash Pagadala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Geetika Singh
- St. Jude Children's Hospital and Research Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Robert W Wake
- Department of Urology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Christopher Ledbetter
- Department of Urology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Tudor Moldoveanu
- St. Jude Children's Hospital and Research Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ramesh Narayanan
- Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
- West Cancer Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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54
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Dysregulation of spliceosome gene expression in advanced prostate cancer by RNA-binding protein PSF. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:10461-10466. [PMID: 28893982 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706076114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing therapeutic approaches are necessary for treating hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Activation of androgen receptor (AR) and its variants' expression along with the downstream signals are mostly important for disease progression. However, the mechanism for marked increases of AR signals and its expression is still unclear. Here, we revealed that various spliceosome genes are aberrantly induced by RNA-binding protein PSF, leading to enhancement of the splicing activities for AR expression. Our high-speed sequence analyses identified global PSF-binding transcripts. PSF was shown to stabilize and activate key long noncoding RNAs and AR-regulated gene expressions in prostate cancer cells. Interestingly, mRNAs of spliceosome-related genes are putative primary targets of PSF. Their gene expressions are up-regulated by PSF in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Moreover, PSF coordinated these spliceosome proteins to form a complex to promote AR splicing and expression. Thus, targeting PSF and its related pathways implicates the therapeutic possibility for hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
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55
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Munkley J, Livermore K, Rajan P, Elliott DJ. RNA splicing and splicing regulator changes in prostate cancer pathology. Hum Genet 2017; 136:1143-1154. [PMID: 28382513 PMCID: PMC5602090 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes in mRNA splice patterns have been associated with key pathological mechanisms in prostate cancer progression. The androgen receptor (abbreviated AR) transcription factor is a major driver of prostate cancer pathology and activated by androgen steroid hormones. Selection of alternative promoters by the activated AR can critically alter gene function by switching mRNA isoform production, including creating a pro-oncogenic isoform of the normally tumour suppressor gene TSC2. A number of androgen-regulated genes generate alternatively spliced mRNA isoforms, including a prostate-specific splice isoform of ST6GALNAC1 mRNA. ST6GALNAC1 encodes a sialyltransferase that catalyses the synthesis of the cancer-associated sTn antigen important for cell mobility. Genetic rearrangements occurring early in prostate cancer development place ERG oncogene expression under the control of the androgen-regulated TMPRSS2 promoter to hijack cell behaviour. This TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene shows different patterns of alternative splicing in invasive versus localised prostate cancer. Alternative AR mRNA isoforms play a key role in the generation of prostate cancer drug resistance, by providing a mechanism through which prostate cancer cells can grow in limited serum androgen concentrations. A number of splicing regulator proteins change expression patterns in prostate cancer and may help drive key stages of disease progression. Up-regulation of SRRM4 establishes neuronal splicing patterns in neuroendocrine prostate cancer. The splicing regulators Sam68 and Tra2β increase expression in prostate cancer. The SR protein kinase SRPK1 that modulates the activity of SR proteins is up-regulated in prostate cancer and has already given encouraging results as a potential therapeutic target in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Munkley
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, England, UK
| | - Karen Livermore
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, England, UK
| | - Prabhakar Rajan
- Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - David J Elliott
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, England, UK.
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56
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Abstract
The androgen-signaling axis plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Since the landmark discovery by Huggins and Hodges, gonadal depletion of androgens has remained a mainstay of therapy for advanced disease. However, progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) typically follows and is largely the result of restored androgen signaling. Efforts to understand the mechanisms behind CRPC have revealed new insights into dysregulated androgen signaling and intratumoral androgen synthesis, which has ultimately led to the development of several novel androgen receptor (AR)-directed therapies for CRPC. However, emergence of resistance to these newer agents has also galvanized new directions in investigations of prereceptor and postreceptor AR regulation. Here, we review our current understanding of AR signaling as it pertains to the biology and natural history of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Dai
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Hannelore Heemers
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Hematology & Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Hematology & Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
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57
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Chen WY, Tsai YC, Yeh HL, Suau F, Jiang KC, Shao AN, Huang J, Liu YN. Loss of SPDEF and gain of TGFBI activity after androgen deprivation therapy promote EMT and bone metastasis of prostate cancer. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/492/eaam6826. [PMID: 28811384 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aam6826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) targeting the androgen receptor (AR) is a standard therapeutic regimen for treating prostate cancer. However, most tumors progress to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer after ADT. We identified the type 1, 2, and 4 collagen-binding protein transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)-induced protein (TGFBI) as an important factor in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and malignant progression of prostate cancer. In prostate cancer cell lines, AR signaling stimulated the activity of the transcription factor SPDEF, which repressed the expression of TGFBI ADT, AR antagonism, or overexpression of TGFBI inhibited the activity of SPDEF and enhanced the proliferation rates of prostate cancer cells. Knockdown of TGFBI suppressed migration and proliferation in cultured cells and reduced prostate tumor growth and brain and bone metastasis in xenograft models, extending the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Analysis of prostate tissue samples collected before and after ADT from the same patients showed that ADT reduced the nuclear abundance of SPDEF and increased the production of TGFBI. Our findings suggest that induction of TGFBI promotes prostate cancer growth and metastasis and can be caused by dysregulation or therapeutic inhibition of AR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chin Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Lien Yeh
- Institute of Information System and Applications, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Florent Suau
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, Diyarbakir 21280, Turkey
| | - Kuo-Ching Jiang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Ning Shao
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yen-Nien Liu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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58
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Kumari S, Senapati D, Heemers HV. Rationale for the development of alternative forms of androgen deprivation therapy. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:R275-R295. [PMID: 28566530 PMCID: PMC5886376 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
With few exceptions, the almost 30,000 prostate cancer deaths annually in the United States are due to failure of androgen deprivation therapy. Androgen deprivation therapy prevents ligand-activation of the androgen receptor. Despite initial remission after androgen deprivation therapy, prostate cancer almost invariably progresses while continuing to rely on androgen receptor action. Androgen receptor's transcriptional output, which ultimately controls prostate cancer behavior, is an alternative therapeutic target, but its molecular regulation is poorly understood. Recent insights in the molecular mechanisms by which the androgen receptor controls transcription of its target genes are uncovering gene specificity as well as context-dependency. Heterogeneity in the androgen receptor's transcriptional output is reflected both in its recruitment to diverse cognate DNA binding motifs and in its preferential interaction with associated pioneering factors, other secondary transcription factors and coregulators at those sites. This variability suggests that multiple, distinct modes of androgen receptor action that regulate diverse aspects of prostate cancer biology and contribute differentially to prostate cancer's clinical progression are active simultaneously in prostate cancer cells. Recent progress in the development of peptidomimetics and small molecules, and application of Chem-Seq approaches indicate the feasibility for selective disruption of critical protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions in transcriptional complexes. Here, we review the recent literature on the different molecular mechanisms by which the androgen receptor transcriptionally controls prostate cancer progression, and we explore the potential to translate these insights into novel, more selective forms of therapies that may bypass prostate cancer's resistance to conventional androgen deprivation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Kumari
- Department of Cancer BiologyCleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Hannelore V Heemers
- Department of Cancer BiologyCleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of UrologyCleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Hematology/Medical OncologyCleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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59
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Yin Y, Li R, Xu K, Ding S, Li J, Baek G, Ramanand SG, Ding S, Liu Z, Gao Y, Kanchwala MS, Li X, Hutchinson R, Liu X, Woldu SL, Xing C, Desai NB, Feng FY, Burma S, de Bono JS, Dehm SM, Mani RS, Chen BPC, Raj GV. Androgen Receptor Variants Mediate DNA Repair after Prostate Cancer Irradiation. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4745-4754. [PMID: 28754673 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In prostate cancer, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) enhances the cytotoxic effects of radiotherapy. This effect is associated with weakening of the DNA damage response (DDR) normally supported by the androgen receptor. As a significant number of patients will fail combined ADT and radiotherapy, we hypothesized that DDR may be driven by androgen receptor splice variants (ARV) induced by ADT. Investigating this hypothesis, we found that ARVs increase the clonogenic survival of prostate cancer cells after irradiation in an ADT-independent manner. Notably, prostate cancer cell irradiation triggers binding of ARV to the catalytic subunit of the critical DNA repair kinase DNA-PK. Pharmacologic inhibition of DNA-PKc blocked this interaction, increased DNA damage, and elevated prostate cancer cell death after irradiation. Our findings provide a mechanistic rationale for therapeutic targeting of DNA-PK in the context of combined ADT and radiotherapy as a strategy to radiosensitize clinically localized prostate cancer. Cancer Res; 77(18); 4745-54. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yin
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kangling Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sentai Ding
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jeffrey Li
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - GuemHee Baek
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Susmita G Ramanand
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sam Ding
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yunpeng Gao
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mohammed S Kanchwala
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xiangyi Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ryan Hutchinson
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xihui Liu
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Solomon L Woldu
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Chao Xing
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Neil B Desai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Felix Y Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Urology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sandeep Burma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Johann S de Bono
- Drug Development Unit and Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ram S Mani
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Benjamin P C Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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60
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Mahajan K, Malla P, Lawrence HR, Chen Z, Kumar-Sinha C, Malik R, Shukla S, Kim J, Coppola D, Lawrence NJ, Mahajan NP. ACK1/TNK2 Regulates Histone H4 Tyr88-phosphorylation and AR Gene Expression in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:790-803.e8. [PMID: 28609657 PMCID: PMC5512571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is critical for the progression of prostate cancer to a castration-resistant (CRPC) state. AR antagonists are ineffective due to their inability to repress the expression of AR or its splice variant, AR-V7. Here, we report that the tyrosine kinase ACK1 (TNK2) phosphorylates histone H4 at tyrosine 88 upstream of the AR transcription start site. The WDR5/MLL2 complex reads the H4-Y88-phosphorylation marks and deposits the transcriptionally activating H3K4-trimethyl marks promoting AR transcription. Reversal of the pY88-H4 epigenetic marks by the ACK1 inhibitor (R)-9bMS-sensitized naive and enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cells and reduced AR and AR-V7 levels to mitigate CRPC tumor growth. Thus, a feedforward ACK1/pY88-H4/WDR5/MLL2/AR epigenetic circuit drives CRPC and is necessary for maintenance of the malignant state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Mahajan
- Tumor Biology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Pavani Malla
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Harshani R Lawrence
- Chemical Biology Core, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Chandan Kumar-Sinha
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rohit Malik
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sudhanshu Shukla
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jongphil Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Nicholas J Lawrence
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Nupam P Mahajan
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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61
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Li Y, Zhang DJ, Qiu Y, Kido T, Lau YFC. The Y-located proto-oncogene TSPY exacerbates and its X-homologue TSPX inhibits transactivation functions of androgen receptor and its constitutively active variants. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:901-912. [PMID: 28169398 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gonadoblastoma gene, testis-specific protein Y-encoded (TSPY), on the Y chromosome and its X-homologue, TSPX, are cell cycle regulators and function as a proto-oncogene and a tumor suppressor respectively in human oncogenesis. TSPY and TSPX competitively bind to the androgen receptor (AR) and AR variants, such as AR-V7, at their conserved SET/NAP domain, and exacerbate and repress the transactivation of the AR/AR-V7 target genes in ligand dependent and independent manners respectively. The inhibitory domain has been mapped to the carboxyl acidic domain of TSPX, truncation of which renders TSPX to be stimulatory while its transposition to the C-terminus of TSPY results in an inhibitory hybrid protein. TSPY and TSPX co-localize with the endogenous AR, in the presence of ligand, on the promoters and differentially regulate the expression of the endogenous AR target genes in the androgen-responsive LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Transcriptome analysis shows that TSPY and TSPX expressions differentially affect significant numbers of canonical pathways, upstream regulators and cellular functions. Significantly, among the common ones, TSPY activates and TSPX inhibits numerous growth-related and oncogenic canonical pathways and cellular functions in the respective cell populations. Hence, TSPY and TSPX exert opposing effects on the transactivation functions of AR and AR-Vs important for various physiological and disease processes sensitive to male sex hormone actions, thereby not only affecting the pathogenesis of male-specific prostate cancer but also likely contributing to sex differences in the health and diseases of man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmin Li
- Division of Cell and Developmental Genetics, Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Dong Ji Zhang
- Division of Cell and Developmental Genetics, Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Yun Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tatsuo Kido
- Division of Cell and Developmental Genetics, Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Yun-Fai Chris Lau
- Division of Cell and Developmental Genetics, Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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62
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Thomas JD, Longen CG, Oyer HM, Chen N, Maher CM, Salvino JM, Kania B, Anderson KN, Ostrander WF, Knudsen KE, Kim FJ. Sigma1 Targeting to Suppress Aberrant Androgen Receptor Signaling in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77:2439-2452. [PMID: 28235766 PMCID: PMC5462524 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of androgen receptor (AR) activity in prostate cancer by androgen depletion or direct AR antagonist treatment, although initially effective, leads to incurable castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) via compensatory mechanisms including resurgence of AR and AR splice variant (ARV) signaling. Emerging evidence suggests that Sigma1 (also known as sigma-1 receptor) is a unique chaperone or scaffolding protein that contributes to cellular protein homeostasis. We reported previously that some Sigma1-selective small molecules can be used to pharmacologically modulate protein homeostasis pathways. We hypothesized that these Sigma1-mediated responses could be exploited to suppress AR protein levels and activity. Here we demonstrate that treatment with a small-molecule Sigma1 inhibitor prevented 5α- dihydrotestosterone-mediated nuclear translocation of AR and induced proteasomal degradation of AR and ARV, suppressing the transcriptional activity and protein levels of both full-length and splice-variant AR. Consistent with these data, RNAi knockdown of Sigma1 resulted in decreased AR levels and transcriptional activity. Furthermore, Sigma1 physically associated with ARV7 and ARv567es as well as full-length AR. Treatment of mice xenografted with ARV-driven CRPC tumors with a drug-like small-molecule Sigma1 inhibitor significantly inhibited tumor growth associated with elimination of AR and ARV7 in responsive tumors. Together, our data show that Sigma1 modulators can be used to suppress AR/ARV-driven prostate cancer cells via regulation of pharmacologically responsive Sigma1-AR/ARV interactions, both in vitro and in vivoCancer Res; 77(9); 2439-52. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles G Longen
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Halley M Oyer
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christina M Maher
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph M Salvino
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Blase Kania
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelsey N Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William F Ostrander
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Karen E Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Felix J Kim
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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63
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Marcoccia D, Pellegrini M, Fiocchetti M, Lorenzetti S, Marino M. Food components and contaminants as (anti)androgenic molecules. GENES AND NUTRITION 2017; 12:6. [PMID: 28239427 PMCID: PMC5312591 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0555-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Androgens, the main male sex steroids, are the critical factors responsible for the development of the male phenotype during embryogenesis and for the achievement of sexual maturation and puberty. In adulthood, androgens remain essential for the maintenance of male reproductive function and behavior. Androgens, acting through the androgen receptor (AR), regulate male sexual differentiation during development, sperm production beginning from puberty, and maintenance of prostate homeostasis. Several substances present in the environment, now classified as endocrine disruptors (EDCs), strongly interfere with androgen actions in reproductive and non-reproductive tissues. EDCs are a heterogeneous group of xenobiotics which include synthetic chemicals used as industrial solvents/lubricants, plasticizers, additives, agrochemicals, pharmaceutical agents, and polyphenols of plant origin. These compounds are even present in the food as components (polyphenols) or food/water contaminants (pesticides, plasticizers used as food packaging) rendering the diet as the main route of exposure to EDCs for humans. Although huge amount of literature reports the (anti)estrogenic effects of different EDCs, relatively scarce information is available on the (anti)androgenic effects of EDCs. Here, the effects and mechanism of action of phytochemicals and pesticides and plasticizers as possible modulators of AR activities will be reviewed taking into account that insight derived from principles of endocrinology are required to estimate EDC consequences on endocrine deregulation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Marcoccia
- Dpt. of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Food and Veterinary Toxicology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - ISS, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy.,Present address: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Pellegrini
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy.,Present address: Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Fiocchetti
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Lorenzetti
- Dpt. of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Food and Veterinary Toxicology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - ISS, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Marino
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy
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64
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Azoitei A, Merseburger AS, Godau B, Hoda MR, Schmid E, Cronauer MV. C-terminally truncated constitutively active androgen receptor variants and their biologic and clinical significance in castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 166:38-44. [PMID: 27345700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A mechanism allowing castration resistant prostate cancer cells to escape the effects of conventional anti-hormonal treatments is the synthesis of constitutively active, C-terminally truncated androgen receptor (AR)-variants. Lacking the entire or vast parts of the ligand binding domain, the intended target of traditional endocrine therapies, these AR-variants (termed ARΔLBD) are insensitive to all traditional treatments including second generation compounds like abiraterone, enzalutamide or ARN-509. Although ARΔLBD are predominantly products of alternative splicing, they can also be products of nonsense mutations or proteolytic cleavage. In this review, we will discuss the etiology and function of c-terminally truncated AR-variants and their clinical significance as markers/targets for the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Azoitei
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical School, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel S Merseburger
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Beate Godau
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - M Raschid Hoda
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Evi Schmid
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus V Cronauer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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65
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Zhang X, Castanotto D, Nam S, Horne D, Stein C. 6BIO Enhances Oligonucleotide Activity in Cells: A Potential Combinatorial Anti-androgen Receptor Therapy in Prostate Cancer Cells. Mol Ther 2017; 25:79-91. [PMID: 28129131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 15%-25% of men diagnosed with prostate cancer do not survive their disease. The American Cancer Society estimated that for the year 2016 the number of prostate cancer deaths will be 26,120. Thus, there is a critical need for novel approaches to treat this deadly disease. Using high-throughput small-molecule screening, we found that the small molecule 6-bromo-indirubin-3'-oxime (6BIO) significantly improves the targeting of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) delivered by gymnosis (i.e., in the absence of any transfection reagents) in both the cell cytoplasm and the nucleus. Furthermore, as a single agent, 6BIO had the unexpected ability to simultaneously downregulate androgen receptor (AR) expression and AR signaling in prostate cancer cells. This includes downregulating levels of the AR-V7, a drug-resistance-related AR splice variant that is important in the progression of prostate cancer. Combining 6BIO and an anti-AR oligonucleotide (AR-ASO) can augment the downregulation of AR expression. We also demonstrated that 6BIO enhances ASO function and represses AR expression through the inhibition of the two main glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) isoforms: GSK-3α and GSK-3β activity. Our findings provide a rationale for the use of 6BIO as a single agent or as part of a combinatorial ASO-based therapy in the treatment of human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Daniela Castanotto
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Sangkil Nam
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - David Horne
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Cy Stein
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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66
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Lee CH, Ku JY, Ha JM, Bae SS, Lee JZ, Kim CS, Ha HK. Transcript Levels of Androgen Receptor Variant 7 and Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme 2C in Hormone Sensitive Prostate Cancer and Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Prostate 2017; 77:60-71. [PMID: 27550197 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study is designed to identify the androgen receptor variant 7 (AR-V7) status, clinical significance of AR-V7 in hormone sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC). Then, we evaluated AR-V7 and changes of its target gene, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C (UBE2C) which is an anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)-specific ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in serial tumor biopsies from patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy. METHODS We used RT-PCR and Q-PCR assay to evaluate AR-V7, androgen receptor full length (AR-FL), and UBE2C in tumor biopsies from patients with HSPC and CRPC. We examined associations between mRNA expression of AR-V7 and clinicopathologic factors. Furthermore, to identify other potential genes involved in the development of CRPC, RNA sequencing was conducted, using paired prostate cancer (PCa) tissues obtained immediately prior to treatment and at the time of therapeutic resistance. RESULTS A total of 13 HSPC patients and three CRPC patients were enrolled. Neither a high Gleason score (score of 8 and 9) nor a high risk of PCa (a high risk of locally advanced PCa according to NCCN guidelines) was correlated with mRNA expression of AR-V7 in HSPC (P = 0.153 and P = 0.215). The mRNA expression of AR-FL, but not AR-V7, was significantly associated with the mRNA expression of UBE2C level in HSPC (P = 0.007). However, increased expression of AR-V7, not AR-FL, paralleled increased expression of UBE2C in the CRPC specimens (P = 0.03). AR-V7 expression status before ADT was likely related to shorter CRPC development in patients treating ADT. The result of the RNA-sequencing analysis using serial samples from the same patient before and after castration demonstrated an increased level of the PI3K regulatory subunit 1 (P = 0.018). CONCLUSION Our study revealed the role of UBE2C as a marker of the androgen signaling pathway in PCa. Differential gene expression analysis using serial samples from the same patient before and after castration revealed potential genes and pathways involved in development of CRPC. Further studies are needed to determine whether these genes and pathways are potential therapeutic target for CRPC. Prostate 77:60-71, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Ho Lee
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Yoon Ku
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Ha
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Sik Bae
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Zoo Lee
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Choung-Soo Kim
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Koo Ha
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
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67
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Novel Nine-Exon AR Transcripts (Exon 1/Exon 1b/Exons 2-8) in Normal and Cancerous Breast and Prostate Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010040. [PMID: 28035996 PMCID: PMC5297675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 20 different transcripts of the human androgen receptor (AR) are reported with two currently listed as Refseq isoforms in the NCBI database. Isoform 1 encodes wild-type AR (type 1 AR) and isoform 2 encodes the variant AR45 (type 2 AR). Both variants contain eight exons: they share common exons 2-8 but differ in exon 1 with the canonical exon 1 in isoform 1 and the variant exon 1b in isoform 2. Splicing of exon 1 or exon 1b is reported to be mutually exclusive. In this study, we identified a novel exon 1b (1b/TAG) that contains an additional TAG trinucleotide upstream of exon 1b. Moreover, we identified AR transcripts in both normal and cancerous breast and prostate cells that contained either exon 1b or 1b/TAG spliced between the canonical exon 1 and exon 2, generating nine-exon AR transcripts that we have named isoforms 3a and 3b. The proteins encoded by these new AR variants could regulate androgen-responsive reporters in breast and prostate cancer cells under androgen-depleted conditions. Analysis of type 3 AR-GFP fusion proteins showed partial nuclear localization in PC3 cells under androgen-depleted conditions, supporting androgen-independent activation of the AR. Type 3 AR proteins inhibited androgen-induced growth of LNCaP cells. Microarray analysis identified a small set of type 3a AR target genes in LNCaP cells, including genes known to modulate growth and proliferation of prostate cancer (PCGEM1, PEG3, EPHA3, and EFNB2) or other types of human cancers (TOX3, ST8SIA4, and SLITRK3), and genes that are diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers of prostate cancer (GRINA3, and BCHE).
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68
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Cao S, Zhan Y, Dong Y. Emerging data on androgen receptor splice variants in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:T199-T210. [PMID: 27702752 PMCID: PMC5107136 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor splice variants are alternatively spliced variants of androgen receptor, which are C-terminally truncated and lack the canonical ligand-binding domain. Accumulating evidence has indicated a significant role of androgen receptor splice variants in mediating resistance of castration-resistant prostate cancer to current therapies and in predicting therapeutic responses. As such, there is an urgent need to target androgen receptor splicing variants for more effective treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Identification of precise and critical targeting points to deactivate androgen receptor splicing variants relies on a deep understanding of how they are generated and the mechanisms of their action. In this review, we will focus on the emerging data on their generation, clinical significance and mechanisms of action as well as the therapeutic influence of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subing Cao
- College of Life SciencesJilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Structural and Cellular BiologyTulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yang Zhan
- College of Life SciencesJilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Structural and Cellular BiologyTulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yan Dong
- College of Life SciencesJilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Structural and Cellular BiologyTulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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69
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Kumar B, Khaleghzadegan S, Mears B, Hatano K, Kudrolli TA, Chowdhury WH, Yeater DB, Ewing CM, Luo J, Isaacs WB, Marchionni L, Lupold SE. Identification of miR-30b-3p and miR-30d-5p as direct regulators of androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer by complementary functional microRNA library screening. Oncotarget 2016; 7:72593-72607. [PMID: 27683042 PMCID: PMC5341930 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Androgen Receptor (AR) plays a key role in prostate biology and in the progression of prostate cancer (PCa) to castration resistance. The role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in aberrant AR signaling have not been fully characterized. Here we screened a library of 810 miRNA mimics to identify miRNAs that alter AR activity in complementary functional assays including protein lysate microarray (LMA) quantification of AR and PSA protein levels, AR transcriptional reporter activity, and AR-positive PCa cell viability. Candidate AR-regulating miRNAs were verified through AR transcriptional reporter and cell viability assays. MiRNA binding sites were found within the AR 3'-untranslated region (UTR) and within the AR and AR-V7 coding regions. MiRNA activity was characterized by western blotting, 3'-UTR reporter assay, and AR-GFP and AR-V7-GFP reporter assays. Results uncovered miR-30 family members as direct AR inhibitors. Inhibition of endogenous miR-30b-3p and miR-30d-5p enhanced AR expression and androgen-independent cell growth. Droplet digital RT-PCR quantification of miR-30c-5p and miR-30d-5p revealed significantly reduced levels in metastatic castration resistant PCa (CRPC), when compared to healthy prostate tissues. MiR-30d-5p levels were inversely correlated with AR activity, as measured by PSA mRNA, in metastatic CRPC. Collectively, these studies provide a comprehensive evaluation of AR-regulating miRNAs in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Kumar
- The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Salar Khaleghzadegan
- The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian Mears
- The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Koji Hatano
- The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tarana A. Kudrolli
- The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wasim H. Chowdhury
- The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Current Address: University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - David B. Yeater
- The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles M. Ewing
- The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jun Luo
- The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William B. Isaacs
- The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Marchionni
- The department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shawn E. Lupold
- The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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70
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Di Zazzo E, Galasso G, Giovannelli P, Di Donato M, Di Santi A, Cernera G, Rossi V, Abbondanza C, Moncharmont B, Sinisi AA, Castoria G, Migliaccio A. Prostate cancer stem cells: the role of androgen and estrogen receptors. Oncotarget 2016; 7:193-208. [PMID: 26506594 PMCID: PMC4807992 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in men, and androgen deprivation therapy still represents the primary treatment for prostate cancer patients. This approach, however, frequently fails and patients develop castration-resistant prostate cancer, which is almost untreatable. Cancer cells are characterized by a hierarchical organization, and stem/progenitor cells are endowed with tumor-initiating activity. Accumulating evidence indicates that prostate cancer stem cells lack the androgen receptor and are, indeed, resistant to androgen deprivation therapy. In contrast, these cells express classical (α and/or β) and novel (GPR30) estrogen receptors, which may represent new putative targets in prostate cancer treatment. In the present review, we discuss the still-debated mechanisms, both genomic and non-genomic, by which androgen and estradiol receptors (classical and novel) mediate the hormonal control of prostate cell stemness, transformation, and the continued growth of prostate cancer. Recent preclinical and clinical findings obtained using new androgen receptor antagonists, anti-estrogens, or compounds such as enhancers of androgen receptor degradation and peptides inhibiting non-genomic androgen functions are also presented. These new drugs will likely lead to significant advances in prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Di Zazzo
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galasso
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Pia Giovannelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Marzia Di Donato
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Di Santi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gustavo Cernera
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Abbondanza
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Agostino Sinisi
- Endocrinology Section, Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Diseases, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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71
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Sarwar M, Semenas J, Miftakhova R, Simoulis A, Robinson B, Wingren AG, Mongan NP, Heery DM, Johnsson H, Abrahamsson PA, Dizeyi N, Luo J, Persson JL. Targeted suppression of AR-V7 using PIP5K1α inhibitor overcomes enzalutamide resistance in prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:63065-63081. [PMID: 27588408 PMCID: PMC5325347 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
One mechanism of resistance of prostate cancer (PCa) to enzalutamide (MDV3100) treatment is the increased expression of AR variants lacking the ligand binding-domain, the best characterized of which is AR-V7. We have previously reported that Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase alpha (PIP5Kα), is a lipid kinase that links to CDK1 and AR pathways. The discovery of PIP5Kα inhibitor highlight the potential of PIP5K1α as a drug target in PCa. In this study, we show that AR-V7 expression positively correlates with PIP5K1α in tumor specimens from PCa patients. Overexpression of AR-V7 increases PIP5K1α, promotes rapid growth of PCa in xenograft mice, whereas inhibition of PIP5K1α by its inhibitor ISA-2011B suppresses the growth and invasiveness of xenograft tumors overexpressing AR-V7. PIP5K1α is a key co-factor for both AR-V7 and AR, which are present as protein-protein complexes predominantly in the nucleus of PCa cells. In addition, PIP5K1α and CDK1 influence AR-V7 expression also through AKT-associated mechanism dependent on PTEN-status. ISA-2011B disrupts protein stabilization of AR-V7 which is dependent on PIP5K1α, leading to suppression of invasive growth of AR-V7-high tumors in xenograft mice. Our study suggests that combination of enzalutamide and PIP5K1α may have a significant impact on refining therapeutic strategies to circumvent resistance to antiandrogen therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martuza Sarwar
- Division of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Julius Semenas
- Division of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Regina Miftakhova
- Division of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Genetics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Athanasios Simoulis
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Brian Robinson
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anette Gjörloff Wingren
- Faculty of Health and Society, Department of Biomedical Science, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nigel P. Mongan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Heery
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Johnsson
- Department of Bio-Diagnosis, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Per-Anders Abrahamsson
- Division of Clinical Urology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nishtman Dizeyi
- Division of Clinical Urology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jenny L. Persson
- Division of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Sweden
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72
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Mou L, Gui Y. A novel variant of androgen receptor is associated with idiopathic azoospermia. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2915-20. [PMID: 27498682 PMCID: PMC5042743 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of genetic variants can lead to abnormal human spermatogenesis. The androgen receptor (AR) is an important steroid hormone receptor that is critical for male sexual differentiation and the maintenance of normal spermatogenesis. In the present study, each exon of AR in 776 patients diagnosed with idiopathic azoospermia (IA) and 709 proven fertile men were sequenced using use panel re‑sequencing methods to examine whether AR is involved in the pathogenesis of IA. Two synonymous variants and seven missense variants were detected. Of the missense variants, a luciferase assay demonstrated that the R630W variant reduced the transcriptional regulatory function of AR. This novel variant (p. R630W) of AR is the first to be identified in association with IA, thereby highlighting the importance of AR during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Mou
- Shenzhen Domesticated Organ Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Yaoting Gui
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen PKU‑HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
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73
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Qu F, Xie W, Nakabayashi M, Zhang H, Jeong SH, Wang X, Komura K, Sweeney CJ, Sartor O, Lee GSM, Kantoff PW. Association of AR-V7 and Prostate-Specific Antigen RNA Levels in Blood with Efficacy of Abiraterone Acetate and Enzalutamide Treatment in Men with Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:726-734. [PMID: 27489290 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the association of PSA and androgen receptor splice variant-7 (AR-V7) transcript levels in patients' blood with time to treatment failure (TTF) and overall survival (OS) with abiraterone acetate and/or enzalutamide treatment in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN RNA levels of AR-V7 and PSA in peripheral blood collected before treatment were quantified using droplet digital-PCR in retrospective cohorts treated with abiraterone acetate (N = 81) or enzalutamide (N = 51) for CRPC. Multivariable Cox regression adjusted for known prognostic factors was used for analyses. RESULTS PSA transcripts were detected in 57% of abiraterone acetate-treated patients and in 63% of enzalutamide-treated patients. PSA-positive patients had a shorter TTF than PSA-negative patients [adjusted HR = 2.27 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-4.10) and 2.60 (95% CI, 1.19-5.69); P = 0.006 and 0.017 in abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide cohorts, respectively]. Patients with a higher-AR-V7 transcript level had a shorter TTF with abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide in univariate analysis (median 8.0 months vs. 15.6 months, P = 0.046 in abiraterone acetate-cohort and 3.6 months vs. 5.6 months; P = 0.050 in enzalutamide cohort). In multivariable models, the association with TTF remained significant in the enzalutamide cohort (adjusted HR = 2.02; 95% CI, 1.01-4.05; P = 0.048), but statistically insignificant in the abiraterone acetate cohort. In both cohorts, we observed potential prognostic value of both PSA and AR-V7 RNA expression on OS; patients with detectable PSA transcripts and high AR-V7 predicted the poorest OS. CONCLUSIONS PSA and AR-V7 transcripts in blood potentially serve as biomarkers predicting TTF and OS with abiraterone acetate or enzalutamide treatment. If validated prospectively, their detection could be facilitated without isolation of circulating tumor cells. Clin Cancer Res; 23(3); 726-34. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wanling Xie
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mari Nakabayashi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Department of Urology and Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Los Angeles
| | - Seong Ho Jeong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kazumasa Komura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher J Sweeney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Oliver Sartor
- Department of Urology and Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Los Angeles
| | - Gwo-Shu Mary Lee
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Philip W Kantoff
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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74
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Anantharaman A, Friedlander TW. Targeting the androgen receptor in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer: A review. Urol Oncol 2016; 34:356-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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75
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Thamilselvan V, Menon M, Thamilselvan S. Combination of carmustine and selenite effectively inhibits tumor growth by targeting androgen receptor, androgen receptor-variants, and Akt in preclinical models: New hope for patients with castration resistant prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:1632-47. [PMID: 27198552 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite established androgen receptor (AR) antagonists, AR/AR-variants signaling remain a major obstacle for the successful treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In addition, CRPC cells adapt to survive via AR-independent pathways to escape next generation therapies. Therefore, there is an urgent need for drugs that can target these signaling pathways in CRPC. In this study, we sought to determine whether carmustine and selenite in combination could induce apoptosis and inhibit growth of CRPC in-vitro and in-vivo. CRPC (22Rv1, VCaP, and PC-3) cell lines in culture and xenograft mouse were used. Combination of carmustine and selenite treatment significantly increased reactive oxygen species, apoptosis and growth inhibition in CRPC cells with down regulation of anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2 and Mcl-1) and proliferative proteins (c-Myc and cyclin-D1). This effect was associated with complete reduction of AR/AR-variants, AR-V7, PSA and significant induction of p27Kip1. Combination treatment substantially abolished phospho-Akt, phospho-GSK-3β, and anchorage-independent growth in AR-positive and AR-negative cells. Consistent with in-vitro results, combination treatment effectively induced apoptosis and completely inhibited xenograft tumor growth and markedly reduced AR/AR-variants, AR-V7, PSA, and Bcl-2 in xenograft tumors without causing genotoxicity in host mice. Individual agent treatment showed only partial effect. The combination treatment showed a significant synergistic effect. The present study is the first to demonstrate that the combination of carmustine and selenite treatment completely suppressed CRPC tumor growth by reducing AR/AR-variants and Akt signaling. Our findings suggest that the combination of carmustine and selenite could constitute a promising next-generation therapy for successful treatment of patients with CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mani Menon
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI
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76
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PROTAC-induced BET protein degradation as a therapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7124-9. [PMID: 27274052 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521738113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 574] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer has the second highest incidence among cancers in men worldwide and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths of men in the United States. Although androgen deprivation can initially lead to remission, the disease often progresses to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is still reliant on androgen receptor (AR) signaling and is associated with a poor prognosis. Some success against CRPC has been achieved by drugs that target AR signaling, but secondary resistance invariably emerges, and new therapies are urgently needed. Recently, inhibitors of bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family proteins have shown growth-inhibitory activity in preclinical models of CRPC. Here, we demonstrate that ARV-771, a small-molecule pan-BET degrader based on proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology, demonstrates dramatically improved efficacy in cellular models of CRPC as compared with BET inhibition. Unlike BET inhibitors, ARV-771 results in suppression of both AR signaling and AR levels and leads to tumor regression in a CRPC mouse xenograft model. This study is, to our knowledge, the first to demonstrate efficacy with a small-molecule BET degrader in a solid-tumor malignancy and potentially represents an important therapeutic advance in the treatment of CRPC.
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77
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Sun S, Zhong X, Wang C, Sun H, Wang S, Zhou T, Zou R, Lin L, Sun N, Sun G, Wu Y, Wang B, Song X, Cao L, Zhao Y. BAP18 coactivates androgen receptor action and promotes prostate cancer progression. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:8112-28. [PMID: 27226492 PMCID: PMC5041452 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BPTF associated protein of 18 kDa (BAP18) has been reported as a component of MLL1-WDR5 complex. However, BAP18 is an uncharacterized protein. The detailed biological functions of BAP18 and underlying mechanisms have not been defined. Androgen receptor (AR), a member of transcription factor, plays an essential role in prostate cancer (PCa) and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) progression. Here, we demonstrate that BAP18 is identified as a coactivator of AR in Drosophilar experimental system and mammalian cells. BAP18 facilitates the recruitment of MLL1 subcomplex and AR to androgen-response element (ARE) of AR target genes, subsequently increasing histone H3K4 trimethylation and H4K16 acetylation. Knockdown of BAP18 attenuates cell growth and proliferation of PCa cells. Moreover, BAP18 depletion results in inhibition of xenograft tumor growth in mice even under androgen-depletion conditions. In addition, our data show that BAP18 expression in clinical PCa samples is higher than that in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Our data suggest that BAP18 as an epigenetic modifier regulates AR-induced transactivation and the function of BAP18 might be targeted in human PCa to promote tumor growth and progression to castration-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Xinping Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Hongmiao Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Shengli Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Renlong Zou
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Ge Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Botao Wang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Liu Cao
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Key laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
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78
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Restoration of the cellular secretory milieu overrides androgen dependence of in vivo generated castration resistant prostate cancer cells overexpressing the androgen receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 476:69-74. [PMID: 27179779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is believed that growth of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells is enabled by sensitization to minimal residual post-castrate androgen due to overexpression of the androgen receptor (AR). Evidence is derived from androgen-induced colony formation in the absence of cell-secreted factors or from studies involving forced AR overexpression in hormone-dependent cells. On the other hand, standard cell line models established from CRPC patient tumors (e.g., LNCaP and VCaP) are hormone-dependent and require selection pressure in castrated mice to re-emerge as CRPC cells and the resulting tumors then tend to be insensitive to the androgen antagonist enzalutamide. Therefore, we examined established CRPC model cells produced by castration of mice bearing hormone-dependent cell line xenografts including CRPC cells overexpressing full-length AR (C4-2) or co-expressing wtAR and splice-variant AR-V7 that is incapable of ligand binding (22Rv1). In standard colony formation assays, C4-2 cells were shown to be androgen-dependent and sensitive to enzalutamide whereas 22Rv1 cells were incapable of colony formation under identical conditions. However, both C4-2 and 22Rv1 cells formed colonies in conditioned media derived from the same cells or from HEK293 fibroblasts that were proven to lack androgenic activity. This effect was (i) not enhanced by androgen, (ii) insensitive to enzalutamide, (iii) dependent on AR (in C4-2) and on AR-V7 and wtAR (in 22Rv1) and (iv) sensitive to inhibitors of several signaling pathways, similar to androgen-stimulation. Therefore, during progression to CRPC in vivo, coordinate cellular changes accompanying overexpression of AR may enable cooperation between hormone-independent activity of AR and actions of cellular secretory factors to completely override androgen-dependence and sensitivity to drugs targeting hormonal factors.
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79
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Shukla GC, Plaga AR, Shankar E, Gupta S. Androgen receptor-related diseases: what do we know? Andrology 2016; 4:366-81. [PMID: 26991422 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) and the androgen-AR signaling pathway play a significant role in male sexual differentiation and the development and function of male reproductive and non-reproductive organs. Because of AR's widely varied and important roles, its abnormalities have been identified in various diseases such as androgen insensitivity syndrome, spinal bulbar muscular atrophy, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and prostate cancer. This review provides an overview of the function of androgens and androgen-AR mediated diseases. In addition, the diseases delineated above are discussed with respect to their association with mutations and other post-transcriptional modifications in the AR. Finally, we present an introduction to the potential therapeutic application of most recent pharmaceuticals including miRNAs in prostate cancer that specifically target the transactivation function of the AR at post-transcriptional stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Shukla
- Center of Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A R Plaga
- Center of Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - E Shankar
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University & University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University & University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Division of General Medical Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Urology, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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80
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Fernandez-Salas E, Wang S, Chinnaiyan AM. Role of BET proteins in castration-resistant prostate cancer. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2016; 19:29-38. [PMID: 27769354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a deadly disease with few therapeutic options once patients become resistant to second generation drugs targeting the AR-transcriptional program. The BET-BRD readers of chromatin are key regulators of AR-, ERG-, and c-Myc-mediated transcription in CRPC. BET-BRD inhibitors have demonstrated pre-clinical efficacy in models of CRPC and are currently being evaluated in several clinical trials. These novel drugs have the potential to transform the way we treat CRPC in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Fernandez-Salas
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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81
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Sugawara T, Lejeune P, Köhr S, Neuhaus R, Faus H, Gelato KA, Busemann M, Cleve A, Lücking U, von Nussbaum F, Brands M, Mumberg D, Jung K, Stephan C, Haendler B. BAY 1024767 blocks androgen receptor mutants found in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. Oncotarget 2016; 7:6015-28. [PMID: 26760770 PMCID: PMC4868737 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) mutations arise in patients developing resistance to hormone deprivation therapies. Here we describe BAY 1024767, a thiohydantoin derivative with strong antagonistic activity against nine AR variants with mutations located in the AR ligand-binding domain (LBD), and against wild-type AR. Antagonism was maintained, though reduced, at increased androgen levels. Anti-tumor efficacy was evidenced in vivo in the KuCaP-1 prostate cancer model which bears the W741C bicalutamide resistance mutation and in the syngeneic prostate cancer rat model Dunning R3327-G. The prevalence of six selected AR mutations was determined in plasma DNA originating from 100 resistant patients and found to be at least 12%. Altogether the results show BAY 1024767 to be a strong antagonist for several AR mutants linked to therapy resistance, which opens the door for next-generation compounds that can benefit patients based on their mutation profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silke Köhr
- Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Arwed Cleve
- Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Klaus Jung
- Berlin Institute of Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Urology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Stephan
- Berlin Institute of Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Urology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
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82
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Prostate Cancer Stem Cells: Research Advances. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:27433-49. [PMID: 26593898 PMCID: PMC4661894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells have been defined as cells within a tumor that possesses the capacity to self-renew and to cause the heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells that comprise the tumor. Experimental evidence showed that these highly tumorigenic cells might be responsible for initiation and progression of cancer into invasive and metastatic disease. Eradicating prostate cancer stem cells, the root of the problem, has been considered as a promising target in prostate cancer treatment to improve the prognosis for patients with advanced stages of the disease.
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83
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Shan X, Danet-Desnoyers G, Fung JJ, Kosaka AH, Tan F, Perfito N, Lomax J, Iorns E. Registered report: androgen receptor splice variants determine taxane sensitivity in prostate cancer. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1232. [PMID: 26401448 PMCID: PMC4579034 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Prostate Cancer Foundation-Movember Foundation Reproducibility Initiative seeks to address growing concerns about reproducibility in scientific research by conducting replications of recent papers in the field of prostate cancer. This Registered Report describes the proposed replication plan of key experiments from “Androgen Receptor Splice Variants Determine Taxane Sensitivity in Prostate Cancer” by Thadani-Mulero and colleagues (2014) published in Cancer Research in 2014. The experiment that will be replicated is reported in Fig. 6A. Thadani-Mulero and colleagues generated xenografts from two prostate cancer cell lines; LuCaP 86.2, which expresses predominantly the ARv567 splice variant of the androgen receptor (AR), and LuCaP 23.1, which expresses the full length AR as well as the ARv7 variant. Treatment of the tumors with the taxane docetaxel showed that the drug inhibited tumor growth of the LuCaP 86.2 cells but not of the LuCaP 23.1 cells, indicating that expression of splice variants of the AR can affect sensitivity to docetaxel. The Prostate Cancer Foundation-Movember Foundation Reproducibility Initiative is a collaboration between the Prostate Cancer Foundation, the Movember Foundation and Science Exchange, and the results of the replications will be published by PeerJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Shan
- Stem Cell and Xenograft Core, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , Unites States
| | - Gwenn Danet-Desnoyers
- Stem Cell and Xenograft Core, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , Unites States
| | - Juan José Fung
- ProNovus Bioscience LLC , Mountain View, CA , United States
| | - Alan H Kosaka
- ProNovus Bioscience LLC , Mountain View, CA , United States
| | - Fraser Tan
- Science Exchange and The Prostate Cancer Foundation-Movember Foundation Reproducibility Initiative , Palo Alto, CA , United States
| | - Nicole Perfito
- Science Exchange and The Prostate Cancer Foundation-Movember Foundation Reproducibility Initiative , Palo Alto, CA , United States
| | - Joelle Lomax
- Science Exchange and The Prostate Cancer Foundation-Movember Foundation Reproducibility Initiative , Palo Alto, CA , United States
| | - Elizabeth Iorns
- Science Exchange and The Prostate Cancer Foundation-Movember Foundation Reproducibility Initiative , Palo Alto, CA , United States
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84
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Sveen A, Kilpinen S, Ruusulehto A, Lothe RA, Skotheim RI. Aberrant RNA splicing in cancer; expression changes and driver mutations of splicing factor genes. Oncogene 2015; 35:2413-27. [PMID: 26300000 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a widespread process contributing to structural transcript variation and proteome diversity. In cancer, the splicing process is commonly disrupted, resulting in both functional and non-functional end-products. Cancer-specific splicing events are known to contribute to disease progression; however, the dysregulated splicing patterns found on a genome-wide scale have until recently been less well-studied. In this review, we provide an overview of aberrant RNA splicing and its regulation in cancer. We then focus on the executors of the splicing process. Based on a comprehensive catalog of splicing factor encoding genes and analyses of available gene expression and somatic mutation data, we identify cancer-associated patterns of dysregulation. Splicing factor genes are shown to be significantly differentially expressed between cancer and corresponding normal samples, and to have reduced inter-individual expression variation in cancer. Furthermore, we identify enrichment of predicted cancer-critical genes among the splicing factors. In addition to previously described oncogenic splicing factor genes, we propose 24 novel cancer-critical splicing factors predicted from somatic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sveen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - R A Lothe
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - R I Skotheim
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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85
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Therapy escape mechanisms in the malignant prostate. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35:133-44. [PMID: 26299608 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is the main target for prostate cancer therapy. Clinical approaches for AR inactivation include chemical castration, inhibition of androgen synthesis and AR antagonists (anti-androgens). However, treatment resistance occurs for which an important number of therapy escape mechanisms have been identified. Herein, we summarise the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying therapy resistance in prostate cancer. Moreover, the tumour escape mechanisms are arranged into the concepts of target modification, bypass signalling, histologic transformation, cancer stem cells and miscellaneous mechanisms. This may help researchers to compare and understand same or similar concepts of therapy resistance in prostate cancer and other cancer types.
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86
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Pihlajamaa P, Sahu B, Jänne OA. Determinants of Receptor- and Tissue-Specific Actions in Androgen Signaling. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:357-84. [PMID: 26052734 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The physiological androgens testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone regulate the development and maintenance of primary and secondary male sexual characteristics through binding to the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor. In addition, a number of nonreproductive tissues of both genders are subject to androgen regulation. AR is also a central target in the treatment of prostate cancer. A large number of studies over the last decade have characterized many regulatory aspects of the AR pathway, such as androgen-dependent transcription programs, AR cistromes, and coregulatory proteins, mostly in cultured cells of prostate cancer origin. Moreover, recent work has revealed the presence of pioneer/licensing factors and chromatin modifications that are important to guide receptor recruitment onto appropriate chromatin loci in cell lines and in tissues under physiological conditions. Despite these advances, current knowledge related to the mechanisms responsible for receptor- and tissue-specific actions of androgens is still relatively limited. Here, we review topics that pertain to these specificity issues at different levels, both in cultured cells and tissues in vivo, with a particular emphasis on the nature of the steroid, the response element sequence, the AR cistromes, pioneer/licensing factors, and coregulatory proteins. We conclude that liganded AR and its DNA-response elements are required but are not sufficient for establishment of tissue-specific transcription programs in vivo, and that AR-selective actions over other steroid receptors rely on relaxed rather than increased stringency of cis-elements on chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Pihlajamaa
- Department of Physiology (P.P., B.S., O.A.J.), and Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology (P.P., B.S.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Biswajyoti Sahu
- Department of Physiology (P.P., B.S., O.A.J.), and Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology (P.P., B.S.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli A Jänne
- Department of Physiology (P.P., B.S., O.A.J.), and Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology (P.P., B.S.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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