51
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Ahmed AF, de Bock CE, Lincz LF, Pundavela J, Zouikr I, Sontag E, Hondermarck H, Thorne RF. FAT1 cadherin acts upstream of Hippo signalling through TAZ to regulate neuronal differentiation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4653-69. [PMID: 26104008 PMCID: PMC11113810 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is emerging as a critical nexus that balances self-renewal of progenitors against differentiation; however, upstream elements in vertebrate Hippo signalling are poorly understood. High expression of Fat1 cadherin within the developing neuroepithelium and the manifestation of severe neurological phenotypes in Fat1-knockout mice suggest roles in neurogenesis. Using the SH-SY5Y model of neuronal differentiation and employing gene silencing techniques, we show that FAT1 acts to control neurite outgrowth, also driving cells towards terminal differentiation via inhibitory effects on proliferation. FAT1 actions were shown to be mediated through Hippo signalling where it activated core Hippo kinase components and antagonised functions of the Hippo effector TAZ. Suppression of FAT1 promoted the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of TAZ leading to enhanced transcription of the Hippo target gene CTGF together with accompanying increases in nuclear levels of Smad3. Silencing of TAZ reversed the effects of FAT1 depletion thus connecting inactivation of TAZ-TGFbeta signalling with Hippo signalling mediated through FAT1. These findings establish FAT1 as a new upstream Hippo element regulating early stages of differentiation in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrzag F Ahmed
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Charles E de Bock
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
- Laboratory for the Molecular Biology of Leukemia, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven and Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa F Lincz
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
- Hunter Haematology Research Group, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Waratah, NSW, 2298, Australia
| | - Jay Pundavela
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Ihssane Zouikr
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Estelle Sontag
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Hubert Hondermarck
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Rick F Thorne
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia.
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52
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Nguyen Q, Anders RA, Alpini G, Bai H. Yes-associated protein in the liver: Regulation of hepatic development, repair, cell fate determination and tumorigenesis. Dig Liver Dis 2015; 47:826-35. [PMID: 26093945 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a vital organ that plays a major role in many bodily functions from protein production and blood clotting to cholesterol, glucose and iron metabolism and nutrition storage. Maintenance of liver homeostasis is critical for these essential bodily functions and disruption of liver homeostasis causes various kinds of liver diseases, some of which have high mortality rate. Recent research advances of the Hippo signalling pathway have revealed its nuclear effector, Yes-associated protein, as an important regulator of liver development, repair, cell fate determination and tumorigenesis. Therefore, a precise control of Yes-associated protein activity is critical for the maintenance of liver homeostasis. This review is going to summarize the discoveries on how the manipulation of Yes-associated protein activity affects liver homeostasis and induces liver diseases and the regulatory mechanisms that determine the Yes-associated protein activity in the liver. Finally, we will discuss the potential of targeting Yes-associated protein as therapeutic strategies in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quy Nguyen
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Robert A Anders
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States; Digestive Diseases Research Center, BaylorScott&White Healthcare, Temple, TX, United States; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Haibo Bai
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States; Digestive Diseases Research Center, BaylorScott&White Healthcare, Temple, TX, United States; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, United States.
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53
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Nguyen LK, Matallanas DG, Romano D, Kholodenko BN, Kolch W. Competing to coordinate cell fate decisions: the MST2-Raf-1 signaling device. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:189-99. [PMID: 25607644 PMCID: PMC4353221 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.973743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How do biochemical signaling pathways generate biological specificity? This question is fundamental to modern biology, and its enigma has been accentuated by the discovery that most proteins in signaling networks serve multifunctional roles. An answer to this question may lie in analyzing network properties rather than individual traits of proteins in order to elucidate design principles of biochemical networks that enable biological decision-making. We discuss how this is achieved in the MST2/Hippo-Raf-1 signaling network with the help of mathematical modeling and model-based analysis, which showed that competing protein interactions with affinities controlled by dynamic protein modifications can function as Boolean computing devices that determine cell fate decisions. In addition, we discuss areas of interest for future research and highlight how systems approaches would be of benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan K Nguyen
- a Systems Biology Ireland ; University College Dublin ; Belfield , Dublin , Ireland
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54
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Moroishi T, Park HW, Qin B, Chen Q, Meng Z, Plouffe SW, Taniguchi K, Yu FX, Karin M, Pan D, Guan KL. A YAP/TAZ-induced feedback mechanism regulates Hippo pathway homeostasis. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1271-84. [PMID: 26109050 PMCID: PMC4495398 DOI: 10.1101/gad.262816.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Moroishi et al. show that YAP and TAZ activation induces the negative regulators LATS1 kinase and LATS2 kinase to constitute a negative feedback mechanism to control YAP/TAZ activation duration and cellular response. This study provides new insights into the dynamic regulation and maintenance of Hippo pathway homeostasis. YAP (Yes-associated protein) and TAZ (transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif) are major downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway that influences tissue homeostasis, organ size, and cancer development. Aberrant hyperactivation of YAP/TAZ causes tissue overgrowth and tumorigenesis, whereas their inactivation impairs tissue development and regeneration. Dynamic and precise control of YAP/TAZ activity is thus important to ensure proper physiological regulation and homeostasis of the cells. Here, we show that YAP/TAZ activation results in activation of their negative regulators, LATS1/2 (large tumor suppressor 1/2) kinases, to constitute a negative feedback loop of the Hippo pathway in both cultured cells and mouse tissues. YAP/TAZ in complex with the transcription factor TEAD (TEA domain family member) directly induce LATS2 expression. Furthermore, YAP/TAZ also stimulate the kinase activity of LATS1/2 through inducing NF2 (neurofibromin 2). This feedback regulation is responsible for the transient activation of YAP upon lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) stimulation and the inhibition of YAP-induced cell migration. Thus, this LATS-mediated feedback loop provides an efficient mechanism to establish the robustness and homeostasis of YAP/TAZ regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Moroishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Hyun Woo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Baodong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Zhipeng Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Steven W Plouffe
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Koji Taniguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Fa-Xing Yu
- Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Duojia Pan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Chen Q, Zhang N, Xie R, Wang W, Cai J, Choi KS, David KK, Huang B, Yabuta N, Nojima H, Anders RA, Pan D. Homeostatic control of Hippo signaling activity revealed by an endogenous activating mutation in YAP. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1285-97. [PMID: 26109051 PMCID: PMC4495399 DOI: 10.1101/gad.264234.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Chen et al. investigate the physiological importance of YAP phosphorylation in regulating endogenous YAP activity. Using mutant YapS112A knock-in mice, they found that the mice show a compensatory decrease in YAP protein levels due to increased phosphorylation at a mammalian-specific phosphodegron site on YAP. The results provide novel insight into a homeostatic mechanism that maintains physiological levels of YAP activity, which could work to prevent oncogenic activation of YAP. The Hippo signaling pathway converges on YAP to regulate growth, differentiation, and regeneration. Previous studies with overexpressed proteins have shown that YAP is phosphorylated by its upstream kinase, Lats1/2, on multiple sites, including an evolutionarily conserved 14-3-3-binding site whose phosphorylation is believed to inhibit YAP by excluding it from the nucleus. Indeed, nuclear localization of YAP or decreased YAP phosphorylation at this site (S168 in Drosophila, S127 in humans, and S112 in mice) is widely used in current literature as a surrogate of YAP activation even though the physiological importance of this phosphorylation event in regulating endogenous YAP activity has not been defined. Here we address this question by introducing a YapS112A knock-in mutation in the endogenous Yap locus. The YapS112A mice are surprisingly normal despite nuclear localization of the mutant YAP protein in vivo and profound defects in cytoplasmic translocation in vitro. Interestingly, the mutant YapS112A mice show a compensatory decrease in YAP protein levels due to increased phosphorylation at a mammalian-specific phosphodegron site on YAP. These findings reveal a robust homeostatic mechanism that maintains physiological levels of YAP activity and caution against the assumptive use of YAP localization alone as a surrogate of YAP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Nailing Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Rui Xie
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Jing Cai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Kyung-Suk Choi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Karen Kate David
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Bo Huang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Norikazu Yabuta
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nojima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Robert A Anders
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Duojia Pan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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56
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Agarwala S, Duquesne S, Liu K, Boehm A, Grimm L, Link S, König S, Eimer S, Ronneberger O, Lecaudey V. Amotl2a interacts with the Hippo effector Yap1 and the Wnt/β-catenin effector Lef1 to control tissue size in zebrafish. eLife 2015; 4:e08201. [PMID: 26335201 PMCID: PMC4596637 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, proliferation must be tightly controlled for organs to reach their appropriate size. While the Hippo signaling pathway plays a major role in organ growth control, how it senses and responds to increased cell density is still unclear. In this study, we use the zebrafish lateral line primordium (LLP), a group of migrating epithelial cells that form sensory organs, to understand how tissue growth is controlled during organ formation. Loss of the cell junction-associated Motin protein Amotl2a leads to overproliferation and bigger LLP, affecting the final pattern of sensory organs. Amotl2a function in the LLP is mediated together by the Hippo pathway effector Yap1 and the Wnt/β-catenin effector Lef1. Our results implicate for the first time the Hippo pathway in size regulation in the LL system. We further provide evidence that the Hippo/Motin interaction is essential to limit tissue size during development. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08201.001 How do organs and tissues know when to stop growing? A cell communication pathway known as Hippo signaling plays a central role as it can tell cells to stop dividing. It is activated when cells in developing tissues come into contact with each other and causes a protein called Yap1 to be modified, which prevents it from entering the cell nucleus to activate genes that are involved in cell division. In a zebrafish embryo, an organ called the lateral line forms from a cluster of cells that migrate along the embryo's length. At regular intervals, the cluster deposits small bunches of cells from its trailing end. The resulting loss of cells from the cluster is balanced by cell division at the front of the cluster, which is triggered by another signaling pathway called Wnt signaling. A protein of the ‘Motin’ family called Amotl2a is present in this migrating cluster. Motin proteins form junctions between cells and inhibit the activity of Yap1, but it is not known whether they are involved in regulating the size of organs. Here, Agarwala et al. used the lateral line as a model to study the control of organ size in zebrafish embryos. The experiments show that when Amotl2a is absent, the migrating cell cluster becomes larger, with the highest levels of cell division occurring at its trailing end. Yap1 and a protein involved in Wnt signaling called Lef1 are also present in the cluster and are required for it to be normal in size. In zebrafish that lack Amotl2a, the additional loss of Yap1 prevents this cluster from becoming too large. From these and other results, it appears that Amotl2a regulates the size of the lateral line cell cluster by restricting the ability of Yap1 and Lef1 to promote cell division. Agarwala et al.'s findings demonstrate a role for Amotl2a in controlling the size of organs. A future challenge is to understand the details of how it restricts the activities of Yap1 and Lef1. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08201.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhika Agarwala
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Developmental Biology, Institute for Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Sandra Duquesne
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Developmental Biology, Institute for Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Kun Liu
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Image Analysis Lab, Institute for Computer Science, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Anton Boehm
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Image Analysis Lab, Institute for Computer Science, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Lin Grimm
- Developmental Biology, Institute for Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Sandra Link
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Developmental Biology, Institute for Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Sabine König
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Stefan Eimer
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Olaf Ronneberger
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Image Analysis Lab, Institute for Computer Science, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Virginie Lecaudey
- Developmental Biology, Institute for Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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57
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Abstract
Cadherin-catenin complexes are critical for the assembly of cell-cell adhesion structures known as adherens junctions. In addition to the mechanical linkage of neighboring cells to each other, these cell-cell adhesion protein complexes have recently emerged as important sensors and transmitters of the extracellular cues inside the cell body and into the nucleus. In the past few years, multiple studies have identified a connection between the cadherin-catenin protein complexes and major intracellular signaling pathways. Those studies are the main focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Klezovitch
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Valeri Vasioukhin
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA ; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA ; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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58
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Badouel C, Zander MA, Liscio N, Bagherie-Lachidan M, Sopko R, Coyaud E, Raught B, Miller FD, McNeill H. Fat1 interacts with Fat4 to regulate neural tube closure, neural progenitor proliferation and apical constriction during mouse brain development. Development 2015. [PMID: 26209645 DOI: 10.1242/dev.123539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian brain development requires coordination between neural precursor proliferation, differentiation and cellular organization to create the intricate neuronal networks of the adult brain. Here, we examined the role of the atypical cadherins Fat1 and Fat4 in this process. We show that mutation of Fat1 in mouse embryos causes defects in cranial neural tube closure, accompanied by an increase in the proliferation of cortical precursors and altered apical junctions, with perturbations in apical constriction and actin accumulation. Similarly, knockdown of Fat1 in cortical precursors by in utero electroporation leads to overproliferation of radial glial precursors. Fat1 interacts genetically with the related cadherin Fat4 to regulate these processes. Proteomic analysis reveals that Fat1 and Fat4 bind different sets of actin-regulating and junctional proteins. In vitro data suggest that Fat1 and Fat4 form cis-heterodimers, providing a mechanism for bringing together their diverse interactors. We propose a model in which Fat1 and Fat4 binding coordinates distinct pathways at apical junctions to regulate neural progenitor proliferation, neural tube closure and apical constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Badouel
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Mark A Zander
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Liscio
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | | | - Richelle Sopko
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Freda D Miller
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Helen McNeill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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59
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Gotoh H, Hust JA, Miura T, Niimi T, Emlen DJ, Lavine LC. The Fat/Hippo signaling pathway links within-disc morphogen patterning to whole-animal signals during phenotypically plastic growth in insects. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:1039-1045. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Gotoh
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya Japan
| | - James A. Hust
- Department of Entomology; Washington State University; Pullman Washington
| | - Toru Miura
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Teruyuki Niimi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya Japan
| | - Douglas J. Emlen
- Division of Biological Sciences; University of Montana-Missoula; Montana
| | - Laura C. Lavine
- Department of Entomology; Washington State University; Pullman Washington
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60
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Mao Y, Francis-West P, Irvine KD. Fat4/Dchs1 signaling between stromal and cap mesenchyme cells influences nephrogenesis and ureteric bud branching. Development 2015; 142:2574-85. [PMID: 26116666 DOI: 10.1242/dev.122630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Formation of the kidney requires reciprocal signaling among the ureteric tubules, cap mesenchyme and surrounding stromal mesenchyme to orchestrate complex morphogenetic events. The protocadherin Fat4 influences signaling from stromal to cap mesenchyme cells to regulate their differentiation into nephrons. Here, we characterize the role of a putative binding partner of Fat4, the protocadherin Dchs1. Mutation of Dchs1 in mice leads to increased numbers of cap mesenchyme cells, which are abnormally arranged around the ureteric bud tips, and impairment of nephron morphogenesis. Mutation of Dchs1 also reduces branching of the ureteric bud and impairs differentiation of ureteric bud tip cells into trunk cells. Genetically, Dchs1 is required specifically within cap mesenchyme cells. The similarity of Dchs1 phenotypes to stromal-less kidneys and to those of Fat4 mutants implicates Dchs1 in Fat4-dependent stroma-to-cap mesenchyme signaling. Antibody staining of genetic mosaics reveals that Dchs1 protein localization is polarized within cap mesenchyme cells, where it accumulates at the interface with stromal cells, implying that it interacts directly with a stromal protein. Our observations identify a role for Fat4 and Dchs1 in signaling between cell layers, implicate Dchs1 as a Fat4 receptor for stromal signaling that is essential for kidney development, and establish that vertebrate Dchs1 can be molecularly polarized in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaopan Mao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Philippa Francis-West
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Floor 27, Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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61
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Abstract
The heart is the first organ formed during mammalian development. A properly sized and functional heart is vital throughout the entire lifespan. Loss of cardiomyocytes because of injury or diseases leads to heart failure, which is a major cause of human morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, regenerative potential of the adult heart is limited. The Hippo pathway is a recently identified signaling cascade that plays an evolutionarily conserved role in organ size control by inhibiting cell proliferation, promoting apoptosis, regulating fates of stem/progenitor cells, and in some circumstances, limiting cell size. Interestingly, research indicates a key role of this pathway in regulation of cardiomyocyte proliferation and heart size. Inactivation of the Hippo pathway or activation of its downstream effector, the Yes-associated protein transcription coactivator, improves cardiac regeneration. Several known upstream signals of the Hippo pathway such as mechanical stress, G-protein-coupled receptor signaling, and oxidative stress are known to play critical roles in cardiac physiology. In addition, Yes-associated protein has been shown to regulate cardiomyocyte fate through multiple transcriptional mechanisms. In this review, we summarize and discuss current findings on the roles and mechanisms of the Hippo pathway in heart development, injury, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- From the Life Sciences Institute, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (Q.Z., B.Z.); Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (L.L.); and Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla (K.-L.G.)
| | - Li Li
- From the Life Sciences Institute, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (Q.Z., B.Z.); Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (L.L.); and Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla (K.-L.G.)
| | - Bin Zhao
- From the Life Sciences Institute, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (Q.Z., B.Z.); Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (L.L.); and Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla (K.-L.G.).
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- From the Life Sciences Institute, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (Q.Z., B.Z.); Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (L.L.); and Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla (K.-L.G.).
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62
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Hansen CG, Moroishi T, Guan KL. YAP and TAZ: a nexus for Hippo signaling and beyond. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:499-513. [PMID: 26045258 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a potent regulator of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and tissue homeostasis. Here we review the regulatory mechanisms of the Hippo pathway and discuss the function of Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with a PDZ-binding domain (TAZ), the prime mediators of the Hippo pathway, in stem cell biology and tissue regeneration. We highlight their activities in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm and discuss their role as a signaling nexus and integrator of several other prominent signaling pathways such as the Wnt, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), epidermal growth factor (EGF), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), and Notch pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Gram Hansen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Toshiro Moroishi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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63
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Abstract
Balancing cell growth with differentiation is essential for tissue integrity. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Wang and Baker (2015) demonstrate unsuspected cross-talk between bHLH transcription factors, important regulators of organogenesis, with the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway to ensure that inappropriately differentiating cells are eliminated during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Cook
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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64
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Abstract
The arrival of multicellularity in evolution facilitated cell-cell signaling in conjunction with adhesion. As the ectodomains of cadherins interact with each other directly in trans (as well as in cis), spanning the plasma membrane and associating with multiple other entities, cadherins enable the transduction of "outside-in" or "inside-out" signals. We focus this review on signals that originate from the larger family of cadherins that are inwardly directed to the nucleus, and thus have roles in gene control or nuclear structure-function. The nature of cadherin complexes varies considerably depending on the type of cadherin and its context, and we will address some of these variables for classical cadherins versus other family members. Substantial but still fragmentary progress has been made in understanding the signaling mediators used by varied cadherin complexes to coordinate the state of cell-cell adhesion with gene expression. Evidence that cadherin intracellular binding partners also localize to the nucleus is a major point of interest. In some models, catenins show reduced binding to cadherin cytoplasmic tails favoring their engagement in gene control. When bound, cadherins may serve as stoichiometric competitors of nuclear signals. Cadherins also directly or indirectly affect numerous signaling pathways (e.g., Wnt, receptor tyrosine kinase, Hippo, NFκB, and JAK/STAT), enabling cell-cell contacts to touch upon multiple biological outcomes in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre D McCrea
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Program in Genes & Development, Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Meghan T Maher
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Cara J Gottardi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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65
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Wang LH, Baker NE. Salvador-Warts-Hippo pathway in a developmental checkpoint monitoring helix-loop-helix proteins. Dev Cell 2015; 32:191-202. [PMID: 25579975 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The E proteins and Id proteins are, respectively, the positive and negative heterodimer partners for the basic-helix-loop-helix protein family and as such contribute to a remarkably large number of cell-fate decisions. E proteins and Id proteins also function to inhibit or promote cell proliferation and cancer. Using a genetic modifier screen in Drosophila, we show that the Id protein Extramacrochaetae enables growth by suppressing activation of the Salvador-Warts-Hippo pathway of tumor suppressors, activation that requires transcriptional activation of the expanded gene by the E protein Daughterless. Daughterless protein binds to an intronic enhancer in the expanded gene, both activating the SWH pathway independently of the transmembrane protein Crumbs and bypassing the negative feedback regulation that targets the same expanded enhancer. Thus, the Salvador-Warts-Hippo pathway has a cell-autonomous function to prevent inappropriate differentiation due to transcription factor imbalance and monitors the intrinsic developmental status of progenitor cells, distinct from any responses to cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Hsin Wang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Nicholas E Baker
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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66
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Kong D, Zhao Y, Men T, Teng CB. Hippo signaling pathway in liver and pancreas: the potential drug target for tumor therapy. J Drug Target 2014; 23:125-33. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2014.983522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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67
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Del Re DP. The hippo signaling pathway: implications for heart regeneration and disease. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:27. [PMID: 26932373 PMCID: PMC4884045 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-014-0027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of cell number and organ size is critical for appropriate development and tissue homeostasis. Studies in both Drosophila and mammals have established the Hippo signaling pathway as an important modulator of organ size and tumorigenesis. Upon activation, this kinase cascade modulates gene expression through the phosphorylation and inhibition of transcription co-activators that are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, growth and apoptosis. Hippo signaling serves to limit organ size and suppress malignancies, and has been implicated in tissue regeneration following injury. These outcomes highlight the important role that Hippo signaling plays in regulating both physiologic and pathologic processes. In this review, an overview of the signaling pathway will be discussed as well as recent work that has investigated its role in cardiac development, regeneration and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Del Re
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Newark, 07103, NJ, USA.
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68
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Gaspar P, Tapon N. Sensing the local environment: actin architecture and Hippo signalling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 31:74-83. [PMID: 25259681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo network is a major conserved growth suppressor pathway that participates in organ size control during development and prevents tumour formation during adult homeostasis. Recent evidence has implicated the actin cytoskeleton as a link between tissue architecture and Hippo signalling. In this review, we will consider the evidence and models proposed for the regulation of Hippo signalling by actin dynamics and structure. We cover aspects of signalling regulation by mechanotransduction, cytoskeletal tethering and the spatial reorganization of signalling components. We also examine the physiological and pathological contexts in which these mechanisms are relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gaspar
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Apartado 14, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Nicolas Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK.
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69
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Structure of Crumbs tail in complex with the PALS1 PDZ-SH3-GK tandem reveals a highly specific assembly mechanism for the apical Crumbs complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:17444-9. [PMID: 25385611 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1416515111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Crumbs (Crb) complex, formed by Crb, PALS1, and PATJ, is evolutionarily conserved in metazoans and acts as a master cell-growth and -polarity regulator at the apical membranes in polarized epithelia. Crb intracellular functions, including its direct binding to PALS1, are mediated by Crb's highly conserved 37-residue cytoplasmic tail. However, the mechanistic basis governing the highly specific Crb-PALS1 complex formation is unclear, as reported interaction between the Crb tail (Crb-CT) and PALS1 PSD-95/DLG/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain is weak and promiscuous. Here we have discovered that the PDZ-Src homolgy 3 (SH3)-Guanylate kinase (GK) tandem of PALS1 binds to Crb-CT with a dissociation constant of 70 nM, which is ∼ 100-fold stronger than the PALS1 PDZ-Crb-CT interaction. The crystal structure of the PALS1 PDZ-SH3-GK-Crb-CT complex reveals that PDZ-SH3-GK forms a structural supramodule with all three domains contributing to the tight binding to Crb. Mutations disrupting the tertiary interactions of the PDZ-SH3-GK supramodule weaken the PALS1-Crb interaction and compromise PALS1-mediated polarity establishment in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cysts. We further show that specific target binding of other members of membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs) (e.g., CASK binding to neurexin) also requires the presence of their PDZ-SH3-GK tandems.
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70
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Gumbiner BM, Kim NG. The Hippo-YAP signaling pathway and contact inhibition of growth. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:709-17. [PMID: 24532814 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.140103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo-YAP pathway mediates the control of cell proliferation by contact inhibition as well as other attributes of the physical state of cells in tissues. Several mechanisms sense the spatial and physical organization of cells, and function through distinct upstream modules to stimulate Hippo-YAP signaling: adherens junction or cadherin-catenin complexes, epithelial polarity and tight junction complexes, the FAT-Dachsous morphogen pathway, as well as cell shape, actomyosin or mechanotransduction. Soluble extracellular factors also regulate Hippo pathway signaling, often inhibiting its activity. Indeed, the Hippo pathway mediates a reciprocal relationship between contact inhibition and mitogenic signaling. As a result, cells at the edges of a colony, a wound in a tissue or a tumor are more sensitive to ambient levels of growth factors and more likely to proliferate, migrate or differentiate through a YAP and/or TAZ-dependent process. Thus, the Hippo-YAP pathway senses and responds to the physical organization of cells in tissues and coordinates these physical cues with classic growth-factor-mediated signaling pathways. This Commentary is focused on the biological significance of Hippo-YAP signaling and how upstream regulatory modules of the pathway interact to produce biological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Gumbiner
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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71
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Kopan R, Chen S, Little M. Nephron progenitor cells: shifting the balance of self-renewal and differentiation. Curr Top Dev Biol 2014; 107:293-331. [PMID: 24439811 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416022-4.00011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Within the developing mammalian kidney, several populations of progenitors form the discrete cellular components of the final organ. Fate mapping experiments revealed the cap mesenchyme (CM) to be the progenitor population for all nephron epithelial cells, whereas the neighboring stromal mesenchyme gives rise to mesangial, pericytic, renin-producing and interstitial cells. The collecting ducts are derived from a population of progenitors at the ureteric bud (UB) tip and a proportion of the endothelium is also derived from a dedicated mesenchymal progenitor. The stroma, CM, and UB interact to create spatially defined niches at the periphery of the developing organ. While the UB tip population persist, the CM represents a transient progenitor population that is exhausted to set the final organ size. The timing of CM exhaustion, and hence the final organ structure, is sensitive to disruptions such as premature birth. Here we will discuss our current understanding of the molecular processes allowing these populations to balance cell survival, self-renewal, support of branching, and maintain capacity to commit to differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Kopan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Melissa Little
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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72
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Baker NE, Jenny A. Metabolism and the other fat: a protocadherin in mitochondria. Cell 2014; 158:1240-1241. [PMID: 25215484 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The protocadherin Fat is known as a tumor suppressor regulating growth in Drosophila and for its conserved function during planar cell polarity establishment. McNeill and colleagues now identify an unsuspected role for a C-terminal proteolytic product of Fat in mitochondria: regulating the electron transport machinery and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Baker
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Ophtalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Andreas Jenny
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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73
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The Atypical Cadherin Fat Directly Regulates Mitochondrial Function and Metabolic State. Cell 2014; 158:1293-1308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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74
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Bosch JA, Sumabat TM, Hafezi Y, Pellock BJ, Gandhi KD, Hariharan IK. The Drosophila F-box protein Fbxl7 binds to the protocadherin fat and regulates Dachs localization and Hippo signaling. eLife 2014; 3:e03383. [PMID: 25107277 PMCID: PMC4144329 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila protocadherin Fat (Ft) regulates growth, planar cell polarity (PCP) and proximodistal patterning. A key downstream component of Ft signaling is the atypical myosin Dachs (D). Multiple regions of the intracellular domain of Ft have been implicated in regulating growth and PCP but how Ft regulates D is not known. Mutations in Fbxl7, which encodes an F-box protein, result in tissue overgrowth and abnormalities in proximodistal patterning that phenocopy deleting a specific portion of the intracellular domain (ICD) of Ft that regulates both growth and PCP. Fbxl7 binds to this same portion of the Ft ICD, co-localizes with Ft to the proximal edge of cells and regulates the levels and asymmetry of D at the apical membrane. Fbxl7 can also regulate the trafficking of proteins between the apical membrane and intracellular vesicles. Thus Fbxl7 functions in a subset of pathways downstream of Ft and links Ft to D localization. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03383.001 Multi-cellular organisms are made up of cells that are organized into tissues and organs that reach a predictable size and shape at the end of their development. To do this, cells must be able to sense their position and orientation within the body and know when to stop growing. Epithelial cells—which make up the outer surface of an animal's body and line the cavities of its internal organs—connect to each other to form flat sheets. These sheets of cells contain structures that are oriented along the plane of the sheet. However, how this so-called ‘planar cell polarity’ coordinates with cell growth in order to build complex tissues and organs remains to be discovered. A protein called Fat is a major player in both planar cell polarity and the Hippo signaling pathway, which controls cell growth. As such, the Fat protein appears to be crucial for controlling the size and shape of organs. Mutations in the Fat protein cause massive tissue overgrowth, prevent planar cell polarity being established correctly, and stop the legs and wings of fruit flies developing normally. The Fat protein also plays a role in distributing another protein called Dachs—which is also part of the Hippo signaling pathway. In epithelial cells of the developing wing, Dachs is mostly located on the side of the cell that is closest to the tip of the developing wing (the so-called ‘distal surface’). How Fat and Dachs work together is not understood, but it is known that they do not bind to each other directly. Now, Bosch et al. show that in the fruit fly Drosophila, the Fat protein binds to another protein called Fbxl7. Flies that cannot produce working Fbxl7 have defects in some aspects of planar cell polarity and a modest increase in tissue growth. Fbxl7 seems to account for part, but not all, of the ability of Fat to restrict tissue growth. Furthermore, a lack of the Fbxl7 protein results in a spreading of Dachs protein across the apical surface—which faces out of the epithelial sheet—of epithelial cells. On the other hand, if Fbxl7 is over-expressed, Dachs is driven to the interior of each cell. Hence, a normal level of Fbxl7 protein restricts the Dachs protein to the correct parts of the cell surface. Together, the findings of Bosch et al. show that the Fbxl7 protein is a key link between the Fat and Dachs proteins. These results also provide an understanding of how growth and planar cell polarity—two processes that are essential for normal development of all multi-cellular organisms—are coordinated. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03383.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Bosch
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Taryn M Sumabat
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Yassi Hafezi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Brett J Pellock
- Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence, United States
| | - Kevin D Gandhi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Iswar K Hariharan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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75
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Barron DA, Kagey JD. The role of the Hippo pathway in human disease and tumorigenesis. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:25. [PMID: 25097728 PMCID: PMC4112623 DOI: 10.1186/2001-1326-3-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular nature of human cancer is essential to the development of effective and personalized therapies. Several different molecular signal transduction pathways drive tumorigenesis when deregulated and respond to different types of therapeutic interventions. The Hippo signaling pathway has been demonstrated to play a central role in the regulation of tissue and organ size during development. The deregulation of Hippo signaling leads to a concurrent combination of uncontrolled cellular proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis, two key hallmarks in cancer development. The molecular nature of this pathway was first uncovered in Drosophila melanogaster through genetic screens to identify regulators of cell growth and cell division. The pathway is strongly conserved in humans, rendering Drosophila a suitable and efficient model system to better understand the molecular nature of this pathway. In the present study, we review the current understanding of the molecular mechanism and clinical impact of the Hippo pathway. Current studies have demonstrated that a variety of deregulated molecules can alter Hippo signaling, leading to the constitutive activation of the transcriptional activator YAP or its paralog TAZ. Additionally, the Hippo pathway integrates inputs from a number of growth signaling pathways, positioning the Hippo pathway in a central role in the regulation of tissue size. Importantly, deregulated Hippo signaling is frequently observed in human cancers. YAP is commonly activated in a number of in vitro and in vivo models of tumorigenesis, as well as a number of human cancers. The common activation of YAP in many different tumor types provides an attractive target for potential therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Barron
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacob D Kagey
- Department of Biology, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, Detroit, MI, USA
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76
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Li W, Cooper J, Zhou L, Yang C, Erdjument-Bromage H, Zagzag D, Snuderl M, Ladanyi M, Hanemann CO, Zhou P, Karajannis MA, Giancotti FG. Merlin/NF2 loss-driven tumorigenesis linked to CRL4(DCAF1)-mediated inhibition of the hippo pathway kinases Lats1 and 2 in the nucleus. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:48-60. [PMID: 25026211 PMCID: PMC4126592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is currently unclear whether Merlin/NF2 suppresses tumorigenesis by activating upstream components of the Hippo pathway at the plasma membrane or by inhibiting the E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4(DCAF1) in the nucleus. We found that derepressed CRL4(DCAF1) promotes YAP- and TEAD-dependent transcription by ubiquitylating and, thereby, inhibiting Lats1 and 2 in the nucleus. Genetic epistasis experiments and analysis of tumor-derived missense mutations indicate that this signaling connection sustains the oncogenicity of Merlin-deficient tumor cells. Analysis of clinical samples confirms that this pathway operates in NF2-mutant tumors. We conclude that derepressed CRL4(DCAF1) promotes activation of YAP by inhibiting Lats1 and 2 in the nucleus.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/enzymology
- Cell Nucleus/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Child
- Epistasis, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hep G2 Cells
- Hippo Signaling Pathway
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Middle Aged
- Mutation, Missense
- Neurofibromatosis 2/enzymology
- Neurofibromatosis 2/genetics
- Neurofibromatosis 2/pathology
- Neurofibromin 2/genetics
- Neurofibromin 2/metabolism
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
- Ubiquitination
- YAP-Signaling Proteins
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Jonathan Cooper
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Sloan Kettering Division, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lu Zhou
- Plymouth University Peninsula School of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Chenyi Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hediye Erdjument-Bromage
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Zagzag
- NYU Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Matija Snuderl
- NYU Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - C Oliver Hanemann
- Plymouth University Peninsula School of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Pengbo Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Matthias A Karajannis
- NYU Cancer Institute and Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Filippo G Giancotti
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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77
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Zakaria S, Mao Y, Kuta A, de Sousa CF, Gaufo GO, McNeill H, Hindges R, Guthrie S, Irvine KD, Francis-West PH. Regulation of neuronal migration by Dchs1-Fat4 planar cell polarity. Curr Biol 2014; 24:1620-1627. [PMID: 24998526 PMCID: PMC4193925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) describes the polarization of cell structures and behaviors within the plane of a tissue. PCP is essential for the generation of tissue architecture during embryogenesis and for postnatal growth and tissue repair, yet how it is oriented to coordinate cell polarity remains poorly understood [1]. In Drosophila, PCP is mediated via the Frizzled-Flamingo (Fz-PCP) and Dachsous-Fat (Fat-PCP) pathways [1-3]. Fz-PCP is conserved in vertebrates, but an understanding in vertebrates of whether and how Fat-PCP polarizes cells, and its relationship to Fz-PCP signaling, is lacking. Mutations in human FAT4 and DCHS1, key components of Fat-PCP signaling, cause Van Maldergem syndrome, characterized by severe neuronal abnormalities indicative of altered neuronal migration [4]. Here, we investigate the role and mechanisms of Fat-PCP during neuronal migration using the murine facial branchiomotor (FBM) neurons as a model. We find that Fat4 and Dchs1 are expressed in complementary gradients and are required for the collective tangential migration of FBM neurons and for their PCP. Fat4 and Dchs1 are required intrinsically within the FBM neurons and extrinsically within the neuroepithelium. Remarkably, Fat-PCP and Fz-PCP regulate FBM neuron migration along orthogonal axes. Disruption of the Dchs1 gradients by mosaic inactivation of Dchs1 alters FBM neuron polarity and migration. This study implies that PCP in vertebrates can be regulated via gradients of Fat4 and Dchs1 expression, which establish intracellular polarity across FBM cells during their migration. Our results also identify Fat-PCP as a novel neuronal guidance system and reveal that Fat-PCP and Fz-PCP can act along orthogonal axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Zakaria
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Dental Institute, Guy's Tower, Floor 27, London Bridge, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Yaopan Mao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Anna Kuta
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Dental Institute, Guy's Tower, Floor 27, London Bridge, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Catia Ferreira de Sousa
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Dental Institute, Guy's Tower, Floor 27, London Bridge, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Gary O Gaufo
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA circle, San Antonio, Texas, 78249 USA
| | - Helen McNeill
- The Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Robert Hindges
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, 4th Floor New Hunt's House, King's College, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Sarah Guthrie
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, 4th Floor New Hunt's House, King's College, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Philippa H Francis-West
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Dental Institute, Guy's Tower, Floor 27, London Bridge, London, SE1 9RT, UK
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78
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Feng X, Degese MS, Iglesias-Bartolome R, Vaque JP, Molinolo AA, Rodrigues M, Zaidi MR, Ksander BR, Merlino G, Sodhi A, Chen Q, Gutkind JS. Hippo-independent activation of YAP by the GNAQ uveal melanoma oncogene through a trio-regulated rho GTPase signaling circuitry. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:831-45. [PMID: 24882515 PMCID: PMC4074519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mutually exclusive activating mutations in the GNAQ and GNA11 oncogenes, encoding heterotrimeric Gαq family members, have been identified in ∼ 83% and ∼ 6% of uveal and skin melanomas, respectively. However, the molecular events underlying these GNAQ-driven malignancies are not yet defined, thus limiting the ability to develop cancer-targeted therapies. Here, we focused on the transcriptional coactivator YAP, a critical component of the Hippo signaling pathway that controls organ size. We found that Gαq stimulates YAP through a Trio-Rho/Rac signaling circuitry promoting actin polymerization, independently of phospholipase Cβ and the canonical Hippo pathway. Furthermore, we show that Gαq promotes the YAP-dependent growth of uveal melanoma cells, thereby identifying YAP as a suitable therapeutic target in uveal melanoma, a GNAQ/GNA11-initiated human malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Feng
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4340, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Maria Sol Degese
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4340, USA
| | - Ramiro Iglesias-Bartolome
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4340, USA
| | - Jose P Vaque
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4340, USA
| | - Alfredo A Molinolo
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4340, USA
| | - Murilo Rodrigues
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - M Raza Zaidi
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Bruce R Ksander
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Akrit Sodhi
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4340, USA.
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79
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Romano D, Nguyen LK, Matallanas D, Halasz M, Doherty C, Kholodenko BN, Kolch W. Protein interaction switches coordinate Raf-1 and MST2/Hippo signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:673-84. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb2986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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80
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Hennekam syndrome can be caused by FAT4 mutations and be allelic to Van Maldergem syndrome. Hum Genet 2014; 133:1161-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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81
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Wisotzkey RG, Quijano JC, Stinchfield MJ, Newfeld SJ. New gene evolution in the bonus-TIF1-γ/TRIM33 family impacted the architecture of the vertebrate dorsal-ventral patterning network. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:2309-21. [PMID: 24881051 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncovering how a new gene acquires its function and understanding how the function of a new gene influences existing genetic networks are important topics in evolutionary biology. Here, we demonstrate nonconservation for the embryonic functions of Drosophila Bonus and its newest vertebrate relative TIF1-γ/TRIM33. We showed previously that TIF1-γ/TRIM33 functions as an ubiquitin ligase for the Smad4 signal transducer and antagonizes the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling network underlying vertebrate dorsal-ventral axis formation. Here, we show that Bonus functions as an agonist of the Decapentaplegic (Dpp) signaling network underlying dorsal-ventral axis formation in flies. The absence of conservation for the roles of Bonus and TIF1-γ/TRIM33 reveals a shift in the dorsal-ventral patterning networks of flies and mice, systems that were previously considered wholly conserved. The shift occurred when the new gene TIF1-γ/TRIM33 replaced the function of the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4L in the lineage leading to vertebrates. Evidence of this replacement is our demonstration that Nedd4 performs the function of TIF1-γ/TRIM33 in flies during dorsal-ventral axis formation. The replacement allowed vertebrate Nedd4L to acquire novel functions as a ubiquitin ligase of vertebrate-specific Smad proteins. Overall our data reveal that the architecture of the Dpp/BMP dorsal-ventral patterning network continued to evolve in the vertebrate lineage, after separation from flies, via the incorporation of new genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Wisotzkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East Bay
| | - Janine C Quijano
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East BaySchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University
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82
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Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway, consisting of a highly conserved kinase cascade (MST and Lats) and downstream transcription coactivators (YAP and TAZ), plays a key role in tissue homeostasis and organ size control by regulating tissue-specific stem cells. Moreover, this pathway plays a prominent role in tissue repair and regeneration. Dysregulation of the Hippo pathway is associated with cancer development. Recent studies have revealed a complex network of upstream inputs, including cell density, mechanical sensation, and G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, that modulate Hippo pathway activity. This review focuses on the role of the Hippo pathway in stem cell biology and its potential implications in tissue homeostasis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Soon Mo
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hyun Woo Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
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83
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Molecular insights into NF2/Merlin tumor suppressor function. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2743-52. [PMID: 24726726 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The FERM domain protein Merlin, encoded by the NF2 tumor suppressor gene, regulates cell proliferation in response to adhesive signaling. The growth inhibitory function of Merlin is induced by intercellular adhesion and inactivated by joint integrin/receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Merlin contributes to the formation of cell junctions in polarized tissues, activates anti-mitogenic signaling at tight-junctions, and inhibits oncogenic gene expression. Thus, inactivation of Merlin causes uncontrolled mitogenic signaling and tumorigenesis. Merlin's predominant tumor suppressive functions are attributable to its control of oncogenic gene expression through regulation of Hippo signaling. Notably, Merlin translocates to the nucleus where it directly inhibits the CRL4(DCAF1) E3 ubiquitin ligase, thereby suppressing inhibition of the Lats kinases. A dichotomy in NF2 function has emerged whereby Merlin acts at the cell cortex to organize cell junctions and propagate anti-mitogenic signaling, whereas it inhibits oncogenic gene expression through the inhibition of CRL4(DCAF1) and activation of Hippo signaling. The biochemical events underlying Merlin's normal function and tumor suppressive activity will be discussed in this Review, with emphasis on recent discoveries that have greatly influenced our understanding of Merlin biology.
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84
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The Angiomotins--from discovery to function. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2693-703. [PMID: 24548561 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Angiomotins were originally identified as angiostatin binding proteins and implicated in the regulation of endothelial cell migration. Recent studies have shed light on the role of Angiomotins and other members of the Motin protein family in epithelial cells and in pathways directly linked to the pathogenesis of cancer. In particular, Motins have been shown to play a role in signaling pathways regulated by small G-proteins and the Hippo-YAP pathway. In this review the role of the Motin protein family in these signaling pathways will be described and open questions will be discussed.
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85
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Hauri S, Wepf A, van Drogen A, Varjosalo M, Tapon N, Aebersold R, Gstaiger M. Interaction proteome of human Hippo signaling: modular control of the co-activator YAP1. Mol Syst Biol 2013; 9:713. [PMID: 24366813 PMCID: PMC4019981 DOI: 10.1002/msb.201304750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis is controlled by signaling systems that coordinate cell proliferation, cell growth and cell shape upon changes in the cellular environment. Deregulation of these processes is associated with human cancer and can occur at multiple levels of the underlying signaling systems. To gain an integrated view on signaling modules controlling tissue growth, we analyzed the interaction proteome of the human Hippo pathway, an established growth regulatory signaling system. The resulting high-resolution network model of 480 protein-protein interactions among 270 network components suggests participation of Hippo pathway components in three distinct modules that all converge on the transcriptional co-activator YAP1. One of the modules corresponds to the canonical Hippo kinase cassette whereas the other two both contain Hippo components in complexes with cell polarity proteins. Quantitative proteomic data suggests that complex formation with cell polarity proteins is dynamic and depends on the integrity of cell-cell contacts. Collectively, our systematic analysis greatly enhances our insights into the biochemical landscape underlying human Hippo signaling and emphasizes multifaceted roles of cell polarity complexes in Hippo-mediated tissue growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hauri
- Institute of Molecular Systems BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic DiseasesETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Molecular Systems BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Nic Tapon
- Cancer Research UKLondon Research InstituteLondonUK
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Institute of Molecular Systems BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic DiseasesETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Matthias Gstaiger
- Institute of Molecular Systems BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic DiseasesETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
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86
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Johnson R, Halder G. The two faces of Hippo: targeting the Hippo pathway for regenerative medicine and cancer treatment. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 13:63-79. [PMID: 24336504 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signalling pathway is an emerging growth control and tumour suppressor pathway that regulates cell proliferation and stem cell functions. Defects in Hippo signalling and hyperactivation of its downstream effectors Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) contribute to the development of cancer, which suggests that pharmacological inhibition of YAP and TAZ activity may be an effective anticancer strategy. Conversely, YAP and TAZ can also have beneficial roles in stimulating tissue repair and regeneration following injury, so their activation may be therapeutically useful in these contexts. A complex network of intracellular and extracellular signalling pathways that modulate YAP and TAZ activities have recently been identified. Here, we review the regulation of the Hippo signalling pathway, its functions in normal homeostasis and disease, and recent progress in the identification of small-molecule pathway modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Johnson
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. [2] Genes and Development Program, and Cancer Biology Program, Graduate School for Biological Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. [3] Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Georg Halder
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven 3000, Belgium
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87
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Chan SW, Lim CJ, Guo F, Tan I, Leung T, Hong W. Actin-binding and cell proliferation activities of angiomotin family members are regulated by Hippo pathway-mediated phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:37296-307. [PMID: 24225952 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.527598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether the Hippo pathway has downstream targets other than YAP and TAZ is unknown. In this report, we have identified angiomotin (Amot) family members as novel substrates of Hippo core kinases. The N-terminal regions of Amot proteins contain a conserved HXRXXS consensus site for LATS1/2-mediated phosphorylation. Phospho-specific antibodies showed that Hippo core kinases could mediate phosphorylation of endogenous as well as exogenous Amot family members. Knockdown of LATS1 and LATS2 endogenously reduced the phosphorylation of Amots detected by the phospho-specific antibodies. Mutation of the serine to alanine within this HXRXXS site in Amot and AmotL2 established that this site was essential for Hippo core kinase-mediated phosphorylation. Wild-type and non-phosphorylated Amot (Amot-S175A) were targeted to actin filaments, whereas phospho-mimic Amot (Amot-S175D) failed to be localized with actin. Overexpression of LATS2 caused dissociation of Amot from actin but not Amot-S175A. Mapping of the actin-binding site of Amot showed that serine 175 of Amot was important for the actin-binding activity. Amot-S175A promoted, whereas Amot and Amot-S175D inhibited, cell proliferation. These results collectively suggest that the Hippo pathway negatively regulates the actin-binding activity of Amot family members through direct phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Wee Chan
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673 and
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88
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Serum deprivation inhibits the transcriptional co-activator YAP and cell growth via phosphorylation of the 130-kDa isoform of Angiomotin by the LATS1/2 protein kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:17368-73. [PMID: 24101513 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1308236110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Large tumor suppressor (LATS)1/2 protein kinases transmit Hippo signaling in response to intercellular contacts and serum levels to limit cell growth via the inhibition of Yes-associated protein (YAP). Here low serum and high LATS1 activity are found to enhance the levels of the 130-kDa isoform of angiomotin (Amot130) through phosphorylation by LATS1/2 at serine 175, which then forms a binding site for 14-3-3. Such phosphorylation, in turn, enables the ubiquitin ligase atrophin-1 interacting protein (AIP)4 to bind, ubiquitinate, and stabilize Amot130. Consistently, the Amot130 (S175A) mutant, which lacks LATS phosphorylation, bound AIP4 poorly under all conditions and showed reduced stability. Amot130 and AIP4 also promoted the ubiquitination and degradation of YAP in response to serum starvation, unlike Amot130 (S175A). Moreover, silencing Amot130 expression blocked LATS1 from inhibiting the expression of connective tissue growth factor, a YAP-regulated gene. Concordant with phosphorylated Amot130 specifically mediating these effects, wild-type Amot130 selectively induced YAP phosphorylation and reduced transcription of connective tissue growth factor in an AIP4-dependent manner versus Amot130 (S175A). Further, Amot130 but not Amot130 (S175A) strongly inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells. The dominant-negative effects of Amot130 (S175A) on YAP signaling also support that phosphorylated Amot130 transduces Hippo signaling. Likewise, Amot130 expression provoked premature growth arrest during mammary cell acini formation, whereas Amot130 (S175A)-expressing cells formed enlarged and poorly differentiated acini. Taken together, the phosphorylation of Amot130 by LATS is found to be a key feature that enables it to inhibit YAP-dependent signaling and cell growth.
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89
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Spatial organization of Hippo signaling at the plasma membrane mediated by the tumor suppressor Merlin/NF2. Cell 2013; 154:1342-55. [PMID: 24012335 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although Merlin/NF2 was discovered two decades ago as a tumor suppressor underlying Neurofibromatosis type II, its precise molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. Recent studies in Drosophila revealed a potential link between Merlin and the Hippo pathway by placing Merlin genetically upstream of the kinase Hpo/Mst. In contrast to the commonly depicted linear model of Merlin functioning through Hpo/Mst, here we show that in both Drosophila and mammals, Merlin promotes downstream Hippo signaling without activating the intrinsic kinase activity of Hpo/Mst. Instead, Merlin directly binds and recruits the effector kinase Wts/Lats to the plasma membrane. Membrane recruitment, in turn, promotes Wts phosphorylation by the Hpo-Sav kinase complex. We further show that disruption of the actin cytoskeleton promotes Merlin-Wts interactions, which implicates Merlin in actin-mediated regulation of Hippo signaling. Our findings elucidate an important molecular function of Merlin and highlight the plasma membrane as a critical subcellular compartment for Hippo signal transduction.
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90
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Hong W. Angiomotin'g YAP into the Nucleus for Cell Proliferation and Cancer Development. Sci Signal 2013; 6:pe27. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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91
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Hergovich A. Regulation and functions of mammalian LATS/NDR kinases: looking beyond canonical Hippo signalling. Cell Biosci 2013; 3:32. [PMID: 23985307 PMCID: PMC3849777 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-3-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The metazoan Hippo pathway is an essential tumour suppressor signalling cascade that ensures normal tissue growth by co-ordinating cell proliferation, cell death and cell differentiation. Over the past years, various genetic and biochemical studies in Drosophila and mammals have defined a conserved core Hippo signalling module, composed of members of the Ste20-like kinase, the MOB co-activator and the AGC kinase families. In Drosophila, stimulated Hippo kinase phosphorylates and thereby activates the Mats/Warts complex, which consequently phosphorylates and inactivates the transcriptional co-activator Yorkie. In mammals, the counterparts of the Hippo/Mats/Warts/Yorkie cascade, namely MST1/2, MOB1A/B, LATS1/2 and YAP/TAZ, function in a similar fashion. These canonical Hippo pathways are so highly conserved that human MST2, hMOB1A and LATS1 can compensate for the loss of Hippo, Mats and Warts in flies. However, recent reports have shown that Hippo signalling is more diverse and complex, in particular in mammals. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of mammalian LATS1/2 kinases together with their closest relatives, the NDR1/2 kinases. The regulation of the LATS/NDR family of kinases will be discussed, followed by a summary of all currently known LATS/NDR substrates. Last, but not least, the biological roles of LATS/NDR kinases will be reviewed with specific emphasis on recent discoveries of canonical and non-canonical LATS/NDR functions in the extended Hippo pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hergovich
- Tumour Suppressor Signalling Networks laboratory, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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92
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The hippo-yes association protein pathway in liver cancer. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013; 2013:187070. [PMID: 23986776 PMCID: PMC3748736 DOI: 10.1155/2013/187070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer mortality. Despite continuing development of new therapies, prognosis for patients with HCC remains extremely poor. In recent years, control of organ size becomes a hot topic in HCC development. The Hippo signaling pathway has been delineated and shown to be critical in controlling organ size in both Drosophila and mammals. The Hippo kinase cascade, a singling pathway that antagonizes the transcriptional coactivator Yes-associated protein (YAP), plays an important role in animal organ size control by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis rates. During HCC development, this pathway is likely inactivated in tumor initiated cells that escape suppressive constrain exerted by the surrounding normal tissue, thus allowing clonal expansion and tumor development. We have reviewed evolutionary changes in YAP as well as other components of the Hippo pathway and described the relationships between YAP genes and HCC. We also discuss regulation of transcription factors that are up- and downstream of YAP in liver cancer development.
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93
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Sadeqzadeh E, de Bock CE, Thorne RF. Sleeping giants: emerging roles for the fat cadherins in health and disease. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:190-221. [PMID: 23720094 DOI: 10.1002/med.21286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate Fat cadherins comprise a small gene family of four members, Fat1-Fat4, all closely related in structure to Drosophila ft and ft2. Over the past decade, knock-out mouse studies, genetic manipulation, and large sequencing projects has aided our understanding of the function of vertebrate Fat cadherins in tissue development and disease. The majority of studies of this family have focused on Fat1, with evidence now showing it can bind enable (ENA)/Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), β-catenin and Atrophin proteins to influence cell polarity and motility; HOMER-1 and HOMER-3 proteins to regulate actin accumulation in neuronal synapses; and scribble to influence the Hippo signaling pathway. Fat2 and Fat3 can regulate cell migration in a tissue specific manner and Fat4 appears to influence both planar cell polarity and Hippo signaling recapitulating the activity of Drosophila ft. Knowledge about the exact downstream signaling pathways activated by each family member remains in its infancy, but it is becoming clearer that they have tissue specific and redundant roles in development and may be lost or gained in cancer. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on understanding the role of the Fat cadherin family, integrating the current knowledge of molecular interactions and tissue distributions, together with the accumulating evidence of their changed expression in human disease. The latter is now beginning to promote interest in these molecules as both biomarkers and new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Sadeqzadeh
- Cancer Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
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