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Pandya M, Liu H, Dangaria SJ, Zhu W, Li LL, Pan S, Abufarwa M, Davis RG, Guggenheim S, Keiderling T, Luan X, Diekwisch TGH. Integrative Temporo-Spatial, Mineralogic, Spectroscopic, and Proteomic Analysis of Postnatal Enamel Development in Teeth with Limited Growth. Front Physiol 2017; 8:793. [PMID: 29114228 PMCID: PMC5660681 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth amelogenesis is a complex process beginning with enamel organ cell differentiation and enamel matrix secretion, transitioning through changes in ameloblast polarity, cytoskeletal, and matrix organization, that affects crucial biomineralization events such as mineral nucleation, enamel crystal growth, and enamel prism organization. Here we have harvested the enamel organ including the pliable enamel matrix of postnatal first mandibular mouse molars during the first 8 days of tooth enamel development to conduct a step-wise cross-sectional analysis of the changes in the mineral and protein phase. Mineral phase diffraction pattern analysis using single-crystal, powder sample X-ray diffraction analysis indicated conversion of calcium phosphate precursors to partially fluoride substituted hydroxyapatite from postnatal day 4 (4 dpn) onwards. Attenuated total reflectance spectra (ATR) revealed a substantial elevation in phosphate and carbonate incorporation as well as structural reconfiguration between postnatal days 6 and 8. Nanoscale liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS) demonstrated highest protein counts for ECM/cell surface proteins, stress/heat shock proteins, and alkaline phosphatase on postnatal day 2, high counts for ameloblast cytoskeletal proteins such as tubulin β5, tropomyosin, β-actin, and vimentin on postnatal day 4, and elevated levels of cofilin-1, calmodulin, and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase on day 6. Western blot analysis of hydrophobic enamel proteins illustrated continuously increasing amelogenin levels from 1 dpn until 8 dpn, while enamelin peaked on days 1 and 2 dpn, and ameloblastin on days 1-5 dpn. In summary, these data document the substantial changes in the enamel matrix protein and mineral phase that take place during postnatal mouse molar amelogenesis from a systems biological perspective, including (i) relatively high levels of matrix protein expression during the early secretory stage on postnatal day 2, (ii) conversion of calcium phosphates to apatite, peak protein folding and stress protein counts, and increased cytoskeletal protein levels such as actin and tubulin on day 4, as well as (iii) secondary structure changes, isomerase activity, highest amelogenin levels, and peak phosphate/carbonate incorporation between postnatal days 6 and 8. Together, this study provides a baseline for a comprehensive understanding of the mineralogic and proteomic events that contribute to the complexity of mammalian tooth enamel development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirali Pandya
- Texas A&M Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Hui Liu
- Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Smit J Dangaria
- Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Weiying Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Leo L Li
- Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Shuang Pan
- Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Moufida Abufarwa
- Texas A&M Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Roderick G Davis
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Stephen Guggenheim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Xianghong Luan
- Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Thomas G H Diekwisch
- Texas A&M Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Dallas, TX, United States
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52
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Wood MN, Ishiyama N, Singaram I, Chung CM, Flozak AS, Yemelyanov A, Ikura M, Cho W, Gottardi CJ. α-Catenin homodimers are recruited to phosphoinositide-activated membranes to promote adhesion. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3767-3783. [PMID: 28874417 PMCID: PMC5674881 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique feature of α-catenin localized outside the cadherin-catenin complex is its capacity to form homodimers, but the subcellular localization and functions of this form of α-catenin remain incompletely understood. We identified a cadherin-free form of α-catenin that is recruited to the leading edge of migrating cells in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent manner. Surface plasmon resonance analysis shows that α-catenin homodimers, but not monomers, selectively bind phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate-containing lipid vesicles with high affinity, where three basic residues, K488, K493, and R496, contribute to binding. Chemical-induced dimerization of α-catenin containing a synthetic dimerization domain promotes its accumulation within lamellipodia and elaboration of protrusions with extended filopodia, which are attenuated in the α-cateninKKR<3A mutant. Cells restored with a full-length, natively homodimerizing form of α-cateninKKR<3A display reduced membrane recruitment, altered epithelial sheet migrations, and weaker cell-cell adhesion compared with WT α-catenin. These findings show that α-catenin homodimers are recruited to phosphoinositide-activated membranes to promote adhesion and migration, suggesting that phosphoinositide binding may be a defining feature of α-catenin function outside the cadherin-catenin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N Wood
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.,The Driskill Graduate Training Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Noboru Ishiyama
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Indira Singaram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Connie M Chung
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Annette S Flozak
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Alex Yemelyanov
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.,Department of Chemistry of Life Processes, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Mitsu Ikura
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Signaling Biology, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wonhwa Cho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL.,Department of Genetic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Cara J Gottardi
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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53
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Sustained α-catenin Activation at E-cadherin Junctions in the Absence of Mechanical Force. Biophys J 2017; 111:1044-52. [PMID: 27602732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction at E-cadherin junctions has been postulated to be mediated in part by a force-dependent conformational activation of α-catenin. Activation of α-catenin allows it to interact with vinculin in addition to F-actin, resulting in a strengthening of junctions. Here, using E-cadherin adhesions reconstituted on synthetic, nanopatterned membranes, we show that activation of α-catenin is dependent on E-cadherin clustering, and is sustained in the absence of mechanical force or association with F-actin or vinculin. Adhesions were formed by filopodia-mediated nucleation and micron-scale assembly of E-cadherin clusters, which could be distinguished as either peripheral or central assemblies depending on their relative location at the cell-bilayer adhesion. Whereas F-actin, vinculin, and phosphorylated myosin light chain associated only with the peripheral assemblies, activated α-catenin was present in both peripheral and central assemblies, and persisted in the central assemblies in the absence of actomyosin tension. Impeding filopodia-mediated nucleation and micron-scale assembly of E-cadherin adhesion complexes by confining the movement of bilayer-bound E-cadherin on nanopatterned substrates reduced the levels of activated α-catenin. Taken together, these results indicate that although the initial activation of α-catenin requires micron-scale clustering that may allow the development of mechanical forces, sustained force is not required for maintaining α-catenin in the active state.
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54
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Mège RM, Ishiyama N. Integration of Cadherin Adhesion and Cytoskeleton at Adherens Junctions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028738. [PMID: 28096263 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cadherin-catenin adhesion complex is the key component of the intercellular adherens junction (AJ) that contributes both to tissue stability and dynamic cell movements in epithelial and nonepithelial tissues. The cadherin adhesion complex bridges neighboring cells and the actin-myosin cytoskeleton, and thereby contributes to mechanical coupling between cells which drives many morphogenetic events and tissue repair. Mechanotransduction at cadherin adhesions enables cells to sense, signal, and respond to physical changes in their environment. Central to this process is the dynamic link of the complex to actin filaments (F-actin), themselves structurally dynamic and subject to tension generated by myosin II motors. We discuss in this review recent breakthroughs in understanding molecular and cellular aspects of the organization of the core cadherin-catenin complex in adherens junctions, its association to F-actin, its mechanosensitive regulation, and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Marc Mège
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Noboru Ishiyama
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, TMDT 4-902, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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55
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Kang H, Bang I, Jin KS, Lee B, Lee J, Shao X, Heier JA, Kwiatkowski AV, Nelson WJ, Hardin J, Weis WI, Choi HJ. Structural and functional characterization of Caenorhabditis elegans α-catenin reveals constitutive binding to β-catenin and F-actin. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7077-7086. [PMID: 28298447 PMCID: PMC5409474 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.769778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular epithelial junctions formed by classical cadherins, β-catenin, and the actin-binding protein α-catenin link the actin cytoskeletons of adjacent cells into a structural continuum. These assemblies transmit forces through the tissue and respond to intracellular and extracellular signals. However, the mechanisms of junctional assembly and regulation are poorly understood. Studies of cadherin-catenin assembly in a number of metazoans have revealed both similarities and unexpected differences in the biochemical properties of the cadherin·catenin complex that likely reflect the developmental and environmental requirements of different tissues and organisms. Here, we report the structural and biochemical characterization of HMP-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans α-catenin homolog, and compare it with mammalian α-catenin. HMP-1 shares overall similarity in structure and actin-binding properties, but displayed differences in conformational flexibility and allosteric regulation from mammalian α-catenin. HMP-1 bound filamentous actin with an affinity in the single micromolar range, even when complexed with the β-catenin homolog HMP-2 or when present in a complex of HMP-2 and the cadherin homolog HMR-1, indicating that HMP-1 binding to F-actin is not allosterically regulated by the HMP-2·HMR-1 complex. The middle (i.e. M) domain of HMP-1 appeared to be less conformationally flexible than mammalian α-catenin, which may underlie the dampened effect of HMP-2 binding on HMP-1 actin-binding activity compared with that of the mammalian homolog. In conclusion, our data indicate that HMP-1 constitutively binds β-catenin and F-actin, and although the overall structure and function of HMP-1 and related α-catenins are similar, the vertebrate proteins appear to be under more complex conformational regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunook Kang
- From the School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Injin Bang
- From the School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyeong Sik Jin
- the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Boyun Lee
- the Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology and
| | - Junho Lee
- From the School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- the Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology and
- the Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Xiangqiang Shao
- the Department of Zoology and Program in Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jonathon A Heier
- the Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, and
| | - Adam V Kwiatkowski
- the Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, and
| | - W James Nelson
- the Departments of Biology
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and
| | - Jeff Hardin
- the Department of Zoology and Program in Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - William I Weis
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and
- Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Hee-Jung Choi
- From the School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea,
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56
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Nishikawa T, Ishiyama N, Wang F, Ikura M. Backbone resonance assignments of the F-actin binding domain of mouse αN-catenin. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2017; 11:21-24. [PMID: 27804064 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-016-9713-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
α-Catenin is a filamentous actin (F-actin) binding protein that links the classical cadherin-catenin complex to the actin cytoskeleton at adherens junctions (AJs). Its C-terminal F-actin binding domain is required for regulating the dynamic interaction between AJs and the actin cytoskeleton during tissue development. Thus, obtaining the molecular details of this interaction is a crucial step towards understanding how α-catenin plays critical roles in biological processes, such as morphogenesis, cell polarity, wound healing and tissue maintenance. Here we report the backbone atom (1HN, 15N, 13Cα, 13Cβ and 13C') resonance assignments of the C-terminal F-actin binding domain of αN-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadateru Nishikawa
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Noboru Ishiyama
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Feng Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Ave., 607 Light Hall, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Mitsuhiko Ikura
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
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57
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Huse JT, Snuderl M, Jones DTW, Brathwaite CD, Altman N, Lavi E, Saffery R, Sexton-Oates A, Blumcke I, Capper D, Karajannis MA, Benayed R, Chavez L, Thomas C, Serrano J, Borsu L, Ladanyi M, Rosenblum MK. Polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young (PLNTY): an epileptogenic neoplasm with oligodendroglioma-like components, aberrant CD34 expression, and genetic alterations involving the MAP kinase pathway. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 133:417-429. [PMID: 27812792 PMCID: PMC5325850 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1639-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epileptogenic tumors affecting children and young adults are a morphologically diverse collection of neuroepithelial neoplasms that, as a group, exhibit varying levels of glial and/or neuronal differentiation. Recent advances in molecular profiling technology, including comprehensive DNA sequencing and methylation analysis, have enabled the application of more precise and biologically relevant classification schemes to these tumors. In this report, we describe a morphologically and molecularly distinct epileptogenic neoplasm, the polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young (PLNTY), which likely accounts for a sizable portion of oligodendroglioma-like tumors affecting the pediatric population. Characteristic microscopic findings most notably include infiltrative growth, the invariable presence of oligodendroglioma-like cellular components, and intense immunolabeling for cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34). Moreover, integrative molecular profiling reveals a distinct DNA methylation signature for PLNTYs, along with frequent genetic abnormalities involving either B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF) or fibroblast growth factor receptors 2 and 3 (FGFR2, FGFR3). These findings suggest that PLNTY represents a distinct biological entity within the larger spectrum of pediatric, low-grade neuroepithelial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Huse
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2130 W Holcombe Blvd, LSP9.4009, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Matija Snuderl
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - David T W Jones
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carole D Brathwaite
- Department of Pathology, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, FL, 33155, USA
| | - Nolan Altman
- Department of Radiology, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, FL, 33155, USA
| | - Ehud Lavi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Richard Saffery
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Alexandra Sexton-Oates
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Ingmar Blumcke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Erlangen, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Capper
- Department of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias A Karajannis
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Ototlaryngology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ryma Benayed
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 408 E 69th St. (Z564), New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Lukas Chavez
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cheddhi Thomas
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jonathan Serrano
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Laetitia Borsu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 408 E 69th St. (Z564), New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 408 E 69th St. (Z564), New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Marc K Rosenblum
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 408 E 69th St. (Z564), New York, NY, 10065, USA
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58
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Biswas KH, Zaidel-Bar R. Early events in the assembly of E-cadherin adhesions. Exp Cell Res 2017; 358:14-19. [PMID: 28237244 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
E-cadherin is a calcium dependent cell adhesion molecule that is key to the organization of cells in the epithelial tissue. It is a multidomain, trans-membrane protein in which the extracellular domain forms the homotypic, adhesive interaction while the intracellular domain interacts with the actin cytoskeleton through the catenin family of adaptor proteins. A number of recent studies have provided novel insights into the mechanism of adhesion formation by this class of adhesion proteins. Here, we describe an updated view of the process of E-cadherin adhesion formation with an emphasis on the role of molecular mobility, clustering, and active cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir H Biswas
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Ronen Zaidel-Bar
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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59
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Muhamed I, Chowdhury F, Maruthamuthu V. Biophysical Tools to Study Cellular Mechanotransduction. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:E12. [PMID: 28952491 PMCID: PMC5590431 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane is the interface that volumetrically isolates cellular components from the cell's environment. Proteins embedded within and on the membrane have varied biological functions: reception of external biochemical signals, as membrane channels, amplification and regulation of chemical signals through secondary messenger molecules, controlled exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, organized recruitment and sequestration of cytosolic complex proteins, cell division processes, organization of the cytoskeleton and more. The membrane's bioelectrical role is enabled by the physiologically controlled release and accumulation of electrochemical potential modulating molecules across the membrane through specialized ion channels (e.g., Na⁺, Ca2+, K⁺ channels). The membrane's biomechanical functions include sensing external forces and/or the rigidity of the external environment through force transmission, specific conformational changes and/or signaling through mechanoreceptors (e.g., platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, epithelial (E)-cadherin, integrin) embedded in the membrane. Certain mechanical stimulations through specific receptor complexes induce electrical and/or chemical impulses in cells and propagate across cells and tissues. These biomechanical sensory and biochemical responses have profound implications in normal physiology and disease. Here, we discuss the tools that facilitate the understanding of mechanosensitive adhesion receptors. This article is structured to provide a broad biochemical and mechanobiology background to introduce a freshman mechano-biologist to the field of mechanotransduction, with deeper study enabled by many of the references cited herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaeel Muhamed
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Farhan Chowdhury
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Energy Processes, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Venkat Maruthamuthu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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60
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Cell-cell junctional mechanotransduction in endothelial remodeling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:279-292. [PMID: 27506620 PMCID: PMC5219012 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vasculature is one of the most dynamic tissues that encounter numerous mechanical cues derived from pulsatile blood flow, blood pressure, activity of smooth muscle cells in the vessel wall, and transmigration of immune cells. The inner layer of blood and lymphatic vessels is covered by the endothelium, a monolayer of cells which separates blood from tissue, an important function that it fulfills even under the dynamic circumstances of the vascular microenvironment. In addition, remodeling of the endothelial barrier during angiogenesis and trafficking of immune cells is achieved by specific modulation of cell-cell adhesion structures between the endothelial cells. In recent years, there have been many new discoveries in the field of cellular mechanotransduction which controls the formation and destabilization of the vascular barrier. Force-induced adaptation at endothelial cell-cell adhesion structures is a crucial node in these processes that challenge the vascular barrier. One of the key examples of a force-induced molecular event is the recruitment of vinculin to the VE-cadherin complex upon pulling forces at cell-cell junctions. Here, we highlight recent advances in the current understanding of mechanotransduction responses at, and derived from, endothelial cell-cell junctions. We further discuss their importance for vascular barrier function and remodeling in development, inflammation, and vascular disease.
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61
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Clarke DN, Miller PW, Lowe CJ, Weis WI, Nelson WJ. Characterization of the Cadherin-Catenin Complex of the Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis and Implications for the Evolution of Metazoan Cell-Cell Adhesion. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:2016-29. [PMID: 27189570 PMCID: PMC4948710 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cadherin-catenin complex (CCC) mediates cell-cell adhesion in bilaterian animals by linking extracellular cadherin-based adhesions to the actin cytoskeleton. However, it is unknown whether the basic organization of the complex is conserved across all metazoans. We tested whether protein interactions and actin-binding properties of the CCC are conserved in a nonbilaterian animal, the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis We demonstrated that N. vectensis has a complete repertoire of cadherin-catenin proteins, including two classical cadherins, one α-catenin, and one β-catenin. Using size-exclusion chromatography and multi-angle light scattering, we showed that α-catenin and β-catenin formed a heterodimer that bound N. vectensis Cadherin-1 and -2. Nematostella vectensis α-catenin bound F-actin with equivalent affinity as either a monomer or an α/β-catenin heterodimer, and its affinity for F-actin was, in part, regulated by a novel insert between the N- and C-terminal domains. Nematostella vectensis α-catenin inhibited Arp2/3 complex-mediated nucleation of actin filaments, a regulatory property previously thought to be unique to mammalian αE-catenin. Thus, despite significant differences in sequence, the key interactions of the CCC are conserved between bilaterians and cnidarians, indicating that the core function of the CCC as a link between cell adhesions and the actin cytoskeleton is ancestral in the eumetazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phillip W Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | | | - William I Weis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - William James Nelson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine
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62
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Wickline ED, Dale IW, Merkel CD, Heier JA, Stolz DB, Kwiatkowski AV. αT-Catenin Is a Constitutive Actin-binding α-Catenin That Directly Couples the Cadherin·Catenin Complex to Actin Filaments. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15687-99. [PMID: 27231342 PMCID: PMC4957052 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.735423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Catenin is the primary link between the cadherin·catenin complex and the actin cytoskeleton. Mammalian αE-catenin is allosterically regulated: the monomer binds the β-catenin·cadherin complex, whereas the homodimer does not bind β-catenin but interacts with F-actin. As part of the cadherin·catenin complex, αE-catenin requires force to bind F-actin strongly. It is not known whether these properties are conserved across the mammalian α-catenin family. Here we show that αT (testes)-catenin, a protein unique to amniotes that is expressed predominantly in the heart, is a constitutive actin-binding α-catenin. We demonstrate that αT-catenin is primarily a monomer in solution and that αT-catenin monomer binds F-actin in cosedimentation assays as strongly as αE-catenin homodimer. The β-catenin·αT-catenin heterocomplex also binds F-actin with high affinity unlike the β-catenin·αE-catenin complex, indicating that αT-catenin can directly link the cadherin·catenin complex to the actin cytoskeleton. Finally, we show that a mutation in αT-catenin linked to arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, V94D, promotes homodimerization, blocks β-catenin binding, and in cardiomyocytes disrupts localization at cell-cell contacts. Together, our data demonstrate that αT-catenin is a constitutively active actin-binding protein that can physically couple the cadherin·catenin complex to F-actin in the absence of tension. We speculate that these properties are optimized to meet the demands of cardiomyocyte adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Wickline
- From the Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Ian W Dale
- From the Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Chelsea D Merkel
- From the Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Jonathon A Heier
- From the Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Donna B Stolz
- From the Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Adam V Kwiatkowski
- From the Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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63
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Nelson WJ, Weis WI. 25 Years of Tension over Actin Binding to the Cadherin Cell Adhesion Complex: The Devil is in the Details. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:471-473. [PMID: 27166091 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 25 years, there has been a conceptual (re)evolution in understanding how the cadherin cell adhesion complex, which contains F-actin-binding proteins, binds to the actin cytoskeleton. There is now good synergy between structural, biochemical, and cell biological results that the cadherin-catenin complex binds to F-actin under force.
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Affiliation(s)
- W James Nelson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - William I Weis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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64
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Kang H, Bang I, Weis WI, Choi HJ. Purification, crystallization and initial crystallographic analysis of the α-catenin homologue HMP-1 from Caenorhabditis elegans. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2016; 72:234-9. [PMID: 26919528 PMCID: PMC4774883 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x16001862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherens junctions transmit mechanical force between cells. In these junctions, β-catenin binds to cadherins and to the N-terminal domain of α-catenin, which in turn binds to actin filaments via its C-terminal domain. The middle (M) domain of α-catenin plays an important role in responding to mechanical tension. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans contains α- and β-catenin homologues called HMP-1 and HMP-2, respectively, but HMP-1 behaves differently from its mammalian homologue. Thus, structural and biochemical studies of HMP-1 have been initiated to understand the mechanism of HMP-1 and the evolution of α-catenin. The N-terminal domain of HMP-1 in complex with the minimal HMP-1-binding region of HMP-2 was purified and crystallized. These crystals diffracted to 1.6 Å resolution and belonged to space group P3(1)21, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 57.1, c = 155.4 Å. The M domain of HMP-1 was also purified and crystallized. The M-domain crystals diffracted to 2.4 Å resolution and belonged to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 72.8, b = 81.5, c = 151.4 Å. Diffraction data were collected and processed from each crystal, and the structures were solved by molecular replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunook Kang
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Injin Bang
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - William I. Weis
- Departments of Structural Biology and of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hee-Jung Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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65
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Mutations in CTNNA1 cause butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy and perturbed retinal pigment epithelium integrity. Nat Genet 2015; 48:144-51. [PMID: 26691986 PMCID: PMC4787620 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy is an eye disease characterized by lesions in the macula that can resemble the wings of a butterfly. Here, we report the identification of heterozygous missense mutations in the α-catenin 1 (CTNNA1) gene in three families with butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy. In addition, we identified a Ctnna1 missense mutation in a chemically induced mouse mutant, tvrm5. Parallel clinical phenotypes were observed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of individuals with butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy and in tvrm5 mice, including pigmentary abnormalities, focal thickening and elevated lesions, and decreased light-activated responses. Morphological studies in tvrm5 mice revealed increased cell shedding and large multinucleated RPE cells, suggesting defects in intercellular adhesion and cytokinesis. This study identifies CTNNA1 gene variants as a cause of macular dystrophy, suggests that CTNNA1 is involved in maintaining RPE integrity, and suggests that other components that participate in intercellular adhesion may be implicated in macular disease.
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66
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Chen CS, Hong S, Indra I, Sergeeva AP, Troyanovsky RB, Shapiro L, Honig B, Troyanovsky SM. α-Catenin-mediated cadherin clustering couples cadherin and actin dynamics. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:647-61. [PMID: 26261181 PMCID: PMC4539995 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the actin-binding domain of α-catenin, αABD, including its possible role in the direct anchorage of the cadherin-catenin complex to the actin cytoskeleton, has remained uncertain. We identified two point mutations on the αABD surface that interfere with αABD binding to actin and used them to probe the role of α-catenin-actin interactions in adherens junctions. We found that the junctions directly bound to actin via αABD were more dynamic than the junctions bound to actin indirectly through vinculin and that recombinant αABD interacted with cortical actin but not with actin bundles. This interaction resulted in the formation of numerous short-lived cortex-bound αABD clusters. Our data suggest that αABD clustering drives the continuous assembly of transient, actin-associated cadherin-catenin clusters whose disassembly is maintained by actin depolymerization. It appears then that such actin-dependent αABD clustering is a unique molecular mechanism mediating both integrity and reassembly of the cell-cell adhesive interface formed through weak cis- and trans-intercadherin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Shuo Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Soonjin Hong
- Department of Dermatology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Indrajyoti Indra
- Department of Dermatology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Alina P Sergeeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Regina B Troyanovsky
- Department of Dermatology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Barry Honig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Sergey M Troyanovsky
- Department of Dermatology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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67
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Li J, Newhall J, Ishiyama N, Gottardi C, Ikura M, Leckband DE, Tajkhorshid E. Structural Determinants of the Mechanical Stability of α-Catenin. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18890-903. [PMID: 26070562 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.647941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Catenin plays a crucial role in cadherin-mediated adhesion by binding to β-catenin, F-actin, and vinculin, and its dysfunction is linked to a variety of cancers and developmental disorders. As a mechanotransducer in the cadherin complex at intercellular adhesions, mechanical and force-sensing properties of α-catenin are critical to its proper function. Biochemical data suggest that α-catenin adopts an autoinhibitory conformation, in the absence of junctional tension, and biophysical studies have shown that α-catenin is activated in a tension-dependent manner that in turn results in the recruitment of vinculin to strengthen the cadherin complex/F-actin linkage. However, the molecular switch mechanism from autoinhibited to the activated state remains unknown for α-catenin. Here, based on the results of an aggregate of 3 μs of molecular dynamics simulations, we have identified a dynamic salt-bridge network within the core M region of α-catenin that may be the structural determinant of the stability of the autoinhibitory conformation. According to our constant-force steered molecular dynamics simulations, the reorientation of the MII/MIII subdomains under force may constitute an initial step along the transition pathway. The simulations also suggest that the vinculin-binding domain (subdomain MI) is intrinsically much less stable than the other two subdomains in the M region (MII and MIII). Our findings reveal several key insights toward a complete understanding of the multistaged, force-induced conformational transition of α-catenin to the activated conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and
| | - Jillian Newhall
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | | | - Cara Gottardi
- the Department of Acute Pulmonary Care, Feinberg College of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Mitsuhiko Ikura
- the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, and
| | - Deborah E Leckband
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and
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68
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Shibahara T, Hirano Y, Hakoshima T. Structure of the free form of the N-terminal VH1 domain of monomeric α-catenin. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1754-60. [PMID: 26071377 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The N-terminal vinculin-homology 1 (VH1) domain of α-catenin facilitates two exclusive forms, a monomeric form directly bound to β-catenin for linking E-cadherin to F-actin or a homodimer for the inhibition of β-catenin binding. Competition of these two forms is affected by ∼80 N-terminal residues, whose structure is poorly understood. We have determined the structure of the monomeric free form of the αN-catenin VH1 domain and revealed that the N-terminal residues form α1 and α2 helices to complete formation of the N-terminal four-helix bundle. Dynamic conformational changes of these two helices control formation of the β-catenin-bound monomer or unbound homodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenori Shibahara
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hirano
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Toshio Hakoshima
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
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69
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Chinthalapudi K, Patil DN, Rangarajan ES, Rader C, Izard T. Lipid-directed vinculin dimerization. Biochemistry 2015; 54:2758-68. [PMID: 25880222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Vinculin localizes to cellular adhesions where it regulates motility, migration, development, wound healing, and response to force. Importantly, vinculin loss results in cancer phenotypes, cardiovascular disease, and embryonic lethality. At the plasma cell membrane, the most abundant phosphoinositide, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), binds the vinculin tail domain, Vt, and triggers homotypic and heterotypic interactions that amplify binding of vinculin to the actin network. Binding of PIP2 to Vt is necessary for maintaining optimal focal adhesions, for organizing stress fibers, for cell migration and spreading, and for the control of vinculin dynamics and turnover of focal adhesions. While the recently determined Vt/PIP2 crystal structure revealed the conformational changes occurring upon lipid binding and oligomerization, characterization of PIP2-induced vinculin oligomerization has been challenging in the adhesion biology field. Here, via a series of novel biochemical assays not performed in previous studies that relied on chemical cross-linking, we characterize the PIP2-induced vinculin oligomerization. Our results show that Vt/PIP2 forms a tight dimer with Vt or with the muscle-specific vinculin isoform, metavinculin, at sites of adhesion at the cell membrane. Insight into how PIP2 regulates clustering and into mechanisms that regulate cell adhesion allows the development for a more definite sensor for PIP2, and our developed techniques can be applied generally and thus open the door for the characterization of many other protein/PIP2 complexes under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Chinthalapudi
- †Cell Adhesion Laboratory, ‡Department of Cancer Biology, and §Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Dipak N Patil
- †Cell Adhesion Laboratory, ‡Department of Cancer Biology, and §Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Erumbi S Rangarajan
- †Cell Adhesion Laboratory, ‡Department of Cancer Biology, and §Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Christoph Rader
- †Cell Adhesion Laboratory, ‡Department of Cancer Biology, and §Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Tina Izard
- †Cell Adhesion Laboratory, ‡Department of Cancer Biology, and §Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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70
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Gavilan MP, Arjona M, Zurbano A, Formstecher E, Martinez-Morales JR, Bornens M, Rios RM. Alpha-catenin-dependent recruitment of the centrosomal protein CAP350 to adherens junctions allows epithelial cells to acquire a columnar shape. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002087. [PMID: 25764135 PMCID: PMC4357431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial morphogenesis involves a dramatic reorganisation of the microtubule cytoskeleton. How this complex process is controlled at the molecular level is still largely unknown. Here, we report that the centrosomal microtubule (MT)-binding protein CAP350 localises at adherens junctions in epithelial cells. By two-hybrid screening, we identified a direct interaction of CAP350 with the adhesion protein α-catenin that was further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Block of epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin)-mediated cell-cell adhesion or α-catenin depletion prevented CAP350 localisation at cell-cell junctions. Knocking down junction-located CAP350 inhibited the establishment of an apico-basal array of microtubules and impaired the acquisition of columnar shape in Madin-Darby canine kidney II (MDCKII) cells grown as polarised epithelia. Furthermore, MDCKII cystogenesis was also defective in junctional CAP350-depleted cells. CAP350-depleted MDCKII cysts were smaller and contained either multiple lumens or no lumen. Membrane polarity was not affected, but cortical microtubule bundles did not properly form. Our results indicate that CAP350 may act as an adaptor between adherens junctions and microtubules, thus regulating epithelial differentiation and contributing to the definition of cell architecture. We also uncover a central role of α-catenin in global cytoskeleton remodelling, in which it acts not only on actin but also on MT reorganisation during epithelial morphogenesis. In epithelial cells, the normally centrosomal protein CAP350 binds to α-catenin at adherens junctions and helps to establish the cells' parallel apico-basal microtubule array and columnar shape. Epithelia cover all the surfaces of and the cavities throughout the body and serve as barriers between the organism and its external environment. Epithelial differentiation requires the coordination in space and time of several mechanisms that ultimately lead to the acquisition of distinctive epithelial features, including apical-basal polarity, specialised cell-cell junctions, and columnar shape. Epithelial differentiation also induces the reorganisation of three cytoskeletal networks: actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. In simple epithelia, cadherins and their cytoplasmic binding partners catenins play a crucial role in connecting cell-cell junctions to the actin cytoskeleton. The cadherin extracellular domain forms adhesive contacts between adjacent cells, and their cytoplasmic tail indirectly binds the actin-binding protein α-catenin, thus linking cell-cell junctions to the underlying actin cytoskeleton. We report here an additional role of α-catenin in remodelling microtubules during epithelial differentiation. In most epithelial cells, microtubules are organised as parallel bundles aligned along the apico-basal axis and as apical and basal plasma membrane-associated networks. We demonstrate that the microtubule-binding protein CAP350, which is only localised at the centrosome in most cells, is also recruited at cell–cell junctions in epithelial cells through its binding to α-catenin. In the absence of junctional CAP350, microtubules are unable to reorganise in bundles, and cells do not acquire columnar shape. Our results suggest that recruitment of centrosomal proteins to cell-cell junctions could be a general mechanism to control microtubule reorganisation in neighbour cells during epithelial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P. Gavilan
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marina Arjona
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Angel Zurbano
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Rosa M. Rios
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
- * E-mail:
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71
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Chen Y, Radford SE, Brockwell DJ. Force-induced remodelling of proteins and their complexes. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2015; 30:89-99. [PMID: 25710390 PMCID: PMC4499843 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Force can drive conformational changes in proteins, as well as modulate their stability and the affinity of their complexes, allowing a mechanical input to be converted into a biochemical output. These properties have been utilised by nature and force is now recognised to be widely used at the cellular level. The effects of force on the biophysical properties of biological systems can be large and varied. As these effects are only apparent in the presence of force, studies on the same proteins using traditional ensemble biophysical methods can yield apparently conflicting results. Where appropriate, therefore, force measurements should be integrated with other experimental approaches to understand the physiological context of the system under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sheena E Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - David J Brockwell
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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72
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Escobar DJ, Desai R, Ishiyama N, Folmsbee SS, Novak MN, Flozak AS, Daugherty RL, Mo R, Nanavati D, Sarpal R, Leckband D, Ikura M, Tepass U, Gottardi CJ. α-Catenin phosphorylation promotes intercellular adhesion through a dual-kinase mechanism. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1150-65. [PMID: 25653389 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.163824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cadherin-catenin adhesion complex is a key contributor to epithelial tissue stability and dynamic cell movements during development and tissue renewal. How this complex is regulated to accomplish these functions is not fully understood. We identified several phosphorylation sites in mammalian αE-catenin (also known as catenin α-1) and Drosophila α-Catenin within a flexible linker located between the middle (M)-region and the carboxy-terminal actin-binding domain. We show that this phospho-linker (P-linker) is the main phosphorylated region of α-catenin in cells and is sequentially modified at casein kinase 2 and 1 consensus sites. In Drosophila, the P-linker is required for normal α-catenin function during development and collective cell migration, although no obvious defects were found in cadherin-catenin complex assembly or adherens junction formation. In mammalian cells, non-phosphorylatable forms of α-catenin showed defects in intercellular adhesion using a mechanical dispersion assay. Epithelial sheets expressing phosphomimetic forms of α-catenin showed faster and more coordinated migrations after scratch wounding. These findings suggest that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the α-catenin P-linker are required for normal cadherin-catenin complex function in Drosophila and mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Escobar
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA The Driskill Graduate Training Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ridhdhi Desai
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5 Canada
| | - Noboru Ishiyama
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2M9, Canada
| | - Stephen S Folmsbee
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA The Driskill Graduate Training Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Megan N Novak
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA The Driskill Graduate Training Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Annette S Flozak
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rebecca L Daugherty
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA The Driskill Graduate Training Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rigen Mo
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dhaval Nanavati
- Department of Chemistry of Life Processes, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ritu Sarpal
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5 Canada
| | - Deborah Leckband
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mitsu Ikura
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2M9, Canada
| | - Ulrich Tepass
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5 Canada
| | - Cara J Gottardi
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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73
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Kim TJ, Zheng S, Sun J, Muhamed I, Wu J, Lei L, Kong X, Leckband DE, Wang Y. Dynamic visualization of α-catenin reveals rapid, reversible conformation switching between tension states. Curr Biol 2015; 25:218-224. [PMID: 25544608 PMCID: PMC4302114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cytosolic protein α-catenin is a postulated force transducer at cadherin complexes. The demonstration of force activation, identification of consequent downstream events in live cells, and development of tools to study these dynamic processes in living cells are central to elucidating the role of α-catenin in cellular mechanics and tissue function. Here we demonstrate that α-catenin is a force-activatable mechanotransducer at cell-cell junctions by using an engineered α-catenin conformation sensor based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). This sensor reconstitutes α-catenin-dependent functions in α-catenin-depleted cells and recapitulates the behavior of the endogenous protein. Dynamic imaging of cells expressing the sensor demonstrated that α-catenin undergoes immediate, reversible conformation switching in direct response to different mechanical perturbations of cadherin adhesions. Combined magnetic twisting cytometry with dynamic FRET imaging revealed rapid, local conformation switching upon the mechanical stimulation of specific cadherin bonds. At acutely stretched cell-cell junctions, the immediate, reversible conformation change further reveals that α-catenin behaves like an elastic spring in series with cadherin and actin. The force-dependent recruitment of vinculin—a principal α-catenin effector—to junctions requires the vinculin binding site of the α-catenin sensor. In cells, the relative rates of force-dependent α-catenin conformation switching and vinculin recruitment reveal that α-catenin activation and vinculin recruitment occur sequentially, rather than in a concerted process, with vinculin accumulation being significantly slower. This engineered α-catenin sensor revealed that α-catenin is a reversible, stretch-activatable sensor that mechanically links cadherin complexes and actin and is an indispensable player in cadherin-specific mechanotransduction at intercellular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jin Kim
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Shuai Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Integrative and Molecular Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ismaeel Muhamed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Lei Lei
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xinyu Kong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Deborah E Leckband
- Department of Bioengineering and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Integrative and Molecular Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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74
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Coles CH, Jones EY, Aricescu AR. Extracellular regulation of type IIa receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases: mechanistic insights from structural analyses. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 37:98-107. [PMID: 25234613 PMCID: PMC4765084 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) exhibit a wide repertoire of cellular signalling functions. In particular, type IIa RPTP family members have recently been highlighted as hubs for extracellular interactions in neurons, regulating neuronal extension and guidance, as well as synaptic organisation. In this review, we will discuss the recent progress of structural biology investigations into the architecture of type IIa RPTP ectodomains and their interactions with extracellular ligands. Structural insights, in combination with biophysical and cellular studies, allow us to begin to piece together molecular mechanisms for the transduction and integration of type IIa RPTP signals and to propose hypotheses for future experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte H Coles
- Laboratory for Axon Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175 Bonn, Germany.
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - A Radu Aricescu
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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75
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DeMali KA, Sun X, Bui GA. Force transmission at cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions. Biochemistry 2014; 53:7706-17. [PMID: 25474123 DOI: 10.1021/bi501181p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
All cells are subjected to mechanical forces throughout their lifetimes. These forces are sensed by cell surface adhesion receptors and trigger robust actin cytoskeletal rearrangements and growth of the associated adhesion complex to counter the applied force. In this review, we discuss how integrins and cadherins sense force and transmit these forces into the cell interior. We focus on the complement of proteins each adhesion complex recruits to bear the force and the signal transduction pathways activated to allow the cell to tune its contractility. A discussion of the similarities, differences, and crosstalk between cadherin- and integrin-mediated force transmission is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris A DeMali
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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76
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Buckley CD, Tan J, Anderson KL, Hanein D, Volkmann N, Weis WI, Nelson WJ, Dunn AR. Cell adhesion. The minimal cadherin-catenin complex binds to actin filaments under force. Science 2014; 346:1254211. [PMID: 25359979 DOI: 10.1126/science.1254211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Linkage between the adherens junction (AJ) and the actin cytoskeleton is required for tissue development and homeostasis. In vivo findings indicated that the AJ proteins E-cadherin, β-catenin, and the filamentous (F)-actin binding protein αE-catenin form a minimal cadherin-catenin complex that binds directly to F-actin. Biochemical studies challenged this model because the purified cadherin-catenin complex does not bind F-actin in solution. Here, we reconciled this difference. Using an optical trap-based assay, we showed that the minimal cadherin-catenin complex formed stable bonds with an actin filament under force. Bond dissociation kinetics can be explained by a catch-bond model in which force shifts the bond from a weakly to a strongly bound state. These results may explain how the cadherin-catenin complex transduces mechanical forces at cell-cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig D Buckley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jiongyi Tan
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karen L Anderson
- Bioinformatics and Structural Systems Biology Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Dorit Hanein
- Bioinformatics and Structural Systems Biology Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Niels Volkmann
- Bioinformatics and Structural Systems Biology Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - William I Weis
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - W James Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexander R Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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77
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Affiliation(s)
- D.E. Leckband
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801;
| | - J. de Rooij
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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78
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Yao M, Qiu W, Liu R, Efremov AK, Cong P, Seddiki R, Payre M, Lim CT, Ladoux B, Mège RM, Yan J. Force-dependent conformational switch of α-catenin controls vinculin binding. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4525. [PMID: 25077739 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Force sensing at cadherin-mediated adhesions is critical for their proper function. α-Catenin, which links cadherins to actomyosin, has a crucial role in this mechanosensing process. It has been hypothesized that force promotes vinculin binding, although this has never been demonstrated. X-ray structure further suggests that α-catenin adopts a stable auto-inhibitory conformation that makes the vinculin-binding site inaccessible. Here, by stretching single α-catenin molecules using magnetic tweezers, we show that the subdomains MI vinculin-binding domain (VBD) to MIII unfold in three characteristic steps: a reversible step at ~5 pN and two non-equilibrium steps at 10-15 pN. 5 pN unfolding forces trigger vinculin binding to the MI domain in a 1:1 ratio with nanomolar affinity, preventing MI domain refolding after force is released. Our findings demonstrate that physiologically relevant forces reversibly unfurl α-catenin, activating vinculin binding, which then stabilizes α-catenin in its open conformation, transforming force into a sustainable biochemical signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxi Yao
- 1] Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore [2]
| | - Wu Qiu
- 1] Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore [2] College of Physics, Chongqing University, No. 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Chongqing 401331, China [3]
| | - Ruchuan Liu
- 1] Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore [2] College of Physics, Chongqing University, No. 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Artem K Efremov
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Peiwen Cong
- 1] Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore [2] Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Rima Seddiki
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France
| | - Manon Payre
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- 1] Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore [2] Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- 1] Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore [2] Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France
| | - Jie Yan
- 1] Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore [2] College of Physics, Chongqing University, No. 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Chongqing 401331, China [3] Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore [4] Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore
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79
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Takeichi M. Dynamic contacts: rearranging adherens junctions to drive epithelial remodelling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:397-410. [PMID: 24824068 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells display dynamic behaviours, such as rearrangement, movement and shape changes, particularly during embryonic development and in equivalent processes in adults. Accumulating evidence suggests that the remodelling of cell junctions, especially adherens junctions (AJs), has major roles in controlling these behaviours. AJs comprise cadherin adhesion receptors and cytoplasmic proteins that associate with them, including catenins and actin filaments, and exhibit various forms, such as linear or punctate. Remodelling of AJs induces epithelial reshaping in various ways, including by planar-polarized apical constriction that is driven by the contraction of AJ-associated actomyosin and that occurs during neural plate bending and germband extension. RHO GTPases and their effectors regulate actin polymerization and actomyosin contraction at AJs during the epithelial reshaping processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Takeichi
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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80
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Pokutta S, Choi HJ, Ahlsen G, Hansen SD, Weis WI. Structural and thermodynamic characterization of cadherin·β-catenin·α-catenin complex formation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:13589-601. [PMID: 24692547 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.554709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical cadherin·β-catenin·α-catenin complex mediates homophilic cell-cell adhesion and mechanically couples the actin cytoskeletons of adjacent cells. Although α-catenin binds to β-catenin and to F-actin, β-catenin significantly weakens the affinity of α-catenin for F-actin. Moreover, α-catenin self-associates into homodimers that block β-catenin binding. We investigated quantitatively and structurally αE- and αN-catenin dimer formation, their interaction with β-catenin and the cadherin·β-catenin complex, and the effect of the α-catenin actin-binding domain on β-catenin association. The two α-catenin variants differ in their self-association properties: at physiological temperatures, αE-catenin homodimerizes 10× more weakly than does αN-catenin but is kinetically trapped in its oligomeric state. Both αE- and αN-catenin bind to β-catenin with a Kd of 20 nM, and this affinity is increased by an order of magnitude when cadherin is bound to β-catenin. We describe the crystal structure of a complex representing the full β-catenin·αN-catenin interface. A three-dimensional model of the cadherin·β-catenin·α-catenin complex based on these new structural data suggests mechanisms for the enhanced stability of the ternary complex. The C-terminal actin-binding domain of α-catenin has no influence on the interactions with β-catenin, arguing against models in which β-catenin weakens actin binding by stabilizing inhibitory intramolecular interactions between the actin-binding domain and the rest of α-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Pokutta
- From the Departments of Structural Biology and Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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81
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Oldenburg J, de Rooij J. Mechanical control of the endothelial barrier. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 355:545-55. [PMID: 24519624 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1792-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the endothelial barrier is controlled by the combined action of chemical and mechanical signaling systems. Permeability-regulating factors signal through small GTPases to regulate the architecture of the cytoskeleton and this has a strong impact on the morphology and stability of VE-cadherin-based cell-cell junctions. The details of how structural and mechanical properties of the actin cytoskeleton influence cell-cell adhesion and how this impacts the dynamic regulation of the endothelial barrier, are beginning to be elucidated. In this review, we discuss the physical and regulatory interactions between the VE-cadherin complex and the actomysoin cytoskeleton, as they are the main determinants of cell-cell adhesion and the mechanical architecture of the cytoskeleton. We discuss, based on recent in vitro data, how a balance between Linear Adherens Junctions, paralleled by cortical actin bundles and Focal Adherens Junctions, connected to radial action bundles, determines endothelial barrier function. We discuss how small GTPases control this balance by regulating the spatial organization and mechanics of actomyosin. We propose a hypothetical model of how biochemical and mechanical signals cooperate locally, at the actomyosin-adhesion interface to open and re-seal the barrier in a rapid and controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joppe Oldenburg
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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82
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Abstract
Epithelial adhesive cell-to-cell contacts contain large, plasma membrane-spanning multiprotein aggregates that perform vital structural and signaling functions. Three prominent adhesive contacts are the tight junction, adherens junction, and the desmosome. Each junction type has unique cellular functions and a complex molecular composition. In this review, we comment on recent and exciting advances in our understanding of junction composition and function.
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83
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Hansen SD, Kwiatkowski AV, Ouyang CY, Liu H, Pokutta S, Watkins SC, Volkmann N, Hanein D, Weis WI, Mullins RD, Nelson WJ. αE-catenin actin-binding domain alters actin filament conformation and regulates binding of nucleation and disassembly factors. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:3710-20. [PMID: 24068324 PMCID: PMC3842997 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-07-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
αE-catenin regulates transitions in actin organization between cell migration and cell–cell adhesion by controlling barbed-end polymerization of unbranched actin filaments and inhibiting Arp2/3 complex and cofilin regulation of actin filament branching and disassembly. The actin-binding protein αE-catenin may contribute to transitions between cell migration and cell–cell adhesion that depend on remodeling the actin cytoskeleton, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We show that the αE-catenin actin-binding domain (ABD) binds cooperatively to individual actin filaments and that binding is accompanied by a conformational change in the actin protomer that affects filament structure. αE-catenin ABD binding limits barbed-end growth, especially in actin filament bundles. αE-catenin ABD inhibits actin filament branching by the Arp2/3 complex and severing by cofilin, both of which contact regions of the actin protomer that are structurally altered by αE-catenin ABD binding. In epithelial cells, there is little correlation between the distribution of αE-catenin and the Arp2/3 complex at developing cell–cell contacts. Our results indicate that αE-catenin binding to filamentous actin favors assembly of unbranched filament bundles that are protected from severing over more dynamic, branched filament arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Hansen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158 Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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84
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Miller PW, Pokutta S, Ghosh A, Almo SC, Weis WI, Nelson WJ, Kwiatkowski AV. Danio rerio αE-catenin is a monomeric F-actin binding protein with distinct properties from Mus musculus αE-catenin. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22324-32. [PMID: 23788645 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.458406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unknown whether homologs of the cadherin·catenin complex have conserved structures and functions across the Metazoa. Mammalian αE-catenin is an allosterically regulated actin-binding protein that binds the cadherin·β-catenin complex as a monomer and whose dimerization potentiates F-actin association. We tested whether these functional properties are conserved in another vertebrate, the zebrafish Danio rerio. Here we show, despite 90% sequence identity, that Danio rerio and Mus musculus αE-catenin have striking functional differences. We demonstrate that D. rerio αE-catenin is monomeric by size exclusion chromatography, native PAGE, and small angle x-ray scattering. D. rerio αE-catenin binds F-actin in cosedimentation assays as a monomer and as an α/β-catenin heterodimer complex. D. rerio αE-catenin also bundles F-actin, as shown by negative stained transmission electron microscopy, and does not inhibit Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation in bulk polymerization assays. Thus, core properties of α-catenin function, F-actin and β-catenin binding, are conserved between mouse and zebrafish. We speculate that unique regulatory properties have evolved to match specific developmental requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip W Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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85
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Dufour S, Mège RM, Thiery JP. α-catenin, vinculin, and F-actin in strengthening E-cadherin cell-cell adhesions and mechanosensing. Cell Adh Migr 2013; 7:345-50. [PMID: 23739176 PMCID: PMC3739810 DOI: 10.4161/cam.25139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical cadherins play a crucial role in establishing intercellular adhesion, regulating cortical tension, and maintaining mechanical coupling between cells. The mechanosensitive regulation of intercellular adhesion strengthening depends on the recruitment of adhesion complexes at adhesion sites and their anchoring to the actin cytoskeleton. Thus, the molecular mechanisms coupling cadherin-associated complexes to the actin cytoskeleton are actively being studied, with a particular focus on α-catenin and vinculin. We have recently addressed the role of these proteins by analyzing the consequences of their depletion and the expression of α-catenin mutants in the formation and strengthening of cadherin-mediated adhesions. We have used the dual pipette assay to measure the forces required to separate cell doublets formed in suspension. In this commentary, we briefly summarize the current knowledge on the role of α-catenin and vinculin in cadherin-actin cytoskeletal interactions. These data shed light on the tension-dependent contribution of α-catenin and vinculin in a mechanoresponsive complex that promotes the connection between cadherin and the actin cytoskeleton and their requirement in the development of adhesion strengthening.
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86
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Ishiyama N, Tanaka N, Abe K, Yang YJ, Abbas YM, Umitsu M, Nagar B, Bueler SA, Rubinstein JL, Takeichi M, Ikura M. An autoinhibited structure of α-catenin and its implications for vinculin recruitment to adherens junctions. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:15913-25. [PMID: 23589308 PMCID: PMC3668747 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.453928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Catenin is an actin- and vinculin-binding protein that regulates cell-cell adhesion by interacting with cadherin adhesion receptors through β-catenin, but the mechanisms by which it anchors the cadherin-catenin complex to the actin cytoskeleton at adherens junctions remain unclear. Here we determined crystal structures of αE-catenin in the autoinhibited state and the actin-binding domain of αN-catenin. Together with the small-angle x-ray scattering analysis of full-length αN-catenin, we deduced an elongated multidomain assembly of monomeric α-catenin that structurally and functionally couples the vinculin- and actin-binding mechanisms. Cellular and biochemical studies of αE- and αN-catenins show that αE-catenin recruits vinculin to adherens junctions more effectively than αN-catenin, partly because of its higher affinity for actin filaments. We propose a molecular switch mechanism involving multistate conformational changes of α-catenin. This would be driven by actomyosin-generated tension to dynamically regulate the vinculin-assisted linkage between adherens junctions and the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Ishiyama
- From the Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute and
| | - Nobutoshi Tanaka
- the Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- the RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kentaro Abe
- the Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoo Jeong Yang
- From the Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute and
| | - Yazan M. Abbas
- the Department of Biochemistry and Groupe de Recherche Axe sur la Structure des Proteines, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada, and
| | - Masataka Umitsu
- From the Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute and
| | - Bhushan Nagar
- the Department of Biochemistry and Groupe de Recherche Axe sur la Structure des Proteines, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada, and
| | - Stephanie A. Bueler
- the Molecular Structure and Function Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute and
| | - John L. Rubinstein
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- the Molecular Structure and Function Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute and
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | - Mitsuhiko Ikura
- From the Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute and
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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87
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Hong S, Troyanovsky RB, Troyanovsky SM. Binding to F-actin guides cadherin cluster assembly, stability, and movement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 201:131-43. [PMID: 23547031 PMCID: PMC3613698 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201211054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Binding of cadherin to F-actin cooperates with the cadherin cis-interface to stabilize cadherin adhesion clusters and is required for their directional movement. The cadherin extracellular region produces intercellular adhesion clusters through trans- and cis-intercadherin bonds, and the intracellular region connects these clusters to the cytoskeleton. To elucidate the interdependence of these binding events, cadherin adhesion was reconstructed from the minimal number of structural elements. F-actin–uncoupled adhesive clusters displayed high instability and random motion. Their assembly required a cadherin cis-binding interface. Coupling these clusters with F-actin through an α-catenin actin-binding domain (αABD) dramatically extended cluster lifetime and conferred direction to cluster motility. In addition, αABD partially lifted the requirement for the cis-interface for cluster assembly. Even more dramatic enhancement of cadherin clustering was observed if αABD was joined with cadherin through a flexible linker or if it was replaced with an actin-binding domain of utrophin. These data present direct evidence that binding to F-actin stabilizes cadherin clusters and cooperates with the cis-interface in cadherin clustering. Such cooperation apparently synchronizes extracellular and intracellular binding events in the process of adherens junction assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonjin Hong
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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88
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Miller PW, Clarke DN, Weis WI, Lowe CJ, Nelson WJ. The evolutionary origin of epithelial cell-cell adhesion mechanisms. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2013; 72:267-311. [PMID: 24210433 PMCID: PMC4118598 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417027-8.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple epithelium forms a barrier between the outside and the inside of an organism, and is the first organized multicellular tissue found in evolution. We examine the relationship between the evolution of epithelia and specialized cell-cell adhesion proteins comprising the classical cadherin/β-catenin/α-catenin complex (CCC). A review of the divergent functional properties of the CCC in metazoans and non-metazoans, and an updated phylogenetic coverage of the CCC using recent genomic data reveal: (1) The core CCC likely originated before the last common ancestor of unikonts and their closest bikont sister taxa. (2) Formation of the CCC may have constrained sequence evolution of the classical cadherin cytoplasmic domain and β-catenin in metazoa. (3) The α-catenin-binding domain in β-catenin appears to be the favored mutation site for disrupting β-catenin function in the CCC. (4) The ancestral function of the α/β-catenin heterodimer appears to be an actin-binding module. In some metazoan groups, more complex functions of α-catenin were gained by sequence divergence in the non-actin-binding (N-, M-) domains. (5) Allosteric regulation of α-catenin may have evolved for more complex regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip W. Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - William I. Weis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - W. James Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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