51
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Liu L, Xu W, Ni Y, Xu Z, Cui B, Liu J, Wei H, Xu W. Stretchable Neuromorphic Transistor That Combines Multisensing and Information Processing for Epidermal Gesture Recognition. ACS NANO 2022; 16:2282-2291. [PMID: 35083912 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We fabricated a nanowire-channel intrinsically stretchable neuromorphic transistor (NISNT) that perceives both tactile and visual information and emulates neuromorphic processing capabilities. The device demonstrated excellent stretching endurance of 1000 stretch cycles while retaining stable electrical properties. The device was then applied as a multisensitive afferent nerve that processes information in parallel. Compatible with skin deformation, the devices are attached to fingers to serve as conformal strain sensors and neuromorphic information-processing units for gesture recognition. The excitatory postsynaptic current in each device represents shape changes and is then analyzed using softmax activation processing of the neural network to recognize gestures. A multistage neural network that uses NISNT was used to further confirm the gestures. This work demonstrated an idea toward multisensory artificial nerves and neuromorphic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of TianjinNankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Xu
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of TianjinNankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yao Ni
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of TianjinNankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of TianjinNankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Binbin Cui
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of TianjinNankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of TianjinNankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Huanhuan Wei
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of TianjinNankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of TianjinNankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
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Closson A, Richards H, Xu Z, Jin C, Dong L, Zhang JXJ. Method for Inkjet-printing PEDOT:PSS polymer electrode arrays on piezoelectric PVDF-TrFE fibers. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2021; 21:26277-26285. [PMID: 34899077 PMCID: PMC8664270 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2021.3071321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a method for printing conductive polymers onto P(VDF-TrFE) nanofibers to create all-polymer piezoelectric devices. Inkjet printing is an attractive fabrication approach for rapid prototyping of flexible electronics, but until now with limited applications in developing P(VDF-TrFE) nanofiber-based devices. We have demonstrated an approach to infill the void space within a piezoelectric nanofibrous matrix to allow for the inkjet printing of aqueous inks while avoiding leakage that typically leads to electrical shorting and without significant loss of voltage output. This was done using a diluted PDMS solution and a commercially available conductive ink. The 1 cm2 devices showed a 254 mV/N sensitivity to impact as well as a sensitivity to bending. The device was shown to be able to detect breathing and pulse rate when placed superficially to the carotid and radial arteries. Using these techniques, flexible piezoelectric sensing can be done in an array format, shown with applications in foot movement sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Closson
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - Haley Richards
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - Zhe Xu
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - Congran Jin
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - Lin Dong
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - John X J Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
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53
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Wang P, Barnes B, Huang Z, Wang Z, Zheng M, Wang Y. Beyond Color: The New Carbon Ink. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005890. [PMID: 33938063 PMCID: PMC8560657 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
For thousands of years, carbon ink has been used as a black color pigment for writing and painting purposes. However, recent discoveries of nanocarbon materials, including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and their various derivative forms, together with the advances in large-scale synthesis, are enabling a whole new generation of carbon inks that can serve as an intrinsically programmable materials platform for developing advanced functionalities far beyond color. The marriage between these multifunctional nanocarbon inks with modern printing technologies is facilitating and even transforming many applications, including flexible electronics, wearable and implantable sensors, actuators, and autonomous robotics. This review examines recent progress in the reborn field of carbon inks, highlighting their programmability and multifunctionality for applications in flexible electronics and stimuli-responsive devices. Current challenges and opportunities will also be discussed from a materials science perspective towards the advancement of carbon ink for new applications beyond color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Benjamin Barnes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Zhongjie Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ming Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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54
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Xie D, Luo Q, Zhou S, Zu M, Cheng H. One-step preparation of Cr 2O 3-based inks with long-term dispersion stability for inkjet applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:6048-6055. [PMID: 36133952 PMCID: PMC9417424 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00244a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Inkjet printing of functional materials has shown a wide range of applications in advertising, OLED display, printed electronics and other specialized utilities that require high-precision, mask-free, direct-writing deposition techniques. Nevertheless, the sedimentation risk of the refractory functional materials dispensed in inks hinders their further implementation. Herein, we present a bottom-up ink preparation strategy based on Cr2O3 by a one-step solvothermal method. The obtained ink remained stable under an equivalent natural sediment test for 2.5 years. The chemical composition of the solvothermal product was characterized, and the mechanism of the superior dispersion stability of Cr2O3 particles was analysed. These amorphous Cr2O3 particles were capped by ligands generated via low-temperature solvothermal reactions. Ethanol and acetylacetone covering the particle surfaces play an essential role in enhancing the solubility of Cr2O3 particles in the solvent forming the ultrastable colloidal ink. Moreover, this ink was successfully printed using a direct-write inkjet system JetLab®II on nylon fabrics, and the printed area of the fabrics shows a spectral correlation coefficient of 0.9043 to green leaves. Finally, we believe that the one-step bottom-up fabrication method of Cr2O3-based pigment inks may provide a general approach for preparing metal oxide-based pigment inks with long-term dispersion stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjin Xie
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology Changsha 410073 China
| | - Qiuyi Luo
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology Changsha 410073 China
- People's Liberation Army of China Unit 95538 Chengdu 611430 China
| | - Shen Zhou
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology Changsha 410073 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Mei Zu
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology Changsha 410073 China
| | - Haifeng Cheng
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology Changsha 410073 China
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55
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Li J, Xin M, Ma Z, Shi Y, Pan L. Nanomaterials and their applications on bio-inspired wearable electronics. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:472002. [PMID: 33592596 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abe6c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics featuring conformal attachment, sensitive perception and intellectual signal processing have made significant progress in recent years. However, when compared with living organisms, artificial sensory devices showed undeniable bulky shape, poor adaptability, and large energy consumption. To make up for the deficiencies, biological examples provide inspirations of novel designs and practical applications. In the field of biomimetics, nanomaterials from nanoparticles to layered two-dimensional materials are actively involved due to their outstanding physicochemical properties and nanoscale configurability. This review focuses on nanomaterials related to wearable electronics through bioinspired approaches on three different levels, interfacial packaging, sensory structure, and signal processing, which comprehensively guided recent progress of wearable devices in leveraging both nanomaterial superiorities and biorealistic functionalities. In addition, opinions on potential development trend are proposed aiming at implementing bioinspired electronics in multifunctional portable sensors, health monitoring, and intelligent prosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiean Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Xin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijia Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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56
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Abstract
Smart materials are a kind of functional materials which can sense and response to environmental conditions or stimuli from optical, electrical, magnetic mechanical, thermal, and chemical signals, etc. Patterning of smart materials is the key to achieving large-scale arrays of functional devices. Over the last decades, printing methods including inkjet printing, template-assisted printing, and 3D printing are extensively investigated and utilized in fabricating intelligent micro/nano devices, as printing strategies allow for constructing multidimensional and multimaterial architectures. Great strides in printable smart materials are opening new possibilities for functional devices to better serve human beings, such as wearable sensors, integrated optoelectronics, artificial neurons, and so on. However, there are still many challenges and drawbacks that need to be overcome in order to achieve the controllable modulation between smart materials and device performance. In this review, we give an overview on printable smart materials, printing strategies, and applications of printed functional devices. In addition, the advantages in actual practices of printing smart materials-based devices are discussed, and the current limitations and future opportunities are proposed. This review aims to summarize the recent progress and provide reference for novel smart materials and printing strategies as well as applications of intelligent devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road no.19A, 100049 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road no.19A, 100049 Beijing, P. R. China
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57
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Wang Y, Huang W, Zhang Z, Fan L, Huang Q, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang M. Ultralow-power flexible transparent carbon nanotube synaptic transistors for emotional memory. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:11360-11369. [PMID: 34096562 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02099d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Emulating the biological behavior of the human brain with artificial neuromorphic devices is essential for the future development of human-machine interactive systems, bionic sensing systems and intelligent robotic systems. In this paper, artificial flexible transparent carbon nanotube synaptic transistors (F-CNT-STs) with signal transmission and emotional learning functions are realized by adopting the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/SiO2 proton-conducting electrolyte. Synaptic functions of biological synapses including excitatory and inhibitory behaviors are successfully emulated in the F-CNT-STs. Besides, synaptic plasticity such as spike-duration-dependent plasticity, spike-number-dependent plasticity, spike-amplitude-dependent plasticity, paired-pulse facilitation, short-term plasticity, and long-term plasticity have all been systematically characterized. Moreover, the F-CNT-STs also closely imitate the behavior of human brain learning and emotional memory functions. After 1000 bending cycles at a radius of 3 mm, both the transistor characteristics and the synaptic functions can still be implemented correctly, showing outstanding mechanical capability. The realized F-CNT-STs possess low operating voltage, quick response, and ultra-low power consumption, indicating their high potential to work in low-power biological systems and artificial intelligence systems. The flexible artificial synaptic transistor enables its potential to be generally applicable to various flexible wearable biological and intelligent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Wang
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Weihong Huang
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Lingchong Fan
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Qiuyue Huang
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yiming Zhang
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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58
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Zheng YQ, Liu Y, Zhong D, Nikzad S, Liu S, Yu Z, Liu D, Wu HC, Zhu C, Li J, Tran H, Tok JBH, Bao Z. Monolithic optical microlithography of high-density elastic circuits. Science 2021; 373:88-94. [PMID: 34210882 DOI: 10.1126/science.abh3551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric electronic materials have enabled soft and stretchable electronics. However, the lack of a universal micro/nanofabrication method for skin-like and elastic circuits results in low device density and limited parallel signal recording and processing ability relative to silicon-based devices. We present a monolithic optical microlithographic process that directly micropatterns a set of elastic electronic materials by sequential ultraviolet light-triggered solubility modulation. We fabricated transistors with channel lengths of 2 micrometers at a density of 42,000 transistors per square centimeter. We fabricated elastic circuits including an XOR gate and a half adder, both of which are essential components for an arithmetic logic unit. Our process offers a route to realize wafer-level fabrication of complex, high-density, and multilayered elastic circuits with performance rivaling that of their rigid counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Donglai Zhong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shayla Nikzad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shuhan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhiao Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Deyu Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hung-Chin Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chenxin Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jinxing Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Helen Tran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeffrey B-H Tok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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59
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Kim B, Soepriatna AH, Park W, Moon H, Cox A, Zhao J, Gupta NS, Park CH, Kim K, Jeon Y, Jang H, Kim DR, Lee H, Lee KS, Goergen CJ, Lee CH. Rapid custom prototyping of soft poroelastic biosensor for simultaneous epicardial recording and imaging. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3710. [PMID: 34140475 PMCID: PMC8211747 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23959-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing need for the implementation of stretchable biosensors in the body has driven rapid prototyping schemes through the direct ink writing of multidimensional functional architectures. Recent approaches employ biocompatible inks that are dispensable through an automated nozzle injection system. However, their application in medical practices remains challenged in reliable recording due to their viscoelastic nature that yields mechanical and electrical hysteresis under periodic large strains. Herein, we report sponge-like poroelastic silicone composites adaptable for high-precision direct writing of custom-designed stretchable biosensors, which are soft and insensitive to strains. Their unique structural properties yield a robust coupling to living tissues, enabling high-fidelity recording of spatiotemporal electrophysiological activity and real-time ultrasound imaging for visual feedback. In vivo evaluations of custom-fit biosensors in a murine acute myocardial infarction model demonstrate a potential clinical utility in the simultaneous intraoperative recording and imaging on the epicardium, which may guide definitive surgical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongjoong Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Arvin H Soepriatna
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Woohyun Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Haesoo Moon
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Abigail Cox
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jianchao Zhao
- Chemical Diagnostics and Engineering, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Nevin S Gupta
- Chemical Diagnostics and Engineering, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Chi Hoon Park
- Chemical Diagnostics and Engineering, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Department of Energy Engineering, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghun Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yale Jeon
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanmin Jang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Rip Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kwan-Soo Lee
- Chemical Diagnostics and Engineering, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
| | - Craig J Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Chi Hwan Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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60
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Criado-Gonzalez M, Dominguez-Alfaro A, Lopez-Larrea N, Alegret N, Mecerreyes D. Additive Manufacturing of Conducting Polymers: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2021; 3:2865-2883. [PMID: 35673585 PMCID: PMC9164193 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) have been attracting great attention in the development of (bio)electronic devices. Most of the current devices are rigid two-dimensional systems and possess uncontrollable geometries and architectures that lead to poor mechanical properties presenting ion/electronic diffusion limitations. The goal of the article is to provide an overview about the additive manufacturing (AM) of conducting polymers, which is of paramount importance for the design of future wearable three-dimensional (3D) (bio)electronic devices. Among different 3D printing AM techniques, inkjet, extrusion, electrohydrodynamic, and light-based printing have been mainly used. This review article collects examples of 3D printing of conducting polymers such as poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene), polypyrrole, and polyaniline. It also shows examples of AM of these polymers combined with other polymers and/or conducting fillers such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and silver nanowires. Afterward, the foremost applications of CPs processed by 3D printing techniques in the biomedical and energy fields, that is, wearable electronics, sensors, soft robotics for human motion, or health monitoring devices, among others, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Criado-Gonzalez
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Instituto
de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Dominguez-Alfaro
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Naroa Lopez-Larrea
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nuria Alegret
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation
for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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61
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Kim DW, Kong M, Jeong U. Interface Design for Stretchable Electronic Devices. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004170. [PMID: 33898192 PMCID: PMC8061377 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics has emerged over the past decade and is now expected to bring form factor-free innovation in the next-generation electronic devices. Stretchable devices have evolved with the synthesis of new soft materials and new device architectures that require significant deformability while maintaining the high device performance of the conventional rigid devices. As the mismatch in the mechanical stiffness between materials, layers, and device units is the major challenge for stretchable electronics, interface control in varying scales determines the device characteristics and the level of stretchability. This article reviews the recent advances in interface control for stretchable electronic devices. It summarizes the design principles and covers the representative approaches for solving the technological issues related to interfaces at different scales: i) nano- and microscale interfaces between materials, ii) mesoscale interfaces between layers or microstructures, and iii) macroscale interfaces between unit devices, substrates, or electrical connections. The last section discusses the current issues and future challenges of the interfaces for stretchable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)77 Cheongam‐Ro, Nam‐GuPohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
| | - Minsik Kong
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)77 Cheongam‐Ro, Nam‐GuPohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)77 Cheongam‐Ro, Nam‐GuPohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
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62
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Xu L, Hu C, Huang Q, Jin K, Zhao P, Wang D, Hou W, Dong L, Hu S, Ma H. Trends and recent development of the microelectrode arrays (MEAs). Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 175:112854. [PMID: 33371989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we reviewed the history of microelectrode arrays (MEAs), compared different microfabrication techniques applied to modern MEAs in terms of their material characters, device properties and application scenarios. Then we discussed the biocompatibility of different MEAs as well as corresponding strategy of improvement. At last, we analyzed the growing trend of MEAs' technical route, expected application of MEAs in the field of Electrical impedance tomography (EIT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Longqian Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China
| | - Chenxuan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China
| | - Qi Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China
| | - Kai Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Nanophotonics and Biophotonics, School of Science, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, Jilin province, 130022, PR China
| | - Ping Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Nanophotonics and Biophotonics, School of Science, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, Jilin province, 130022, PR China
| | - Dongping Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China
| | - Wei Hou
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, NO.1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin province, 130021, PR China
| | - Lihua Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, NO.1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin province, 130021, PR China
| | - Siyi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China
| | - Hanbin Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China.
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63
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Raeis-Hosseini N, Rho J. Solution-Processed Flexible Biomemristor Based on Gold-Decorated Chitosan. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:5445-5450. [PMID: 33476514 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The main requirements for skin-attachable memory devices are flexibility and biocompatibility. We represent a flexible, transparent, and biocompatible resistive switching random access memory (ReRAM) based on gold-decorated chitosan for future flexible and wearable electronics. The device with an Ag/Au-chitosan/Au cross-bar structure shows nonvolatile ReRAM properties. This fabricated Au-chitosan-based biocompatible ReRAM (bioReRAM) shows reliable bipolar memory performance with mechanical flexibility. The device shows essential memory characterizations including long data retention and hundreds of switching cycles. The origin of the resistance switching properties is related to trap-assisted space-charge-limited conduction in the high-resistance state and formation/annihilation of a conductive filament in the low-resistance state. This transparent bioReRAM is a viable candidate for flexible and biodegradable nanoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Raeis-Hosseini
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2BT London, U.K
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 37673 Pohang, Republic of Korea
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64
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Lu K, Li X, Sun Q, Pang X, Chen J, Minari T, Liu X, Song Y. Solution-processed electronics for artificial synapses. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:447-470. [PMID: 34821264 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01520b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Artificial synaptic devices and systems have become hot topics due to parallel computing, high plasticity, integration of storage, and processing to meet the challenges of the traditional Von Neumann computers. Currently, two-terminal memristors and three-terminal transistors have been mainly developed for high-density storage with high switching speed and high reliability because of the adjustable resistivity, controllable ion migration, and abundant choices of functional materials and fabrication processes. To achieve the low-cost, large-scale, and easy-process fabrication, solution-processed techniques have been extensively employed to develop synaptic electronics towards flexible and highly integrated three-dimensional (3D) neural networks. Herein, we have summarized and discussed solution-processed techniques in the fabrication of two-terminal memristors and three-terminal transistors for the application of artificial synaptic electronics mainly reported in the recent five years from the view of fabrication processes, functional materials, electronic operating mechanisms, and system applications. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects were discussed in depth to promote solution-processed techniques in the future development of artificial synapse with high performance and high integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuakua Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
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65
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Lu S, Franklin AD. Printed carbon nanotube thin-film transistors: progress on printable materials and the path to applications. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:23371-23390. [PMID: 33216106 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06231f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Printing technologies have attracted significant attention owing to their potential use in the low-cost manufacturing of custom or large-area flexible electronics. Among the many printable electronic materials that have been explored, semiconducting carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have shown increasing promise based on their exceptional electrical and mechanical properties, relative stability in air, and compatibility with several printing techniques to form semiconducting thin films. These attractive attributes make printed CNT thin films promising for applications including, but not limited to, sensors and display backplanes - at the heart of which is electronics' most versatile device: the transistor. In this review, we present a summary of recent advancements in the field of printed carbon nanotube thin-film transistors (CNT-TFTs). In addition to an introduction of different printing techniques, together with their strengths and limitations, we discuss key aspects of ink/material selection and processing of various device components, including the CNT channels, contacts, and gate insulators. It is clear that printed CNT-TFTs are rapidly advancing, but there remain challenges, which are discussed along with current techniques to resolve them and future developments towards practical applications from these devices. There has been interest in low-cost, printable transistors for many years and the CNT-TFTs show great promise for delivering, but will not become a reality without further research advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiheng Lu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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66
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Huang W, Jiao H, Huang Q, Zhang J, Zhang M. Ultra-high drivability, high-mobility, low-voltage and high-integration intrinsically stretchable transistors. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:23546-23555. [PMID: 33074278 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05486k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Realizing intrinsically stretchable transistors with high current drivability, high mobility, small feature size, low power and the potential for mass production is essential for advancing stretchable electronics a critical step forward. However, it is challenging to realize these requirements simultaneously due to the limitations of the existing fabrication technologies when integrating intrinsically stretchable materials into transistors. Here, we propose a removal-transfer-photolithography method (RTPM), combined with adopting poly(urea-urethane) (PUU) as a dielectric, to realize integratable intrinsically stretchable carbon nanotube thin-film transistors (IIS-CNT-TFTs). The realized IIS-CNT-TFTs achieve excellent electrical and mechanical properties simultaneously, showing high field-effect-mobility up to 221 cm2 V-1 s-1 and high current density up to 810 μA mm-1 at a low driving voltage of -1 V, which are both the highest values for intrinsically stretchable transistors today to the best of our knowledge. At the same time, the transistors can survive 2000 cycles of repeated stretching by 50%, indicating their promising applicability to stretchable circuits, displays, and wearable electronics. The achieved intrinsically stretchable thin-film transistors show higher electrical performance, higher stretching durability, and smaller feature size simultaneously compared with the state-of-the-art works, providing a novel solution to integratable intrinsically stretchable electronics. Besides, the proposed RTPM involves adopting removable sacrificial layers to protect the PDMS substrate and PUU dielectric during the photolithography and patterning steps, and finally removing the sacrificial layers to improve the electrical and mechanical performance. This method is generally applicable to further enhance the performance of the existing transistors and devices with a similar structure in soft electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Huang
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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67
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Fang Y, Meng L, Prominski A, Schaumann EN, Seebald M, Tian B. Recent advances in bioelectronics chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2020. [PMID: 32672777 DOI: 10.1039/d1030cs00333f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Research in bioelectronics is highly interdisciplinary, with many new developments being based on techniques from across the physical and life sciences. Advances in our understanding of the fundamental chemistry underlying the materials used in bioelectronic applications have been a crucial component of many recent discoveries. In this review, we highlight ways in which a chemistry-oriented perspective may facilitate novel and deep insights into both the fundamental scientific understanding and the design of materials, which can in turn tune the functionality and biocompatibility of bioelectronic devices. We provide an in-depth examination of several developments in the field, organized by the chemical properties of the materials. We conclude by surveying how some of the latest major topics of chemical research may be further integrated with bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Fang
- The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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68
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Fang Y, Meng L, Prominski A, Schaumann E, Seebald M, Tian B. Recent advances in bioelectronics chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:7978-8035. [PMID: 32672777 PMCID: PMC7674226 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00333f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Research in bioelectronics is highly interdisciplinary, with many new developments being based on techniques from across the physical and life sciences. Advances in our understanding of the fundamental chemistry underlying the materials used in bioelectronic applications have been a crucial component of many recent discoveries. In this review, we highlight ways in which a chemistry-oriented perspective may facilitate novel and deep insights into both the fundamental scientific understanding and the design of materials, which can in turn tune the functionality and biocompatibility of bioelectronic devices. We provide an in-depth examination of several developments in the field, organized by the chemical properties of the materials. We conclude by surveying how some of the latest major topics of chemical research may be further integrated with bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Fang
- The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lingyuan Meng
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Erik Schaumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Matthew Seebald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bozhi Tian
- The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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69
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Song R, Yao S, Liu Y, Wang H, Dong J, Zhu Y, O'Connor BT. Facile Approach to Fabricating Stretchable Organic Transistors with Laser-Patterned Ag Nanowire Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:50675-50683. [PMID: 33136358 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics are poised to revolutionize personal healthcare and robotics, where they enable distributed and conformal sensors. Transistors are fundamental building blocks of electronics, and there is a need to produce stretchable transistors using low-cost and scalable fabrication techniques. Here, we introduce a facile fabrication approach using laser patterning and transfer printing to achieve high-performance, solution-processed intrinsically stretchable organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). The device consists of Ag nanowire (NW) electrodes, where the source and drain electrodes are patterned using laser ablation. The Ag NWs are then partially embedded in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) matrix. The electrodes are combined with a PDMS dielectric and polymer semiconductor, where the layers are individually transfer printed to complete the OTFT. Two polymer semiconductors, DPP-DTT and DPP-4T, are considered and show stable operation under the cyclic strain of 20 and 40%, respectively. The OTFTs maintain electrical performance by adopting a buckled structure after the first stretch-release cycle. The conformability and stretchability of the OTFT is also demonstrated by operating the transistor while adhered to a finger being flexed. The ability to pattern highly conductive Ag NW networks using laser ablation to pattern electrodes as well as interconnects provides a simple strategy to produce complex stretchable OTFT-based circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqiao Song
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Shanshan Yao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jingyan Dong
- Department of Industrial and System Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Brendan T O'Connor
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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70
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Synaptic transistors with aluminum oxide dielectrics enabling full audio frequency range signal processing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16664. [PMID: 33028862 PMCID: PMC7542445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73705-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid evolution of the neuromorphic computing stimulates the search for novel brain-inspired electronic devices. Synaptic transistors are three-terminal devices that can mimic the chemical synapses while consuming low power, whereby an insulating dielectric layer physically separates output and input signals from each other. Appropriate choice of the dielectric is crucial in achieving a wide range of operation frequencies in these devices. Here we report synaptic transistors with printed aluminum oxide dielectrics, improving the operation frequency of solution-processed synaptic transistors by almost two orders of magnitude to 50 kHz. Fabricated devices, yielding synaptic response for all audio frequencies (20 Hz to 20 kHz), are employed in an acoustic response system to show the potential for future research in neuro-acoustic signal processing with printed oxide electronics.
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71
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Inkjet Printing of Synthesized Melanin Nanoparticles as a Biocompatible Matrix for Pharmacologic Agents. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10091840. [PMID: 32942599 PMCID: PMC7558123 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is a natural biopigment that is produced by melanocytes and can be found in most living organisms. The unique physical and chemical properties of melanin render it potentially useful for numerous applications, particularly those in which a biocompatible functional material is required. Herein, we introduce one important technology in which melanin can be utilized: a drug delivery system in terms of a biocompatible matrix. However, extracting melanin from different biological sources is costly and time-consuming and introduces variabilities in terms of chemical structure, properties, and functions. Hence, a functionally reproducible system is hard to achieve using biologically extracted melanin. Here we report the synthesis of melanin nanoparticles of controlled uniform sizes and chemical characteristics. The optical, chemical, and structural characteristics of synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by optical confocal photoluminescence (PL) imaging, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Zeta potentiometry. The melanin nanoparticles have 100 nm size and a narrow size distribution. The advantage of a nanoparticle structure is its enhanced surface-to-volume ratio compared to bulk pigments, which is important for applications in which controlling the microscopic surface area is essential. Using the inkjet printing technique, we developed melanin thin films with minimum ink waste and loaded them with methylene blue (our representative drug) to test the drug-loading ability of the melanin nanoparticles. Inkjet printing allowed us to create smooth uniform films with precise deposition and minimum ink-waste. The spectroscopic analysis confirmed the attachment of the "drug" onto the melanin nanoparticles as a matrix. Hence, our data identify melanin as a material system to integrate into drug release applications.
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72
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Chiang YC, Hung CC, Lin YC, Chiu YC, Isono T, Satoh T, Chen WC. High-Performance Nonvolatile Organic Photonic Transistor Memory Devices using Conjugated Rod-Coil Materials as a Floating Gate. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002638. [PMID: 32700349 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for using conjugated rod-coil materials as a floating gate in the fabrication of nonvolatile photonic transistor memory devices, consisting of n-type Sol-PDI and p-type C10-DNTT, is presented. Sol-PDI and C10-DNTT are used as dual functions of charge-trapping (conjugated rod) and tunneling (insulating coil), while n-type BPE-PDI and p-type DNTT are employed as the corresponding transporting layers. By using the same conjugated rod in the memory layer and transporting channel with a self-assembled structure, both n-type and p-type memory devices exhibit a fast response, a high current contrast between "Photo-On" and "Electrical-Off" bistable states over 105 , and an extremely low programing driving force of 0.1 V. The fabricated photon-driven memory devices exhibit a quick response to different wavelengths of light and a broadband light response that highlight their promising potential for light-recorder and synaptic device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chi Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Hung
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Takuya Isono
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Wen-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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73
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Wan H, Cao Y, Lo LW, Zhao J, Sepúlveda N, Wang C. Flexible Carbon Nanotube Synaptic Transistor for Neurological Electronic Skin Applications. ACS NANO 2020; 14:10402-10412. [PMID: 32678612 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in the development of memristive or artificial synaptic devices that emulate the neuronal activities for neuromorphic computing applications. While there have already been many reports on artificial synaptic transistors implemented on rigid substrates, the use of flexible devices could potentially enable an even broader range of applications. In this paper, we report artificial synaptic thin-film transistors built on an ultrathin flexible substrate using high carrier mobility semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes. The synaptic characteristics of the flexible synaptic transistor including long-term/short-term plasticity, spike-amplitude-dependent plasticity, spike-width-dependent plasticity, paired-pulse facilitation, and spike-time-dependent plasticity have all been systematically characterized. Furthermore, we have demonstrated a flexible neurological electronic skin and its peripheral nerve with a flexible ferroelectret nanogenerator (FENG) serving as the sensory mechanoreceptor that generates action potentials to be processed and transmitted by the artificial synapse. In such neurological electronic skin, the flexible FENG sensor converts the tactile input (magnitude and frequency of force) into presynaptic action potential pulses, which are then passed to the gate of the synaptic transistor to induce change in its postsynaptic current, mimicking the modulation of synaptic weight in a biological synapse. Our neurological electronic skin closely imitates the behavior of actual human skin, and it allows for instantaneous detection of force stimuli and offers biological synapse-like behavior to relay the stimulus signals to the next stage. The flexible sensory skin could potentially be used to interface with skeletal muscle fibers for applications in neuroprosthetic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunqi Cao
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | | | | | - Nelson Sepúlveda
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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74
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Nair V, Yi J, Isheim D, Rotenberg M, Meng L, Shi F, Chen X, Gao X, Prominski A, Jiang Y, Yue J, Gallagher CT, Seidman DN, Tian B. Laser writing of nitrogen-doped silicon carbide for biological modulation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/34/eaaz2743. [PMID: 32937377 PMCID: PMC7442483 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz2743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Conducting or semiconducting materials embedded in insulating polymeric substrates can be useful in biointerface applications; however, attainment of this composite configuration by direct chemical processes is challenging. Laser-assisted synthesis has evolved as a fast and inexpensive technique to prepare various materials, but its utility in the construction of biophysical tools or biomedical devices is less explored. Here, we use laser writing to convert portions of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) into nitrogen-doped cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC). The dense 3C-SiC surface layer is connected to the PDMS matrix via a spongy graphite layer, facilitating electrochemical and photoelectrochemical activity. We demonstrate the fabrication of arbitrary two-dimensional (2D) SiC-based patterns in PDMS and freestanding 3D constructs. To establish the functionality of the laser-produced composite, we apply it as flexible electrodes for pacing isolated hearts and as photoelectrodes for local peroxide delivery to smooth muscle sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Nair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jaeseok Yi
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dieter Isheim
- Northwestern University Center for Atom-Probe Tomography, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Menahem Rotenberg
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lingyuan Meng
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Fengyuan Shi
- Electron Microscopy Core, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Xinqi Chen
- Keck Interdisciplinary Surface Science Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Aleksander Prominski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yuanwen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jiping Yue
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - David N Seidman
- Northwestern University Center for Atom-Probe Tomography, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Bozhi Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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75
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Liang X, Li H, Dou J, Wang Q, He W, Wang C, Li D, Lin JM, Zhang Y. Stable and Biocompatible Carbon Nanotube Ink Mediated by Silk Protein for Printed Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000165. [PMID: 32583914 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ink-based processes, which enable scalable fabrication of flexible devices based on nanomaterials, are one of the practical approaches for the production of wearable electronics. However, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which possess great potential for flexible electronics, are facing challenges for use in inks due to their low dispersity in most solvents and suspicious cytotoxicity. Here, a stable and biocompatible CNT ink, which is stabilized by sustainable silk sericin and free from any artificial chemicals, is reported. The ink shows stability up to months, which can be attributed to the formation of sericin-CNT (SSCNT) hybrid through non-covalent interactions. It is demonstrated that the SSCNT ink can be used for fabricating versatile circuits on textile, paper, and plastic films through various techniques. As proofs of concept, electrocardiogram electrodes, breath sensors, and electrochemical sensors for monitoring human health and activity are fabricated, demonstrating the great potential of the SSCNT ink for smart wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Liang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Haifang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus, Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jinxin Dou
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus, Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wenya He
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chunya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Donghang Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus, Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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76
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Tang X, Kwon HJ, Hong J, Ye H, Wang R, Yun DJ, Park CE, Jeong YJ, Lee HS, Kim SH. Direct Printing of Asymmetric Electrodes for Improving Charge Injection/Extraction in Organic Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:33999-34010. [PMID: 32633116 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Engineering the energy levels of organic conducting materials can be useful for developing high-performance organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), whose electrodes must be well controlled to facilitate easy charge carrier transport from the source to drain through an active channel. However, symmetric source and drain electrodes that have the same energy levels are inevitably unfavorable for either charge injection or charge extraction. In this study, asymmetric source and drain electrodes are simply prepared using the electrohydrodynamic (EHD)-jet printing technique after the careful work function engineering of organic conducting material composites. Two types of additives effectively tune the energy levels of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate-based composites. These solutions are alternately patterned using the EHD-jet printing process, where the use of an electric field makes fine jet control that enables to directly print asymmetric electrodes. The asymmetric combination of EHD-printed electrodes helps in obtaining advanced charge transport properties in p-type and n-type OFETs, as well as their organic complementary inverters. This strategy is believed to provide useful guidelines for the facile patterning of asymmetric electrodes, enabling the desirable properties of charge injection and extraction to be achieved in organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Tang
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Hyeok-Jin Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Hong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Heqing Ye
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Rixuan Wang
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Yun
- Analytical Engineering Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Eon Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jin Jeong
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Sung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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77
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Abstract
Pencils and papers are ubiquitous in our society and have been widely used for writing and drawing, because they are easy to use, low-cost, widely accessible, and disposable. However, their applications in emerging skin-interfaced health monitoring and interventions are still not well explored. Herein, we report a variety of pencil-paper-based on-skin electronic devices, including biophysical (temperature, biopotential) sensors, sweat biochemical (pH, uric acid, glucose) sensors, thermal stimulators, and humidity energy harvesters. Among these devices, pencil-drawn graphite patterns (or combined with other compounds) serve as conductive traces and sensing electrodes, and office-copy papers work as flexible supporting substrates. The enabled devices can perform real-time, continuous, and high-fidelity monitoring of a range of vital biophysical and biochemical signals from human bodies, including skin temperatures, electrocardiograms, electromyograms, alpha, beta, and theta rhythms, instantaneous heart rates, respiratory rates, and sweat pH, uric acid, and glucose, as well as deliver programmed thermal stimulations. Notably, the qualities of recorded signals are comparable to those measured with conventional methods. Moreover, humidity energy harvesters are prepared by creating a gradient distribution of oxygen-containing groups on office-copy papers between pencil-drawn electrodes. One single-unit device (0.87 cm2) can generate a sustained voltage of up to 480 mV for over 2 h from ambient humidity. Furthermore, a self-powered on-skin iontophoretic transdermal drug-delivery system is developed as an on-skin chemical intervention example. In addition, pencil-paper-based antennas, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) circuits with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and batteries, reconfigurable assembly and biodegradable electronics (based on water-soluble papers) are explored.
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78
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Minotto A, Haigh PA, Łukasiewicz ŁG, Lunedei E, Gryko DT, Darwazeh I, Cacialli F. Visible light communication with efficient far-red/near-infrared polymer light-emitting diodes. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:70. [PMID: 32351694 PMCID: PMC7183573 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-0314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Visible light communication (VLC) is a wireless technology that relies on optical intensity modulation and is potentially a game changer for internet-of-things (IoT) connectivity. However, VLC is hindered by the low penetration depth of visible light in non-transparent media. One solution is to extend operation into the "nearly (in)visible" near-infrared (NIR, 700-1000 nm) region, thus also enabling VLC in photonic bio-applications, considering the biological tissue NIR semitransparency, while conveniently retaining vestigial red emission to help check the link operativity by simple eye inspection. Here, we report new far-red/NIR organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with a 650-800 nm emission range and external quantum efficiencies among the highest reported in this spectral range (>2.7%, with maximum radiance and luminance of 3.5 mW/cm2 and 260 cd/m2, respectively). With these OLEDs, we then demonstrate a "real-time" VLC setup achieving a data rate of 2.2 Mb/s, which satisfies the requirements for IoT and biosensing applications. These are the highest rates ever reported for an online unequalised VLC link based on solution-processed OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Minotto
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Paul A. Haigh
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
- Communications and Information Systems, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | | | - Eugenio Lunedei
- ISMN-CNR, Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izzat Darwazeh
- Communications and Information Systems, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Franco Cacialli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT UK
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79
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Khan Y, Thielens A, Muin S, Ting J, Baumbauer C, Arias AC. A New Frontier of Printed Electronics: Flexible Hybrid Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905279. [PMID: 31742812 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The performance and integration density of silicon integrated circuits (ICs) have progressed at an unprecedented pace in the past 60 years. While silicon ICs thrive at low-power high-performance computing, creating flexible and large-area electronics using silicon remains a challenge. On the other hand, flexible and printed electronics use intrinsically flexible materials and printing techniques to manufacture compliant and large-area electronics. Nonetheless, flexible electronics are not as efficient as silicon ICs for computation and signal communication. Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) leverages the strengths of these two dissimilar technologies. It uses flexible and printed electronics where flexibility and scalability are required, i.e., for sensing and actuating, and silicon ICs for computation and communication purposes. Combining flexible electronics and silicon ICs yields a very powerful and versatile technology with a vast range of applications. Here, the fundamental building blocks of an FHE system, printed sensors and circuits, thinned silicon ICs, printed antennas, printed energy harvesting and storage modules, and printed displays, are discussed. Emerging application areas of FHE in wearable health, structural health, industrial, environmental, and agricultural sensing are reviewed. Overall, the recent progress, fabrication, application, and challenges, and an outlook, related to FHE are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Khan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Arno Thielens
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sifat Muin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan Ting
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Carol Baumbauer
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ana C Arias
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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80
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Elder B, Neupane R, Tokita E, Ghosh U, Hales S, Kong YL. Nanomaterial Patterning in 3D Printing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907142. [PMID: 32129917 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic integration of nanomaterials with 3D printing technologies can enable the creation of architecture and devices with an unprecedented level of functional integration. In particular, a multiscale 3D printing approach can seamlessly interweave nanomaterials with diverse classes of materials to impart, program, or modulate a wide range of functional properties in an otherwise passive 3D printed object. However, achieving such multiscale integration is challenging as it requires the ability to pattern, organize, or assemble nanomaterials in a 3D printing process. This review highlights the latest advances in the integration of nanomaterials with 3D printing, achieved by leveraging mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, or thermal phenomena. Ultimately, it is envisioned that such approaches can enable the creation of multifunctional constructs and devices that cannot be fabricated with conventional manufacturing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Elder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Rajan Neupane
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Eric Tokita
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Udayan Ghosh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Samuel Hales
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Yong Lin Kong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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81
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da Costa TH, Choi JW. Low-cost and customizable inkjet printing for microelectrodes fabrication. MICRO AND NANO SYSTEMS LETTERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40486-020-0104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMicroelectrodes for detection of chemicals present several advantages over conventional sized electrodes. However, rapid and low-cost fabrication of microelectrodes is challenging due to high complexity of patterning equipment. We present the development of a low-cost, customizable inkjet printer for printing nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes for the fabrication of microelectrodes. The achieved spatial resolution of the inkjet printer is less than 20 µm, which is comparable to advanced commercially available inkjet printers, with the advantage of being low-cost and easily replicated.
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82
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Yan X, Xiong M, Li JT, Zhang S, Ahmad Z, Lu Y, Wang ZY, Yao ZF, Wang JY, Gu X, Lei T. Pyrazine-Flanked Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP): A New Polymer Building Block for High-Performance n-Type Organic Thermoelectrics. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:20215-20221. [PMID: 31774667 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
n-Doped conjugated polymers usually show low electrical conductivities and low thermoelectric power factors, limiting their applications in n-type organic thermoelectrics. Here, we report the synthesis of a new diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) derivative, pyrazine-flanked DPP (PzDPP), with the deepest LUMO level in all the reported DPP derivatives. Based on PzDPP, a donor-acceptor copolymer, P(PzDPP-CT2), is synthesized. The polymer displays a deep LUMO energy level and strong interchain interaction with a short π-π stacking distance of 3.38 Å. When doped with n-dopant N-DMBI, P(PzDPP-CT2) exhibits high n-type electrical conductivities of up to 8.4 S cm-1 and power factors of up to 57.3 μW m-1 K-2. These values are much higher than previously reported n-doped DPP polymers, and the power factor also ranks the highest in solution-processable n-doped conjugated polymers. These results suggest that PzDPP is a promising high-performance building block for n-type organic thermoelectrics and also highlight that, without sacrificing polymer interchain interactions, efficient n-doping can be realized in conjugated polymers with careful molecular engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Miao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Jia-Tong Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering , The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg , Mississippi 39406 , United States
| | - Zachary Ahmad
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering , The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg , Mississippi 39406 , United States
| | - Yang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Zi-Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering , The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg , Mississippi 39406 , United States
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
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83
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Cai Y, Yao X, Piao X, Zhang Z, Nie E, Sun Z. Inkjet printing of particle-free silver conductive ink with low sintering temperature on flexible substrates. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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84
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Teo MY, RaviChandran N, Kim N, Kee S, Stuart L, Aw KC, Stringer J. Direct Patterning of Highly Conductive PEDOT:PSS/Ionic Liquid Hydrogel via Microreactive Inkjet Printing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:37069-37076. [PMID: 31533420 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The gelation of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has gained popularity for its potential applications in three dimensions, while possessing tissue-like mechanical properties, high conductivity, and biocompatibility. However, the fabrication of arbitrary structures, especially via inkjet printing, is challenging because of the inherent gel formation. Here, microreactive inkjet printing (MRIJP) is utilized to pattern various 2D and 3D structures of PEDOT:PSS/IL hydrogel by in-air coalescence of PEDOT:PSS and ionic liquid (IL). By controlling the in-air position and Marangoni-driven encapsulation, single droplets of the PEDOT:PSS/IL hydrogel as small as a diameter of ≈260 μm are fabricated within ≈600 μs. Notably, this MRIJP-based PEDOT:PSS/IL has potential for freeform patterning while maintaining identical performance to those fabricated by the conventional spin-coating method. Through controlled deposition achieved via MRIJP, PEDOT:PSS/IL can be transformed into different 3D structures without the need for molding, potentially leading to substantial progress in next-generation bioelectronics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ying Teo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Auckland , Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Narrendar RaviChandran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Auckland , Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Nara Kim
- Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , Norrköping 601 74 , Sweden
| | - Seyoung Kee
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC) , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Logan Stuart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Auckland , Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Kean C Aw
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Auckland , Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Stringer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Auckland , Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
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