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Jaiswal P, Meena NP, Chang FS, Liao XH, Kim L, Kimmel AR. An integrated, cross-regulation pathway model involving activating/adaptive and feed-forward/feed-back loops for directed oscillatory cAMP signal-relay/response during the development of Dictyostelium. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1263316. [PMID: 38357530 PMCID: PMC10865387 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1263316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-organized and excitable signaling activities play important roles in a wide range of cellular functions in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Cells require signaling networks to communicate amongst themselves, but also for response to environmental cues. Such signals involve complex spatial and temporal loops that may propagate as oscillations or waves. When Dictyostelium become starved for nutrients, cells within a localized space begin to secrete cAMP. Starved cells also become chemotactic to cAMP. cAMP signals propagate as outwardly moving waves that oscillate at ∼6 min intervals, which creates a focused territorial region for centralized cell aggregation. Proximal cells move inwardly toward the cAMP source and relay cAMP outwardly to recruit additional cells. To ensure directed inward movement and outward cAMP relay, cells go through adapted and de-adapted states for both cAMP synthesis/degradation and for directional cell movement. Although many immediate components that regulate cAMP signaling (including receptors, G proteins, an adenylyl cyclase, phosphodiesterases, and protein kinases) are known, others are only inferred. Here, using biochemical experiments coupled with gene inactivation studies, we model an integrated large, multi-component kinetic pathway involving activation, inactivation (adaptation), re-activation (re-sensitization), feed-forward, and feed-back controls to generate developmental cAMP oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pundrik Jaiswal
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Netra Pal Meena
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Fu-Sheng Chang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Xin-Hua Liao
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lou Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Alan R. Kimmel
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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2
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Sakakibara N, Clavijo PE, Sievers C, Gray VC, King KE, George AL, Ponnamperuma RM, Walter BA, Chen Z, Van Waes C, Allen CT, Weinberg WC. Oncogenic Ras and ΔNp63α cooperate to recruit immunosuppressive polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells in a mouse model of squamous cancer pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1200970. [PMID: 37638000 PMCID: PMC10449460 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Amplification of human chromosome 3q26-29, which encodes oncoprotein ΔNp63 among other isoforms of the p63 family, is a feature common to squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of multiple tissue origins. Along with overexpression of ΔNp63, activation of the protooncogene, RAS, whether by overexpression or oncogenic mutation, is frequently observed in many cancers. In this study, analysis of transcriptome data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) demonstrated that expression of TP63 mRNA, particularly ΔNp63 isoforms, and HRAS are significantly elevated in advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCCs), suggesting pathological significance. However, how co-overexpressed ΔNp63 and HRAS affect the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) is incompletely understood. Methods Here, we established and characterized an immune competent mouse model using primary keratinocytes with retroviral-mediated overexpression of ΔNp63α and constitutively activated HRAS (v-rasHa G12R) to evaluate the role of these oncogenes in the immune TME. Results In this model, orthotopic grafting of wildtype syngeneic keratinocytes expressing both v-rasHa and elevated levels of ΔNp63α consistently yield carcinomas in syngeneic hosts, while cells expressing v-rasHa alone yield predominantly papillomas. We found that polymorphonuclear (PMN) myeloid cells, experimentally validated to be immunosuppressive and thus representing myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs), were significantly recruited into the TME of carcinomas arising early following orthotopic grafting of ΔNp63α/v-rasHa-expressing keratinocytes. ΔNp63α/v-rasHa-driven carcinomas expressed higher levels of chemokines implicated in recruitment of MDSCs compared to v-rasHa-initiated tumors, providing a heretofore undescribed link between ΔNp63α/HRAS-driven carcinomas and the development of an immunosuppressive TME. Conclusion These results support the utilization of a genetic carcinogenesis model harboring specific genomic drivers of malignancy to study mechanisms underlying the development of local immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Sakakibara
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Paúl E. Clavijo
- Translational Tumor Immunology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cem Sievers
- Translational Tumor Immunology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Veronica C. Gray
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Kathryn E. King
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Andrea L. George
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Roshini M. Ponnamperuma
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Beatriz A. Walter
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, MD, United States
| | - Zhong Chen
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clint T. Allen
- Translational Tumor Immunology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Wendy C. Weinberg
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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Fraga T, de Sousa MJ, Magalhães J, Basto R, Paulo J, Bonito N, Magalhães JP, Figueiredo P, Sousa GM. HER2 Status in RAS and BRAF Wild-Type Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Portuguese Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e42536. [PMID: 37637599 PMCID: PMC10460123 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second-most deadly cancer worldwide. However, there remains a scarcity of precision treatments available for this type of cancer. Amplification or overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2+) is a well-established therapeutic target in gastric and breast cancer. HER2 is positive in approximately 5% of CRC cases and has been implicated in resistance to therapy with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibodies. The aim of this study was to evaluate HER2 status in RAS and BRAF wild-type metastatic CRC (mCRC) and its correlation with survival outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A single-center retrospective analysis of RAS and BRAF wild-type mCRC patients undergoing systemic treatment was conducted from July 2014 to September 2020. Tissue HER2 status was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and/or chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). HER2+ was defined as IHC3 (+) or IHC2 (+) through FISH or CISH (+). RESULTS Fifty-nine patients were included. The median age of all the included patients was 64 years (33-82). Four patients had HER2+ tumors (7%). Four patients had HER2+ tumors (7%). The majority of HER2+ mCRC cases were males (n=3) and left-sided CRC (n=3). All patients received FOLFIRI plus cetuximab as first-line treatment. At the median follow-up of 24.0 months, patients with HER2-negative mCRC presented with a median overall survival (mOS) of 39.4 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 32.7-46.0) and the four patients with HER2+ mCRC had a mOS of 20.4 months (95% CI; 9.5-31.3; p=0.07). In HER2-negative patients, the median PFS (mPFS) was 11.3 months (95% CI; 9.2-13.4) vsHER2-positive patients with a mPFS of 10.9 months (95% CI; 1.3-20.4; p=0.47). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting HER2+ in mCRC patients in a Portuguese population and the HER2+ rate was consistent with previous studies. Our study suggests that HER2+ may potentially be a marker that is able to predict poor prognosis in RAS and BRAF wild-type mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Fraga
- Medical Oncology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Coimbra Francisco Gentil, Coimbra, PRT
| | | | - Joana Magalhães
- Medical Oncology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Coimbra Francisco Gentil, Coimbra, PRT
| | - Raquel Basto
- Medical Oncology, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Gaia, PRT
| | - Judy Paulo
- Medical Oncology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Coimbra Francisco Gentil, Coimbra, PRT
| | - Nuno Bonito
- Medical Oncology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Coimbra Francisco Gentil, Coimbra, PRT
| | - José Paulo Magalhães
- Pathology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Coimbra Francisco Gentil, Coimbra, PRT
| | - Paulo Figueiredo
- Pathology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Coimbra Francisco Gentil, Coimbra, PRT
| | - Gabriela M Sousa
- Medical Oncology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Coimbra Francisco Gentil, Coimbra, PRT
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Cruz JPM, Sy M. Neuroectodermal Diseases: A Comparative Case Report Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e40349. [PMID: 37456443 PMCID: PMC10339275 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroectodermal disease involves abnormalities that arise from the ectodermal origin, such as the nervous system, eyeball, retina, and skin. Due to the rarity of the disease, it is often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed. In this study, the researcher presents two cases of pediatric patients with no fetomaternal complications who presented with focal seizures as their initial complaint. During the examination, varying skin color pigmentation and an abnormal neurophysical examination were observed. Cranial imaging showed hemimegalencephaly and voltage asymmetry on EEG. Skin biopsy was performed on both cases, which revealed basketweave orthokeratosis. The combination of a triad of intractable epilepsy, developmental delay, and cutaneous lesion prompted the consideration of a neuroectodermal disease. The study shows two cases of hypomelanosis of Ito and nevus syndrome, both of which may be due to mTOR and RAS pathways, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Sy
- Neurology, Quirino Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, PHL
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Park K, Jayadev R, Payne SG, Kenny-Ganzert IW, Chi Q, Costa DS, Ramos-Lewis W, Thendral SB, Sherwood DR. Reciprocal discoidin domain receptor signaling strengthens integrin adhesion to connect adjacent tissues. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.14.532639. [PMID: 36993349 PMCID: PMC10055161 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Separate tissues connect through adjoining basement membranes to carry out molecular barrier, exchange, and organ support functions. Cell adhesion at these connections must be robust and balanced to withstand independent tissue movement. Yet, how cells achieve synchronized adhesion to connect tissues is unknown. Here, we have investigated this question using the C. elegans utse-seam tissue connection that supports the uterus during egg-laying. Through genetics, quantitative fluorescence, and cell specific molecular disruption, we show that type IV collagen, which fastens the linkage, also activates the collagen receptor discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR-2) in both the utse and seam. RNAi depletion, genome editing, and photobleaching experiments revealed that DDR-2 signals through LET-60/Ras to coordinately strengthen an integrin adhesion in the utse and seam that stabilizes their connection. These results uncover a synchronizing mechanism for robust adhesion during tissue connection, where collagen both affixes the linkage and signals to both tissues to bolster their adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieop Park
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ranjay Jayadev
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Sara G. Payne
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Qiuyi Chi
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Daniel S. Costa
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | | | - David R. Sherwood
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Correspondence:
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Malone CF, Kim M, Alexe G, Engel K, Forman AB, Robichaud A, Conway AS, Goodale A, Meyer A, Khalid D, Thayakumar A, Hatcher JM, Gray NS, Piccioni F, Stegmaier K. Transcriptional Antagonism by CDK8 Inhibition Improves Therapeutic Efficacy of MEK Inhibitors. Cancer Res 2023; 83:285-300. [PMID: 36398965 PMCID: PMC9938728 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-4309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant RAS/MAPK signaling is a common driver of oncogenesis that can be therapeutically targeted with clinically approved MEK inhibitors. Disease progression on single-agent MEK inhibitors is common, however, and combination therapies are typically required to achieve significant clinical benefit in advanced cancers. Here we focused on identifying MEK inhibitor-based combination therapies in neuroblastoma with mutations that activate the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway, which are rare at diagnosis but frequent in relapsed neuroblastoma. A genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 functional genomic screen was deployed to identify genes that when knocked out sensitize RAS-mutant neuroblastoma to MEK inhibition. Loss of either CCNC or CDK8, two members of the mediator kinase module, sensitized neuroblastoma to MEK inhibition. Furthermore, small-molecule kinase inhibitors of CDK8 improved response to MEK inhibitors in vitro and in vivo in RAS-mutant neuroblastoma and other adult solid tumors. Transcriptional profiling revealed that loss of CDK8 or CCNC antagonized the transcriptional signature induced by MEK inhibition. When combined, loss of CDK8 or CCNC prevented the compensatory upregulation of progrowth gene expression induced by MEK inhibition. These findings propose a new therapeutic combination for RAS-mutant neuroblastoma and may have clinical relevance for other RAS-driven malignancies. SIGNIFICANCE Transcriptional adaptation to MEK inhibition is mediated by CDK8 and can be blocked by the addition of CDK8 inhibitors to improve response to MEK inhibitors in RAS-mutant neuroblastoma, a clinically challenging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare F. Malone
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Minjee Kim
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriela Alexe
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen Engel
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra B. Forman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amanda Robichaud
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy Saur Conway
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy Goodale
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ashleigh Meyer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Delan Khalid
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allen Thayakumar
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John M. Hatcher
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, ChEM-H, and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Corresponding author. Mailing address: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 360 Longwood Ave, LC6102, Boston, MA, 02215. Phone: (617) 632-4438
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7
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Hebron KE, Wan X, Roth JS, Liewehr DJ, Sealover NE, Frye WJ, Kim A, Stauffer S, Perkins OL, Sun W, Isanogle KA, Robinson CM, James A, Awasthi P, Shankarappa P, Luo X, Lei H, Butcher D, Smith R, Edmondson EF, Chen JQ, Kedei N, Peer CJ, Shern JF, Figg WD, Chen L, Hall MD, Difilippantonio S, Barr FG, Kortum RL, Robey RW, Vaseva AV, Khan J, Yohe ME. The Combination of Trametinib and Ganitumab is Effective in RAS-Mutated PAX-Fusion Negative Rhabdomyosarcoma Models. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:472-487. [PMID: 36322002 PMCID: PMC9852065 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE PAX-fusion negative rhabdomyosarcoma (FN RMS) is driven by alterations in the RAS/MAP kinase pathway and is partially responsive to MEK inhibition. Overexpression of IGF1R and its ligands is also observed in FN RMS. Preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that IGF1R is itself an important target in FN RMS. Our previous studies revealed preclinical efficacy of the MEK1/2 inhibitor, trametinib, and an IGF1R inhibitor, BMS-754807, but this combination was not pursued clinically due to intolerability in preclinical murine models. Here, we sought to identify a combination of an MEK1/2 inhibitor and IGF1R inhibitor, which would be tolerated in murine models and effective in both cell line and patient-derived xenograft models of RAS-mutant FN RMS. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using proliferation and apoptosis assays, we studied the factorial effects of trametinib and ganitumab (AMG 479), a mAb with specificity for human and murine IGF1R, in a panel of RAS-mutant FN RMS cell lines. The molecular mechanism of the observed synergy was determined using conventional and capillary immunoassays. The efficacy and tolerability of trametinib/ganitumab was assessed using a panel of RAS-mutated cell-line and patient-derived RMS xenograft models. RESULTS Treatment with trametinib and ganitumab resulted in synergistic cellular growth inhibition in all cell lines tested and inhibition of tumor growth in four of six models of RAS-mutant RMS. The combination had little effect on body weight and did not produce thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, or hyperinsulinemia in tumor-bearing SCID beige mice. Mechanistically, ganitumab treatment prevented the phosphorylation of AKT induced by MEK inhibition alone. Therapeutic response to the combination was observed in models without a mutation in the PI3K/PTEN axis. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that combined trametinib and ganitumab is effective in a genomically diverse panel of RAS-mutated FN RMS preclinical models. Our data also show that the trametinib/ganitumab combination likely has a favorable tolerability profile. These data support testing this combination in a phase I/II clinical trial for pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory RAS-mutated FN RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E. Hebron
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892,Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, 8560 Progress Drive, Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Xiaolin Wan
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jacob S. Roth
- Early Translation Branch, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - David J. Liewehr
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nancy E. Sealover
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Services, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - William J.E. Frye
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Angela Kim
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, 8560 Progress Drive, Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Stacey Stauffer
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, 8560 Progress Drive, Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Olivia L. Perkins
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Wenyue Sun
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kristine A. Isanogle
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Christina M. Robinson
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Amy James
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Parirokh Awasthi
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Priya Shankarappa
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xiaoling Luo
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Haiyan Lei
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Donna Butcher
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Roberta Smith
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Elijah F. Edmondson
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Jin-Qiu Chen
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Noemi Kedei
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Cody J. Peer
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jack F. Shern
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - W. Douglas Figg
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Lu Chen
- Early Translation Branch, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- Early Translation Branch, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Simone Difilippantonio
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Frederic G. Barr
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Robert L. Kortum
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Services, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Robert W. Robey
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Angelina V. Vaseva
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Javed Khan
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892,Co-corresponding authors Correspondence: Marielle Yohe, M.D., Ph.D., Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 8560 Progress Drive Room D3026, Frederick, MD 27101, Phone: (240) 760-7436,
| | - Marielle E. Yohe
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892,Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, 8560 Progress Drive, Frederick, MD 21701,Co-corresponding authors Correspondence: Marielle Yohe, M.D., Ph.D., Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 8560 Progress Drive Room D3026, Frederick, MD 27101, Phone: (240) 760-7436,
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Xu X, Pots H, Gilsbach BK, Parsons D, Veltman DM, Ramachandra SG, Li H, Kortholt A, Jin T. C2GAP2 is a common regulator of Ras signaling for chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and macropinocytosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1075386. [PMID: 36524124 PMCID: PMC9745196 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1075386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, and G protein coupled receptor-mediated chemotaxis are Ras-regulated and actin-driven processes. The common regulator for Ras activity in these three processes remains unknown. Here, we show that C2GAP2, a Ras GTPase activating protein, highly expressed in the vegetative growth state in model organism Dictyostelium. C2GAP2 localizes at the leading edge of chemotaxing cells, phagosomes during phagocytosis, and macropinosomes during micropinocytosis. c2gapB- cells lacking C2GAP2 displayed increased Ras activation upon folic acid stimulation and subsequent impaired chemotaxis in the folic acid gradient. In addition, c2gaB- cells have elevated phagocytosis and macropinocytosis, which subsequently results in faster cell growth. C2GAP2 binds multiple phospholipids on the plasma membrane and the membrane recruitment of C2GAP2 requires calcium. Taken together, we show a shared negative regulator of Ras signaling that mediates Ras signaling for chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and macropinocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Xu
- Chemotaxis Signaling Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Xuehua Xu,
| | - Henderikus Pots
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bernd K. Gilsbach
- Functional Neuroproteomics and Translational Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dustin Parsons
- Chemotaxis Signaling Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Douwe M. Veltman
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sharmila G. Ramachandra
- Chemotaxis Signaling Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Haoran Li
- Chemotaxis Signaling Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Arjan Kortholt
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Tian Jin
- Chemotaxis Signaling Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
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9
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Yang HS, Liu W, Zheng SY, Cai HY, Luo HH, Feng YF, Lei YY. A Novel Ras--Related Signature Improves Prognostic Capacity in Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:822966. [PMID: 35281814 PMCID: PMC8912969 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.822966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains a clinically challenging disease with high morbidity rates and poor prognosis. ESCC is also the most common pathological type of oesophageal cancer (EC) in China. Ras-related genes are one of the most frequently mutated gene families in cancer and regulate tumour development and progression. Given this, we investigated the Ras-related gene expression profiles and their values in ESCC prognosis, using data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. We found that we could identify three distinct oesophageal cancer clusters based on their unique expression profile for 11 differentially expressed Ras-related genes with each of these demonstrating some prognostic value when, evaluated using univariate Cox analysis. We then used multivariate Cox analysis to identify relevant independent prognostic indicators and used these to build a new prognostic prediction model for oesophageal cancer patients using these three Ras-related genes. These evaluations produced an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.932. We found that our Ras-related signatures could also act as independent factors in ESCC prognosis and that patients with low Ras scores showed a higher overall expression levels of various immune checkpoint genes, including TNFSF4, TNFRSF8, TNFRSF9, NRP1, CD28, CD70, CD200, CD276, METTL16, METTL14, ZC3H13, YTHDF3, VIRMA, FTO, and RBM15, as well as a higher CSMD3, FLG, DNAH5, MUC4, PLCO, EYS, and ZNF804B mutation rates, and better sensitivity to drugs such as erlotinib, paclitaxel, and gefitinib. In conclusion, we were able to use the unique expression profiles of several Ras-related genes to produce a novel disease signature which might facilitate improved prognosis in ESCC, providing new insight into both diagnosis and treatment in these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Shuai Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Yi Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - He-Yuan Cai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-He Luo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Fen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Yan Lei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Hidalgo F, Nocka LM, Shah NH, Gorday K, Latorraca NR, Bandaru P, Templeton S, Lee D, Karandur D, Pelton JG, Marqusee S, Wemmer D, Kuriyan J. A saturation-mutagenesis analysis of the interplay between stability and activation in Ras. eLife 2022; 11:e76595. [PMID: 35272765 PMCID: PMC8916776 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer mutations in Ras occur predominantly at three hotspots: Gly 12, Gly 13, and Gln 61. Previously, we reported that deep mutagenesis of H-Ras using a bacterial assay identified many other activating mutations (Bandaru et al., 2017). We now show that the results of saturation mutagenesis of H-Ras in mammalian Ba/F3 cells correlate well with the results of bacterial experiments in which H-Ras or K-Ras are co-expressed with a GTPase-activating protein (GAP). The prominent cancer hotspots are not dominant in the Ba/F3 data. We used the bacterial system to mutagenize Ras constructs of different stabilities and discovered a feature that distinguishes the cancer hotspots. While mutations at the cancer hotspots activate Ras regardless of construct stability, mutations at lower-frequency sites (e.g. at Val 14 or Asp 119) can be activating or deleterious, depending on the stability of the Ras construct. We characterized the dynamics of three non-hotspot activating Ras mutants by using NMR to monitor hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX). These mutations result in global increases in HDX rates, consistent with destabilization of Ras. An explanation for these observations is that mutations that destabilize Ras increase nucleotide dissociation rates, enabling activation by spontaneous nucleotide exchange. A further stability decrease can lead to insufficient levels of folded Ras - and subsequent loss of function. In contrast, the cancer hotspot mutations are mechanism-based activators of Ras that interfere directly with the action of GAPs. Our results demonstrate the importance of GAP surveillance and protein stability in determining the sensitivity of Ras to mutational activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hidalgo
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Laura M Nocka
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Neel H Shah
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Kent Gorday
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Naomi R Latorraca
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Pradeep Bandaru
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Sage Templeton
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - David Lee
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Deepti Karandur
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Jeffrey G Pelton
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Susan Marqusee
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - David Wemmer
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - John Kuriyan
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
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11
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Niu P, Ren X, Wu M, Wan S, Zheng Y, Jiao X, Yan L, Cao H, Yang L, Shao F. Effect of intrarenal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on renal function in patients after cardiac surgery. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e28854. [PMID: 35363185 PMCID: PMC9282047 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of intrarenal RAS on the decrease of renal function in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. This observational study investigated the activation of intrarenal RAS in 24 patients with AKI after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. The activation of intrarenal RAS was determined by urinary angiotensinogen (uAGT), which was measured at 12 hours before surgery, 0 and12 hours after surgery. The results were compared with those of 21 patients without AKI after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Clinical and laboratory data were collected. Compared with baseline, all patients with cardiac surgery had activation of intrarenal RAS at 0 and 12 hours after surgery. The activation of intrarenal RAS was found significantly higher at both 0 and 12 hours after surgery in AKI group versus non AKI group (6.18 ± 1.93 ng/mL vs 3.49 ± 1.71 ng/mL, 16.38 ± 7.50 ng/mL vs 6.04 ± 2.59 ng/mL, respectively). There was a positive correlation between the activation of RAS at 0 hour after surgery and the decrease of renal function at 48 hours after surgery (r = 0.654, P = .001). These findings suggest that uAGT might be a suitable biomarker for prediction of the occurrence and severity of AKI after cardiac surgery. Inhibition of intrarenal RAS activation might be one the path of future treatment for this type of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyuan Niu
- Department of Nephrology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xuejing Ren
- Department of Nephrology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Meihao Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shengfeng Wan
- Department of Nephrology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaojing Jiao
- Department of Nephrology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Department of Nephrology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huixia Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Leiyi Yang
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass of Central China Fuwai Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fengmin Shao
- Department of Nephrology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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12
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Wu D, Tan H, Su W, Cheng D, Wang G, Wang J, Ma DA, Dong GM, Sun P. MZF1 mediates oncogene-induced senescence by promoting the transcription of p16 INK4A. Oncogene 2022; 41:414-426. [PMID: 34773072 PMCID: PMC8758531 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Oncogene induced senescence is a tumor suppressing defense mechanism, in which the cell cycle-dependent protein kinase (CDK) inhibitor p16INK4A (encoded by the CDKN2A gene) plays a key role. We previously reported that a transcriptional co-activator chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7 (CHD7) mediates oncogenic ras-induced senescence by inducing transcription of the p16INK4A gene. In the current study, we identified myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF1) as the transcriptional factor that recruits CHD7 to the p16INK4A promoter, where it mediates oncogenic ras-induced p16INK4A transcription and senescence through CHD7, in primary human cells from multiple origins. Moreover, the expression of MZF1 is induced by oncogenic ras in senescent cells through the c-Jun and Ets1 transcriptional factors upon their activation by the Ras-Raf-1-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) where activating ras mutations occur frequently, reduced MZF1 expression is observed in tumors, as compared to corresponding normal tissues, and correlates with poor patient survival. Analysis of single cell RNA-sequencing data from PAAD patients revealed that among the tumor cells with normal RB expression levels, those with reduced levels of MZF1 are more likely to express lower p16INK4A levels. These findings have identified novel signaling components in the pathway that mediates induction of the p16INK4A tumor suppressor and the senescence response, and suggested that MZF1 is a potential tumor suppressor in at least some cancer types, the loss of which contributes to the inactivation of the p16INK4A/RB pathway and disruption of senescence in tumor cells with intact RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Hua Tan
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Weijun Su
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongmei Cheng
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Guanwen Wang
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA,Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA,Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ding A. Ma
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - George M. Dong
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Peiqing Sun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-, Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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13
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Hachim IY, Hachim MY, Talaat IM, López-Ozuna VM, Saheb Sharif-Askari N, Al Heialy S, Halwani R, Hamid Q. The Molecular Basis of Gender Variations in Mortality Rates Associated With the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:728409. [PMID: 34604307 PMCID: PMC8484873 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.728409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) at the end of 2019, the clinical presentation of the disease showed a great heterogeneity with a diverse impact among different subpopulations. Emerging evidence from different parts of the world showed that male patients usually had a longer disease course as well as worse outcome compared to female patients. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind this difference might be a fundamental step for more effective and personalized response to this disease outbreak. For that reason, here we investigate the molecular basis of gender variations in mortality rates related to COVID-19 infection. To achieve this, we used publicly available lung transcriptomic data from 141 females and compare it to 286 male lung tissues. After excluding Y specific genes, our results showed a shortlist of 73 genes that are differentially expressed between the two groups. Further analysis using pathway enrichment analysis revealed downregulation of a group of genes that are involved in the regulation of hydrolase activity including (CHM, DDX3X, FGFR3, SFRP2, and NLRP2) in males lungs compared to females. This pathway is believed to be essential for immune response and antimicrobial activity in the lung tissues. In contrast, our results showed an increased upregulation of angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1), a member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that plays a role in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activity modulation in male lungs compared to females. Finally, our results showed a differential expression of genes involved in the immune response including the NLRP2 and PTGDR2 in lung tissues of both genders, further supporting the notion of the sex-based immunological differences. Taken together, our results provide an initial evidence of the molecular mechanisms that might be involved in the differential outcomes observed in both genders during the COVID-19 outbreak. This maybe essential for the discovery of new targets and more precise therapeutic options to treat COVID-19 patients from different clinical and epidemiological characteristics with the aim of improving their outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Y Hachim
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mahmood Y Hachim
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Iman Mamdouh Talaat
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Vanessa M López-Ozuna
- Woman's Breast Health Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Saba Al Heialy
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.,Prince Abdullah Ben Khaled Celiac Disease Research Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.,Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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14
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Thomson CS, Pundavela J, Perrino MR, Coover RA, Choi K, Chaney KE, Rizvi TA, Largaespada DA, Ratner N. WNT5A inhibition alters the malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor microenvironment and enhances tumor growth. Oncogene 2021; 40:4229-41. [PMID: 34079083 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01773-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are aggressive soft-tissue sarcomas that cause significant mortality in adults with neurofibromatosis type 1. We compared gene expression of growth factors in normal human nerves to MPNST and normal human Schwann cells to MPNST cell lines. We identified WNT5A as the most significantly upregulated ligand-coding gene and verified its protein expression in MPNST cell lines and tumors. In many contexts WNT5A acts as an oncogene. However, inhibiting WNT5A expression using shRNA did not alter MPNST cell proliferation, invasion, migration, or survival in vitro. Rather, shWNT5A-treated MPNST cells upregulated mRNAs associated with the remodeling of extracellular matrix and with immune cell communication. In addition, these cells secreted increased amounts of the proinflammatory cytokines CXCL1, CCL2, IL6, CXCL8, and ICAM1. Versus controls, shWNT5A-expressing MPNST cells formed larger tumors in vivo. Grafted tumors contained elevated macrophage/stromal cells, larger and more numerous blood vessels, and increased levels of Mmp9, Cxcl13, Lipocalin-1, and Ccl12. In some MPNST settings, these effects were mimicked by targeting the WNT5A receptor ROR2. These data suggest that the non-canonical Wnt ligand WNT5A inhibits MPNST tumor formation by modulating the MPNST microenvironment, so that blocking WNT5A accelerates tumor growth in vivo.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ras pathway mutations are one of the most common type of alterations in pediatric hematologic malignancies and are frequently associated with adverse outcomes. Despite ongoing efforts to use targeted treatments, there remain no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications specifically for children with Ras pathway-mutated leukemia. This review will summarize the role of Ras pathway mutations in pediatric leukemia, discuss the current state of Ras pathway inhibitors and highlight the most promising agents currently being evaluated in clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS Efficacy using RAF and MEK inhibitors has been demonstrated across multiple solid and brain tumors, and these are now considered standard-of-care for certain tumor types in adults and children. Clinical trials are now testing these medications for the first time in pediatric hematologic disorders, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, and histiocytic disorders. Novel inhibitors of the Ras pathway, including direct RAS inhibitors, are also being tested in clinical trials across a spectrum of pediatric and adult malignancies. SUMMARY Activation of the Ras pathway is a common finding in pediatric hematologic neoplasms. Implementation of precision medicine with a goal of improving outcomes for these patients will require testing of Ras pathway inhibitors in combination with other drugs in the context of current and future clinical trials.
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16
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Abstract
Ras activates its effectors at the membrane. Active PI3Kα and its associated kinases/phosphatases assemble at membrane regions enriched in signaling lipids. In contrast, the Raf kinase domain extends into the cytoplasm and its assembly is away from the crowded membrane surface. Our structural membrane-centric outlook underscores the spatiotemporal principles of membrane and signaling lipids, which helps clarify PI3Kα activation. Here we focus on mechanisms of activation driven by PI3Kα driver mutations, spotlighting the PI3Kα double (multiple) activating mutations. Single mutations can be potent, but double mutations are stronger: their combination is specific, a single strong driver cannot fully activate PI3K, and two weak drivers may or may not do so. In contrast, two strong drivers may successfully activate PI3K, where one, for example, H1047R, modulates membrane interactions facilitating substrate binding at the active site (km) and the other, for example, E542K and E545K, reduces the transition state barrier (ka), releasing autoinhibition by nSH2. Although mostly unidentified, weak drivers are expected to be common, so we ask here how common double mutations are likely to be and why PI3Kα with double mutations responds effectively to inhibitors. We provide a structural view of hotspot and weak driver mutations in PI3Kα activation, explain their mechanisms, compare these with mechanisms of Raf activation, and point to targeting cell-specific, chromatin-accessible, and parallel (or redundant) pathways to thwart the expected emergence of drug resistance. Collectively, our biophysical outlook delineates activation and highlights the challenges of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Zhang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland.
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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17
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Ruffinelli JC, Santos Vivas C, Sanz-Pamplona R, Moreno V. New advances in the clinical management of RAS and BRAF mutant colorectal cancer patients. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:65-79. [PMID: 32946312 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2021.1826305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In colorectal carcinogenesis, genetic alterations in RAS and BRAF oncogenes play an important role for cancer initiation and/or progression and represent a key focus in the search for targeted therapies. Despite many years of research and a great amount of studies, until very recently this pathway was considered extremely hard to downregulate to obtain a significant clinical impact in colorectal cancer patients. But better times are coming with the advent of new promising drugs and combinations strategies. AREAS COVERED In this review, we go over the biological characteristics of the MAPK pathway in colorectal tumors, while illustrating the clinical correlation of RAS and BRAF mutations, particularly its prognostic and predictive value. We also present newly data about recent improvements in the treatment strategy for patients harboring these types of tumors. EXPERT COMMENTARY With great advances in the knowledge of molecular basis of RAS and BRAF mutant colorectal cancer in conjunction with biotechnology development and the constant effort for improvement, in the near future many new therapeutic options would be available for the management of this group of patient with dismal prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Ruffinelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet De Llobregat , Barcelona, Spain.,Colorectal Cancer Group, ONCOBELL Program, Institut De Recerca Biomedica De Bellvitge (IDIBELL) , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Santos Vivas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet De Llobregat , Barcelona, Spain.,Colorectal Cancer Group, ONCOBELL Program, Institut De Recerca Biomedica De Bellvitge (IDIBELL) , Barcelona, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Oncology (CIBERONC) , Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rebeca Sanz-Pamplona
- Colorectal Cancer Group, ONCOBELL Program, Institut De Recerca Biomedica De Bellvitge (IDIBELL) , Barcelona, Spain.,Unit of Biomarkers and Susceptibility, Oncology Data Analytics Program (ODAP, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet De Llobregat , Barcelona, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Moreno
- Colorectal Cancer Group, ONCOBELL Program, Institut De Recerca Biomedica De Bellvitge (IDIBELL) , Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain.,Unit of Biomarkers and Susceptibility, Oncology Data Analytics Program (ODAP, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet De Llobregat , Barcelona, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) , Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Dasgupta A, Sierra L, Tsang SV, Kurenbekova L, Patel T, Rajapakse K, Shuck RL, Rainusso N, Landesman Y, Unger T, Coarfa C, Yustein JT. Targeting PAK4 Inhibits Ras-Mediated Signaling and Multiple Oncogenic Pathways in High-Risk Rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Res 2021; 81:199-212. [PMID: 33168646 PMCID: PMC7878415 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most prevalent pediatric soft-tissue sarcoma. Multimodal treatment, including surgery and traditional chemotherapy with radiotherapy, has contributed to improvements in overall survival rates. However, patients with recurrent or metastatic disease have 5-year survival rates of less than 30%. One reason for the lack of therapeutic advancement is identification and targeting of critical signaling nodes. p21-activated kinases (PAK) are a family of serine/threonine kinases downstream of multiple critical tumorigenic receptor tyrosine kinase receptors and oncogenic regulators, including IGFR and RAS signaling, that significantly contribute to aggressive malignant phenotypes. Here, we report that RMS cell lines and tumors exhibit enhanced PAK4 expression levels and activity, which are further activated by growth factors involved in RMS development. Molecular perturbation of PAK4 in multiple RMS models in vitro and in vivo resulted in inhibition of RMS development and progression. Fusion-positive and -negative RMS models were sensitive to two PAK4 small-molecule inhibitors, PF-3758309 and KPT-9274, which elicited significant antitumor and antimetastatic potential in several primary and metastatic in vivo models, including a relapsed RMS patient-derived xenograft model. Transcriptomic analysis of PAK4-targeted tumors revealed inhibition of the RAS-GTPase, Hedgehog, and Notch pathways, along with evidence of activation of antitumor immune response signatures. This PAK4-targeting gene signature showed prognostic significance for patients with sarcoma. Overall, our results show for the first time that PAK4 is a novel and viable therapeutic target for the treatment of high-risk RMS. SIGNIFICANCE: These data demonstrate a novel oncogenic role for PAK4 in rhabdomyosarcoma and show that targeting PAK4 activity is a promising viable therapeutic option for advanced rhabdomyosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atreyi Dasgupta
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers and The Faris D. Virani Ewing Sarcoma Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Laura Sierra
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers and The Faris D. Virani Ewing Sarcoma Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Susan V Tsang
- Integrative Molecular and Biological Sciences Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lyazat Kurenbekova
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers and The Faris D. Virani Ewing Sarcoma Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Tajhal Patel
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers and The Faris D. Virani Ewing Sarcoma Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kimal Rajapakse
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Comprehensive Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ryan L Shuck
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers and The Faris D. Virani Ewing Sarcoma Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Nino Rainusso
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers and The Faris D. Virani Ewing Sarcoma Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Comprehensive Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason T Yustein
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers and The Faris D. Virani Ewing Sarcoma Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
- Integrative Molecular and Biological Sciences Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Comprehensive Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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19
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Kobayashi K, Baba K, Kambayashi S, Okuda M. Effect of simvastatin on cell proliferation and Ras activation in canine tumour cells. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 19:99-108. [PMID: 32779819 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Statins are inhibitors of the mevalonate cascade that is responsible for cholesterol biosynthesis and the formation of intermediate metabolites, farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) used in the prenylation of proteins. Although statins are widely used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, recent studies suggest that they also inhibit proliferation of tumour cells by reducing prenylation of small GTP-binding proteins, such as, Ras. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of simvastatin on cell proliferation and Ras activation in various canine tumour cell lines, including hemangiosarcoma (HSA), melanoma, and lymphoma cell lines. Simvastatin inhibited cell proliferation of all cell lines tested in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, but the susceptibilities were different amongst the cell lines. Simvastatin induced apoptotic cell death via activation of caspase-3 and cell cycle arrest. The cytotoxic effects of simvastatin were attenuated by GGPP and FPP. Simvastatin decreased the amount of prenylated Ras and GTP-bound Ras in HSA and melanoma cell lines, but not in lymphoma cell lines. These results indicate that simvastatin induces cytotoxic effects through the depletion of GGPP and FPP in a variety of canine tumour cells, whereas multiple mechanisms are involved in the effects. Further study is required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of simvastatin-induced cytotoxic effects in a variety of canine tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kenji Baba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kambayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masaru Okuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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20
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Pereira J, Alves F, Ferreira F, Vasconcelos de Matos L, Massena A, Martins A. Liquid Biopsies in Progressing Metastatic Colorectal Cancer- Application and their Therapeutic Implications According to the RAS Status. Cureus 2020; 12:e7035. [PMID: 32211268 PMCID: PMC7082790 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) now includes therapy with biological agents inthe first line of treatment. The advances of our knowledge in molecular biology of these tumors allowed the identification of signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis as potential therapeutic targets. In this field, monoclonal antibodies against epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) added to a chemotherapy doublet have demonstrated improved overall survival for these patients. However, mutations in oncogenes NRAS/KRAS are predictive of absence of response to these treatments. Therefore, genotyping in mCRC is essential to personalized treatment. It is known that tumoral heterogeneity and selective pression by targeted therapies can lead to changes in RAS mutational status, along the course of the disease. This opens the possibility of different targeted therapies. Tumor analysis through liquid biopsies allows for the detection of genetic alterations in a less invasive way than common solid tumor biopsy and is currently being validated in different settings, with promising results in mCRC. The main goal of this study was to assess therapeutic implications of Liquid Biopsy (LB) in treatment of progressive mCRC and its potential impact on survival. Material and methods A retrospective, observational, unicentric study of patients diagnosed with progressive mCRC and who underwent LB after several lines of treatment, was performed. Analysis of patient and tumor characteristics, as well as LB results was performed with descriptive statistics and survival analysis according to Kaplan-Meier methods and COX analysis with STATA/IC software. Results We included 18 patients on whom LB were performed (median age 61 years; 55% (n=10) men). The median follow-up was 37.4 months. At diagnosis, 12 patients had a KRAS mutation. In the LB reassessment, there was a change in the RAS status in six patients, who initially had a mutation and later showed KRASwt (wild type RAS). LB led to a change in the therapeutic plan in these six patients, allowing the use of anti-EGFR therapy. Progression Free Survival (PFS) and Overall Survival (OS) could not be calculated at this time. Conclusion LB can revolutionize the approach to mCRC by optimizing therapeutic sequencing in a continuum of care strategy. The search for genetic changes over the course of the disease allows a better therapeutic approach to each patient. In the study presented, the realization of LB allowed an increase in therapeutic options in 1/3 of the patients. It is important to continue these studies with larger samples in order to better validate this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pereira
- Medical Oncology, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, PRT
| | - Fatima Alves
- Medical Oncology, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa, PRT
| | - Filipa Ferreira
- Medical Oncology, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, PRT
| | | | - Ana Massena
- Medical Oncology, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa, PRT
| | - Ana Martins
- Medical Oncology, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa, PRT
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review aims to highlight the frequency of RAS mutations in pediatric leukemias and solid tumors and to propose strategies for targeting oncogenic RAS in pediatric cancers. RECENT FINDINGS The three RAS genes (HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS) comprise the most frequently mutated oncogene family in human cancer. RAS mutations are commonly observed in three of the leading causes of cancer death in the United States, namely lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer. The association of RAS mutations with these aggressive malignancies inspired the creation of the National Cancer Institute RAS initiative and spurred intense efforts to develop strategies to inhibit oncogenic RAS, with much recent success. RAS mutations are frequently observed in pediatric cancers; however, recent advances in anti-RAS drug development have yet to translate into pediatric clinical trials. SUMMARY We find that RAS is mutated in common and rare pediatric malignancies and that oncogenic RAS confers a functional dependency in these cancers. Many strategies for targeting RAS are being pursued for malignancies that primarily affect adults and there is a clear need for inclusion of pediatric patients in clinical trials of these agents.
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22
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O'Connor CM, Leonard D, Wiredja D, Avelar RA, Wang Z, Schlatzer D, Bryson B, Tokala E, Taylor SE, Upadhyay A, Sangodkar J, Gingras AC, Westermarck J, Xu W, DiFeo A, Brautigan DL, Haider S, Jackson M, Narla G. Inactivation of PP2A by a recurrent mutation drives resistance to MEK inhibitors. Oncogene 2020; 39:703-717. [PMID: 31541192 PMCID: PMC6980487 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) functions as a tumor suppressor by negatively regulating multiple oncogenic signaling pathways. The canonical PP2A holoenzyme comprises a scaffolding subunit (PP2A Aα/β), which serves as the platform for binding of both the catalytic C subunit and one regulatory B subunit. Somatic heterozygous missense mutations in PPP2R1A, the gene encoding the PP2A Aα scaffolding subunit, have been identified across multiple cancer types, but the effects of the most commonly mutated residue, Arg-183, on PP2A function have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we used a series of cellular and in vivo models and discovered that the most frequent Aα R183W mutation formed alternative holoenzymes by binding of different PP2A regulatory subunits compared with wild-type Aα, suggesting a rededication of PP2A functions. Unlike wild-type Aα, which suppressed tumorigenesis, the R183W mutant failed to suppress tumor growth in vivo through activation of the MAPK pathway in RAS-mutant transformed cells. Furthermore, cells expressing R183W were less sensitive to MEK inhibitors. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the R183W mutation in PP2A Aα scaffold abrogates the tumor suppressive actions of PP2A, thereby potentiating oncogenic signaling and reducing drug sensitivity of RAS-mutant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M O'Connor
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Leonard
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Danica Wiredja
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rita A Avelar
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhizhi Wang
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniela Schlatzer
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin Bryson
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eesha Tokala
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sarah E Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aditya Upadhyay
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jaya Sangodkar
- Department of Internal Medicine: Genetic Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Analisa DiFeo
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David L Brautigan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Shozeb Haider
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Goutham Narla
- Department of Internal Medicine: Genetic Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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23
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Fussey JM, Vaidya B, Kim D, Clark J, Ellard S, Smith JA. The role of molecular genetics in the clinical management of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma: A systematic review. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 91:697-707. [PMID: 31301229 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The significant variation in the clinical behaviour of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (sMTC) causes uncertainty when planning the management of these patients. Several tumour genetic and epigenetic markers have been described, but their clinical usefulness remains unclear. The aim of this review was to evaluate the evidence for the use of molecular genetic and epigenetic profiles in the risk stratification and management of sMTC. METHODS MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched using the MeSH terms "medullary carcinoma", "epigenetics", "molecular genetics", "microRNAs"; and free text terms "medullary carcinoma", "sporadic medullary thyroid cancer", "sMTC", "RET", "RAS" and "miR". Articles containing less than ten subjects, not focussing on sMTC, or not reporting clinical outcomes were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS Twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria, and key findings were summarized in themes according to the genetic and epigenetic markers studied. There is good evidence that somatic RET mutations predict higher rates of lymph node metastasis and persistent disease, and worse survival. There are also several good quality studies demonstrating associations between certain epigenetic markers such as tumour miR-183 and miR-375 expression and higher rates of lymph node and distant metastasis, and worse survival. CONCLUSIONS There is a growing body of evidence that tumour genetic and epigenetic profiles can be used to risk stratify patients with sMTC. Further research should focus on the clinical applicability of these findings by investigating the possibility of tailoring management to an individual's tumour mutation profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mark Fussey
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Bijay Vaidya
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Dae Kim
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, St George's University Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Clark
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sian Ellard
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Joel Anthony Smith
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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24
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Carnes RM, Mobley JA, Crossman DK, Liu H, Korf BR, Kesterson RA, Wallis D. Multi-Omics Profiling for NF1 Target Discovery in Neurofibromin (NF1) Deficient Cells. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800334. [PMID: 30908848 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Loss of NF1 is an oncogenic driver. In efforts to define pathways responsible for the development of neurofibromas and other cancers, transcriptomic and proteomic changes are evaluated in a non-malignant NF1 null cell line. NF1 null HEK293 cells were created using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and they are compared to parental cells that express neurofibromin. A total of 1222 genes and 132 proteins are found to be differentially expressed. The analysis is integrated to identify eight transcripts/proteins that are differentially regulated in both analyses. Metacore Pathway analysis identifies Neurogenesis NGF/TrkA MAPK-mediated signaling alterations. Next, the data set is compared with other published studies that involve analysis of cells or tumors deficient for NF1 and it is found that 141 genes recur in the sample and others; only thirteen of these genes recur in two or more studies. Genes/proteins of interest are validated via q-RT-PCR or Western blot. It is shown that KRT8 and 14-3-3σ protein levels respond to exogenously introduced mNf1 cDNA. Hence, transcripts/proteins that respond to neurofibromin levels are identified and they can potentially be used as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Carnes
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James A Mobley
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Bruce R Korf
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert A Kesterson
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Deeann Wallis
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, Birmingham, AL, USA
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25
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Kessler BE, Mishall KM, Kellett MD, Clark EG, Pugazhenthi U, Pozdeyev N, Kim J, Tan AC, Schweppe RE. Resistance to Src inhibition alters the BRAF-mutant tumor secretome to promote an invasive phenotype and therapeutic escape through a FAK>p130Cas>c-Jun signaling axis. Oncogene 2019; 38:2565-2579. [PMID: 30531837 PMCID: PMC6450711 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Few therapy options exist for patients with advanced papillary and anaplastic thyroid cancer. We and others have previously identified c-Src as a key mediator of thyroid cancer pro-tumorigenic processes and a promising therapeutic target for thyroid cancer. To increase the efficacy of targeting Src in the clinic, we sought to define mechanisms of resistance to the Src inhibitor, dasatinib, to identify key pathways to target in combination. Using a panel of thyroid cancer cell lines expressing clinically relevant mutations in BRAF or RAS, which were previously developed to be resistant to dasatinib, we identified a switch to a more invasive phenotype in the BRAF-mutant cells as a potential therapy escape mechanism. This phenotype switch is driven by FAK kinase activity, and signaling through the p130Cas>c-Jun signaling axis. We have further shown this more invasive phenotype is accompanied by alterations in the secretome through the increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, and the pro-invasive metalloprotease, MMP-9. Furthermore, IL-1β signals via a feedforward autocrine loop to promote invasion through a FAK>p130Cas>c-Jun>MMP-9 signaling axis. We further demonstrate that upfront combined inhibition of FAK and Src synergistically inhibits growth and invasion, and induces apoptosis in a panel of BRAF- and RAS-mutant thyroid cancer cell lines. Together our data demonstrate that acquired resistance to single-agent Src inhibition promotes a more invasive phenotype through an IL-1β>FAK>p130Cas>c-Jun >MMP signaling axis, and that combined inhibition of FAK and Src has the potential to block this inhibitor-induced phenotype switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittelle E Kessler
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Katie M Mishall
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Meghan D Kellett
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Erin G Clark
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Umarani Pugazhenthi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Nikita Pozdeyev
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Division of Bioinformatics and Personalized Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jihye Kim
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Aik Choon Tan
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Rebecca E Schweppe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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26
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Abstract
The resurgence of Drosophila as a recognized model for carcinogenesis has contributed greatly to our conceptual advance and mechanistic understanding of tumor growth in vivo. With its powerful genetics, Drosophila has emerged as a prime model organism to study cell biology and physiological functions of autophagy. This has enabled exploration of the contributions of autophagy in several tumor models. Here we review the literature of autophagy related to tumorigenesis in Drosophila. Functional analysis of core autophagy components does not provide proof for a classical tumor suppression role for autophagy alone. Autophagy both serve to suppress or support tumor growth. These effects are context-specific, depending on cell type and oncogenic or tumor suppressive lesion. Future delineation of how autophagy impinges on tumorigenesis will demand to untangle in detail, the regulation and flux of autophagy in the respective tumor models. The downstream tumor-regulative roles of autophagy through organelle homeostasis, metabolism, selective autophagy or alternative mechanisms remain largely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojyar Khezri
- Center for Cancer Cell Reprogramming (CanCell), Institute for Clinical Medicine, The Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Erik Rusten
- Center for Cancer Cell Reprogramming (CanCell), Institute for Clinical Medicine, The Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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27
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Anelli V, Ordas A, Kneitz S, Sagredo LM, Gourain V, Schartl M, Meijer AH, Mione M. Ras-Induced miR-146a and 193a Target Jmjd6 to Regulate Melanoma Progression. Front Genet 2018; 9:675. [PMID: 30619488 PMCID: PMC6305343 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras genes are among the most commonly mutated genes in human cancer; yet our understanding of their oncogenic activity at the molecular mechanistic level is incomplete. To identify downstream events that mediate ras-induced cellular transformation in vivo, we analyzed global microRNA expression in three different models of Ras-induction and tumor formation in zebrafish. Six microRNAs were found increased in Ras-induced melanoma, glioma and in an inducible model of ubiquitous Ras expression. The upregulation of the microRNAs depended on the activation of the ERK and AKT pathways and to a lesser extent, on mTOR signaling. Two Ras-induced microRNAs (miR-146a and 193a) target Jmjd6, inducing downregulation of its mRNA and protein levels at the onset of Ras expression during melanoma development. However, at later stages of melanoma progression, jmjd6 levels were found elevated. The dynamic of Jmjd6 levels during progression of melanoma in the zebrafish model suggests that upregulation of the microRNAs targeting Jmjd6 may be part of an anti-cancer response. Indeed, triple transgenic fish engineered to express a microRNA-resistant Jmjd6 from the onset of melanoma have increased tumor burden, higher infiltration of leukocytes and shorter melanoma-free survival. Increased JMJD6 expression is found in several human cancers, including melanoma, suggesting that the up-regulation of Jmjd6 is a critical event in tumor progression. The following link has been created to allow review of record GSE37015: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?token=jjcrbiuicyyqgpc&acc=GSE37015.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anita Ordas
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Susanne Kneitz
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leonel Munoz Sagredo
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Valparaiso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Victor Gourain
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Hagler Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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28
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Pérez-Cárdenas E, Taja-Chayeb L, Trejo-Becerril C, Chanona-Vilchis J, Chávez-Blanco A, Domínguez-Gómez G, Langley E, García-Carrancá A, Dueñas-González A. Antimetastatic effect of epigenetic drugs, hydralazine and valproic acid, in Ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:8823-8833. [PMID: 30584338 PMCID: PMC6290866 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s187306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metastasis involves the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations leading to activation of prometastatic genes and inactivation of antimetastatic genes. Among epigenetic alterations, DNA hypermethylation and histone hypoacetylation are the focus of intense translational research because their pharmacological inhibition has been shown to produce antineoplastic activity in a variety of experimental models. Aims This study aimed to evaluate the antimetastatic effect of the DNA-methylation inhibitor, hydralazine, and the histone deacetylase inhibitor, valproic acid. Methods NIH 3T3-Ras murine cells were treated with hydralazine and valproic acid to evaluate their effects upon cell proliferation, cell motility, chemotaxis, gelatinase activity, and gene expression. Lung metastases were developed by intravenous injection of NIH 3T3-Ras cells in BALB/c nu/nu mice and then treated with the drug combination. Results Treatment induced a growth-inhibitory effect on NIH 3T3-Ras cells, showed a trend toward increased gelatinase activity of MMP2 and MMP9, and inhibited chemotaxis and cell motility. The combination led to a strong antimetastatic effect in lungs of nude mice. Conclusion Hydralazine and valproic acid, two repositioned drugs as epigenetic agents, exhibit antimetastatic effects in vitro and in vivo and hold potential for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucía Taja-Chayeb
- Division of Basic Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - José Chanona-Vilchis
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alma Chávez-Blanco
- Division of Basic Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Elizabeth Langley
- Division of Basic Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro García-Carrancá
- Unit of Biomedical Research on Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico, .,Unit of Biomedical Research on Cancer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico City, Mexico,
| | - Alfonso Dueñas-González
- Unit of Biomedical Research on Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico, .,Unit of Biomedical Research on Cancer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico City, Mexico,
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29
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Hodges TR, Abbott JR, Little AJ, Sarkar D, Salovich JM, Howes JE, Akan DT, Sai J, Arnold AL, Browning C, Burns MC, Sobolik T, Sun Q, Beesetty Y, Coker JA, Scharn D, Stadtmueller H, Rossanese OW, Phan J, Waterson AG, McConnell DB, Fesik SW. Discovery and Structure-Based Optimization of Benzimidazole-Derived Activators of SOS1-Mediated Nucleotide Exchange on RAS. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8875-8894. [PMID: 30205005 PMCID: PMC8314423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Son of sevenless homologue 1 (SOS1) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that catalyzes the exchange of GDP for GTP on RAS. In its active form, GTP-bound RAS is responsible for numerous critical cellular processes. Aberrant RAS activity is involved in ∼30% of all human cancers; hence, SOS1 is an attractive therapeutic target for its role in modulating RAS activation. Here, we describe a new series of benzimidazole-derived SOS1 agonists. Using structure-guided design, we discovered small molecules that increase nucleotide exchange on RAS in vitro at submicromolar concentrations, bind to SOS1 with low double-digit nanomolar affinity, rapidly enhance cellular RAS-GTP levels, and invoke biphasic signaling changes in phosphorylation of ERK 1/2. These compounds represent the most potent series of SOS1 agonists reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R. Hodges
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Jason R. Abbott
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Andrew J. Little
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Dhruba Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - James M. Salovich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Howes
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Denis T. Akan
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Jiqing Sai
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Allison L. Arnold
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Carrie Browning
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Michael C. Burns
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Tammy Sobolik
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Yugandhar Beesetty
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Jesse A. Coker
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Dirk Scharn
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Stadtmueller
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Olivia W. Rossanese
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Jason Phan
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Alex G. Waterson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | - Darryl B. McConnell
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen W. Fesik
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
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30
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Fedele C, Ran H, Diskin B, Wei W, Jen J, Geer M, Araki K, Ozerdem U, Simeone DM, Miller G, Neel BG, Tang KH. SHP2 Inhibition Prevents Adaptive Resistance to MEK Inhibitors in Multiple Cancer Models. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:1237-1249. [PMID: 30045908 PMCID: PMC6170706 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive resistance to MEK inhibitors (MEKi) typically occurs via induction of genes for different receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) and/or their ligands, even in tumors of the same histotype, making combination strategies challenging. SHP2 (PTPN11) is required for RAS/ERK pathway activation by most RTKs and might provide a common resistance node. We found that combining the SHP2 inhibitor SHP099 with a MEKi inhibited the proliferation of multiple cancer cell lines in vitro PTPN11 knockdown/MEKi treatment had similar effects, whereas expressing SHP099 binding-defective PTPN11 mutants conferred resistance, demonstrating that SHP099 is on-target. SHP099/trametinib was highly efficacious in xenograft and/or genetically engineered models of KRAS-mutant pancreas, lung, and ovarian cancers and in wild-type RAS-expressing triple-negative breast cancer. SHP099 inhibited activation of KRAS mutants with residual GTPase activity, impeded SOS/RAS/MEK/ERK1/2 reactivation in response to MEKi, and blocked ERK1/2-dependent transcriptional programs. We conclude that SHP099/MEKi combinations could have therapeutic utility in multiple malignancies.Significance: MEK inhibitors show limited efficacy as single agents, in part because of the rapid development of adaptive resistance. We find that SHP2/MEK inhibitor combinations prevent adaptive resistance in multiple cancer models expressing mutant and wild-type KRAS. Cancer Discov; 8(10); 1237-49. ©2018 AACR. See related commentary by Torres-Ayuso and Brognard, p. 1210 This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1195.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Fedele
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York,Corresponding Authors:Benjamin G Neel, Address: 522 First Avenue, Smilow Building 12th Floor, Suite 1201, New York, NY 10016, , Kwan Ho Tang, Address: 522 First Avenue, Smilow Building 7th Floor, Suite 707, New York, NY 10016, , Carmine Fedele, Address: 522 First Avenue, Smilow Building 7th Floor, Suite 707, New York, NY 10016,
| | - Hao Ran
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Brian Diskin
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Wei Wei
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Jayu Jen
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Mitchell Geer
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Kiyomi Araki
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Ugur Ozerdem
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Diane M Simeone
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - George Miller
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Benjamin G Neel
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York,Corresponding Authors:Benjamin G Neel, Address: 522 First Avenue, Smilow Building 12th Floor, Suite 1201, New York, NY 10016, , Kwan Ho Tang, Address: 522 First Avenue, Smilow Building 7th Floor, Suite 707, New York, NY 10016, , Carmine Fedele, Address: 522 First Avenue, Smilow Building 7th Floor, Suite 707, New York, NY 10016,
| | - Kwan Ho Tang
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York,Corresponding Authors:Benjamin G Neel, Address: 522 First Avenue, Smilow Building 12th Floor, Suite 1201, New York, NY 10016, , Kwan Ho Tang, Address: 522 First Avenue, Smilow Building 7th Floor, Suite 707, New York, NY 10016, , Carmine Fedele, Address: 522 First Avenue, Smilow Building 7th Floor, Suite 707, New York, NY 10016,
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31
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Abstract
When exposed to adverse environmental conditions, cells degrade their own content to recycle cellular building blocks through a process called autophagy. A large body of literature has connected autophagy to cancer, but most studies up until now focused on its function in transformed cells. In her thesis, Nadja Katheder dissected the role of autophagy in a well-characterized neoplastic in vivo tumor model in Drosophila and demonstrates a novel non-cell-autonomous requirement of this process for tumor growth. Neighboring epithelial cells and distal tissues increase autophagy in the presence of a malignant tumor. Pharmacological autophagy inhibition reduces tumor growth and genetic ablation of autophagy in the microenvironment reveals a tumor-supportive role of this process in this specific cell population. Tumor cells are metabolically stressed and induce autophagy in their neighbors through a TNFα-JNK-IL-6 signaling cascade. Moreover, they are dependent on amino acid import to sustain their proliferation, which indicates a coupling of metabolism between these two cell populations. Finally, allografted growth-impaired tumors from autophagy-deficient donor animals resume growth in an autophagy-competent host. Together, the results described in this thesis highlight the tumor-promoting role of autophagy the microenvironment and show that cancer cells engage their epithelial neighbors as essential contributors aiding their own growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Sandra Katheder
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital , Montebello , Oslo , Norway.,b Centre for Cancer Biomedicine , Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Norway
| | - Tor Erik Rusten
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital , Montebello , Oslo , Norway.,b Centre for Cancer Biomedicine , Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Norway
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32
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Goldberg RM, Montagut C, Wainberg ZA, Ronga P, Audhuy F, Taieb J, Stintzing S, Siena S, Santini D. Optimising the use of cetuximab in the continuum of care for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. ESMO Open 2018; 3:e000353. [PMID: 29765773 PMCID: PMC5950648 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2018-000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody cetuximab in combination with chemotherapy is a standard of care in the first-line treatment of RAS wild-type (wt) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) and has demonstrated efficacy in later lines. Progressive disease (PD) occurs when tumours develop resistance to a therapy, although controversy remains about whether PD on a combination of chemotherapy and targeted agents implies resistance to both components. Here, we propose that some patients may gain additional clinical benefit from the reuse of cetuximab after having PD on regimens including cetuximab in an earlier treatment line. We conducted a non-systematic literature search in PubMed and reviewed published and ongoing clinical trials, focusing on later-line cetuximab reuse in patients with mCRC. Evidence from multiple studies suggests that cetuximab can be an efficacious and tolerable treatment when continued or when fit patients with mCRC are retreated with it after a break from anti-EGFR therapy. Furthermore, on the basis of available preclinical and clinical evidence, we propose that longitudinal monitoring of RAS status may identify patients suitable for such a strategy. Patients who experience progression on cetuximab plus chemotherapy but have maintained RAS wt tumour status may benefit from continuation of cetuximab with a chemotherapy backbone switch because they have probably developed resistance to the chemotherapeutic agents rather than the biologic component of the regimen. Conversely, patients whose disease progresses on cetuximab-based therapy due to drug-selected clonal expansion of RAS-mutant tumour cells may regain sensitivity to cetuximab following a defined break from anti-EGFR therapy. Looking to the future, we propose that RAS status determination at disease progression by liquid, needle or excisional biopsy may identify patients eligible for cetuximab continuation and rechallenge. With this approach, treatment benefit can be extended, adding to established continuum-of-care strategies in patients with mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Goldberg
- Cancer Signature Program, West Virginia University Cancer Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Clara Montagut
- Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zev A Wainberg
- University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | - Julien Taieb
- Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, APHP, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Department of GI Oncology, Paris, France
| | - Sebastian Stintzing
- University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department of Medicine III, Munich, Germany
| | - Salvatore Siena
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Santini
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
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33
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Abstract
Liver kinase B1 (LKB1, also known as serine/threonine kinase 11, STK11) has been thought to be a constitutively active tumor suppressor that is activated by forming an active complex. Very recently, a new post-translational modification on LKB1 was identified that can regulate LKB1 activation and LKB1-mediated cancer cell survival under energy stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Wei Lee
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hui-Kuan Lin
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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34
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Liu Z, Wang L, Yang J, Bandyopadhyay A, Kaklamani V, Wang S, Sun LZ. Estrogen receptor alpha inhibits senescence-like phenotype and facilitates transformation induced by oncogenic ras in human mammary epithelial cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:39097-39107. [PMID: 27259243 PMCID: PMC5129916 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to estrogen has long been associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer. However, how estrogen signaling promotes breast carcinogenesis remains elusive. Senescence is known as an important protective response to oncogenic events. We aimed to elucidate the role of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) on senescence in transformed human mammary epithelial cells and breast cancer cells. Our results show that ectopic expression of oncoprotein H-ras-V12 in immortalized human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and increased the activity of the senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal). These senescence-like phenotypes were reversed by ectopic expression of ERα. Similar inhibition of the H-ras-V12-induced SA-β-Gal activity by ERα was also observed in the human mammary epithelial MCF-10A cells. Co-expression of ERα and H-ras-V12 resulted in HMEC anchorage-independent growth in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. Furthermore, inhibition of ERα expression induced senescence-like phenotypes in ERα positive human breast cancer cells such as increased activity of SA-β-Gal, decreased phosphorylation of RB, and loss of mitogenic activity. Thus, the suppression of cellular senescence induced by oncogenic signals may be a major mechanism by which ERα promotes breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.,Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Junhua Yang
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Abhik Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Virginia Kaklamani
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shui Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu-Zhe Sun
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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35
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Tamura S, Wang Y, Veeneman B, Hovelson D, Bankhead A, Broses LJ, Lorenzatti Hiles G, Liebert M, Rubin JR, Day KC, Hussain M, Neamati N, Tomlins S, Palmbos PL, Grivas P, Day ML. Molecular Correlates of In Vitro Responses to Dacomitinib and Afatinib in Bladder Cancer. Bladder Cancer 2018; 4:77-90. [PMID: 29430509 PMCID: PMC5798519 DOI: 10.3233/blc-170144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The HER family of proteins (EGFR, HER2, HER3 and HER4) have long been thought to be therapeutic targets for bladder cancer, but previous clinical trials targeting these proteins have been disappointing. Second generation agents may be more effective. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate responses to two second-generation irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors, dacomitinib and afatinib, in bladder cancer cell lines. Methods: Cell lines were characterized by targeted next generation DNA sequencing, RNA sequencing, western blotting and flow cytometry. Cell survival responses to dacomitinib or afatinib were determined using (3-[4,5-dimethylthioazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) (MTT) or [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) and phenazine methosylfate (PMS) cell survival assays. Results: Only two cell lines of 12 tested were sensitive to afatinib. Sensitivity to afatinib was significantly associated with mutation in either HER2 or HER3 (p < 0.05). The two cell lines sensitive to afatinib were also responsive to dacomitinib ralong with an additional 4 other cell lines out of 16 tested. No characteristic was associated with dacomitinib sensitivity. Molecular profiling demonstrated that only two genes were high in both afatinib and dacomitinib sensitive cells. Further rhigher expression of RAS pathway genes was noted for dacomitinib responsive cells. Conclusions: This study confirms that cell line screening can be useful in pre-clinical evaluation of targeted small molecule inhibitors and suggests that compounds with similar structure(s) and target(s) may have distinct sensitivity profiles. Further rcombinational targeting of additional molecularly relevant pathways may be important in enhancing responses to HER targeted agents in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzo Tamura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Current address: Yokohama City University, Yokohama City, Japan
| | - Yin Wang
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brendan Veeneman
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Current Address: Pfizer, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Hovelson
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Armand Bankhead
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Luke J Broses
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guadalupe Lorenzatti Hiles
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Monica Liebert
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John R Rubin
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kathleen C Day
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maha Hussain
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Current Address: Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott Tomlins
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Philip L Palmbos
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Petros Grivas
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Current address: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark L Day
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Lee TH, Chennakrishnaiah S, Meehan B, Montermini L, Garnier D, D'Asti E, Hou W, Magnus N, Gayden T, Jabado N, Eppert K, Majewska L, Rak J. Barriers to horizontal cell transformation by extracellular vesicles containing oncogenic H- ras. Oncotarget 2018; 7:51991-52002. [PMID: 27437771 PMCID: PMC5239530 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) enable the exit of regulatory, mutant and oncogenic macromolecules (proteins, RNA and DNA) from their parental tumor cells and uptake of this material by unrelated cellular populations. Among the resulting biological effects of interest is the notion that cancer-derived EVs may mediate horizontal transformation of normal cells through transfer of mutant genes, including mutant ras. Here, we report that H-ras-mediated transformation of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-18) results in the emission of exosome-like EVs containing genomic DNA, HRAS oncoprotein and transcript. However, EV-mediated horizontal transformation of non-transformed cells (epithelial, astrocytic, fibroblastic and endothelial) is transient, limited or absent due to barrier mechanisms that curtail the uptake, retention and function of oncogenic H-ras in recipient cells. Thus, epithelial cells and astrocytes are resistant to EV uptake, unless they undergo malignant transformation. In contrast, primary and immortalized fibroblasts are susceptible to the EV uptake, retention of H-ras DNA and phenotypic transformation, but these effects are transient and fail to produce a permanent tumorigenic conversion of these cells in vitro and in vivo, even after several months of observation. Increased exposure to EVs isolated from H-ras-transformed cancer cells, but not to those from their indolent counterparts, triggers demise of recipient fibroblasts. Uptake of H-ras-containing EVs stimulates but fails to transform primary endothelial cells. Thus, we suggest that intercellular transfer of oncogenes exerts regulatory rather than transforming influence on recipient cells, while cancer cells may often act as preferential EV recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hoon Lee
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Shilpa Chennakrishnaiah
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Laura Montermini
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Delphine Garnier
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Esterina D'Asti
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Wenyang Hou
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Nathalie Magnus
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Tenzin Gayden
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Nada Jabado
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Kolja Eppert
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Loydie Majewska
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
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Lal N, White BS, Goussous G, Pickles O, Mason MJ, Beggs AD, Taniere P, Willcox BE, Guinney J, Middleton GW. K RAS Mutation and Consensus Molecular Subtypes 2 and 3 Are Independently Associated with Reduced Immune Infiltration and Reactivity in Colorectal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:224-233. [PMID: 29061646 PMCID: PMC5777581 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:KRAS mutation is a common canonical mutation in colorectal cancer, found at differing frequencies in all consensus molecular subtypes (CMS). The independent immunobiological impacts of RAS mutation and CMS are unknown. Thus, we explored the immunobiological effects of KRAS mutation across the CMS spectrum.Experimental Design: Expression analysis of immune genes/signatures was performed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) RNA-seq and the KFSYSCC microarray datasets. Multivariate analysis included KRAS status, CMS, tumor location, MSI status, and neoantigen load. Protein expression of STAT1, HLA-class II, and CXCL10 was analyzed by digital IHC.Results: The Th1-centric co-ordinate immune response cluster (CIRC) was significantly, albeit modestly, reduced in KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer in both datasets. Cytotoxic T cells, neutrophils, and the IFNγ pathway were suppressed in KRAS-mutant samples. The expressions of STAT1 and CXCL10 were reduced at the mRNA and protein levels. In multivariate analysis, KRAS mutation, CMS2, and CMS3 were independently predictive of reduced CIRC expression. Immune response was heterogeneous across KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer: KRAS-mutant CMS2 samples have the lowest CIRC expression, reduced expression of the IFNγ pathway, STAT1 and CXCL10, and reduced infiltration of cytotoxic cells and neutrophils relative to CMS1 and CMS4 and to KRAS wild-type CMS2 samples in the TCGA. These trends held in the KFSYSCC dataset.Conclusions:KRAS mutation is associated with suppressed Th1/cytotoxic immunity in colorectal cancer, the extent of the effect being modulated by CMS subtype. These results add a novel immunobiological dimension to the biological heterogeneity of colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 24(1); 224-33. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Lal
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Brian S White
- Computational Oncology, Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, USA
| | - Ghaleb Goussous
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Pickles
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mike J Mason
- Computational Oncology, Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, USA
| | - Andrew D Beggs
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Taniere
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin E Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gary W Middleton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Malone CF, Emerson C, Ingraham R, Barbosa W, Guerra S, Yoon H, Liu LL, Michor F, Haigis M, Macleod KF, Maertens O, Cichowski K. mTOR and HDAC Inhibitors Converge on the TXNIP/Thioredoxin Pathway to Cause Catastrophic Oxidative Stress and Regression of RAS-Driven Tumors. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:1450-1463. [PMID: 28963352 PMCID: PMC5718976 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although agents that inhibit specific oncogenic kinases have been successful in a subset of cancers, there are currently few treatment options for malignancies that lack a targetable oncogenic driver. Nevertheless, during tumor evolution cancers engage a variety of protective pathways, which may provide alternative actionable dependencies. Here, we identify a promising combination therapy that kills NF1-mutant tumors by triggering catastrophic oxidative stress. Specifically, we show that mTOR and HDAC inhibitors kill aggressive nervous system malignancies and shrink tumors in vivo by converging on the TXNIP/thioredoxin antioxidant pathway, through cooperative effects on chromatin and transcription. Accordingly, TXNIP triggers cell death by inhibiting thioredoxin and activating apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1). Moreover, this drug combination also kills NF1-mutant and KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancers. Together, these studies identify a promising therapeutic combination for several currently untreatable malignancies and reveal a protective nodal point of convergence between these important epigenetic and oncogenic enzymes.Significance: There are no effective therapies for NF1- or RAS-mutant cancers. We show that combined mTOR/HDAC inhibitors kill these RAS-driven tumors by causing catastrophic oxidative stress. This study identifies a promising therapeutic combination and demonstrates that selective enhancement of oxidative stress may be more broadly exploited for developing cancer therapies. Cancer Discov; 7(12); 1450-63. ©2017 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1355.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare F Malone
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chloe Emerson
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel Ingraham
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William Barbosa
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie Guerra
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Haejin Yoon
- Department of Cell Biology, Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lin L Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Franziska Michor
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marcia Haigis
- Department of Cell Biology, Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kay F Macleod
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ophélia Maertens
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karen Cichowski
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts
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Titus HE, López-Juárez A, Silbak SH, Rizvi TA, Bogard M, Ratner N. Oligodendrocyte RasG12V expressed in its endogenous locus disrupts myelin structure through increased MAPK, nitric oxide, and notch signaling. Glia 2017; 65:1990-2002. [PMID: 28856719 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Costello syndrome (CS) is a gain of function Rasopathy caused by heterozygous activating mutations in the HRAS gene. Patients show brain dysfunction that can include abnormal brain white matter. Transgenic activation of HRas in the entire mouse oligodendrocyte lineage resulted in myelin defects and behavioral abnormalities, suggesting roles for disrupted myelin in CS brain dysfunction. Here, we studied a mouse model in which the endogenous HRas gene is conditionally replaced by mutant HRasG12V in mature oligodendrocytes, to separate effects in mature myelinating cells from developmental events. Increased myelin thickness due to decompaction was detectable within one month of HRasG12V expression in the corpus callosum of adult mice. Increases in active ERK and Nitric Oxide (NO) were present in HRas mutants and inhibition of NO synthase (NOS) or MEK each partially rescued myelin decompaction. In addition, genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of Notch signaling improved myelin compaction. Complete rescue of myelin structure required dual drug treatments combining MAPK, NO, or Notch inhibition; with MEK + NOS blockade producing the most robust effect. We suggest that individual or concomitant blockade of these pathways in CS patients may improve aspects of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley E Titus
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
| | - Alejandro López-Juárez
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
| | - Sadiq H Silbak
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
| | - Tilat A Rizvi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
| | - Madeleine Bogard
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
| | - Nancy Ratner
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
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Thierry AR, Pastor B, Jiang ZQ, Katsiampoura AD, Parseghian C, Loree JM, Overman MJ, Sanchez C, Messaoudi SE, Ychou M, Kopetz S. Circulating DNA Demonstrates Convergent Evolution and Common Resistance Mechanisms during Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:4578-4591. [PMID: 28400427 PMCID: PMC5562356 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Liquid biopsies allow the tracking of clonal dynamics and detection of mutations during treatment.Experimental Design: We evaluated under blinded conditions the ability of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) to detect RAS/BRAF mutations in the plasma of 42 metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated on a phase Ib/II trial of FOLFOX and dasatinib, with or without cetuximab.Results: Prior to treatment, sequencing of archival tissue detected mutations in 25 of 42 patients (60%), while the cfDNA assay detected mutations in 37 of 42 patients (88%). Our cfDNA assay detected mutations with allele frequencies as low as 0.01%. After exposure to treatment, 41 of 42 patients (98%) had a cfDNA-detected RAS/BRAF mutation. Of 21 patients followed with serial measurements who were RAS/BRAF mutant at baseline, 11 (52%) showed additional point mutation following treatment and 3 (14%) no longer had detectable levels of another mutant allele. Of RAS/BRAF wild-type tumors at baseline, 4 of 5 (80%) showed additional point mutations. cfDNA quantitative measurements from this study closely mirrored changes in CEA and CT scan results, highlighting the importance of obtaining quantitative data beyond the mere presence of a mutation.Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate the development of new RAS/BRAF mutations in patients regardless of whether they had preexisting mutations in the pathway, demonstrating a convergent evolutionary pattern. Clin Cancer Res; 23(16); 4578-91. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain R Thierry
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
- INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Brice Pastor
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Zhi-Qin Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anastasia D Katsiampoura
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Christine Parseghian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jonathan M Loree
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael J Overman
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cynthia Sanchez
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Safia El Messaoudi
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- DiaDx SAS, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Ychou
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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伍 婧, 招 丽, 林 秀, 冯 芬, 陈 永, 邓 伟, 邓 燕, 王 巍. [Association of RAS mutations in circulating cell-free DNA in the plasma with clinicopathological features of colorectal cancer]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2017; 37:962-966. [PMID: 28736377 PMCID: PMC6765521 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.07.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect RAS mutations in the circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in the plasma and explore the their correlation with the clinicopathological features in patients with colorectal cancer. METHODS Real-time PCR was used to detect RAS mutations in plasma cfDNA and matched tumor tissue DNA samples from 71 colorectal cancer patients. The correlation of RAS mutations with the clinicopathological features of the patients were analyzed. RESULTS Of the 71 patients with colorectal cancer, 23 (32.39%) showed RAS mutations in the cfDNA and 36 (50.7%) showed RAS mutations in tumor tissue DNA, with a concordance rate of 76.06% in the results between the two samples (Kappa=0.523). RAS mutations in the cfDNA were not related to the patients' age (P=0.072), gender (P=0.320), tumor stage (IVa and IVb, P=0.450), primary tumor position (P=0.324), lung metastasis (P=0.237), CEA level (P=0.284) or CA199 level (P=0.427). The positivity rate of RAS mutations in plasma cfDNA was significantly higher in patients with liver metastasis than those without liver metastasis (P=0.045). CONCLUSION Plasma cfDNA can be a reliable source of diagnostic DNA to replace the tumor tissue DNA for diagnosis of RAS mutations. RAS mutations in plasma cfDNA occur more frequently in colorectal cancer patients with liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- 婧 伍
- />佛山市第一人民医院肿瘤中心胃肠肿瘤内科,广东 佛山 528000Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528000, China
| | - 丽蓉 招
- />佛山市第一人民医院肿瘤中心胃肠肿瘤内科,广东 佛山 528000Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528000, China
| | - 秀强 林
- />佛山市第一人民医院肿瘤中心胃肠肿瘤内科,广东 佛山 528000Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528000, China
| | - 芬 冯
- />佛山市第一人民医院肿瘤中心胃肠肿瘤内科,广东 佛山 528000Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528000, China
| | - 永昌 陈
- />佛山市第一人民医院肿瘤中心胃肠肿瘤内科,广东 佛山 528000Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528000, China
| | - 伟英 邓
- />佛山市第一人民医院肿瘤中心胃肠肿瘤内科,广东 佛山 528000Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528000, China
| | - 燕明 邓
- />佛山市第一人民医院肿瘤中心胃肠肿瘤内科,广东 佛山 528000Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528000, China
| | - 巍 王
- />佛山市第一人民医院肿瘤中心胃肠肿瘤内科,广东 佛山 528000Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528000, China
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Wood G, Grenader T, Nash S, Adams R, Kaplan R, Fisher D, Maughan T, Bridgewater J. Derived neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic factor in patients with advanced colorectal cancer according to RAS and BRAF status: a post-hoc analysis of the MRC COIN study. Anticancer Drugs 2017; 28:546-550. [PMID: 28252533 PMCID: PMC5390854 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The phase III Continuous or Intermittent (COIN) trial failed to show a benefit in overall survival (OS) of cetuximab in combination with chemotherapy for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. High derived neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (dNLR) has been shown to be prognostic in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. The aim of this analysis is to evaluate dNLR as a predictive biomarker of the survival according to RAS and BRAF mutations status within the COIN trial. A post-hoc exploratory analysis of the COIN trial arms A and B was carried out. All patients with available white blood cell and neutrophil data were analysed. The dNLR was calculated using a formula that has previously shown predictive power in cancer patients: dNLR=ANC/(WBC-ANC). A high dNLR was defined as a value of 2.2 or more. dNLR was correlated with clinical outcomes using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis. A total of 1603 patients were assigned to the oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy (arm A, N=815) or oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy plus cetuximab (arm B, N=815) arms. There was a strong association between dNLR level and overall survival (OS) using Kaplan-Meier analysis. In all mutation groups, dNLR less than 2.2 was associated with better OS compared to dNLR of 2.2 or more. The median OS in patients with wild-type disease (dNLR<2.2 vs. dNLR≥2.2) was 22.8 versus 13.1 months [hazard ratio (HR)=1.33]; 16.9 versus 11.8 months (HR=1.36) in patients with RAS mutant tumours; and 12.6 versus 6.8 months (HR=1.67) in patients with BRAF mutant tumours. In patients with dNLR less than 2.2, the median OS was 19.2 months in arm A compared to 18.0 months in arm B (HR=1.11). Among patients with dNLR greater than or equal to 2.2, the median OS was 13.0 months in arm A compared with 13.1 months in arm B (HR=0.96). dNLR is strongly prognostic for survival in all mutation groups. dNLR does not predict for benefit from the addition of cetuximab.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tal Grenader
- Oncology Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Stephen Nash
- Cancer Research UK & UCL Cancer Trials Centre, London, UK
| | - Richard Adams
- Institute of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine Velindre Hospital, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Tim Maughan
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation, Oxford, UK
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Arora P, Basu A, Schmidt ML, Clark GJ, Donninger H, Nichols DB, Calvisi DF, Kaushik-Basu N. Nonstructural protein 5B promotes degradation of the NORE1A tumor suppressor to facilitate hepatitis C virus replication. Hepatology 2017; 65:1462-1477. [PMID: 28090674 PMCID: PMC5397368 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a common risk factor for the development of liver cancer. The molecular mechanisms underlying this effect are only partially understood. Here, we show that the HCV protein, nonstructural protein (NS) 5B, directly binds to the tumor suppressor, NORE1A (RASSF5), and promotes its proteosomal degradation. In addition, we show that NORE1A colocalizes to sites of HCV viral replication and suppresses the replication process. Thus, NORE1A has antiviral activity, which is specifically antagonized by NS5B. Moreover, the suppression of NORE1A protein levels correlated almost perfectly with elevation of Ras activity in primary human samples. Therefore, NORE1A inactivation by NS5B may be essential for maximal HCV replication and may make a major contribution to HCV-induced liver cancer by shifting Ras signaling away from prosenescent/proapoptotic signaling pathways. CONCLUSION HCV uses NS5B to specifically suppress NORE1A, facilitating viral replication and elevated Ras signaling. (Hepatology 2017;65:1462-1477).
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Arora
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Amartya Basu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - M. Lee Schmidt
- Dept. Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Rm 417, CTRB 505, S. Hancock St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Geoffrey J. Clark
- Dept. Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Rm 417, CTRB 505, S. Hancock St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: ,
| | - Howard Donninger
- Dept. Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Rm 417, CTRB 505, S. Hancock St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Daniel B. Nichols
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA,Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Diego F. Calvisi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Neerja Kaushik-Basu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: ,
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Olsen SN, Wronski A, Castaño Z, Dake B, Malone C, De Raedt T, Enos M, DeRose YS, Zhou W, Guerra S, Loda M, Welm A, Partridge AH, McAllister SS, Kuperwasser C, Cichowski K. Loss of RasGAP Tumor Suppressors Underlies the Aggressive Nature of Luminal B Breast Cancers. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:202-217. [PMID: 27974415 PMCID: PMC6461361 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Luminal breast cancers are typically estrogen receptor-positive and generally have the best prognosis. However, a subset of luminal tumors, namely luminal B cancers, frequently metastasize and recur. Unfortunately, the causal events that drive their progression are unknown, and therefore it is difficult to identify individuals who are likely to relapse and should receive escalated treatment. Here, we identify a bifunctional RasGAP tumor suppressor whose expression is lost in almost 50% of luminal B tumors. Moreover, we show that two RasGAP genes are concomitantly suppressed in the most aggressive luminal malignancies. Importantly, these genes cooperatively regulate two major oncogenic pathways, RAS and NF-κB, through distinct domains, and when inactivated drive the metastasis of luminal tumors in vivo Finally, although the cooperative effects on RAS drive invasion, NF-κB activation triggers epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and is required for metastasis. Collectively, these studies reveal important mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of luminal B tumors and provide functionally relevant prognostic biomarkers that may guide treatment decisions. SIGNIFICANCE The lack of insight into mechanisms that underlie the aggressive behavior of luminal B breast cancers impairs treatment decisions and therapeutic advances. Here, we show that two RasGAP tumor suppressors are concomitantly suppressed in aggressive luminal B tumors and demonstrate that they drive metastasis by activating RAS and NF-κB. Cancer Discov; 7(2); 202-17. ©2016 AACR.See related commentary by Sears and Gray, p. 131This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 115.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Naomi Olsen
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ania Wronski
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zafira Castaño
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Hematology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin Dake
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Clare Malone
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas De Raedt
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Miriam Enos
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Wenhui Zhou
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie Guerra
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alana Welm
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ann H Partridge
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sandra S McAllister
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Hematology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Charlotte Kuperwasser
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karen Cichowski
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Wyles DL, Luetkemeyer AF. Understanding Hepatitis C Virus Drug Resistance: Clinical Implications for Current and Future Regimens. Top Antivir Med 2017; 25:103-109. [PMID: 28820725 PMCID: PMC5935211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Viral resistance to direct-acting antiviral drugs may impact their effectiveness during treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Most data on HCV drug resistance concern genotypes 1 and 3. The clinical impact of resistance to HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitors and a practical approach to indications and methods for resistance testing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Wyles
- Denver Health Medical Center and The University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Anne F Luetkemeyer
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Zhou J, Zhao R, Wen F, Zhang P, Tang R, Chen H, Zhang J, Li Q. Economic evaluation study (CHEER-compliant): Cost-effectiveness analysis of RAS screening for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer based on the CALGB 80405 trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3762. [PMID: 27399059 PMCID: PMC5058788 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cetuximab (Cetux)/Bevacizumab (Bev) treatments have shown considerably survival benefits for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in the last decade. But they are costly. Currently, no data is available on the health economic implications of testing for extended RAS wild-type (wt) prior to Cetux/Bev treatments of patients with mCRC. This paper aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of predictive testing for extended RAS-wt status in mCRC in the context of targeting the use of Cetux/Bev.Markov model 1 was conducted to provide evidence evaluating the cost-effectiveness of predictive testing for KRAS-wt or extended RAS-wt status based on treatments of chemotherapy plus Cetux/Bev. Markov model 2 assessed the cost-effectiveness of FOLFOX plus Cetux/Bev or FOLFIRI plus Cetux/Bev in extended RAS-wt population. Primary base case data were identified from the CALGB 80405 trial and the literatures. Costs were estimated from West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China. Survival benefits were reported in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated.In analysis 1, the cost per QALY was $88,394.09 for KRAS-Cetux, $80,797.82 for KRAS-Bev, $82,590.72 for RAS-Cetux, and $75,358.42 for RAS-Bev. The ICER for RAS-Cetux versus RAS-Bev was $420,700.50 per QALY gained. In analysis 2, the cost per QALY was $81,572.61, $80,856.50, $80,592.22, and $66,794.96 for FOLFOX-Cetux, FOLFOX-Bev, FOLFIRI-Cetux, and FOLFIRI-Bev, respectively. The analyses showed that the extended RAS-wt testing was less costly and more effective versus KRAS-wt testing before chemotherapy plus Cetux/Bev. Furthermore, FOLFIRI plus Bev was the most cost-effective strategy compared with others in extended RAS-wt population.It was economically favorable to identify patients with extended RAS-wt status. Furthermore, FOLFIRI plus Bev was the preferred strategy in extended RAS-wt patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy
| | - Rongce Zhao
- Division of Liver Transplantation, Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Feng Wen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy
| | - Ruilei Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy
| | - Hongdou Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy
| | - Qiu Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy
- Correspondence: Qiu Li, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China (e-mail: , )
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Morris KM, Henderson R, Suresh Kumar TK, Heyes CD, Adams PD. Intrinsic GTP hydrolysis is observed for a switch 1 variant of Cdc42 in the presence of a specific GTPase inhibitor. Small GTPases 2016; 7:1-11. [PMID: 26828437 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2015.1123797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ras-related protein Cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42) is important in cell-signaling processes. Protein interactions involving Cdc42 occur primarily in flexible "Switch" regions that help regulate effector binding. We studied the kinetics of intrinsic GTP hydrolysis reaction in the absence and presence of a biologically active peptide derivative of a p21-activated kinase effector (PBD46) for wt Cdc42 and compared it to the Switch 1 variant Cdc42(T35A). While the binding of PBD46 to wt Cdc42 results in complete inhibition of GTP hydrolysis, this interaction in Cdc42(T35A) does not. Comparison of the crystal structure of wt Cdc42 in the absence of effector (1AN0.pdb), as well as the NMR structure of wt Cdc42 bound to an effector in the Switch 1 region (1CF4.pdb) ( www.rcsb.org ) suggests that the orientation of T(35) with bound Mg(2+) changes in the presence of effector, resulting in movement of GTP away from the catalytic box leading to the inhibition of GTP hydrolysis. For Cdc42(T35A), molecular dynamics simulations and structural analyses suggest that the nucleotide does not undergo the conformational shift observed for the wt Cdc42-effector interaction. Our data suggest that change in dynamics in the Switch 1 region of Cdc42 caused by the T35A mutation (Chandrashekar, et al. 2011, Biochemistry, 50, p. 6196) fosters a conformation for this Cdc42 variant that allows hydrolysis of GTP in the presence of PBD46, and that alteration of the conformational dynamics could potentially modulate Ras-related over-activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla M Morris
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Fayetteville , AR , USA
| | - Rory Henderson
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Fayetteville , AR , USA
| | | | - Colin D Heyes
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Fayetteville , AR , USA
| | - Paul D Adams
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Fayetteville , AR , USA
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Coyle SM, Lim WA. Mapping the functional versatility and fragility of Ras GTPase signaling circuits through in vitro network reconstitution. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26765565 PMCID: PMC4775219 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ras-superfamily GTPases are central controllers of cell proliferation and morphology. Ras signaling is mediated by a system of interacting molecules: upstream enzymes (GEF/GAP) regulate Ras's ability to recruit multiple competing downstream effectors. We developed a multiplexed, multi-turnover assay for measuring the dynamic signaling behavior of in vitro reconstituted H-Ras signaling systems. By including both upstream regulators and downstream effectors, we can systematically map how different network configurations shape the dynamic system response. The concentration and identity of both upstream and downstream signaling components strongly impacted the timing, duration, shape, and amplitude of effector outputs. The distorted output of oncogenic alleles of Ras was highly dependent on the balance of positive (GAP) and negative (GEF) regulators in the system. We found that different effectors interpreted the same inputs with distinct output dynamics, enabling a Ras system to encode multiple unique temporal outputs in response to a single input. We also found that different Ras-to-GEF positive feedback mechanisms could reshape output dynamics in distinct ways, such as signal amplification or overshoot minimization. Mapping of the space of output behaviors accessible to Ras provides a design manual for programming Ras circuits, and reveals how these systems are readily adapted to produce an array of dynamic signaling behaviors. Nonetheless, this versatility comes with a trade-off of fragility, as there exist numerous paths to altered signaling behaviors that could cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Coyle
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Program in Biological Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Wendell A Lim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Program in Biological Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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Bele A, Mirza S, Zhang Y, Ahmad Mir R, Lin S, Kim JH, Gurumurthy CB, West W, Qiu F, Band H, Band V. The cell cycle regulator ecdysoneless cooperates with H- Ras to promote oncogenic transformation of human mammary epithelial cells. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:990-1000. [PMID: 25616580 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1006982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian ortholog of Drosophila ecdysoneless (Ecd) gene product regulates Rb-E2F interaction and is required for cell cycle progression. Ecd is overexpressed in breast cancer and its overexpression predicts shorter survival in patients with ErbB2-positive tumors. Here, we demonstrate Ecd knock down (KD) in human mammary epithelial cells (hMECs) induces growth arrest, similar to the impact of Ecd Knock out (KO) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Furthermore, whole-genome mRNA expression analysis of control vs. Ecd KD in hMECs demonstrated that several of the top 40 genes that were down-regulated were E2F target genes. To address the role of Ecd in mammary oncogenesis, we overexpressed Ecd and/or mutant H-Ras in hTERT-immortalized hMECs. Cell cycle analyses revealed hMECs overexpressing Ecd+Ras showed incomplete arrest in G1 phase upon growth factor deprivation, and more rapid cell cycle progression in growth factor-containing medium. Analyses of cell migration, invasion, acinar structures in 3-D Matrigel and anchorage-independent growth demonstrated that Ecd+Ras-overexpressing cells exhibit substantially more dramatic transformed phenotype as compared to cells expressing vector, Ras or Ecd. Under conditions of nutrient deprivation, Ecd+Ras-overexpressing hMECs exhibited better survival, with substantial upregulation of the autophagy marker LC3 both at the mRNA and protein levels. Significantly, while hMECs expressing Ecd or mutant Ras alone did not form tumors in NOD/SCID mice, Ecd+Ras-overexpressing hMECs formed tumors, clearly demonstrating oncogenic cooperation between Ecd and mutant Ras. Collectively, we demonstrate an important co-oncogenic role of Ecd in the progression of mammary oncogenesis through promoting cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bele
- a Departments of Genetics ; Cell Biology and Anatomy ; Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE USA
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50
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Zoheir KMA, Abd-Rabou AA, Harisa GI, Ashour AE, Ahmad SF, Attia SM, Bakheet SA, Abdel-Hamied HE, Abd-Allah AR, Kumar A. Gene expression of IQGAPs and Ras families in an experimental mouse model for hepatocellular carcinoma: a mechanistic study of cancer progression. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8:8821-8831. [PMID: 26464624 PMCID: PMC4583856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
IQGAPs genes play critical role in either induction or suppression of cancer and its progression, however the relationship between Ras genes and these genes are still unclear. In this study, we tried to understand the mechanistic action of IQGAPs genes and its correlation with Ras genes in mouse hepatic cancer model. The genetic expressions of IQGAP1, IQGAP2, IQGAP3, Hras, Kras, Nras, Mras, Caspase3, and BAX were followed in both hepatocellular carcinoma and normal liver cells of Balbc mice. Genotoxic agent diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatic cancer model was induced in male mice and recorded the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma by morphological and histological changes in the liver. It was observed that mRNA expressions of IQGAP1, Hras, Kras, Nras, Mras, Caspase3, and BAX genes were highly elevated in hepatocellular carcinoma cells when compared with normal liver cells, additionally their expressions increased by concentrating the dose of DEN. While, the expressions of IQGAP2 and IQGAP3 were significantly decreased in hepatocellular carcinoma cells when compared with normal liver cells, as well as their expressions decreased more with increasing the dose of DEN. It was concluded from this study that IQGAP1 has a strong signaling relationship with Ras genes in induction of cancer and it is considered as a key gene for induction or suppression of the hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairy MA Zoheir
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud UniversityP.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Cell Biology, National Research Centre (12622)Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Abd-Rabou
- Department of Hormones, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre (12622)Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gamaleldin I Harisa
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud UniversityP.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Departments of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (Boys section), Al-Azhar UniversityCairo, Egypt
| | - Abdelkader E Ashour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud UniversityP.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh Fayaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud UniversityP.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud UniversityP.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud UniversityP.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala E Abdel-Hamied
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Girls), Al-Azhar UniversityCairo, Egypt
| | - Adel R Abd-Allah
- Departments of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (Boys section), Al-Azhar UniversityCairo, Egypt
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Vitiligo Research Chair, College of Medicine, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia
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