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Abstract
PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) presents in a spectrum that encompasses the eponymous disorders Cowden and Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba. Herein, we delineate the distinctive histopathology of a predominantly intramuscular lesion in PHTS, often called "arteriovenous malformation," because of certain imaging and histopathologic features. Cases were identified by review of lesions resected from patients with PHTS registered at our Vascular Anomalies Center and of unusual intramuscular vascular anomalies in our pathology database from 1985 to 2008. Thirty-four patients with this lesion were identified: 20 had a clinical diagnosis of, or were suspected to have, PHTS (genetically confirmed in 16). In 4 patients without clinical manifestations of PHTS, 2 had PTEN mutations, 1 did not, and in 1 the mutation was intronic. In the remaining 10, there was insufficient clinical information to fully assess whether they had manifestations of PHTS. Lesions manifested by 15 years of age, normally with pain and swelling, and were most often located in the lower extremity. The major mass was usually intramuscular, but often there were fascial and subcutaneous components and not infrequently a cutaneous vascular stain. Magnetic resonance imaging generally showed an infiltrative soft tissue lesion involving the muscle, fascia, and subcutis with frequently enlarged, serpiginous vessels, small arteriovenous fistulae with disproportionately dilated draining veins, and a prominent adipocytic component. Some lesions involved contiguous muscles, and 20% were multifocal. Resected specimens ranged in size from 1.2 to 25 cm; in 1 patient, amputation was necessary. Histopathologically, these unencapsulated masses, often with a nodular appearance at scanning magnification, consisted of: (1) a variable admixture of mature adipocytic and dense and/or myxoid fibrous tissues (50% to 90% of surface area); (2) a vascular component (10% to 50% of surface area) with: (a) clusters of venous channels, some with excessively and irregularly muscularized complex walls and lumens, and others with thin walls resembling pulmonary alveoli, (b) tortuous, thick-walled arteries with concentric muscular hyperplasia and relatively small lumens, (c) numerous small vessels (arteries, veins, and indeterminate channels), and (d) occasional arteriovenous communications; (3) lymphoid follicles (50%); (4) foci of bone (20%); and (5) hypertrophic nerves with "onion bulb" proliferation of periaxonal spindled cells (9%). We designate this disorganized overgrowth of essentially mesenchymal elements as PTEN hamartoma of soft tissue. It differs from other vascular and connective tissue lesions that occur in patients with PHTS. PTEN hamartoma of soft tissue is histopathologically distinctive, and its identification should prompt a thorough investigation for PHTS.
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Efeyan A, Zoncu R, Sabatini DM. Amino acids and mTORC1: from lysosomes to disease. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:524-33. [PMID: 22749019 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase controls growth and metabolism, and its deregulation underlies the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, and diabetes. mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) integrates signals arising from nutrients, energy, and growth factors, but how exactly these signals are propagated await to be fully understood. Recent findings have placed the lysosome, a key mediator of cellular catabolism, at the core of mTORC1 regulation by amino acids. A multiprotein complex that includes the Rag GTPases, Ragulator, and the v-ATPase forms an amino acid-sensing machinery on the lysosomal surface that affects the decision between cell growth and catabolism at multiple levels. The involvement of a catabolic organelle in growth signaling may have important implications for our understanding of mTORC1-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejo Efeyan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Hopman SM, Van Rijn RR, Eng C, Bras J, Alders M, van der Horst CM, Hennekam RC, Merks JH. PTENhamartoma tumor syndrome and Gorham-Stout phenomenon. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:1719-23. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zhang P, Chen JH, Guo XL. New insights into PTEN regulation mechanisms and its potential function in targeted therapies. Biomed Pharmacother 2012; 66:485-90. [PMID: 22902055 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor gene of phosphatased activity. Its low or lacking expression closely relates with tumor progress and poor prognosis. The regulation and function ascribed to PTEN have become more diverse since its discovery as a putative phosphatase mutated in many human tumors. PTEN function is positively and negatively regulated at the transcriptional level, as well as post-translationally by phosphorylation, oxidation and acetylation. Deregulation of PTEN is implicated in other human diseases in addition to cancers, including diabetes and obesity, modulation of PTEN level has widespread therapeutic applications to those tumorigenesis and non-tumor diseases. This review will summarize the new points on the regulation of PTEN and briefly discuss the potential therapeutic role of PTEN in some diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
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Aguissa-Touré AH, Li G. Genetic alterations of PTEN in human melanoma. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1475-91. [PMID: 22076652 PMCID: PMC11114653 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0878-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The PTEN gene is one of the most frequently inactivated tumor suppressor genes in sporadic cancers. Inactivating mutations and deletions of the PTEN gene are found in many types of cancers, including melanoma. However, the exact frequency of PTEN alteration in melanoma is unknown. In this study, we comprehensively reviewed 16 studies on PTEN genetic changes in melanoma cell lines and tumor biopsies. To date, 76 PTEN alterations have been reported in melanoma cell lines and 38 PTEN alterations in melanoma biopsies. The rate of PTEN alterations in melanoma cell lines, primary melanoma, and metastatic melanoma is 27.6, 7.3, and 15.2%, respectively. Three mutations were found in both melanoma cell lines and biopsies. These mutations are scattered throughout the gene, with the exception of exon 9. A mutational hot spot is found in exon 5, which encodes the phosphatase activity domain. Evidence is also presented to suggest that numerous homozygous deletions and missense variants exist in the PTEN transcript. Studying PTEN functions and implications of its mutations and other genes could provide insights into the precise nature of PTEN function in melanoma and additional targets for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almass-Houd Aguissa-Touré
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Jack Bell Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Aradhya S, Lewis R, Bonaga T, Nwokekeh N, Stafford A, Boggs B, Hruska K, Smaoui N, Compton JG, Richard G, Suchy S. Exon-level array CGH in a large clinical cohort demonstrates increased sensitivity of diagnostic testing for Mendelian disorders. Genet Med 2012; 14:594-603. [PMID: 22382802 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2011.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mendelian disorders are most commonly caused by mutations identifiable by DNA sequencing. Exonic deletions and duplications can go undetected by sequencing, and their frequency in most Mendelian disorders is unknown. METHODS We designed an array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) test with probes in exonic regions of 589 genes. Targeted testing was performed for 219 genes in 3,018 patients. We demonstrate for the first time the utility of exon-level array CGH in a large clinical cohort by testing for 136 autosomal dominant, 53 autosomal recessive, and 30 X-linked disorders. RESULTS Overall, 98 deletions and two duplications were identified in 53 genes, corresponding to a detection rate of 3.3%. Approximately 40% of positive findings were deletions of only one or two exons. A high frequency of deletions was observed for several autosomal dominant disorders, with a detection rate of 2.9%. For autosomal recessive disorders, array CGH was usually performed after a single mutation was identified by sequencing. Among 138 individuals tested for recessive disorders, 10.1% had intragenic deletions. For X-linked disorders, 3.5% of 313 patients carried a deletion or duplication. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that exon-level array CGH provides a robust option for intragenic copy number analysis and should routinely supplement sequence analysis for Mendelian disorders.
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Tran LM, Chang CJ, Plaisier S, Wu S, Dang J, Mischel PS, Liao JC, Graeber TG, Wu H. Determining PTEN functional status by network component deduced transcription factor activities. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31053. [PMID: 22347425 PMCID: PMC3275574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN-controlled PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway represents one of the most deregulated signaling pathways in human cancers. With many small molecule inhibitors that target PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway being exploited clinically, sensitive and reliable ways of stratifying patients according to their PTEN functional status and determining treatment outcomes are urgently needed. Heterogeneous loss of PTEN is commonly associated with human cancers and yet PTEN can also be regulated on epigenetic, transcriptional or post-translational levels, which makes the use of simple protein or gene expression-based analyses in determining PTEN status less accurate. In this study, we used network component analysis to identify 20 transcription factors (TFs) whose activities deduced from their target gene expressions were immediately altered upon the re-expression of PTEN in a PTEN-inducible system. Interestingly, PTEN controls the activities (TFA) rather than the expression levels of majority of these TFs and these PTEN-controlled TFAs are substantially altered in prostate cancer mouse models. Importantly, the activities of these TFs can be used to predict PTEN status in human prostate, breast and brain tumor samples with enhanced reliability when compared to straightforward IHC-based or expression-based analysis. Furthermore, our analysis indicates that unique sets of PTEN-controlled TFAs significantly contribute to specific tumor types. Together, our findings reveal that TFAs may be used as “signatures” for predicting PTEN functional status and elucidate the transcriptional architectures underlying human cancers caused by PTEN loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh M. Tran
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chun-Ju Chang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Seema Plaisier
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shumin Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Julie Dang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Paul S. Mischel
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - James C. Liao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas G. Graeber
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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58
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Une malformation vasculaire vésicale rare dans le cadre du syndrome de Protée. Prog Urol 2012; 22:132-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Synaptic dysfunction and intellectual disability. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 970:433-49. [PMID: 22351067 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0932-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is a common and highly heterogeneous paediatric disorder with a very severe social impact. Intellectual disability can be caused by environmental and/or genetic factors. Although in the last two decades a number of genes have been discovered whose mutations cause mental retardation, we are still far from identifying the impact of these mutations on brain functions. Many of the genes mutated in ID code for several proteins with a variety of functions: chromatin remodelling, pre-/post-synaptic activity, and intracellular trafficking. The prevailing hypothesis suggests that the ID phenotype could emerge from abnormal cellular processing leading to pre- and/or post-synaptic dysfunction. In this chapter, we focus on the role of small GTPases and adhesion molecules, and we discuss the mechanisms through which they lead to synaptic network dysfunction.
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60
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Pyatt RE, Astbury C. Interpretation of copy number alterations identified through clinical microarray-comparative genomic hybridization. Clin Lab Med 2011; 31:565-80, viii. [PMID: 22118737 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many copy number alterations (CNA) currently interpreted as variants of unknown significance (VUS) will ultimately be determined to be benign; however, their classification requires a more extensive characterization of the human genome than currently exists. There is no definitive set of rules or level of evidence required to define a CNA as benign. The information needed to accurately assess the pathogenic impact of CNA is beginning to be assembled. Although the lack of understanding of the human genome can make clinical array-comparative genomic hybridization interpretation frustrating, it is precisely why clinical human genetics is an exciting arena in which to work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Pyatt
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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61
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Lehman JA, Waning DL, Batuello CN, Cipriano R, Kadakia MP, Mayo LD. Induction of apoptotic genes by a p73-phosphatase and tensin homolog (p73-PTEN) protein complex in response to genotoxic stress. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:36631-40. [PMID: 21873427 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.217620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 family member, p73, has been characterized as a tumor suppressor and functions in a similar manner as p53 to induce cellular death. The phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) can function as a dual specificity lipid/protein phosphatase. However, recent data have described multiple roles for nuclear PTEN independent of its lipid phosphatase activity. PTEN can directly or indirectly activate p53 to promote apoptosis. We examined whether PTEN would interact and regulate p73 independent of p53. Co-localization in the nucleus and complex formation of p73/PTEN were observed after DNA damage. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that p73α/PTEN proteins directly bind one another. Both overexpressed and endogenous p73-PTEN interactions were determined to be the strongest in the nuclear fraction after DNA damage, which suggested formation of a transcriptional complex. We employed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and found that p73 and PTEN were associated with the PUMA promoter after genotoxic stress in TP53-null cells. We found that another p73 target, BAX, had an increased expression in the presence of p73 and PTEN. In addition, in virus-transduced cell lines stably expressing p73, PTEN, or both p73/PTEN, we found that the p73/PTEN cells were more sensitive to genotoxic stress and cellular death as measured by increased poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and PUMA/Bax induction. Conversely, knockdown of PTEN dramatically reduced Bax and PUMA levels. Thus, a p73-PTEN protein complex is engaged to induce apoptosis independent of p53 in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Lehman
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatrics Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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62
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Rodríguez-Escudero I, Oliver MD, Andrés-Pons A, Molina M, Cid VJ, Pulido R. A comprehensive functional analysis of PTEN mutations: implications in tumor- and autism-related syndromes. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:4132-42. [PMID: 21828076 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) phosphatase is unique in mammals in terms of its tumor suppressor activity, exerted by dephosphorylation of the lipid second messenger PIP(3) (phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate), which activates the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) oncogenic pathway. Loss-of-function mutations in the PTEN gene are frequent in human cancer and in the germline of patients with PTEN hamartoma tumor-related syndromes (PHTSs). In addition, PTEN is mutated in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), although no functional information on these mutations is available. Here, we report a comprehensive in vivo functional analysis of human PTEN using a heterologous yeast reconstitution system. Ala-scanning mutagenesis at the catalytic loops of PTEN outlined the critical role of residues within the P-catalytic loop for PIP(3) phosphatase activity in vivo. PTEN mutations that mimic the P-catalytic loop of mammalian PTEN-like proteins (TPTE, TPIP, tensins and auxilins) affected PTEN function variably, whereas tumor- or PHTS-associated mutations targeting the PTEN P-loop produced complete loss of function. Conversely, Ala-substitutions, as well as tumor-related mutations at the WPD- and TI-catalytic loops, displayed partial activity in many cases. Interestingly, a tumor-related D92N mutation was partially active, supporting the notion that the PTEN Asp92 residue might not function as the catalytic general acid. The analysis of a panel of ASD-associated hereditary PTEN mutations revealed that most of them did not substantially abrogate PTEN activity in vivo, whereas most of PHTS-associated mutations did. Our findings reveal distinctive functional patterns among PTEN mutations found in tumors and in the germline of PHTS and ASD patients, which could be relevant for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Rodríguez-Escudero
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Hollander MC, Blumenthal GM, Dennis PA. PTEN loss in the continuum of common cancers, rare syndromes and mouse models. Nat Rev Cancer 2011; 11:289-301. [PMID: 21430697 PMCID: PMC6946181 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 619] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PTEN is among the most frequently inactivated tumour suppressor genes in sporadic cancer. PTEN has dual protein and lipid phosphatase activity, and its tumour suppressor activity is dependent on its lipid phosphatase activity, which negatively regulates the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. Germline mutations in PTEN have been described in a variety of rare syndromes that are collectively known as the PTEN hamartoma tumour syndromes (PHTS). Cowden syndrome is the best-described syndrome within PHTS, with approximately 80% of patients having germline PTEN mutations. Patients with Cowden syndrome have an increased incidence of cancers of the breast, thyroid and endometrium, which correspond to sporadic tumour types that commonly exhibit somatic PTEN inactivation. Pten deletion in mice leads to Cowden syndrome-like phenotypes, and tissue-specific Pten deletion has provided clues to the role of PTEN mutation and loss in specific tumour types. Studying PTEN in the continuum of rare syndromes, common cancers and mouse models provides insight into the role of PTEN in tumorigenesis and will inform targeted drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Christine Hollander
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Abstract
The Ras family GTPases (Ras, Rap1, and Rap2) and their downstream mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK, JNK, and p38MAPK) and PI3K signaling cascades control various physiological processes. In neuronal cells, recent studies have shown that these parallel cascades signal distinct forms of AMPA-sensitive glutamate receptor trafficking during experience-dependent synaptic plasticity and adaptive behavior. Interestingly, both hypo- and hyperactivation of Ras/ Rap signaling impair the capacity of synaptic plasticity, underscoring the importance of a "happy-medium" dynamic regulation of the signaling. Moreover, accumulating reports have linked various genetic defects that either up- or down-regulate Ras/Rap signaling with several mental disorders associated with learning disability (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Angelman syndrome, autism, cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome, Coffin-Lowry syndrome, Costello syndrome, Cowden and Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndromes, fragile X syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, schizophrenia, tuberous sclerosis, and X-linked mental retardation), highlighting the necessity of happy-medium dynamic regulation of Ras/Rap signaling in learning behavior. Thus, the recent advances in understanding of neuronal Ras/Rap signaling provide a useful guide for developing novel treatments for mental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L Stornetta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Tan MH, Mester J, Peterson C, Yang Y, Chen JL, Rybicki LA, Milas K, Pederson H, Remzi B, Orloff MS, Eng C. A clinical scoring system for selection of patients for PTEN mutation testing is proposed on the basis of a prospective study of 3042 probands. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 88:42-56. [PMID: 21194675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Revised: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cowden syndrome (CS) and Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome are allelic, defined by germline PTEN mutations, and collectively referred to as PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome. To date, there are no existing criteria based on large prospective patient cohorts to select patients for PTEN mutation testing. To address these issues, we conducted a multicenter prospective study in which 3042 probands satisfying relaxed CS clinical criteria were accrued. PTEN mutation scanning, including promoter and large deletion analysis, was performed for all subjects. Pathogenic mutations were identified in 290 individuals (9.5%). To evaluate clinical phenotype and PTEN genotype against protein expression, we performed immunoblotting (PTEN, P-AKT1, P-MAPK1/2) for a patient subset (n = 423). In order to obtain an individualized estimation of pretest probability of germline PTEN mutation, we developed an optimized clinical practice model to identify adult and pediatric patients. For adults, a semiquantitative score-the Cleveland Clinic (CC) score-resulted in a well-calibrated estimation of pretest probability of PTEN status. Overall, decreased PTEN protein expression correlated with PTEN mutation status; decreasing PTEN protein expression correlated with increasing CC score (p < 0.001), but not with the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) criteria (p = 0.11). For pediatric patients, we identified highly sensitive criteria to guide PTEN mutation testing, with phenotypic features distinct from the adult setting. Our model improved sensitivity and positive predictive value for germline PTEN mutation relative to the NCCN 2010 criteria in both cohorts. We present the first evidence-based clinical practice model to select patients for genetics referral and PTEN mutation testing, further supported biologically by protein correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Han Tan
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Liu YY, Yao SN, Zhao Y, Yao ZH, Ma J, Xia QX, Fu K, Yang SJ. PTEN tumor suppressor plays less prognostic role than P53 tumor suppressor in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 51:1692-8. [PMID: 20807096 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2010.502584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and P53 tumor suppressors are among the most commonly inactivated or mutated genes in human cancers, whose pathways cross-talk and interact in a complementary mode. In order to understand their roles and relationship in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), we examined their expression and evaluated their prognostic significance in 62 patients with DLBCL treated with standard chemotherapy. Results showed that PTEN protein was lost in 23 (37.1%) cases, and the loss was associated with the activation of PI3K/AKT pathway, but was not associated with patient's clinical outcome. P53 mutation protein was detected in 30 (48.4%) cases and was associated with poor survival. Results of multivariate analysis showed that P53 mutation but not PTEN loss is associated with short survival in patients with DLBCL. PTEN status has no effect on P53 mutation-associated poor survival. We conclude that PTEN may play less prognostic role than P53 and that P53 mutation protein should be considered as a predictive factor of the need for a more aggressive therapy in patients with DLBCL who express P53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Henan Provincial Institute of Cancer, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.
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McBride KL, Varga EA, Pastore MT, Prior TW, Manickam K, Atkin JF, Herman GE. Confirmation study of PTEN mutations among individuals with autism or developmental delays/mental retardation and macrocephaly. Autism Res 2010; 3:137-41. [PMID: 20533527 DOI: 10.1002/aur.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong genetic component to autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but due to significant genetic heterogeneity, individual genetic abnormalities contribute a small percentage to the overall total. Previous studies have demonstrated PTEN mutations in a sizable proportion of individuals with ASD or mental retardation/developmental delays (MR/DD) and macrocephaly that do not have features of Cowden or Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome. This study was performed to confirm our previous results. We reviewed the charts of individuals who had PTEN clinical sequencing performed at our institution from January 2008 to July 2009. There were 93 subjects tested from our institution during that period. PTEN mutations were found in 2/39 (5.1%) ASD patients and 2/51 (3.9%) MR/DD patients. Three additional patients without mutations had no diagnostic information. Multiple relatives of individuals with a PTEN mutation had macrocephaly, MR, or early onset cancer (breast, renal, and prostate). Of those relatives tested, all had the familial PTEN mutation. None of the affected relatives had previously been diagnosed with Cowden or Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome. We noted in our previous study several adult relatives without any findings who carried a mutation. Combined with data from our previous cohort, we have found PTEN mutations in 7/99 (7.1%) of individuals with ASD and 8/100 (8.0%) of individuals with MR/DD, all of whom had macrocephaly. We recommend testing for mutations in PTEN for individuals with ASD or MR/DD and macrocephaly. If mutations are found, other family members should be offered testing and the adults offered cancer screening if they have a PTEN mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L McBride
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.
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Bemelmans I, Küry S, Albaric O, Hordeaux J, Bertrand L, Nguyen F, Abadie J. Colorectal Hamartomatous Polyposis and Ganglioneuromatosis in a Dog. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:1012-5. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985810384411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A 5-month-old female Great Dane puppy was treated for hematochezia, tenesmus, and rectal prolapse by resection of a 10-cm-long segment of colon and rectum. Grossly, the colorectal segment had diffuse mucosal and submucosal thickening with multiple polypoid nodules. The histologic diagnosis was colorectal hamartomatous polyps with ganglioneuromatosis. Duplication of PTEN was detected by quantitative multiplex polymerase chain reaction testing. The presence of 2 hamartomatous colorectal lesions with PTEN mutation is similar to human Cowden syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Bemelmans
- ONIRIS, Department of Pathology, Nantes, France
- Université Nantes Angers Le Mans, France
| | - S. Küry
- Institut de Génétique et Développement, Université de Rennes 1, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
- CHU de Nantes, Pôle de Biologie, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | - O. Albaric
- ONIRIS, Department of Pathology, Nantes, France
- Université Nantes Angers Le Mans, France
| | - J. Hordeaux
- ONIRIS, Department of Pathology, Nantes, France
- Université Nantes Angers Le Mans, France
| | - L. Bertrand
- ONIRIS, Department of Pathology, Nantes, France
- Université Nantes Angers Le Mans, France
| | - F. Nguyen
- ONIRIS, Department of Pathology, Nantes, France
- Université Nantes Angers Le Mans, France
| | - J. Abadie
- ONIRIS, Department of Pathology, Nantes, France
- Université Nantes Angers Le Mans, France
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69
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Abstract
Mendelian genetics forms the basis for gene-informed risk assessment and management for the patient and family, and should be at the very foundation of 21st century personalization of healthcare. Yet this is an underutilized commodity. Identification and characterization of germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene, encoding a receptor tyrosine kinase, as causing >90% of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2), an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, and hyperparathyroidism, heralded the era of evidence-based molecular diagnosis, predictive testing, genetic counseling, gene-informed cancer risk assessment, and preventative medicine. Since then, many syndromic endocrine neoplasias have proven to fall under this clinically utile and actionable model, such as those caused by mutations in RET, VHL, or SDHB-D. The familial risk associated with epithelial (nonmedullary) thyroid carcinoma is among the highest of all solid tumors, yet only a few highly penetrant heritable epithelial thyroid cancer syndrome exist. This is illustrated by Cowden syndrome, a difficult-to-recognize autosomal dominant disorder characterized by breast, thyroid, and other cancers, caused by germline mutations in PTEN, encoding a phosphatase, and minorly, SDHB/SDHD variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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70
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Beachkofsky TM, Sapp JC, Biesecker LG, Darling TN. Progressive overgrowth of the cerebriform connective tissue nevus in patients with Proteus syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63:799-804. [PMID: 20709429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteus syndrome is a rare overgrowth disorder that almost always affects the skin. OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to evaluate progression of skin lesions in patients with Proteus syndrome. METHODS Skin findings were documented in 36 patients with Proteus syndrome. Progression of skin lesions in 16 of these patients was assessed by comparing photographs obtained on repeated visits for an average total duration of 53 months. RESULTS The skin lesion most characteristic of Proteus syndrome, the cerebriform connective tissue nevus, showed progression in 13 children but not in 3 adults. The cerebriform connective tissue nevus progressed by expansion into previously uninvolved skin, increased thickness, and development of new lesions. Lipomas increased in size, number, or both in 8 of 10 children with lipomas. In contrast, epidermal nevi and vascular malformations generally did not spread or increase in number. LIMITATIONS Only 3 adults with Proteus syndrome were evaluated longitudinally. CONCLUSION The cerebriform connective tissue nevus in Proteus syndrome grows throughout childhood but tends to remain stable in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Beachkofsky
- Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
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71
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Shulman LP. Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC): clinical features and counseling for BRCA1 and BRCA2, Lynch syndrome, Cowden syndrome, and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2010; 37:109-33, Table of Contents. [PMID: 20494261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ogc.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the molecular changes associated with inherited gynecologic malignancies and the incorporation of this information in the counseling of individuals at increased risk for developing malignancies, as well as conventional and emerging approaches to the screening of the general population. Cancer genetic counseling and its role in women's health care is examined. The focus is hereditary breast and ovarian cancer; however, cancer predisposition caused by genes other than BRCA1 and BRCA2 is also considered. The aim is to provide a foundation for counseling based on fundamental knowledge of the genes and their clinical consequences. The reader is then guided through the mechanics of risk assessment for individual patients, concluding with the psychosocial implications of counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee P Shulman
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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72
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Al Fares A, Millington GWM, Tischkowitz M. Dermatological features of inherited cancer syndromes in adults. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010; 35:462-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2010.03811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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73
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Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is responsive to numerous extracellular and intracellular cues and, through the formation of two physically and functionally distinct complexes, has a central role in the homeostatic control of cell growth, proliferation and survival. Through the aberrant activation of mTOR signaling, the perception of cellular growth signals becomes disconnected from the processes promoting cell growth, and this underlies the pathophysiology of a number of genetic tumor syndromes and cancers. Here, we review the oncogenes and tumor suppressors comprising the regulatory network upstream of mTOR, highlight the human cancers in which mTOR is activated and discuss how dysregulated mTOR signaling provides tumors a selective growth advantage. In addition, we discuss why activation of mTOR, as a consequence of distinct oncogenic events, results in diverse clinical outcomes, and how the complexity of the mTOR signaling network might dictate therapeutic approaches.
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74
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Efeyan A, Sabatini DM. mTOR and cancer: many loops in one pathway. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2009; 22:169-76. [PMID: 19945836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a master regulator of cell growth and division that responds to a variety of stimuli, including nutrient, energy, and growth factors. In the last years, a significant number of pieces have been added to the puzzle of how mTOR coordinates and executes its functions. Extensive research on mTOR has also uncovered a complex network of regulatory loops that impact the therapeutic approaches aimed at targeting mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejo Efeyan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
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75
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Differentiated thyroid cancer associated with intestinal polyposis syndromes: A review. Head Neck 2009; 31:1511-9. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.21156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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76
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Ubriani R, Grossman ME. Facial papules as a marker of internal malignancy. Med Clin North Am 2009; 93:1305-31. [PMID: 19932333 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Facial papules (bumps) confront the general practitioner during every face-to-face meeting with the patient. Increased awareness and recognition of the facial papules that represent cutaneous signs of internal malignancy will allow an early, aggressive workup and treatment of any associated cancer. This article details the clinical presentation, etiology, pathologic findings, and associated malignancy for such presentations. A skin biopsy for histopathologic diagnosis is necessary to distinguish these clues to underlying malignancy from the numerous benign lesions that cause facial papules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Ubriani
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, 161 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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77
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common digestive malignant tumors in China. Its incidence and mortality rates rank top among all malignant tumors. Previous studies show that nearly one-third of colorectal cancers are associated with hereditary colorectal tumors. Hereditary colorectal tumors are mainly divided into two categories: hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and hereditary colorectal polyposis. In this article, we will review the recent advances in research on hereditary colorectal neoplasms.
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78
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D’Arcangelo G. From human tissue to animal models: Insights into the pathogenesis of cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia 2009; 50 Suppl 9:28-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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79
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Kirches E, Steiner J, Schneider T, Vorwerk CK, Scherlach C, Holtkamp N, Keilhoff G, Eng C, Mawrin C. Lhermitte-Duclos disease caused by a novel germline PTEN mutation R173P in a patient presenting with psychosis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2009; 36:86-9. [PMID: 19719509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2009.01041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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80
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Iwanami A, Cloughesy TF, Mischel PS. Striking the balance between PTEN and PDK1: it all depends on the cell context. Genes Dev 2009; 23:1699-704. [PMID: 19651981 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1832909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatidyl-inosital-3 kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway is critical for normal brain development and function and is commonly hyperactivated in brain cancer. The PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) tumor suppressor protein and phosphate-depended kinase 1 (PDK-1) are critical regulators of this pathway. In the July 15, 2009, issue of Genes & Development, Chalhoub and colleagues (pp. 1619-1624) demonstrate PDK1-dependent and PDK1-independent effects of conditional PTEN deletion in the brain, and they identify cell type-specific differences in feedback regulation of the PI3K pathway. These studies provide important insights as to how neurons and glia may differentially regulate PI3K signaling, yielding intriguing clues about targeting PTEN-deficient brain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Iwanami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the Henry Singleton Brain Tumor Program at the David Geffen University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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81
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82
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Soysal Y, Tate G, Polat C, Polat N, Aktepe F, Sıvacı Y, Imirzalıoglu N. Analysis of PTEN Gene Mutations in a Turkish Patient with Cowden Syndrome. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2009; 13:547-51. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2009.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Soysal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Afyon Kocatepe University Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Genshu Tate
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Coşkun Polat
- Department of General Surgery, Afyon Kocatepe University Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Nevriye Polat
- Department of Dental Clinic, Afyon Kocatepe University Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Fatma Aktepe
- Department of Pathology, Afyon Kocatepe University Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Sıvacı
- Department of Medical Genetics, Afyon Kocatepe University Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Necat Imirzalıoglu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Afyon Kocatepe University Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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83
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Lyons
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095. E-mail address:
| | - Marybeth Ezaki
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, 2222 Welborn Street, Dallas, TX 75219. E-mail address:
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84
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Chung S, Furihata M, Tamura K, Uemura M, Daigo Y, Nasu Y, Miki T, Shuin T, Fujioka T, Nakamura Y, Nakagawa H. Overexpressing PKIB in prostate cancer promotes its aggressiveness by linking between PKA and Akt pathways. Oncogene 2009; 28:2849-59. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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85
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Carracedo A, Baselga J, Pandolfi PP. Deconstructing feedback-signaling networks to improve anticancer therapy with mTORC1 inhibitors. Cell Cycle 2008; 7:3805-9. [PMID: 19098454 DOI: 10.4161/cc.7.24.7244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), which regulates general protein translation, represents one of the most attractive approaches to treating cancer, since upregulation of this pathway is a common hallmark in many tumors. Nevertheless, the use of rapamycin and its analogs in the clinic has revealed that mTORC1 pathway is embedded in a network of signaling cross-talks and feedbacks which might reduce its effectiveness in cancer. We have recently described a novel signaling feedback stemming from mTORC1 inhibition, which leads to the activation of ERK-MAPK (MAPK) pathway. The observation that MAPK is activated by rapamycin and its analogs in vitro, in mouse models, and cancer patient biopsies sets the rationale for the combined use of MAPK and mTORC1 inhibitors in cancer therapy. In this extra-view, we integrate our findings into the mTORC1 signaling network and discuss its relevance for the design of combinatorial therapies with mTORC1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkaitz Carracedo
- Cancer Genetics Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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