51
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Verma RK, Yu W, Shrivastava A, Shankar S, Srivastava RK. α-Mangostin-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles inhibit pancreatic carcinogenesis by targeting cancer stem cells in human, and transgenic (Kras(G12D), and Kras(G12D)/tp53R270H) mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32743. [PMID: 27624879 PMCID: PMC5021984 DOI: 10.1038/srep32743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of sonic hedgehog (Shh) in cancer stem cell (CSC) has been demonstrated with aggressiveness of pancreatic cancer. In order to enhance the biological activity of α-mangostin, we formulated mangostin-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles (Mang-NPs) and examined the molecular mechanisms by which they inhibit human and KC mice (PdxCre;LSL-KrasG12D) pancreatic CSC characteristics in vitro, and pancreatic carcinogenesis in KPC (PdxCre;LSLKrasG12D;LSL-Trp53R172H) mice. Mang-NPs inhibited human and KrasG12D mice pancreatic CSC characteristics in vitro. Mang-NPs also inhibited EMT by up-regulating E-cadherin and inhibiting N-cadherin and transcription factors Slug, and pluripotency maintaining factors Nanog, c-Myc, and Oct4. Furthermore, Mang-NPs inhibited the components of Shh pathway and Gli targets. In vivo, Mang-NPs inhibited the progression of pancreatic intraneoplasia to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and liver metastasis in KPC mice. The inhibitory effects of Mang-NPs on carcinogenesis in KPC mice were associated with downregulation of pluripotency maintaining factors (c-Myc, Nanog and Oct4), stem cell markers (CD24 and CD133), components of Shh pathway (Gli1, Gli2, Patched1/2, and Smoothened), Gli targets (Bcl-2, XIAP and Cyclin D1), and EMT markers and transcription factors (N-cadherin, Slug, Snail and Zeb1), and upregulation of E-cadherin. Overall, our data suggest that Mang-NPs can inhibit pancreatic cancer growth, development and metastasis by targeting Shh pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Verma
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO, 66128, USA
| | - Wei Yu
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO, 66128, USA
| | - Anju Shrivastava
- St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Sharmila Shankar
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO, 66128, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Rakesh K Srivastava
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO, 66128, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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52
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Sharma N, Nanta R, Sharma J, Gunewardena S, Singh KP, Shankar S, Srivastava RK. PI3K/AKT/mTOR and sonic hedgehog pathways cooperate together to inhibit human pancreatic cancer stem cell characteristics and tumor growth. Oncotarget 2016; 6:32039-60. [PMID: 26451606 PMCID: PMC4741658 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play major roles in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. It is evident from growing reports that PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathways are aberrantly reactivated in pancreatic CSCs. Here, we examined the efficacy of combining NVP-LDE-225 (PI3K/mTOR inhibitor) and NVP-BEZ-235 (Smoothened inhibitor) on pancreatic CSCs characteristics, microRNA regulatory network, and tumor growth. NVP-LDE-225 co-operated with NVP-BEZ-235 in inhibiting pancreatic CSC's characteristics and tumor growth in mice by acting at the level of Gli. Combination of NVP-LDE-225 and NVP-BEZ-235 inhibited self-renewal capacity of CSCs by suppressing the expression of pluripotency maintaining factors Nanog, Oct-4, Sox-2 and c-Myc, and transcription of Gli. NVP-LDE-225 co-operated with NVP-BEZ-235 to inhibit Lin28/Let7a/Kras axis in pancreatic CSCs. Furthermore, a superior interaction of these drugs was observed on spheroid formation by pancreatic CSCs isolated from Pankras/p53 mice. The combination of these drugs also showed superior effects on the expression of proteins involved in cell proliferation, survival and apoptosis. In addition, NVP-LDE-225 co-operated with NVP-BEZ-235 in inhibiting EMT through modulation of cadherin, vimentin and transcription factors Snail, Slug and Zeb1. In conclusion, these data suggest that the combined inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Shh pathways may be beneficial for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narinder Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, and Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Rajesh Nanta
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, and Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | | | - Sumedha Gunewardena
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Karan P Singh
- Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Sharmila Shankar
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO, 66128, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Rakesh K Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, and Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.,Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO, 66128, USA
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53
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Gan GN, Jimeno A. Emerging from their burrow: Hedgehog pathway inhibitors for cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:1153-66. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1216973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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54
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miR-128 regulates differentiation of hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells into smooth muscle cells by targeting SMAD2. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:393-400. [PMID: 27087048 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells (hHFMSCs) are an important source of cardiovascular tissue engineering for their differentiation potential into smooth muscle cells (SMCs), yet the molecular pathways underlying such fate determination is unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that play critical roles in cell differentiation. In present study, we found that miR-128 was remarkably decreased during the differentiation of hHFMSCs into SMCs induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Moreover, overexpression of miR-128 led to decreased expression of SMC cellular marker proteins, such as smooth muscle actin (SMA) and calponin, in TGF-β1-induced SMC differentiation. Further, we identified that miR-128 targeted the 3'-UTR of SMAD2 transcript for translational inhibition of SMAD2 protein, and knockdown of SMAD2 abrogated the promotional effect of antagomir-128 (miR-128 neutralizer) on SMC differentiation. These results suggest that miR-128 regulates the differentiation of hHFMSCs into SMCs via targeting SMAD2, a main transcription regulator in TGF-β signaling pathway involving SMC differentiation. The miR-128/SMAD2 axis could therefore be considered as a candidate target in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine for SMCs.
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55
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Abstract
Chemoresistant metastatic relapse of minimal residual disease plays a significant role for poor prognosis of cancer. Growing evidence supports a critical role of cancer stem cell (CSC) behind the mechanisms for this deadly disease. This review briefly introduces the basics of the conventional chemotherapies, updates the CSC theories, highlights the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which CSC smartly designs and utilizes multiple lines of self-defense to avoid being killed by chemotherapy, and concisely summarizes recent progress in studies on CSC-targeted therapies in the end, with the hope to help guide future research toward developing more effective therapeutic strategies to eradicate tumor cells in the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihe Zhao
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 6900 Lake Nona Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.
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56
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Rimkus TK, Carpenter RL, Qasem S, Chan M, Lo HW. Targeting the Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathway: Review of Smoothened and GLI Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8020022. [PMID: 26891329 PMCID: PMC4773745 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is a major regulator of cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and tissue polarity. Aberrant activation of the Shh pathway has been shown in a variety of human cancers, including, basal cell carcinoma, malignant gliomas, medulloblastoma, leukemias, and cancers of the breast, lung, pancreas, and prostate. Tumorigenesis, tumor progression and therapeutic response have all been shown to be impacted by the Shh signaling pathway. Downstream effectors of the Shh pathway include smoothened (SMO) and glioma-associated oncogene homolog (GLI) family of zinc finger transcription factors. Both are regarded as important targets for cancer therapeutics. While most efforts have been devoted towards pharmacologically targeting SMO, developing GLI-targeted approach has its merit because of the fact that GLI proteins can be activated by both Shh ligand-dependent and -independent mechanisms. To date, two SMO inhibitors (LDE225/Sonidegib and GDC-0449/Vismodegib) have received FDA approval for treating basal cell carcinoma while many clinical trials are being conducted to evaluate the efficacy of this exciting class of targeted therapy in a variety of cancers. In this review, we provide an overview of the biology of the Shh pathway and then detail the current landscape of the Shh-SMO-GLI pathway inhibitors including those in preclinical studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadas K Rimkus
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Richard L Carpenter
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Shadi Qasem
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Michael Chan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Hui-Wen Lo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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57
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Abstract
Prostate cancer (P-Ca) remains a leading cause of cancer-related death in men. Lately, increasing evidence for a hierarchically organized cancer stem cell (CSC) model emerged for different tumors entities, including P-Ca. CSCs are defined by several characteristics including self-renewal, pluripotency and tumorigenicity and are thought to be responsible for tumor recurrence, metastasis and cancer related death. In this review we discuss the recent research in the field of CSCs, its limitations and therapeutical implications in general and specifically in P-Ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Moltzahn
- Department of Urology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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58
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Mimeault M, Rachagani S, Muniyan S, Seshacharyulu P, Johansson SL, Datta K, Lin MF, Batra SK. Inhibition of hedgehog signaling improves the anti-carcinogenic effects of docetaxel in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:3887-903. [PMID: 25682877 PMCID: PMC4414161 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of docetaxel-based chemotherapeutic treatments has improved the survival of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients. However, most patients develop resistance supporting the development of therapy. The current study was undertaken to establish the therapeutic benefit to target hedgehog signaling cascade using GDC-0449 to improve the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drug, docetaxel. Here, we show that the combination of GDC-0449 plus docetaxel inhibited the proliferation of WPE1-NB26 cells and PC3 cells via a blockade of G1 and G2M phases. The combined treatment significantly inhibited PC cell migration in vitro. Moreover, the apoptotic effect induced by GDC-0449 plus docetaxel on PC3 cells was mediated, at least partly, via the mitochondrial membrane depolarization, H2O2 production and caspase cascade activation. Interestingly, GDC-0449 was effective at inhibiting the prostasphere formation, inducing the prostasphere disintegration and apoptotic death of side population (SP) from PC3 cells and reversing the resistance of SP cells to docetaxel. In addition, GDC-0449 plus docetaxel also have shown a greater anti-tumoral growth inhibitory effect on PC3 cell xenografts. These findings support the use of the hedgehog inhibitor GDC-0449, which is currently in clinical trials, for improving the anticarcinogenic efficacy of docetaxel-based chemotherapeutic treatments against locally advanced, AI and metastatic PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Mimeault
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sakthivel Muniyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Sonny L Johansson
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kaustubh Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Buffet Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ming-Fong Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Buffet Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Buffet Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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59
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Trinh TN, McLaughlin EA, Abdel-Hamid MK, Gordon CP, Bernstein IR, Pye V, Cossar P, Sakoff JA, McCluskey A. Quinolone-1-(2H)-ones as hedgehog signalling pathway inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:6304-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00606j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of quinolone-2-(1H)-ones derived from a Ugi-Knoevenagel three- and four-component reaction were prepared exhibiting low micromolar cytotoxicity against a panel of eight human cancer cell lines known to possess the Hedgehog Signalling Pathway (HSP) components, as well as the seminoma TCAM-2 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trieu N. Trinh
- Chemistry
- Priority Research Centre for Chemical Biology
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
| | - Eileen A. McLaughlin
- Biology
- Priority Research Centre for Chemical Biology
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
| | - Mohammed K. Abdel-Hamid
- Chemistry
- Priority Research Centre for Chemical Biology
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
| | - Christopher P. Gordon
- Nanoscale Organization and Dynamics Group
- School of Science and Health
- University of Western Sydney
- Penrith South DC
- Australia
| | - Ilana R. Bernstein
- Biology
- Priority Research Centre for Chemical Biology
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
| | - Victoria Pye
- Biology
- Priority Research Centre for Chemical Biology
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
| | - Peter Cossar
- Chemistry
- Priority Research Centre for Chemical Biology
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
| | | | - Adam McCluskey
- Chemistry
- Priority Research Centre for Chemical Biology
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
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60
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Rybak AP, Bristow RG, Kapoor A. Prostate cancer stem cells: deciphering the origins and pathways involved in prostate tumorigenesis and aggression. Oncotarget 2015; 6:1900-19. [PMID: 25595909 PMCID: PMC4385825 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cells of the prostate gland are dependent on cell signaling pathways to regulate their growth, maintenance and function. However, perturbations in key signaling pathways, resulting in neoplastic transformation of cells in the prostate epithelium, are likely to generate subtypes of prostate cancer which may subsequently require different treatment regimes. Accumulating evidence supports multiple sources of stem cells in the prostate epithelium with distinct cellular origins for prostate tumorigenesis documented in animal models, while human prostate cancer stem-like cells (PCSCs) are typically enriched by cell culture, surface marker expression and functional activity assays. As future therapies will require a deeper understanding of its cellular origins as well as the pathways that drive PCSC maintenance and tumorigenesis, we review the molecular and functional evidence supporting dysregulation of PI3K/AKT, RAS/MAPK and STAT3 signaling in PCSCs, the development of castration resistance, and as a novel treatment approach for individual men with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P Rybak
- McMaster Institute of Urology, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, ON, Canada.,St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Robert G Bristow
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (University Health Network), ON, Canada.,Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anil Kapoor
- McMaster Institute of Urology, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, ON, Canada.,St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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61
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PARP Inhibitor PJ34 Suppresses Osteogenic Differentiation in Mouse Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Modulating BMP-2 Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:24820-38. [PMID: 26492236 PMCID: PMC4632778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161024820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is known to be involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as DNA repair, cell death, telomere regulation, genomic stability and cell differentiation by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). While PARP inhibitors are presently under clinical investigation for cancer therapy, little is known about their side effects. However, PARP involvement in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation potentiates MSC-related side effects arising from PARP inhibition. In this study, effects of PARP inhibitors on MSCs were examined. MSCs demonstrated suppressed osteogenic differentiation after 1 µM PJ34 treatment without cytotoxicity, while differentiation of MSCs into chondrocytes or adipocytes was unaffected. PJ34 suppressed mRNA induction of osteogenic markers, such as Runx2, Osterix, Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2, Osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, and Osteopontin, and protein levels of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2, Osterix and Osteocalcin. PJ34 treatment also inhibited transcription factor regulators such as Smad1, Smad4, Smad5 and Smad8. Extracellular mineralized matrix formation was also diminished. These results strongly suggest that PARP inhibitors are capable of suppressing osteogenic differentiation and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation may play a physiological role in this process through regulation of BMP-2 signaling. Therefore, PARP inhibition may potentially attenuate osteogenic metabolism, implicating cautious use of PARP inhibitors for cancer treatments and monitoring of patient bone metabolism levels.
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62
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Clinical Implications of Hedgehog Pathway Signaling in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1983-93. [PMID: 26426053 PMCID: PMC4695871 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7040871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity in the Hedgehog pathway, which regulates GLI-mediated transcription, is important in organogenesis and stem cell regulation in self-renewing organs, but is pathologically elevated in many human malignancies. Mutations leading to constitutive activation of the pathway have been implicated in medulloblastoma and basal cell carcinoma, and inhibition of the pathway has demonstrated clinical responses leading to the approval of the Smoothened inhibitor, vismodegib, for the treatment of advanced basal cell carcinoma. Aberrant Hedgehog pathway signaling has also been noted in prostate cancer with evidence suggesting that it may render prostate epithelial cells tumorigenic, drive the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and contribute towards the development of castration-resistance through autocrine and paracrine signaling within the tumor microenvironment and cross-talk with the androgen pathway. In addition, there are emerging clinical data suggesting that inhibition of the Hedgehog pathway may be effective in the treatment of recurrent and metastatic prostate cancer. Here we will review these data and highlight areas of active clinical research as they relate to Hedgehog pathway inhibition in prostate cancer.
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63
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Nie QM, Lin YY, Yang X, Shen L, Guo LM, Que SL, Li XX, Ge JW, Wang GS, Xiong WH, Guo P, Qiu YM. IDH1R¹³²H decreases the proliferation of U87 glioma cells through upregulation of microRNA-128a. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6695-701. [PMID: 26324126 PMCID: PMC4626131 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) are found in >70% of secondary glioblastomas and lower-grade gliomas (grades II–III). Among the numerous phenotypic differences between IDH1 mutant and wild-type glioma patients, the most salient is an improved survival rate for patients with a mutation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs that can negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, predominantly by binding to the 3′-untranslated region of their target mRNAs. The dysregulated expression of several miRNAs has been reported to modulate glioma progression; however, it is unclear whether mutations in IDH1 regulate glioma cell proliferation through miRNA dysregulation. In the present study, stable overexpression of IDH1WT or IDH1R132H was established in the U87 glioma cell line. It was found that IDH1R132H decreased cell proliferation of U87 glioma cells by inducing the expression of the miRNA miR-128a. This process was dependent on the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which binds to a hypoxia response element in the promoter of miR-128a. Furthermore, miR-128a negatively regulated the expression of B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 protein (Bmi-1), which is involved in suppressing cell proliferation. These findings suggest that the IDH1R132H-HIF-1α-miR-128a-Bmi-1 pathway is involved in glioma cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Min Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Ying Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Lin Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Lie-Mei Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Shuang-Lin Que
- Department of Neurosurgery, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan, Fujian 364000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xiong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Wei Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Song Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Hao Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Pin Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Ming Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
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64
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Finetti F, Terzuoli E, Giachetti A, Santi R, Villari D, Hanaka H, Radmark O, Ziche M, Donnini S. mPGES-1 in prostate cancer controls stemness and amplifies epidermal growth factor receptor-driven oncogenicity. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:665-78. [PMID: 26113609 PMCID: PMC4526795 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that an inflammatory microenvironment is associated with the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa), although the determinants of intrinsic inflammation in PCa cells are not completely understood. Here we investigated whether expression of intrinsic microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) enhanced aggressiveness of PCa cells and might be critical for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mediated tumour progression. In PCa, overexpression of EGFR promotes metastatic invasion and correlates with a high Gleason score, while prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been reported to modulate oncogenic EGFR-driven oncogenicity. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that mPGES-1 in human prostate tissues is correlated with EGFR expression in advanced tumours. In DU145 and PC-3 cell lines expressing mPGES-1 (mPGES-1(SC) cells), we demonstrate that silencing or 'knock down' of mPGES-1 (mPGES-1(KD)) or pharmacological inhibition by MF63 strongly attenuates overall oncogenic drive. Indeed, mPGES-1(SC) cells express stem-cell-like features (high CD44, β1-integrin, Nanog and Oct4 and low CD24 and α6-integrin) as well as mesenchymal transition markers (high vimentin, high fibronectin, low E-cadherin). They also show increased capacity to survive irrespective of anchorage condition, and overexpress EGFR compared to mPGES-1(KD) cells. mPGES-1 expression correlates with increased in vivo tumour growth and metastasis. Although EGFR inhibition reduces mPGES-1(SC) and mPGES-1(KD) cell xenograft tumour growth, we show that mPGES-1/PGE2 signalling sensitizes tumour cells to EGFR inhibitors. We propose mPGES-1 as a possible new marker of tumour aggressiveness in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Finetti
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and Translational MedicineUniversity of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 18, 50139 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, SwedenIstituto Toscano Tumori (ITT)Firenze, Italy
| | - Erika Terzuoli
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and Translational MedicineUniversity of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 18, 50139 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, SwedenIstituto Toscano Tumori (ITT)Firenze, Italy
| | - Antonio Giachetti
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and Translational MedicineUniversity of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 18, 50139 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, SwedenIstituto Toscano Tumori (ITT)Firenze, Italy
| | - Raffaella Santi
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and Translational MedicineUniversity of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 18, 50139 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, SwedenIstituto Toscano Tumori (ITT)Firenze, Italy
| | - Donata Villari
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and Translational MedicineUniversity of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 18, 50139 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, SwedenIstituto Toscano Tumori (ITT)Firenze, Italy
| | - Hiromi Hanaka
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and Translational MedicineUniversity of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 18, 50139 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, SwedenIstituto Toscano Tumori (ITT)Firenze, Italy
| | - Olof Radmark
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and Translational MedicineUniversity of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 18, 50139 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, SwedenIstituto Toscano Tumori (ITT)Firenze, Italy
| | - Marina Ziche
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and Translational MedicineUniversity of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 18, 50139 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, SwedenIstituto Toscano Tumori (ITT)Firenze, Italy Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and Translational MedicineUniversity of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 18, 50139 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, SwedenIstituto Toscano Tumori (ITT)Firenze, Italy
| | - Sandra Donnini
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and Translational MedicineUniversity of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 18, 50139 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, SwedenIstituto Toscano Tumori (ITT)Firenze, Italy Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, ItalyDepartment of Surgery and Translational MedicineUniversity of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 18, 50139 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, SwedenIstituto Toscano Tumori (ITT)Firenze, Italy
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Kunsbaeva GB, Gilyazova IR, Pavlov VN, Khusnutdinova EK. The role of miRNAs in the development of prostate cancer. RUSS J GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s102279541507008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Verma RK, Yu W, Singh SP, Shankar S, Srivastava RK. Anthothecol-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles inhibit pancreatic cancer stem cell growth by modulating sonic hedgehog pathway. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015. [PMID: 26199979 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Anthothecol, a limonoid isolated from plant Khaya anthotheca (Meliaceae), is an antimalarial compound. The objectives of this study were to examine the molecular mechanisms by which anthothecol-encapsulated PLGA-nanoparticles (Antho-NPs) regulate the behavior of pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs). Antho-NPs inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation, and induced apoptosis in pancreatic CSCs and cancer cell lines, but had no effects on human normal pancreatic ductal epithelial cells. Antho-NPs inhibited self-renewal capacity of pancreatic CSCs isolated from human and Kras(G12D) mice. Furthermore, antho-NPs suppressed cell motility, migration and invasion by up-regulating E-cadherin and inhibiting N-cadherin and Zeb1. In addition, Antho-NPs inhibited pluripotency maintaining factors and stem cell markers, suggesting their inhibitory role on CSC population. Anthothecol disrupted binding of Gli to DNA, and inhibited Gli transcription and Gli target genes. Our studies establish preclinical significance of Antho-NPs for the treatment and/or prevention of pancreatic cancer. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Despite medical advances, the prognosis of pancreatic cancer remains poor. The search for an effective treatment has been under intensive research for some time. In this article, the authors investigated the efficacy and mechanism of anthothecol (an antimalarial compound), encapsulated by PLGA nanoparticles (Antho-NPs), against pancreatic cancer cell lines. It was found that Antho-NPs acted via the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway and inhibited cancer stem cell growth. These results have provided important basis for further clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Yu
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Centre of Bioinformatics (IIDS), University of Allahabad, Allahabad, UP, India
| | - Sharmila Shankar
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Digging a hole under Hedgehog: downstream inhibition as an emerging anticancer strategy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1856:62-72. [PMID: 26080084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling is a key regulator of development and stem cell fate and its aberrant activation is a leading cause of a number of tumors. Activating germline or somatic mutations of genes encoding Hh pathway components are found in Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) and Medulloblastoma (MB). Ligand-dependent Hedgehog hyperactivation, due to autocrine or paracrine mechanisms, is also observed in a large number of malignancies of the breast, colon, skin, bladder, pancreas and other tissues. The key tumorigenic role of Hedgehog has prompted effort aimed at identifying inhibitors of this signaling. To date, only the antagonists of the membrane transducer Smo have been approved for therapy or are under clinical trials in patients with BCC and MB linked to Ptch or Smo mutations. Despite the good initial response, patients treated with Smo antagonists have eventually developed resistance due to the occurrence of compensating mechanisms. Furthermore, Smo antagonists are not effective in tumors where the Hedgehog hyperactivation is due to mutations of pathway components downstream of Smo, or in case of non-canonical, Smo-independent activation of the Gli transcription factors. For all these reasons, the research of Hh inhibitors acting downstream of Smo is becoming an area of intensive investigation. In this review we illustrate the progresses made in the identification of effective Hedgehog inhibitors and their application in cancer, with a special emphasis on the newly identified downstream inhibitors. We describe in detail the Gli inhibitors and illustrate their mode of action and applications in experimental and/or clinical settings.
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Zhifang M, Liang W, Wei Z, Bin H, Rui T, Nan W, Shuhai Z. The androgen receptor plays a suppressive role in epithelial- mesenchymal transition of human prostate cancer stem progenitor cells. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 16:13. [PMID: 25943311 PMCID: PMC4430921 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-015-0042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the roles of androgen receptor (AR) in epithelial- mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human prostate cancer stem progenitor (S/P) cells isolated from LNCaP cell line. METHODS The S/P cells were obtained from LNCaP cell line through florescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). AR was overexpressed in S/P cells through lentivirus. Western blot assay was used to detect the EMT markers expression, such as E Cadherin, N Cadherin, Vimentin and Snail. MTT assay, soft agar colony formation assay, sphere formation assay and migration assay were used to investigate AR's roles in EMT of S/P cells. Cell signaling pathways associated with proliferation and apoptosis of S/P cells were detected simultaneously. And S/P cells were treated with in vitro combinatory use of LY 294002 (inhibitor of AKT signaling molecules) with γ-TT and/or 5-AZA. RESULTS Our data showed that S/P cells from LNCaP had high EMT markers expression, more tumorigenesis and strong migration ability. And in S/P cells overexpressed with AR, the expression of EMT markers decreased. In addition, these cells had less proliferation ability, tumorigenesis ability, self-renewal and migration ability. At the same time, targeting S/P cells with AKT signaling pathway inhibitor LY29004 and γ-TT and/or 5-AZA could inhibit S/P cell's proliferation and tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that AR played a negative role in EMT of PCa S/P cells, by regulating AKT cell signaling pathway, which could be a new strategy to treat castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Zhifang
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Wei Liang
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Zhang Wei
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Hao Bin
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Tu Rui
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Wu Nan
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Zhang Shuhai
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
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Sun X, Li Y, Yu J, Pei H, Luo P, Zhang J. miR-128 modulates chemosensitivity and invasion of prostate cancer cells through targeting ZEB1. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2015; 45:474-82. [PMID: 25921099 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyv027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent reports strongly suggest the profound role of miRNAs in cancer therapeutic response and progression, including invasion and metastasis. The sensitivity to therapy and invasion is the major obstacle for successful treatment in prostate cancer. We aimed to investigate the regulative effect of miR-128/zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 axis on prostate cancer cell chemosensitivity and invasion. METHODS The miR-128 expression pattern of prostate cancer cell lines and tissues was detected by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, while the mRNA and protein expression levels of zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 were measured by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and western blot assay, respectively. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was used to find the direct target of miR-128. Furthermore, prostate cancer cells were treated with miR-128 mimic or zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox 1-siRNA, and then the cells' chemosensitivity and invasion were detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and transwell assay, respectively. RESULTS We found miR-128 expression obviously decreased in prostate cancer tissues compared with paired normal tissues. Restored miR-128 expression sensitized prostate cancer cells to cisplatin and inhibited the invasion. Furthermore, there was an inverse expression pattern between miR-128 and zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 in prostate cancer cells and tissues, and zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 was identified as a direct target of miR-128 in prostate cancer. Knockdown of zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 expression efficiently sensitized prostate cancer cells to cisplatin and inhibited the invasion. However, ectopic zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 expression impaired the effects of miR-128 on chemosensitivity and invasion in prostate cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS miR-128 functions as a potential cancer suppressor in prostate cancer progression and rational therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer would be developed based on miR-128/zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglun Sun
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Youkong Li
- Jingzhou Central Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jingzhou, Hubei
| | - Jie Yu
- Jingzhou Central Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jingzhou, Hubei
| | - Hong Pei
- Jingzhou Central Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jingzhou, Hubei
| | - Pengcheng Luo
- Huangshi Central Hospital, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Huangshi Central Hospital, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, Hubei, PR China
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Garofalo M, Croce CM. Role of microRNAs in maintaining cancer stem cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 81:53-61. [PMID: 25446141 PMCID: PMC4445133 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence sustains that the establishment and maintenance of many, if not all, human cancers are due to cancer stem cells (CSCs), tumor cells with stem cell properties, such as the capacity to self-renew or generate progenitor and differentiated cells. CSCs seem to play a major role in tumor metastasis and drug resistance, but albeit the potential clinical importance, their regulation at the molecular level is not clear. Recent studies have highlighted several miRNAs to be differentially expressed in normal and cancer stem cells and established their role in targeting genes and pathways supporting cancer stemness properties. This review focuses on the last advances on the role of microRNAs in the regulation of stem cell properties and cancer stem cells in different tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Garofalo
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Transcriptional Networks in Lung Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Belle VA, McDermott N, Meunier A, Marignol L. NUMB inhibition of NOTCH signalling as a therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2014; 11:499-507. [PMID: 25134838 PMCID: PMC5240474 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2014.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is among the most prevalent life-threatening cancers diagnosed in the male population today. Various methods have been exploited in an attempt to treat this disease but these treatments, alongside preventative tactics, have been insufficient to control mortality rates and have usually resulted in detrimental adverse events. An opportunity to devise more-specific and potentially more-effective approaches for the eradication of prostate tumours can be found by targeting specific biological pathways. NUMB (protein numb homologue), a key regulator of cell fate, represents an attractive, actionable target in prostate cancer. NUMB participates in the observed deregulation of NOTCH (neurogenic locus notch homologue protein) signalling in prostate tumours, and the NUMB-NOTCH interaction regulates cell fate. NUMB has potential both as a target for control of prostate tumorigenesis and as a biomarker for identification of patients with prostate cancer who are likely to benefit from NOTCH inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niamh McDermott
- Radiation and Urologic Oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity and Prostate Molecular Oncology Research Group, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Armelle Meunier
- Radiation and Urologic Oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity and Prostate Molecular Oncology Research Group, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Laure Marignol
- Radiation and Urologic Oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity and Prostate Molecular Oncology Research Group, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
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Davis FM, Stewart TA, Thompson EW, Monteith GR. Targeting EMT in cancer: opportunities for pharmacological intervention. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:479-88. [PMID: 25042456 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The spread of cancer cells to distant organs represents a major clinical challenge in the treatment of cancer. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has emerged as a key regulator of metastasis in some cancers by conferring an invasive phenotype. As well as facilitating metastasis, EMT is thought to generate cancer stem cells and contribute to therapy resistance. Therefore, the EMT pathway is of great therapeutic interest in the treatment of cancer and could be targeted either to prevent tumor dissemination in patients at high risk of developing metastatic lesions or to eradicate existing metastatic cancer cells in patients with more advanced disease. In this review, we discuss approaches for the design of EMT-based therapies in cancer, summarize evidence for some of the proposed EMT targets, and review the potential advantages and pitfalls of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity M Davis
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Teneale A Stewart
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland Institute of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Gregory R Monteith
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Tao T, Li G, Dong Q, Liu D, Liu C, Han D, Huang Y, Chen S, Xu B, Chen M. Loss of SNAIL inhibits cellular growth and metabolism through the miR-128-mediated RPS6KB1/HIF-1α/PKM2 signaling pathway in prostate cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:8543-50. [PMID: 24859886 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
SNAIL is a promising target for the treatment of cancer because it is known to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Recent studies suggest that SNAIL also takes part in metabolic reprogramming and chemotherapy resistance in some cancers. In prostate cancer (PCa), SNAIL has been proved to be required for hypoxia-induced invasion and as a potential marker for predicting the recurrence. However, the role of SNAIL in PCa aberrant metabolism is poorly understood. In this study, we identified that SNAIL regulated cellular growth and energy metabolism through the miR-128-mediated ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (RPS6KB1)/HIF-1α/PKM2 signaling pathway which played a key role in the reprogramming of cancer metabolism. Using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), we found that SNAIL expression was elevated in castration-resistant prostate cancer tissues compared with androgen-dependent prostate cancer tissues and nontumorous tissues. Depletion of SNAIL increased miR-128 expression levels, inhibited cell growth, reduced glucose consumption and lactate production, and repressed the expression of RPS6KB1, HIF-1α, and PKM2 in PCa cells. Luciferase reporter assays showed the SNAIL regulated miR-128 expression at the transcriptional level and miR-128 modulated RPS6KB1 expression at the translational level. Furthermore, down-expression of miR-128 partially restored the effect of si-SNAIL on the suppression of cellular growth, metabolism, and RPS6KB1/HIF-1α/PKM2 signaling pathway. To our knowledge, it is the first time to demonstrate that SNAIL/miR-128/RPS6KB1 pathway plays a critical role in the progression of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tao
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, 87 Ding jia Bridge Hunan Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
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Peng Y, Song L, Zhao M, Harmelink C, Debenedittis P, Cui X, Wang Q, Jiao K. Critical roles of miRNA-mediated regulation of TGFβ signalling during mouse cardiogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 103:258-67. [PMID: 24835278 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles during the development of the cardiovascular system. Blocking miRNA biosynthesis in embryonic hearts through a conditional gene inactivation approach led to differential cardiac defects depending on the Cre drivers used in different studies. The goal of this study is to reveal the cardiogenic pathway that is regulated by the miRNA mechanism at midgestation, a stage that has not been evaluated in previous publications. METHODS AND RESULTS We specifically inactivated Dicer1, which is essential for generation of functional mature miRNAs, in the myocardium by crossing cTnt-Cre mice with Dicer1(loxP) mice. cTnt-Cre efficiently inactivates target genes in cardiomyocytes at midgestation. All mutants died between E14.5 and E16.5 with severe myocardial wall defects, including reduced cell proliferation, increased cell death, and spongy myocardial wall. Expression of TGFβ type I receptor (Tgfbr1), which encodes the Type I receptor of TGFβ ligands, was up-regulated in mutant hearts. As expected, TGFβ activity was increased in Dicer1-inactivated hearts. Our further molecular analysis suggested that Tgfbr1 is a direct target of three miRNAs. Reducing TGFβ activities using a pharmacological inhibitor on in vitro cultured hearts, or through an in vivo genetic approach, partially rescued the cardiac defects caused by Dicer1 inactivation. CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time that TGFβ signalling is directly regulated by the miRNA mechanism during myocardial wall morphogenesis. Increased TGFβ activity plays a major role in the cardiac defects caused by myocardial deletion of Dicer1. Thus, miRNA-mediated regulation of TGFβ signalling is indispensable for normal cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Peng
- Division of Research, Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 20th St. S., 768 Kaul Building, Birmingham AL 35294, USA
| | - Lanying Song
- Division of Research, Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 20th St. S., 768 Kaul Building, Birmingham AL 35294, USA
| | - Mei Zhao
- Division of Research, Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 20th St. S., 768 Kaul Building, Birmingham AL 35294, USA
| | - Cristina Harmelink
- Division of Research, Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 20th St. S., 768 Kaul Building, Birmingham AL 35294, USA
| | - Paige Debenedittis
- Division of Research, Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 20th St. S., 768 Kaul Building, Birmingham AL 35294, USA
| | - Xiangqin Cui
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Kai Jiao
- Division of Research, Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 20th St. S., 768 Kaul Building, Birmingham AL 35294, USA
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Apoptotic death of cancer stem cells for cancer therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:8335-51. [PMID: 24823879 PMCID: PMC4057734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15058335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play crucial roles in tumor progression, chemo- and radiotherapy resistance, and recurrence. Recent studies on CSCs have advanced understanding of molecular oncology and development of novel therapeutic strategies. This review article updates the hypothesis and paradigm of CSCs with a focus on major signaling pathways and effectors that regulate CSC apoptosis. Selective CSC apoptotic inducers are introduced and their therapeutic potentials are discussed. These include synthetic and natural compounds, antibodies and recombinant proteins, and oligonucleotides.
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Sotiropoulou PA, Christodoulou MS, Silvani A, Herold-Mende C, Passarella D. Chemical approaches to targeting drug resistance in cancer stem cells. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1547-62. [PMID: 24819719 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells with high clonogenic capacity and ability to reform parental tumors upon transplantation. Resistance to therapy has been shown for several types of CSC and, therefore, they have been proposed as the cause of tumor relapse. Consequently, much effort has been made to design molecules that can target CSCs specifically and sensitize them to therapy. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying CSC resistance, the potential biological targets to overcome resistance and the chemical compounds showing activity against different types of CSC. The chemical compounds discussed here have been divided according to their origin: natural, natural-derived and synthetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota A Sotiropoulou
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 808 route de Lennik, BatC, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Michael S Christodoulou
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Silvani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniele Passarella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related death in American men. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is used to treat patients with aggressive prostate cancers. After androgen deprivation therapy, prostate cancers slowly progress to an androgen-independent status. Taxanes (e.g., docetaxel) are used as standard treatments for androgen-independent prostate cancers. However, these chemotherapeutic agents will eventually become ineffective due to the development of drug resistance. A microRNA (miRNA) is a small noncoding RNA molecule, which can regulate gene expression at the post-transcription level. miRNAs elicit their effects by binding to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of their target mRNAs, leading to the inhibition of translation or the degradation of the mRNAs. miRNAs have received increasing attention as targets for cancer therapy, as they can target multiple signaling pathways related to tumor progression, metastasis, invasion, and chemoresistance. Emerging evidence suggests that aberrant expression of miRNAs can lead to the development of resistant prostate cancers. Here, we discuss the roles of miRNAs in the development of resistant prostate cancers and their involvement in various drug resistant mechanisms including androgen signaling, apoptosis avoidance, multiple drug resistance (MDR) transporters, epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT), and cancer stem cells (CSCs). In addition, we also discuss strategies for treating resistant prostate cancers by targeting specific miRNAs. Different delivery strategies are also discussed with focus on those that have been successfully used in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University , Hampton, Virginia 23668, United States
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80
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Brechbiel J, Miller-Moslin K, Adjei AA. Crosstalk between hedgehog and other signaling pathways as a basis for combination therapies in cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 40:750-9. [PMID: 24613036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) pathway is aberrantly activated in a number of tumors. In medulloblastoma, basal cell carcinoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma, mutations in Hh pathway genes lead to ligand-independent pathway activation. In many other tumor types, ligand-dependent activation of Hh signaling is potentiated through crosstalk with other critical molecular signaling pathways. Among such pathways, RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, EGFR, and Notch are of particular interest because agents that selectively inhibit these pathways are available and can be readily combined with agents such as vismodegib, sonidegib (LDE225), and BMS-833923, which target smoothened-a key Hh pathway regulator. Numerous preclinical studies have revealed the ways in which Hh intersects with each of these pathways, and combination therapies have resulted in improved antitumor efficacy and survival in animal models. Hh also plays an important role in hematopoiesis and in the maintenance of BCR-ABL-driven leukemic stem cells. Thus, combined inhibition of the Hh pathway and BCR-ABL has emerged as a promising potential therapeutic strategy in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). A number of clinical trials evaluating combinations of Hh inhibitors with other targeted agents are now underway in CML and a variety of solid tumors. This review highlights these trials and summarizes preclinical evidence of crosstalk between Hh and four other actionable pathways-RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, EGFR, and Notch-as well as the role of Hh in the maintenance of BCR-ABL-driven leukemic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Brechbiel
- Articulate Science, 300 American Metro Boulevard, Suite 132, Hamilton, NJ 08619, USA.
| | - Karen Miller-Moslin
- Articulate Science, 300 American Metro Boulevard, Suite 132, Hamilton, NJ 08619, USA.
| | - Alex A Adjei
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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81
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Hao J, Zhang Y, Deng M, Ye R, Zhao S, Wang Y, Li J, Zhao Z. MicroRNA control of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer stem cells. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:1019-27. [PMID: 24500893 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a small subset of cancer cell populations that possess characteristics associated with normal stem cells. They have the ability to self-renew, and are able to generate diverse tumor cells and account for metastases. Therefore, CSCs are widely accepted as potential mediators of therapeutic resistance and novel targets for anti-cancer treatments. Recent progress has highlighted the significance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in CSC formation, as well as the crucial role of microRNAs in controlling EMT and cancer metastasis. MicroRNAs are also reported to take part in the control of CSC functions and the regulation of cancer progression by affecting EMT process. Thus, it is highly crucial to develop deeper understanding of the mechanisms that how microRNAs control EMT processes and regulate CSC functions for better therapeutics of cancer disease. Herein we make this review to summarize the current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of EMT in CSC initiation, with a special focus on the role of microRNAs in EMT control, and discuss the implications of targeting CSCs for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hao
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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82
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Kumar D, Shankar S, Srivastava RK. Rottlerin induces autophagy and apoptosis in prostate cancer stem cells via PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Cancer Lett 2014; 343:179-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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83
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Hao J, Zhao S, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Ye R, Wen J, Li J. Emerging Role of MicroRNAs in Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:605-10. [PMID: 24166873 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hao
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; West China School of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; West China School of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; West China School of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; West China School of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Rui Ye
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; West China School of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Jianing Wen
- West China School of Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; West China School of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
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84
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TRAIL and microRNAs in the treatment of prostate cancer: therapeutic potential and role of nanotechnology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8849-57. [PMID: 24037407 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of spatiotemporal behavior of intracellular signaling cascades including tumor necrosis factor alpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated signaling in prostate cancer has gained tremendous attention in the past few years. There is an increasing effort in translating the emerging information about TRAIL-mediated signaling obtained through experimental and preclinical data to clinic. Fascinatingly, novel targeting approaches are being developed to enhance the tissue- or subcellular-specific delivery of drugs with considerable focus on prostate cancer. These applications have the potential to revolutionize prostate cancer therapeutic strategies and include the accumulation of drugs in target tissue as well as the selection of internalizing ligands for enhanced receptor-mediated uptake of drugs. In this mini-review, we outline outstanding developments in therapeutic strategies based on the regulation and/or targeting of TRAIL pathway for the treatment of prostate cancer. Moreover, microRNAs (miRNAs), with potential transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression, will be presented for their potential in prostate cancer treatment. Emphasis has been given to the use of delivery approaches, especially based on nanotechnology. Considerably, enhanced information regarding miRNA regulation of TRAIL-mediated signaling in prostate cancer cells may provide potential biomarkers for the characterization of patients as responders and nonresponders of TRAIL-based therapy and could provide rationalized basis for combination therapies with TRAIL death receptor-targeting drugs.
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85
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Gonnissen A, Isebaert S, Haustermans K. Hedgehog signaling in prostate cancer and its therapeutic implication. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13979-4007. [PMID: 23880852 PMCID: PMC3742228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is implicated in the development and progression of several tumor types, including prostate cancer, which is still the most common non-skin malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men in industrialized countries worldwide. Several studies have indicated that the Hh pathway plays a crucial role in the development as well as in the progression of this disease to more aggressive and even therapy-resistant disease states. Moreover, preclinical data have shown that inhibition of Hh signaling has the potential to reduce prostate cancer invasiveness and metastatic potential. Clinical trials investigating the benefit of Hh inhibitors in patients with prostate cancer have recently been initiated. However, acquired drug resistance has already been observed in other tumor types after long-term Hh inhibition. Therefore, combining Hh inhibitors with ionizing radiation, chemotherapy or other molecular targeted agents could represent an alternative therapeutic strategy. In this review, we will highlight the role of Hh signaling in the development and progression of prostate cancer and summarize the different therapeutic applications of Hedgehog inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Gonnissen
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, & Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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