51
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Ozcelik A, Abas BI, Erdogan O, Cevik E, Cevik O. On-Chip Organoid Formation to Study CXCR4/CXCL-12 Chemokine Microenvironment Responses for Renal Cancer Drug Testing. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1177. [PMID: 36551144 PMCID: PMC9775535 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organoid models have gained importance in recent years in determining the toxic effects of drugs in cancer studies. Organoid designs with the same standardized size and cellular structures are desired for drug tests. The field of microfluidics offers numerous advantages to enable well-controlled and contamination-free biomedical research. In this study, simple and low-cost microfluidic devices were designed and fabricated to develop an organoid model for drug testing for renal cancers. Caki human renal cancer cells and mesenchymal stem cells isolated from human umbilical cord were placed into alginate hydrogels. The microfluidic system was implemented to form size-controllable organoids within alginate hydrogels. Alginate capsules of uniform sizes formed in the microfluidic system were kept in cell culture for 21 days, and their organoid development was studied with calcein staining. Cisplatin was used as a standard chemotherapeutic, and organoid sphere structures were examined as a function of time with an MTT assay. HIF-1α, CXCR4 and CXCL-12 chemokine protein, and CXCR4 and CXCL-12 gene levels were tested in organoids and cisplatin responses. In conclusion, it was found that the standard renal cancer organoids made on a lab-on-a-chip system can be used to measure drug effects and tumor microenvironment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Ozcelik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydin 09010, Turkey
| | - Burcin Irem Abas
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin 09010, Turkey
| | - Omer Erdogan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin 09010, Turkey
| | - Evrim Cevik
- Department of Machinery and Metal Technologies, Kocarli Vocational School, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin 09010, Turkey
| | - Ozge Cevik
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin 09010, Turkey
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52
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Nyga A, Stamati K, Redondo PA, Azimi T, Feber A, Neves JB, Hamoudi R, Presneau N, El Sheikh S, Tran MGB, Emberton M, Loizidou M, Cheema U. Renal tumouroids: challenges of manufacturing 3D cultures from patient derived primary cells. J Cell Commun Signal 2022; 16:637-648. [PMID: 35102500 PMCID: PMC9733748 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-022-00666-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in 3D in vitro culture have allowed for the development of cancer tissue models which accurately recapitulate the tumour microenvironment. Consequently, there has been increased innovation in therapeutic drug screening. While organoid cultures show great potential, they are limited by the time scale of their growth in vitro and the dependence upon commercial matrices, such as Matrigel, which do not allow for manipulations of their composition or mechanical properties. Here, we show a straightforward approach for the isolation and culture of primary human renal carcinoma cells and matched non-affected kidney. This approach does not require any specific selection for cancer cells, and allows for their direct culture in amenable 3D collagen-based matrices, with the preservation of cancer cells as confirmed by NGS sequencing. This method allows for culture of patient-derived cancer cells in 3D microenvironment, which can be used for downstream experimentation such as investigation of cell-matrix interaction or drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Nyga
- Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK ,Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH UK
| | - Katerina Stamati
- Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patricia A. Redondo
- Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tayebeh Azimi
- Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Feber
- Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK ,Centre for Molecular Pathology, Royal Marsden NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Joana B. Neves
- Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK ,Specialist Centre for Kidney Cancer, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK ,Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nadège Presneau
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Soha El Sheikh
- Cellular Pathology Department, Royal Free London Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Maxine G. B. Tran
- Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK ,Specialist Centre for Kidney Cancer, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mark Emberton
- Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Research Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House,43-45 Foley Street, London, W1W 7TS UK ,Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Umber Cheema
- Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Research Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House,43-45 Foley Street, London, W1W 7TS UK
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53
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Dorison A, Forbes TA, Little MH. What can we learn from kidney organoids? Kidney Int 2022; 102:1013-1029. [PMID: 35970244 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability to generate 3-dimensional models of the developing human kidney via the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells-termed kidney organoids-has been hailed as a major advance in experimental nephrology. Although these provide an opportunity to interrogate human development, model-specific kidney diseases facilitate drug screening and even deliver bioengineered tissue; most of these prophetic end points remain to be realized. Indeed, at present we are still finding out what we can learn and what we cannot learn from this approach. In this review, we will summarize the approaches available to generate models of the human kidney from stem cells, the existing successful applications of kidney organoids, their limitations, and remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Dorison
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Forbes
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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54
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Charbonneau M, Harper K, Brochu-Gaudreau K, Perreault A, McDonald PP, Ekindi-Ndongo N, Jeldres C, Dubois CM. Establishment of a ccRCC patient-derived chick chorioallantoic membrane model for drug testing. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1003914. [PMID: 36275794 PMCID: PMC9582329 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1003914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is an aggressive subtype of renal cell carcinoma accounting for the majority of deaths in kidney cancer patients. Advanced ccRCC has a high mortality rate as most patients progress and develop resistance to currently approved targeted therapies, highlighting the ongoing need for adequate drug testing models to develop novel therapies. Current animal models are expensive and time-consuming. In this study, we investigated the use of the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), a rapid and cost-effective model, as a complementary drug testing model for ccRCC. Our results indicated that tumor samples from ccRCC patients can be successfully cultivated on the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) within 7 days while retaining their histopathological characteristics. Furthermore, treatment of ccRCC xenografts with sunitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of metastatic RCC, allowed us to evaluate differential responses of individual patients. Our results indicate that the CAM model is a complementary in vivo model that allows for rapid and cost-effective evaluation of ccRCC patient response to drug therapy. Therefore, this model has the potential to become a useful platform for preclinical evaluation of new targeted therapies for the treatment of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Charbonneau
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Kelly Harper
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Karine Brochu-Gaudreau
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Alexis Perreault
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Claudio Jeldres
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Claire M. Dubois
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Claire M. Dubois
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55
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Dao V, Yuki K, Lo YH, Nakano M, Kuo CJ. Immune organoids: from tumor modeling to precision oncology. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:870-880. [PMID: 35773148 PMCID: PMC9704769 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, are rapidly becoming standard-of-care for many cancers. The ascendance of immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment and limitations in the accurate prediction of clinical response thereof have provided significant impetus to develop preclinical models that can guide therapeutic intervention. Traditional organoid culture methods that exclusively grow tumor epithelium as patient-derived organoids are under investigation as a personalized platform for drug discovery and for predicting clinical efficacy of chemotherapies and targeted agents. Recently, the patient-derived tumor organoid platform has evolved to contain more complex stromal and immune compartments needed to assess immunotherapeutic efficacy. We review the different methodologies for developing a more holistic patient-derived tumor organoid platform and for modeling the native immune tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Dao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kanako Yuki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuan-Hung Lo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michitaka Nakano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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56
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van Ineveld RL, Collot R, Román MB, Pagliaro A, Bessler N, Ariese HCR, Kleinnijenhuis M, Kool M, Alieva M, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Wehrens EJ, Rios AC. Multispectral confocal 3D imaging of intact healthy and tumor tissue using mLSR-3D. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:3028-3055. [PMID: 36180532 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00739-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Revealing the 3D composition of intact tissue specimens is essential for understanding cell and organ biology in health and disease. State-of-the-art 3D microscopy techniques aim to capture tissue volumes on an ever-increasing scale, while also retaining sufficient resolution for single-cell analysis. Furthermore, spatial profiling through multi-marker imaging is fast developing, providing more context and better distinction between cell types. Following these lines of technological advance, we here present a protocol based on FUnGI (fructose, urea and glycerol clearing solution for imaging) optical clearing of tissue before multispectral large-scale single-cell resolution 3D (mLSR-3D) imaging, which implements 'on-the-fly' linear unmixing of up to eight fluorophores during a single acquisition. Our protocol removes the need for repetitive illumination, thereby allowing larger volumes to be scanned with better image quality in less time, also reducing photo-bleaching and file size. To aid in the design of multiplex antibody panels, we provide a fast and manageable intensity equalization assay with automated analysis to design a combination of markers with balanced intensities suitable for mLSR-3D. We demonstrate effective mLSR-3D imaging of various tissues, including patient-derived organoids and xenografted tumors, and, furthermore, describe an optimized workflow for mLSR-3D imaging of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. Finally, we provide essential steps for 3D image data processing, including shading correction that does not require pre-acquired shading references and 3D inhomogeneity correction to correct fluorescence artefacts often afflicting 3D datasets. Together, this provides a one-week protocol for eight-fluorescent-marker 3D visualization and exploration of intact tissue of various origins at single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravian L van Ineveld
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Raphaël Collot
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mario Barrera Román
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Pagliaro
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nils Bessler
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus C R Ariese
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleinnijenhuis
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Kool
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center DKFZ and German Cancer Consortium DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Alieva
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ellen J Wehrens
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anne C Rios
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands. .,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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57
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Genomic and Epigenomic Characterization of Tumor Organoid Models. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174090. [PMID: 36077628 PMCID: PMC9454968 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The patient-derived organoid (PDO) model is a versatile and dynamic tool for investigating individual genomic and epigenomic properties of cancer. PDOs preserve key (epi-)genomic features and maintain physiological and pathological characteristics, resembling patient tumor specimens. Coupled with the next-generation sequencing technology, PDOs can be used to accurately map (epi-)genomic alterations of “living” cancer specimens. Additionally, organoid modeling of matched normal and malignant tissues from the same patient serves as an adequate and valid platform to interrogate cancer-specific features. Because of these advantages, research on PDOs is rapidly growing for the investigation of genotype–phenotype association and precision oncology. Abstract Tumor organoid modeling has been recognized as a state-of-the-art system for in vitro research on cancer biology and precision oncology. Organoid culture technologies offer distinctive advantages, including faithful maintenance of physiological and pathological characteristics of human disease, self-organization into three-dimensional multicellular structures, and preservation of genomic and epigenomic landscapes of the originating tumor. These features effectively position organoid modeling between traditional cell line cultures in two dimensions and in vivo animal models as a valid, versatile, and robust system for cancer research. Here, we review recent advances in genomic and epigenomic characterization of tumor organoids and the novel findings obtained, highlight significant progressions achieved in organoid modeling of gene–drug interactions and genotype–phenotype associations, and offer perspectives on future opportunities for organoid modeling in basic and clinical cancer research.
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58
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Chen H, Zhang W, Maskey N, Yang F, Zheng Z, Li C, Wang R, Wu P, Mao S, Zhang J, Yan Y, Li W, Yao X. Urological cancer organoids, patients' avatars for precision medicine: past, present and future. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:132. [PMID: 35986387 PMCID: PMC9389738 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00866-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Urological cancers are common malignant cancers worldwide, with annually increasing morbidity and mortality rates. For decades, two-dimensional cell cultures and animal models have been widely used to study the development and underlying molecular mechanisms of urological cancers. However, they either fail to reflect cancer heterogeneity or are time-consuming and labour-intensive. The recent emergence of a three-dimensional culture model called organoid has the potential to overcome the shortcomings of traditional models. For example, organoids can recapitulate the histopathological and molecular diversity of original cancer and reflect the interaction between cancer and surrounding cells or stroma by simulating tumour microenvironments. Emerging evidence suggests that urine-derived organoids can be generated, which could be a novel non-invasive liquid biopsy method that provides new ideas for clinical precision therapy. However, the current research on organoids has encountered some bottlenecks, such as the lack of a standard culture process, the need to optimize the culture medium and the inability to completely simulate the immune system in vivo. Nonetheless, cell co-culture and organoid-on-a-chip have significant potential to solve these problems. In this review, the latest applications of organoids in drug screening, cancer origin investigation and combined single-cell sequencing are illustrated. Furthermore, the development and application of organoids in urological cancers and their challenges are summarised.
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59
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Narayan NJC, Requena D, Lalazar G, Ramos-Espiritu L, Ng D, Levin S, Shebl B, Wang R, Hammond WJ, Saltsman JA, Gehart H, Torbenson MS, Clevers H, LaQuaglia MP, Simon SM. Human liver organoids for disease modeling of fibrolamellar carcinoma. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:1874-1888. [PMID: 35803261 PMCID: PMC9391427 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is a rare, often lethal, liver cancer affecting adolescents and young adults, for which there are no approved therapeutics. The development of therapeutics is hampered by a lack of in vitro models. Organoids have shown utility as a model system for studying many diseases. In this study, tumor tissue and the adjacent non-tumor liver were obtained at the time of surgery. The tissue was dissociated and grown as organoids. We developed 21 patient-derived organoid lines: 12 from metastases, three from the liver tumor and six from adjacent non-tumor liver. These patient-derived FLC organoids recapitulate the histologic morphology, immunohistochemistry, and transcriptome of the patient tumor. Patient-derived FLC organoids were used in a preliminary high-throughput drug screen to show proof of concept for the identification of therapeutics. This model system has the potential to improve our understanding of this rare cancer and holds significant promise for drug testing and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J C Narayan
- Pediatric Surgical Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Requena
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gadi Lalazar
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lavoisier Ramos-Espiritu
- High Throughput and Spectroscopy Center, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Denise Ng
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Solomon Levin
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bassem Shebl
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ruisi Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - William J Hammond
- Pediatric Surgical Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - James A Saltsman
- Pediatric Surgical Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Helmuth Gehart
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michael S Torbenson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michael P LaQuaglia
- Pediatric Surgical Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanford M Simon
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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60
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Meister MT, Groot Koerkamp MJA, de Souza T, Breunis WB, Frazer‐Mendelewska E, Brok M, DeMartino J, Manders F, Calandrini C, Kerstens HHD, Janse A, Dolman MEM, Eising S, Langenberg KPS, van Tuil M, Knops RRG, van Scheltinga ST, Hiemcke‐Jiwa LS, Flucke U, Merks JHM, van Noesel MM, Tops BBJ, Hehir‐Kwa JY, Kemmeren P, Molenaar JJ, van de Wetering M, van Boxtel R, Drost J, Holstege FCP. Mesenchymal tumor organoid models recapitulate rhabdomyosarcoma subtypes. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e16001. [PMID: 35916583 PMCID: PMC9549731 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) are mesenchyme-derived tumors and the most common childhood soft tissue sarcomas. Treatment is intense, with a nevertheless poor prognosis for high-risk patients. Discovery of new therapies would benefit from additional preclinical models. Here, we describe the generation of a collection of 19 pediatric RMS tumor organoid (tumoroid) models (success rate of 41%) comprising all major subtypes. For aggressive tumors, tumoroid models can often be established within 4-8 weeks, indicating the feasibility of personalized drug screening. Molecular, genetic, and histological characterization show that the models closely resemble the original tumors, with genetic stability over extended culture periods of up to 6 months. Importantly, drug screening reflects established sensitivities and the models can be modified by CRISPR/Cas9 with TP53 knockout in an embryonal RMS model resulting in replicative stress drug sensitivity. Tumors of mesenchymal origin can therefore be used to generate organoid models, relevant for a variety of preclinical and clinical research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Meister
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands,Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marian J A Groot Koerkamp
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands,Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Terezinha de Souza
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands,Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Willemijn B Breunis
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands,Department of Oncology and Children's Research CenterUniversity Children's Hospital ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Ewa Frazer‐Mendelewska
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands,Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Mariël Brok
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands,Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jeff DeMartino
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands,Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Freek Manders
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands,Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Camilla Calandrini
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands,Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Alex Janse
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - M Emmy M Dolman
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands,Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer CentreUNSW SydneyKensingtonNSWAustralia,School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of MedicineUNSW SydneyKensingtonNSWAustralia
| | - Selma Eising
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Marc van Tuil
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Rutger R G Knops
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Uta Flucke
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Max M van Noesel
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Patrick Kemmeren
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands,Center for Molecular MedicineUMC Utrecht and Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jan J Molenaar
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marc van de Wetering
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands,Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ruben van Boxtel
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands,Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jarno Drost
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands,Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Frank C P Holstege
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands,Center for Molecular MedicineUMC Utrecht and Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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61
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Ren X, Chen W, Yang Q, Li X, Xu L. Patient-derived cancer organoids for drug screening: Basic technology and clinical application. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 37:1446-1454. [PMID: 35771719 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer organoids, a three-dimensional (3D) culture system of cancer cells derived from tumor tissues, recapitulate physiological structure of the parental tumor. Different tumor organoids have been established for a variety of tumor types, such as colorectal, liver, stomach, pancreatic and brain tumors. Some tumor organoid biobanks are built to screen and discover novel antitumor drug targets. Moreover, patients-derived tumor organoids (PDOs) could predict treatment response to chemoradiotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy to provide guidance for personalized cancer therapy. In this review, we provide an updated overview of tumor organoid development, summarize general approach to establish tumor organoids, and discuss the application of anti-cancer drug screening based on tumor organoid and its application in personalized therapy. We also outline the opportunities and challenges for organoids to guide precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Ren
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weikang Chen
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingxia Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Li
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixia Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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62
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Gonzalez Malagon SG, Liu KJ. Linking neural crest development to neuroblastoma pathology. Development 2022; 149:276149. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Although rare, childhood (paediatric) cancers are a major cause of death in young children. Unlike many adult cancers, paediatric cancers, such as neuroblastoma (NB), are developmental diseases that rarely show genetic predispositions. NB is the most common extracranial solid tumour in children, accounting for ∼15% of paediatric cancer deaths. This heterogeneous cancer arises from undifferentiated neural crest-derived progenitor cells. As neural crest cells are multipotent and migratory, they are often considered the embryonic paradigm of cancer stem cells. However, very little is known about the events that trigger tumour initiation and progression. Here, we discuss recent insights into sympathoadrenal lineage specification, as well as genetic factors associated with NB. With this in mind, we consider the molecular underpinnings of NB in the context of developmental trajectories of the neural crest lineage. This allows us to compare distinct subtypes of the disease and gene-function interactions during sensitive phases of neural crest development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Guadalupe Gonzalez Malagon
- Biomedical Research Institute, Foundation for Research and Technology, University of Ioannina Campus 1 , 45115 Ioannina , Greece
- School of Health Sciences and Institute of Biosciences, University Research Centre, University of Ioannina 2 Department of Biological Applications and Technology , , 45110 Ioannina , Greece
| | - Karen J. Liu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London 3 , London SE1 9RT , UK
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63
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Li Z, Seehawer M, Polyak K. Untangling the web of intratumour heterogeneity. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1192-1201. [PMID: 35941364 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intratumour heterogeneity (ITH) is a hallmark of cancer that drives tumour evolution and disease progression. Technological and computational advances have enabled us to assess ITH at unprecedented depths, yet this accumulating knowledge has not had a substantial clinical impact. This is in part due to a limited understanding of the functional relevance of ITH and the inadequacy of preclinical experimental models to reproduce it. Here, we discuss progress made in these areas and illuminate future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheqi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco Seehawer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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64
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Li H, Liu H, Chen K. Living biobank-based cancer organoids: prospects and challenges in cancer research. Cancer Biol Med 2022; 19:j.issn.2095-3941.2021.0621. [PMID: 35856555 PMCID: PMC9334762 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2021.0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobanks bridge the gap between basic and translational research. Traditional cancer biobanks typically contain normal and tumor tissues, and matched blood. However, biospecimens in traditional biobanks are usually nonrenewable. In recent years, increased interest has focused on establishing living biobanks, including organoid biobanks, for the collection and storage of viable and functional tissues for long periods of time. The organoid model is based on a 3D in vitro cell culture system, is highly similar to primary tissues and organs in vivo, and can recapitulate the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of target organs. Publications on cancer organoids have recently increased, and many types of cancer organoids have been used for modeling cancer processes, as well as for drug discovery and screening. On the basis of the current research status, more exploration of cancer organoids through technical advancements is required to improve reproducibility and scalability. Moreover, given the natural characteristics of organoids, greater attention must be paid to ethical considerations. Here, we summarize recent advances in cancer organoid biobanking research, encompassing rectal, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and glioblastoma cancers. Living cancer biobanks that contain cancerous tissues and matched organoids with different genetic backgrounds, subtypes, and individualized characteristics will eventually contribute to the understanding of cancer and ultimately facilitate the development of innovative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixin Li
- Cancer Biobank, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology of Tianjin, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Hongkun Liu
- Cancer Biobank, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology of Tianjin, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Kexin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology of Tianjin, Tianjin 300060, China
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65
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Suhito IR, Kim JW, Koo K, Nam SA, Kim YK, Kim T. In Situ Detection of Kidney Organoid Generation From Stem Cells Using a Simple Electrochemical Method. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200074. [PMID: 35506260 PMCID: PMC9284177 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Organoids that mimic the structural and cellular characteristics of kidneys in vitro have recently emerged as a promising source for biomedical research. However, uncontrollable cellular heterogeneity after differentiation often results in the generation of off-target cells, one of the most challenging issues in organoid research. This study proposes a new method that enables the real-time assessment of kidney organoids derived from stem cells. When placed on a conductive surface, these organoids generate unique electrochemical signals at ≈0.3 V with intensities proportional to the amount of kidney-specific cell types. Off-target cells (i.e., non-kidney cells) produce an electrical signature at 0 V that is distinguishable from other surrounding cell types, enabling non-destructive assessment of both the differentiation, and maturation levels of kidney organoids. The developed platform can be applied to other types of organoids and is thus highly promising as a tool for organoid-based drug screening, toxicity assessment, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jin Won Kim
- Cell Death Disease Research CenterCollege of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulKorea
- Department of Internal MedicineCollege of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSt. Vincent's HospitalSuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Kyeong‐Mo Koo
- School of Integrative EngineeringChung‐Ang UniversitySeoul06974Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ah Nam
- Cell Death Disease Research CenterCollege of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulKorea
- Department of Internal MedicineCollege of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSt. Vincent's HospitalSuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Yong Kyun Kim
- Cell Death Disease Research CenterCollege of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulKorea
- Department of Internal MedicineCollege of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSt. Vincent's HospitalSuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Tae‐Hyung Kim
- School of Integrative EngineeringChung‐Ang UniversitySeoul06974Republic of Korea
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66
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Li Z, Xu H, Yu L, Wang J, Meng Q, Mei H, Cai Z, Chen W, Huang W. Patient-derived renal cell carcinoma organoids for personalized cancer therapy. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e970. [PMID: 35802820 PMCID: PMC9270001 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kidney cancer is one of the most common solid tumors. The advancement of human kidney cancer research and treatment has been hindered by a lack of research models that faithfully recapitulate the diversity of the disease. Methods We established an effective three‐dimensional culture system for generating kidney cancer organoids from clinical renal cell carcinoma samples. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) organoids were characterized by H&E staining, immunofluorescence, whole‐exome sequencing, RNA sequencing and single‐cell RNA sequencing. The use of RCC organoids in personalized cancer therapy was assessed by testing their responses to treatment drugs and chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Results Using this organoid culture system, 33 kidney cancer organoid lines from common kidney cancer subtypes, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC), and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (chRCC), were generated. RCC organoids preserved the histological architectures, mutational landscapes, and transcriptional profile of the parental tumor tissues. Single‐cell RNA‐sequencing revealed inter‐ and intra‐tumoral heterogeneity in RCC organoids. RCC organoids allowed for in vitro drug screening and provided a tool for assessing the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Conclusions Patient‐derived RCC organoids are valuable pre‐clinical models for academic research and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Li
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haibo Xu
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qian Meng
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongbing Mei
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiming Cai
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiren Huang
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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67
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Wu W, Li X, Yu S. Patient-derived Tumour Organoids: A Bridge between Cancer Biology and Personalised Therapy. Acta Biomater 2022; 146:23-36. [PMID: 35533925 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patient-derived tumour organoids (PDOs) have revolutionised our understanding of cancer biology and the applications of personalised therapies. These advancements are principally ascribed to the ability of PDOs to consistently recapitulate and maintain the genomic, proteomic and morphological characteristics of parental tumours. Given these characteristics, PDOs (and their extended biobanks) are a representative preclinical model eminently suited to translate relevant scientific findings into personalized therapies rapidly. Here, we summarise recent advancements in PDOs from the perspective of cancer biology and clinical applications, focusing on the current challenges and opportunities of reconstructing and standardising more sophisticated PDO models. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Patient-derived tumour organoids (PDOs), three-dimensional (3D) self-assembled organotypic structures, have revolutionised our understanding of cancer biology and the applications of personalised therapies. These advancements are principally ascribed to the ability of PDOs to consistently recapitulate and maintain the genomic, proteomic and morphological characteristics of parental tumours. Given these characteristics, PDOs (and their extended biobanks) are a representative preclinical model eminently suited to translate relevant scientific findings into personalized therapies rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wence Wu
- Departments of Orthopedics, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 17 Nanli, Panjiayuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- Departments of Orthopedics, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 17 Nanli, Panjiayuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shengji Yu
- Departments of Orthopedics, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 17 Nanli, Panjiayuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China.
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68
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Wakamatsu T, Ogawa H, Yoshida K, Matsuoka Y, Shizuma K, Imura Y, Tamiya H, Nakai S, Yagi T, Nagata S, Yui Y, Sasagawa S, Takenaka S. Establishment of Organoids From Human Epithelioid Sarcoma With the Air-Liquid Interface Organoid Cultures. Front Oncol 2022; 12:893592. [PMID: 35677170 PMCID: PMC9169059 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.893592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although biological resources are essential for basic and preclinical research in the oncological field, those of sarcoma are not sufficient for rapid development of the treatment. So far, some sarcoma cell lines have been established, however, the success rate was low and the established sarcoma types were frequently biased. Therefore, an efficient culture method is needed to determine the various types of sarcomas. Organoid culture is a 3-dimentional culture method that enables the recapitulation of the tumor microenvironment and the success rate reported is higher than the 2-dimentional culture. The purpose of this study was to report our newly established organoids from human epithelioid sarcoma using the air-liquid interface organoid culture method. Methods We treated 2 patients with epithelioid sarcoma in our institute. The remaining sarcoma specimens after surgical resection were embedded in collagen type 1 gels according to the air-liquid interface organoid culture method. After serial passages, we xenografted the organoids to NOD-scid IL2Rgnull (NSG) mice. Using the developed tumors, we performed histological and genomic analyses to compare the similarities and differences with the original epithelioid sarcoma from the patient. Results Organoids from the epithelioid sarcoma could be serially cultured and maintained in collagen type 1 gels for more than 3 passages. Developed orthotopic tumor xenografts were detected in the NSG mice. After the process was repeated severally, the patient derived organoid lines from the epithelioid sarcoma were established. The established organoids showed loss of integrase interactor 1 expression with polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analyses. The xenografted organoids of the epithelioid sarcoma had histologically similar phenotypes with the original tumor and genetically resembled it to some degree. Conclusions The present study demonstrated 2 novel established organoid models of epithelioid sarcoma, and our organoid models could be used to investigate the molecular pathogenesis and develop a novel treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Wakamatsu
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology Service, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisataka Ogawa
- Nitto joint Research Department for Nucleic Acid Medicine, Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yoshida
- Next-generation Precision Medicine Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Matsuoka
- Next-generation Precision Medicine Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuko Shizuma
- Nitto joint Research Department for Nucleic Acid Medicine, Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Imura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hironari Tamiya
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology Service, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sho Nakai
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology Service, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshinari Yagi
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology Service, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigenori Nagata
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Cytology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yui
- Sarcoma Treatment Laboratory, Research Institute, Nozaki Tokushukai Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoru Sasagawa
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Research Institute, Nozaki Tokushukai Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takenaka
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology Service, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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69
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Skala MC, Deming DA, Kratz JD. Technologies to Assess Drug Response and Heterogeneity in Patient-Derived Cancer Organoids. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2022; 24:157-177. [PMID: 35259932 PMCID: PMC9177801 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110220-123503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Patient-derived cancer organoids (PDCOs) are organotypic 3D cultures grown from patient tumor samples. PDCOs provide an exciting opportunity to study drug response and heterogeneity within and between patients. This research can guide new drug development and inform clinical treatment planning. We review technologies to assess PDCO drug response and heterogeneity, discuss best practices for clinically relevant drug screens, and assert the importance of quantifying single-cell and organoid heterogeneity to characterize response. Autofluorescence imaging of PDCO growth and metabolic activity is highlighted as a compelling method to monitor single-cell and single-organoid response robustly and reproducibly. We also speculate on the future of PDCOs in clinical practice and drug discovery.Future development will require standardization of assessment methods for both morphology and function in PDCOs, increased throughput for new drug development, prospective validation with patient outcomes, and robust classification algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA;
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Dustin A Deming
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Division of Hematology Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; ,
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jeremy D Kratz
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Division of Hematology Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; ,
- Center for Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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70
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Ding S, Hsu C, Wang Z, Natesh NR, Millen R, Negrete M, Giroux N, Rivera GO, Dohlman A, Bose S, Rotstein T, Spiller K, Yeung A, Sun Z, Jiang C, Xi R, Wilkin B, Randon PM, Williamson I, Nelson DA, Delubac D, Oh S, Rupprecht G, Isaacs J, Jia J, Chen C, Shen JP, Kopetz S, McCall S, Smith A, Gjorevski N, Walz AC, Antonia S, Marrer-Berger E, Clevers H, Hsu D, Shen X. Patient-derived micro-organospheres enable clinical precision oncology. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:905-917.e6. [PMID: 35508177 PMCID: PMC9177814 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and patient-derived organoids (PDOs) have been shown to model clinical response to cancer therapy. However, it remains challenging to use these models to guide timely clinical decisions for cancer patients. Here, we used droplet emulsion microfluidics with temperature control and dead-volume minimization to rapidly generate thousands of micro-organospheres (MOSs) from low-volume patient tissues, which serve as an ideal patient-derived model for clinical precision oncology. A clinical study of recently diagnosed metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients using an MOS-based precision oncology pipeline reliably assessed tumor drug response within 14 days, a timeline suitable for guiding treatment decisions in the clinic. Furthermore, MOSs capture original stromal cells and allow T cell penetration, providing a clinical assay for testing immuno-oncology (IO) therapies such as PD-1 blockade, bispecific antibodies, and T cell therapies on patient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Xilis, Inc., Durham, NC 27713, USA
| | - Carolyn Hsu
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Xilis, Inc., Durham, NC 27713, USA
| | - Naveen R Natesh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Rosemary Millen
- Oncode, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marcos Negrete
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Nicholas Giroux
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Grecia O Rivera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Anders Dohlman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Shree Bose
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Tomer Rotstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Athena Yeung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Zhiguo Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Chongming Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rui Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Peggy M Randon
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ian Williamson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | | | - Sehwa Oh
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Gabrielle Rupprecht
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - James Isaacs
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jingquan Jia
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John Paul Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, MD Anderson, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, MD Anderson, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shannon McCall
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Nikolche Gjorevski
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Antje-Christine Walz
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Scott Antonia
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Estelle Marrer-Berger
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Hans Clevers
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel 4058, Switzerland.
| | - David Hsu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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71
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Zhang Z, Wang Z. Computed Tomography Image Features under Denoising Algorithm for Benign and Malignant Diagnosis of Renal Parenchymal Tumor. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2022; 2022:5871385. [PMID: 35685673 PMCID: PMC9166996 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5871385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To improve the quality of computed tomography (CT) images and provide help for benign and malignant diagnosis of renal parenchymal tumors, the independent component analysis (ICA) denoising algorithm was used. An improved ICA X-ray CT (X-CT) medical image denoising algorithm was proposed. ICA provided a higher signal-to-noise ratio for CT image denoising. Forty patients with renal tumor were selected as the observation group. The CT image performance of patients was evaluated by the denoising algorithm and compared with the wavelet transform algorithm, and the peak signal-to-noise ratio of the proposed algorithm was analyzed and compared. The results showed that among the 40 patients with renal tumors, 12 were renal clear cell carcinoma cases and 28 were cystic renal carcinoma cases. The accuracy of the enhanced CT image was 93.8%, and that of the CT image using the denoising algorithm was 96.3%; the difference between the two was significant (P < 0.05). The peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of the algorithm proposed was higher than the PSNR values of CT and noisy images. The PSNR of the proposed algorithm was significantly higher than that of mean filtering. The root mean square error (RMSE) algorithm of the proposed algorithm was significantly lower than that of the mean algorithm in image data processing (P < 0.05), which showed the superiority of the proposed algorithm. Enhanced CT can be staged significantly. In conclusion, the algorithm had a significant effect on the edge contour of detailed features, and the accuracy of CT images based on intelligent calculation was significantly higher than that of conventional CT images for benign and malignant renal parenchyma tumors, which was worth promoting in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Shandong University, Qingdao 266035, Shandong, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
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72
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Wu M, Hu T, Zhu P, Nasser MI, Shen J, Sun F, He Q, Zhao M. Kidney organoids as a promising tool in nephrology. Genes Dis 2022; 9:585-597. [PMID: 35782972 PMCID: PMC9243316 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease has become a global public health problem affecting over 750 million people worldwide and imposing a heavy economic burden on patients. The complex architecture of the human kidney makes it very difficult to study the pathophysiology of renal diseases in vitro and to develop effective therapeutic options for patients. Even though cell lines and animal models have enriched our understanding, they fail to recapitulate key aspects of human kidney development and renal disease at cellular and functional levels. Organoids can be derived from either pluripotent stem cells or adult stem cells by strictly regulating key signalling pathways. Today, these self-differentiated organoids represent a promising technology to further understand the human kidney, one of the most complex organs, in an unprecedented way. The newly established protocols improved by organ-on-chip and coculture with immune cells will push kidney organoids towards the next generation. Herein, we focus on recent achievements in the application of kidney organoids in disease modelling, nephrotoxic testing, precision medicine, biobanking, and regenerative therapy, followed by discussions of novel strategies to improve their utility for biomedical research. The applications we discuss may help to provide new ideas in clinical fields.
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73
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Lin Y, Jiang L, He Q, Yuan M, Cao J. Progress and perspective of organoid technology in cancer-related translational medicine. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112869. [PMID: 35358798 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids are in vitro simplified and miniature microcosms of internal organs, which have aroused great interest in tissue development, multiple disease models, clinical diagnosis, as well as high-throughput drug screening and personalized medicine and so on. The success of physiology-related organoid culture has greatly advanced the translational medicine research in the field of cancer treatment, which was once troubled by the inconsistency between two-dimensional (2D) cell culture and in vivo studies. Especially in recent years, the success rate of establish an organoid has been greatly improved, and the types of organoids have been gradually enriched. Moreover, the utilizing of some the cutting-edge technologies, including gene editing technology such as CRISPR-Cas9, the scope of application of organoid is broadened. In this review, we discuss the latest progress and applications of organoids, and also outline the potential challenges of organoids for future improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Lin
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- The Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ji Cao
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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74
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Ineveld RL, Vliet EJ, Wehrens EJ, Alieva M, Rios AC. 3D imaging for driving cancer discovery. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109675. [PMID: 35403737 PMCID: PMC9108604 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the cellular composition and architecture of cancer has primarily advanced using 2D models and thin slice samples. This has granted spatial information on fundamental cancer biology and treatment response. However, tissues contain a variety of interconnected cells with different functional states and shapes, and this complex organization is impossible to capture in a single plane. Furthermore, tumours have been shown to be highly heterogenous, requiring large-scale spatial analysis to reliably profile their cellular and structural composition. Volumetric imaging permits the visualization of intact biological samples, thereby revealing the spatio-phenotypic and dynamic traits of cancer. This review focuses on new insights into cancer biology uniquely brought to light by 3D imaging and concomitant progress in cancer modelling and quantitative analysis. 3D imaging has the potential to generate broad knowledge advance from major mechanisms of tumour progression to new strategies for cancer treatment and patient diagnosis. We discuss the expected future contributions of the newest imaging trends towards these goals and the challenges faced for reaching their full application in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravian L Ineveld
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology Utrecht The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Esmée J Vliet
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology Utrecht The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Ellen J Wehrens
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology Utrecht The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Maria Alieva
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology Utrecht The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Anne C Rios
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology Utrecht The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute Utrecht The Netherlands
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75
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Wang Y, Jeon H. 3D cell cultures toward quantitative high-throughput drug screening. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:569-581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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76
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Suarez-Martinez E, Suazo-Sanchez I, Celis-Romero M, Carnero A. 3D and organoid culture in research: physiology, hereditary genetic diseases and cancer. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:39. [PMID: 35365227 PMCID: PMC8973959 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00775-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In nature, cells reside in tissues subject to complex cell–cell interactions, signals from extracellular molecules and niche soluble and mechanical signaling. These microenvironment interactions are responsible for cellular phenotypes and functions, especially in normal settings. However, in 2D cultures, where interactions are limited to the horizontal plane, cells are exposed uniformly to factors or drugs; therefore, this model does not reconstitute the interactions of a natural microenvironment. 3D culture systems more closely resemble the architectural and functional properties of in vivo tissues. In these 3D cultures, the cells are exposed to different concentrations of nutrients, growth factors, oxygen or cytotoxic agents depending on their localization and communication. The 3D architecture also differentially alters the physiological, biochemical, and biomechanical properties that can affect cell growth, cell survival, differentiation and morphogenesis, cell migration and EMT properties, mechanical responses and therapy resistance. This latter point may, in part, explain the failure of current therapies and affect drug discovery research. Organoids are a promising 3D culture system between 2D cultures and in vivo models that allow the manipulation of signaling pathways and genome editing of cells in a body-like environment but lack the many disadvantages of a living system. In this review, we will focus on the role of stem cells in the establishment of organoids and the possible therapeutic applications of this model, especially in the field of cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Suarez-Martinez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av Manuel Siurot sn, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Suazo-Sanchez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av Manuel Siurot sn, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Celis-Romero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av Manuel Siurot sn, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av Manuel Siurot sn, 41013, Sevilla, Spain. .,CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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77
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Hicks WH, Bird CE, Gattie LC, Shami ME, Traylor JI, Shi DD, McBrayer SK, Abdullah KG. Creation and Development of Patient-Derived Organoids for Therapeutic Screening in Solid Cancer. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-022-00211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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78
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Calandrini C, Drost J. Normal and tumor-derived organoids as a drug screening platform for tumor-specific drug vulnerabilities. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101079. [PMID: 35036959 PMCID: PMC8752949 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived tumor organoids can be predictive of patient's treatment responses, and normal tissue-derived organoids allow for drug toxicity testing. Combining both types of organoids therefore enables screening for tumor-specific drug vulnerabilities. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for organoid drug screening using, as proof-of-principle, patient-derived malignant rhabdoid tumor organoids. The protocol can be adapted for drug testing on any tumor and/or normal tissue-derived organoid culture. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Calandrini et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Calandrini
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jarno Drost
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
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79
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Yao L, Zao XL, Pan XF, Zhang HG, Wang FJ, Qiao PF. Application of tumoroids derived from advanced colorectal cancer patients to predict individual response to chemotherapy. J Chemother 2022; 35:104-116. [PMID: 35285783 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2022.2045827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches of advanced colorectal cancer are more complex, here we present a living biobank of patient-derived tumoroids from advanced colorectal cancer patients and show examples of how these tumoroids can be used to to simulate cancer behavior ex vivo and provide more evidence for tumoroids could be utilized as a predictive platform during chemotherapy treatment to identify the chemotherapy response. Morphological, histological and genomic characterization analysis of colorectal cancer tumoroids was conducted. Further, we treated colorectal cancer tumoroids with different drugs to detect cellular activities to evaluate drug sensitivity using CellTiter-Glo 3 D cell viability assay. Then the drug sensitivity of tumoroids was compared with clinical outcomes. Our results implied that tumoroids recapitulated the histological features of the original tumours and genotypic profiling of tumoroids showed a high-level of similarity to the matched primary tumours. Dose-response curves, area under the curve and tumour inhibitory rate of each therapeutic profiling calculations in tumoroids demonstrated a great diversity and we gained 88.24% match ratio between the sensitivity data of tumoroids with their paired patients' clinical outcomes. tumour inhibitory rate of each treatment parameters in tumoroids performed positive correlation with progression-free survival while area under the curve of each treatment parameters performed negative correlation with progression-free survival of the corresponding patients. In summary, We presented a living biobank of tumoroids from advanced colorectal cancer patients and show tumoroids got great potential for predicting clinical responses to chemotherapy treatment of advanced colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yao
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao-Long Zao
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Pan
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao-Gang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fu-Jing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng-Fei Qiao
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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80
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Liu M, Cardilla A, Ngeow J, Gong X, Xia Y. Studying Kidney Diseases Using Organoid Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:845401. [PMID: 35309912 PMCID: PMC8927804 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.845401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rapidly increasing over the last few decades, owing to the global increase in diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Dialysis greatly compromises the life quality of patients, while demand for transplantable kidney cannot be met, underscoring the need to develop novel therapeutic approaches to stop or reverse CKD progression. Our understanding of kidney disease is primarily derived from studies using animal models and cell culture. While cross-species differences made it challenging to fully translate findings from animal models into clinical practice, primary patient cells quickly lose the original phenotypes during in vitro culture. Over the last decade, remarkable achievements have been made for generating 3-dimensional (3D) miniature organs (organoids) by exposing stem cells to culture conditions that mimic the signaling cues required for the development of a particular organ or tissue. 3D kidney organoids have been successfully generated from different types of source cells, including human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), adult/fetal renal tissues, and kidney cancer biopsy. Alongside gene editing tools, hPSC-derived kidney organoids are being harnessed to model genetic kidney diseases. In comparison, adult kidney-derived tubuloids and kidney cancer-derived tumoroids are still in their infancy. Herein, we first summarize the currently available kidney organoid models. Next, we discuss recent advances in kidney disease modelling using organoid models. Finally, we consider the major challenges that have hindered the application of kidney organoids in disease modelling and drug evaluation and propose prospective solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Angelysia Cardilla
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Genetics Service, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ximing Gong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Ximing Gong, ; Yun Xia,
| | - Yun Xia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Ximing Gong, ; Yun Xia,
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81
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Namestnikov M, Dekel B. Moving To A New Dimension: 3D Kidney Cultures For Kidney Regeneration. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2022.100379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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82
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Jia Y, Wei Z, Zhang S, Yang B, Li Y. Instructive Hydrogels for Primary Tumor Cell Culture: Current Status and Outlook. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102479. [PMID: 35182456 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Primary tumor organoids (PTOs) growth in hydrogels have emerged as an important in vitro model that recapitulates many characteristics of the native tumor tissue, and have important applications in fundamental cancer research and for the development of useful therapeutic treatment. This paper begins with reviewing the methods of isolation of primary tumor cells. Then, recent advances on the instructive hydrogels as biomimetic extracellular matrix for primary tumor cell culture and construction of PTO models are summarized. Emerging microtechnology for growth of PTOs in microscale hydrogels and the applications of PTOs are highlighted. This paper concludes with an outlook on the future directions in the investigation of instructive hydrogels for PTO growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
| | - Zhentong Wei
- Department of Oncologic Gynecology The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021 China
| | - Songling Zhang
- Department of Oncologic Gynecology The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021 China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
- Joint Laboratory of Opto‐Functional Theranostics in Medicine and Chemistry The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021 China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
- Joint Laboratory of Opto‐Functional Theranostics in Medicine and Chemistry The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021 China
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83
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Sharifi Tabar M, Francis H, Yeo D, Bailey CG, Rasko JEJ. Mapping oncogenic protein interactions for precision medicine. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:7-19. [PMID: 35113472 PMCID: PMC9306658 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Normal protein‐protein interactions (normPPIs) occur with high fidelity to regulate almost every physiological process. In cancer, this highly organised and precisely regulated network is disrupted, hijacked or reprogrammed resulting in oncogenic protein‐protein interactions (oncoPPIs). OncoPPIs, which can result from genomic alterations, are a hallmark of many types of cancers. Recent technological advances in the field of mass spectrometry (MS)‐based interactomics, structural biology and drug discovery have prompted scientists to identify and characterise oncoPPIs. Disruption of oncoPPI interfaces has become a major focus of drug discovery programs and has resulted in the use of PPI‐specific drugs clinically. However, due to several technical hurdles, studies to build a reference oncoPPI map for various cancer types have not been undertaken. Therefore, there is an urgent need for experimental workflows to overcome the existing challenges in studying oncoPPIs in various cancers and to build comprehensive reference maps. Here, we discuss the important hurdles for characterising oncoPPIs and propose a three‐phase multidisciplinary workflow to identify and characterise oncoPPIs. Systematic identification of cancer‐type‐specific oncogenic interactions will spur new opportunities for PPI‐focused drug discovery projects and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sharifi Tabar
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Cancer & Gene Regulation Laboratory Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Habib Francis
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Cancer & Gene Regulation Laboratory Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dannel Yeo
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Li Ka Shing Cell & Gene Therapy Program, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Charles G Bailey
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Cancer & Gene Regulation Laboratory Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Li Ka Shing Cell & Gene Therapy Program, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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84
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LeSavage BL, Suhar RA, Broguiere N, Lutolf MP, Heilshorn SC. Next-generation cancer organoids. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:143-159. [PMID: 34385685 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Organotypic models of patient-specific tumours are revolutionizing our understanding of cancer heterogeneity and its implications for personalized medicine. These advancements are, in part, attributed to the ability of organoid models to stably preserve genetic, proteomic, morphological and pharmacotypic features of the parent tumour in vitro, while also offering unprecedented genomic and environmental manipulation. Despite recent innovations in organoid protocols, current techniques for cancer organoid culture are inherently uncontrolled and irreproducible, owing to several non-standardized facets including cancer tissue sources and subsequent processing, medium formulations, and animal-derived three-dimensional matrices. Given the potential for cancer organoids to accurately recapitulate the intra- and intertumoral biological heterogeneity associated with patient-specific cancers, eliminating the undesirable technical variability accompanying cancer organoid culture is necessary to establish reproducible platforms that accelerate translatable insights into patient care. Here we describe the current challenges and recent multidisciplinary advancements and opportunities for standardizing next-generation cancer organoid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bauer L LeSavage
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Riley A Suhar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Broguiere
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias P Lutolf
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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85
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Wang J, Feng X, Li Z, Chen Y, Huang W. Patient-derived organoids as a model for tumor research. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 189:259-326. [PMID: 35595351 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer represents a leading cause of death, despite the rapid progress of cancer research, leading to urgent need for accurate preclinical model to further study of tumor mechanism and accelerate translational applications. Cancer cell lines cannot fully recapitulate tumors of different patients due to the lack of tumor complexity and specification, while the high technical difficulty, long time, and substantial cost of patient-derived xenograft model makes it unable to be used extensively for all types of tumors and large-scale drug screening. Patient-derived organoids can be established rapidly with a high success rate from many tumors, and precisely replicate the key histopathological, genetic, and phenotypic features, as well as therapeutic response of patient tumor. Therefore, they are extensively used in cancer basic research, biobanking, disease modeling and precision medicine. The combinations of cancer organoids with other advanced technologies, such as 3D bio-printing, organ-on-a-chip, and CRISPR-Cas9, contributes to the more complete replication of complex tumor microenvironment and tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the various methods of the establishment and the application of patient-derived organoids in diverse tumors as well as the limitations and future prospects of these models. Further advances of tumor organoids are expected to bridge the huge gap between bench and bedside and provide the unprecedented opportunities to advance cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaoying Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhichao Li
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen, China; International Cancer Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongsong Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Weiren Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; Department of Urology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen, China; International Cancer Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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86
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Wu PV, Nusse R. 3D Culture of Primary Patient-Derived Hepatoblastoma Tumoroids. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2544:259-267. [PMID: 36125725 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2557-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma, the most common primary liver malignancy in children, remains poorly understood due in part to a relative lack of methods to expand tumor cells in culture and a paucity of robust experimental models. Here, we describe a method to obtain primary tumor cells from patients with hepatoblastoma and to propagate the cells in 3D culture as tumor organoids, or "tumoroids". We further detail methods to prepare the tumoroids for whole-mount and cross-sectional imaging as well as to perform lentiviral transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng V Wu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Roel Nusse
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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87
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Zhou Z, Cong L, Cong X. Patient-Derived Organoids in Precision Medicine: Drug Screening, Organoid-on-a-Chip and Living Organoid Biobank. Front Oncol 2021; 11:762184. [PMID: 35036354 PMCID: PMC8755639 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.762184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids are in vitro self-assembling, organ-like, three-dimensional cellular structures that stably retain key characteristics of the respective organs. Organoids can be generated from healthy or pathological tissues derived from patients. Cancer organoid culture platforms have several advantages, including conservation of the cellular composition that captures the heterogeneity and pharmacotypic signatures of the parental tumor. This platform has provided new opportunities to fill the gap between cancer research and clinical outcomes. Clinical trials have been performed using patient-derived organoids (PDO) as a tool for personalized medical decisions to predict patients' responses to therapeutic regimens and potentially improve treatment outcomes. Living organoid biobanks encompassing several cancer types have been established, providing a representative collection of well-characterized models that will facilitate drug development. In this review, we highlight recent developments in the generation of organoid cultures and PDO biobanks, in preclinical drug discovery, and methods to design a functional organoid-on-a-chip combined with microfluidic. In addition, we discuss the advantages as well as limitations of human organoids in patient-specific therapy and highlight possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Zhou
- Biobank, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lele Cong
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianling Cong
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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88
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Yu JH, Ma S. Organoids as research models for hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Cell Res 2021; 411:112987. [PMID: 34942189 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Organoid culture is an emerging research tool that has proved tremendously useful in a multitude of aspects, one of which is cancer research. They largely overcome the limitations of previous cancer models by their faithful recapitulation of the in vivo biology, while still remaining amenable to perturbations. Using a cocktail of biologicals that mimic the stem cell niche signaling, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) organoids could be generated from tissue samples of both human and murine origin. Existing reports show that HCC organoids retain key characteristics of their parental tumor tissue, including the histological architecture, genomic landscape, expression profile and intra-tumor heterogeneity. There is ongoing effort to establish living biobanks of patient-derived cancer organoids, annotated with multi-omics data and clinical data, and they can be particularly valuable in stratification of HCC subtypes, pre-clinical drug discovery and personalized medicine. In the future, efforts in the standardization of procedures and nomenclature, refinement of protocols, as well as engineering of the culture systems will enable scientists to unleash the full potential of organoid technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Hy Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Stephanie Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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89
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Bleijs M, Pleijte C, Engels S, Ringnalda F, Meyer-Wentrup F, van de Wetering M, Clevers H. EWSR1-WT1 Target Genes and Therapeutic Options Identified in a Novel DSRCT In Vitro Model. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236072. [PMID: 34885181 PMCID: PMC8657306 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is an extremely rare soft tissue sarcoma arising in the abdomen of adolescents and young adults. This sarcoma is driven by a single genomic rearrangement, resulting in the expression of the EWSR1-WT1 fusion gene. No effective treatment exists for DSRCT patients, which highlights the need for preclinical models to study disease progression and drug sensitivity. The aim of this study is to develop a pre-clinical DSRCT in vitro model, which enables investigating the molecular target genes of the EWSR1-WT1 fusion gene and allows for medium-throughput drug screening to discover new therapeutic options. Abstract Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare and aggressive soft tissue sarcoma with a lack of effective treatment options and a poor prognosis. DSRCT is characterized by a chromosomal translocation, resulting in the EWSR1-WT1 gene fusion. The molecular mechanisms driving DSRCT are poorly understood, and a paucity of preclinical models hampers DSRCT research. Here, we establish a novel primary patient-derived DSRCT in vitro model, recapitulating the original tumor. We find that EWSR1-WT1 expression affects cell shape and cell survival, and we identify downstream target genes of the EWSR1-WT1 fusion. Additionally, this preclinical in vitro model allows for medium-throughput drug screening. We discover sensitivity to several drugs, including compounds targeting RTKs. MERTK, which has been described as a therapeutic target for several malignancies, correlates with EWSR1-WT1 expression. Inhibition of MERTK with the small-molecule inhibitor UNC2025 results in reduced proliferation of DSRCT cells in vitro, suggesting MERTK as a therapeutic target in DSRCT. This study underscores the usefulness of preclinical in vitro models for studying molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Bleijs
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (C.P.); (S.E.); (F.R.); (F.M.-W.); (M.v.d.W.)
- Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Corine Pleijte
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (C.P.); (S.E.); (F.R.); (F.M.-W.); (M.v.d.W.)
- Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sem Engels
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (C.P.); (S.E.); (F.R.); (F.M.-W.); (M.v.d.W.)
- Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Ringnalda
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (C.P.); (S.E.); (F.R.); (F.M.-W.); (M.v.d.W.)
- Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Friederike Meyer-Wentrup
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (C.P.); (S.E.); (F.R.); (F.M.-W.); (M.v.d.W.)
| | - Marc van de Wetering
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (C.P.); (S.E.); (F.R.); (F.M.-W.); (M.v.d.W.)
| | - Hans Clevers
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (C.P.); (S.E.); (F.R.); (F.M.-W.); (M.v.d.W.)
- Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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90
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McEachron TA, Helman LJ. Recent Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research. Cancer Res 2021; 81:5783-5799. [PMID: 34561271 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, the field of pediatric cancer has experienced a shift in momentum, and this has led to new and exciting findings that have relevance beyond pediatric malignancies. Here we present the current status of key aspects of pediatric cancer research. We have focused on genetic and epigenetic drivers of disease, cellular origins of different pediatric cancers, disease models, the tumor microenvironment, and cellular immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee J Helman
- Osteosarcoma Institute, Dallas, Texas
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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91
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Role of Biobanks for Cancer Research and Precision Medicine in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 52:1232-1247. [PMID: 34807351 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00759-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly complex and deadly cancer. There is an urgent need for new and effective treatment modalities. Since the primary goal in the management of cancer is to cure and improve survival, personalized therapy can increase survival, reduce mortality rates, and improve quality of life. Biobanks hold potential in leading to breakthroughs in biomedical research and precision medicine (PM). They serve as a biorepository, collecting, processing, storing, and supplying specimens and relevant data for basic, translational, and clinical research. OBJECTIVE We aimed to highlight the fundamental role of biobanks, harboring high quality, sustainable collections of patient samples in adequate size and variability, for developing diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers to develop and PM approaches in the management of HCC. METHOD We obtained information from previously published articles and BBMRI directory. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Biobanking of high-quality biospecimens along with patient clinical information provides a fundamental scientific infrastructure for basic, translational, and clinical research. Biobanks that control and eliminate pre-analytical variability of biospecimens, provide a platform to identify reliable biomarkers for the application of PM. We believe, establishing HCC biobanks will empower to underpin molecular mechanisms of HCC and generate strategies for PM. Thus, first, we will review current therapy approaches in HCC care. Then, we will summarize challenges in HCC management. Lastly, we will focus on the best practices for establishing HCC biobanking to support research, translational medicine in the light of new experimental research conducted with the aim of delivering PM for HCC patients.
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92
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Allott EH, Dean K, Robson T, Meaney C. Characterizing and Exploiting Tumor Microenvironments to Optimize Treatment Outcomes. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225752. [PMID: 34830906 PMCID: PMC8616459 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Irish Association for Cancer Research (IACR) held its 57th annual conference from the 24–26 March 2021 in a virtual format due to the ongoing pandemic. This report provides a summary overview of the work presented at the conference, which had a particular focus on the tumor microenvironment. Tumors do not develop and grow in isolation, but rather within the context of their surrounding environment. The work presented at the conference outlined the complexity of the tumor microenvironment and highlighted several ways in which it influences tumor growth and progression. Moreover, the tumor microenvironment was discussed as a potential target for new cancer treatments. Traditionally, laboratory research has focused on the tumor only, but conference speakers highlighted the importance of modeling the surrounding microenvironment to gain a more physiologically relevant view of tumorigenesis. Finally, conference attendees heard from the patient’s perspective regarding the development of novel targeted therapies. Abstract Our understanding of cancer initiation, progression, and treatment is continually progressing through dedicated research achieved through laboratory investigation, clinical trials, and patient engagement. The importance and complexity of the microenvironment and its role in tumor development and behavior is pivotal to the understanding of tumor growth and the best course of treatment. The 57th Irish Association for Cancer Research (IACR) Annual Conference collected key researchers, clinicians, and patient advocates together to highlight and discuss the recognized importance of the microenvironment and treatment advances in cancer. In this article, we describe the key components of the microenvironment that influence tumor development and treatment, including the microbiome, metabolism, and immune response and the progress of preclinical models to reflect these complex environments. From a psycho-social oncology perspective, we highlight expert opinion and data on the process of shared decision-making in the context of emerging cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma H. Allott
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 HD53 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence:
| | - Kellie Dean
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Tracy Robson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Claire Meaney
- Department of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering, Limerick Institute of Technology, V94 EC5T Limerick, Ireland;
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93
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Sankarasubramanian S, Pfohl U, Regenbrecht CRA, Reinhard C, Wedeken L. Context Matters-Why We Need to Change From a One Size Fits all Approach to Made-to-Measure Therapies for Individual Patients With Pancreatic Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:760705. [PMID: 34805167 PMCID: PMC8599957 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.760705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers and remains a major unsolved health problem. While pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is associated with driver mutations in only four major genes (KRAS, TP53, SMAD4, and CDKN2A), every tumor differs in its molecular landscape, histology, and prognosis. It is crucial to understand and consider these differences to be able to tailor treatment regimens specific to the vulnerabilities of the individual tumor to enhance patient outcome. This review focuses on the heterogeneity of pancreatic tumor cells and how in addition to genetic alterations, the subsequent dysregulation of multiple signaling cascades at various levels, epigenetic and metabolic factors contribute to the oncogenesis of PDAC and compensate for each other in driving cancer progression if one is tackled by a therapeutic approach. This implicates that besides the need for new combinatorial therapies for PDAC, a personalized approach for treating this highly complex cancer is required. A strategy that combines both a target-based and phenotypic approach to identify an effective treatment, like Reverse Clinical Engineering® using patient-derived organoids, is discussed as a promising way forward in the field of personalized medicine to tackle this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrike Pfohl
- CELLphenomics GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- ASC Oncology GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Bio Science, Goethe University Frankfurt Am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian R. A. Regenbrecht
- CELLphenomics GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- ASC Oncology GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Lena Wedeken
- CELLphenomics GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- ASC Oncology GmbH, Berlin, Germany
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94
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Graf N, Bergeron C, Brok J, de Camargo B, Chowdhury T, Furtwängler R, Gessler M, Godzinski J, Pritchard-Jones K, Ramirez-Villar GL, Rübe C, Sandstedt B, Schenk JP, Spreafico F, Sudour-Bonnange H, van Tinteren H, Verschuur A, Vujanic G, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM. Fifty years of clinical and research studies for childhood renal tumors within the International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP). Ann Oncol 2021; 32:1327-1331. [PMID: 34416363 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.08.1749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N Graf
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| | - C Bergeron
- Department of Paediatric Haemato-Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - J Brok
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B de Camargo
- Research Center, Instituto Nacional do Cancer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - T Chowdhury
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - R Furtwängler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - M Gessler
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute/Biocenter and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - J Godzinski
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Marciniak Hospital, Fieldorfa 2, Poland; Department of Paediatric Traumatology and Emergency Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - K Pritchard-Jones
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - G L Ramirez-Villar
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - C Rübe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - B Sandstedt
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J-P Schenk
- Pediatric Radiology Section, Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Spreafico
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - H Sudour-Bonnange
- Centre Oscar Lambret, Department of Children and AJA Oncology, Lille, France
| | - H van Tinteren
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A Verschuur
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hôpital d'Enfants de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - G Vujanic
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine and Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Doha, Qatar
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95
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Qu J, Kalyani FS, Liu L, Cheng T, Chen L. Tumor organoids: synergistic applications, current challenges, and future prospects in cancer therapy. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:1331-1353. [PMID: 34713636 PMCID: PMC8696219 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived cancer cells (PDCs) and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are often used as tumor models, but have many shortcomings. PDCs not only lack diversity in terms of cell type, spatial organization, and microenvironment but also have adverse effects in stem cell cultures, whereas PDX are expensive with a low transplantation success rate and require a long culture time. In recent years, advances in three-dimensional (3D) organoid culture technology have led to the development of novel physiological systems that model the tissues of origin more precisely than traditional culture methods. Patient-derived cancer organoids bridge the conventional gaps in PDC and PDX models and closely reflect the pathophysiological features of natural tumorigenesis and metastasis, and have led to new patient-specific drug screening techniques, development of individualized treatment regimens, and discovery of prognostic biomarkers and mechanisms of resistance. Synergistic combinations of cancer organoids with other technologies, for example, organ-on-a-chip, 3D bio-printing, and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated homology-independent organoid transgenesis, and with treatments, such as immunotherapy, have been useful in overcoming their limitations and led to the development of more suitable model systems that recapitulate the complex stroma of cancer, inter-organ and intra-organ communications, and potentially multiorgan metastasis. In this review, we discuss various methods for the creation of organ-specific cancer organoids and summarize organ-specific advances and applications, synergistic technologies, and treatments as well as current limitations and future prospects for cancer organoids. Further advances will bring this novel 3D organoid culture technique closer to clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Qu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China.,Lung Cancer and Gastroenterology Department, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
| | - Farhin Shaheed Kalyani
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Lung Cancer and Gastroenterology Department, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
| | - Tianli Cheng
- Thoracic Medicine Department 1, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China
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Jiménez Martín O, Schlosser A, Furtwängler R, Wegert J, Gessler M. MYCN and MAX alterations in Wilms tumor and identification of novel N-MYC interaction partners as biomarker candidates. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:555. [PMID: 34689785 PMCID: PMC8543820 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wilms tumor (WT) is the most common renal tumor in childhood. Among others, MYCN copy number gain and MYCN P44L and MAX R60Q mutations have been identified in WT. MYCN encodes a transcription factor that requires dimerization with MAX to activate transcription of numerous target genes. MYCN gain has been associated with adverse prognosis in different childhood tumors including WT. The MYCN P44L and MAX R60Q mutations, located in either the transactivating or basic helix-loop-helix domain, respectively, are predicted to be damaging by different pathogenicity prediction tools, but the functional consequences remain to be characterized. METHODS We screened a large cohort of unselected WTs for MYCN and MAX alterations. Wild-type and mutant protein function were characterized biochemically, and we analyzed the N-MYC protein interactome by mass spectrometric analysis of N-MYC containing protein complexes. RESULTS Mutation screening revealed mutation frequencies of 3% for MYCN P44L and 0.9% for MAX R60Q that are associated with a higher risk of relapse. Biochemical characterization identified a reduced transcriptional activation potential for MAX R60Q, while the MYCN P44L mutation did not change activation potential or protein stability. The protein interactome of N-MYC-P44L was likewise not altered as shown by mass spectrometric analyses of purified N-MYC complexes. Nevertheless, we could identify a number of novel N-MYC partner proteins, e.g. PEG10, YEATS2, FOXK1, CBLL1 and MCRS1, whose expression is correlated with MYCN in WT samples and several of these are known for their own oncogenic potential. CONCLUSIONS The strongly elevated risk of relapse associated with mutant MYCN and MAX or elevated MYCN expression corroborates their role in WT oncogenesis. Together with the newly identified co-expressed interactors they expand the range of potential biomarkers for WT stratification and targeting, especially for high-risk WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidio Jiménez Martín
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute/Biocenter, Developmental Biochemistry, Wuerzburg University, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlosser
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, Wuerzburg University, 97078, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Rhoikos Furtwängler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology Und Hematology, Saarland University Hospital, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Jenny Wegert
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute/Biocenter, Developmental Biochemistry, Wuerzburg University, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Gessler
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute/Biocenter, Developmental Biochemistry, Wuerzburg University, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Wuerzburg University, 97078, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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97
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Spreafico F, Fernandez CV, Brok J, Nakata K, Vujanic G, Geller JI, Gessler M, Maschietto M, Behjati S, Polanco A, Paintsil V, Luna-Fineman S, Pritchard-Jones K. Wilms tumour. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021; 7:75. [PMID: 34650095 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00308-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Wilms tumour (WT) is a childhood embryonal tumour that is paradigmatic of the intersection between disrupted organogenesis and tumorigenesis. Many WT genes play a critical (non-redundant) role in early nephrogenesis. Improving patient outcomes requires advances in understanding and targeting of the multiple genes and cellular control pathways now identified as active in WT development. Decades of clinical and basic research have helped to gradually optimize clinical care. Curative therapy is achievable in 90% of affected children, even those with disseminated disease, yet survival disparities within and between countries exist and deserve commitment to change. Updated epidemiological studies have also provided novel insights into global incidence variations. Introduction of biology-driven approaches to risk stratification and new drug development has been slower in WT than in other childhood tumours. Current prognostic classification for children with WT is grounded in clinical and pathological findings and in dedicated protocols on molecular alterations. Treatment includes conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgery, and radiation therapy in some cases. Advanced imaging to capture tumour composition, optimizing irradiation techniques to reduce target volumes, and evaluation of newer surgical procedures are key areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Spreafico
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Paediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
| | - Conrad V Fernandez
- Department of Paediatrics, IWK Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jesper Brok
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kayo Nakata
- Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - James I Geller
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Manfred Gessler
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Developmental Biochemistry, and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mariana Maschietto
- Research Center, Boldrini Children's Hospital, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Angela Polanco
- National Cancer Research Institute Children's Group Consumer Representative, London, UK
| | - Vivian Paintsil
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Sandra Luna-Fineman
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Paediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kathy Pritchard-Jones
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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98
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Tse RTH, Zhao H, Wong CYP, Chiu PKF, Teoh JYC, Ng CF. Current status of organoid culture in urological malignancy. Int J Urol 2021; 29:102-113. [PMID: 34643976 DOI: 10.1111/iju.14727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Urological cancers are common malignancies worldwide. Several conventional models, for example, two-dimensional cell culture and animal models have been used for decades to study tumor genetics. Nonetheless, these methods have limitations in reflecting the real tumor microenvironment in vivo, thereby hindering the development of anti-cancer therapeutic agents. Recently, three-dimensional culture models have gained attention because they can overcome the drawbacks of traditional methods. Above all, three-dimensional organoid models are able to mimic the tumor microenvironment in human bodies more closely as they are able to demonstrate the interactions between cells and extracellular matrix. This type of model has therefore extended our understanding of urological cancers. Tumor cells in organoid models can also be co-cultured with other cellular components, such as peripheral blood lymphocytes, and allow further understanding of the effect of tumor microenvironments on tumor growth. Furthermore, organoid models allow a prolonged culturing period, therefore, tumor evolution, progression and maintenance can also be assessed. Organoid models can be derived from each specific patient, and this facilitates investigation of individual cancer-specific mutations and their subtypes. As a result, the development of personalized medication targeting the signaling pathways or biomolecules of interest will be possible. In the present review, we summarize the development and applications of three-dimensional organoid cultures in urological cancers, mainly focusing on prostate, urinary bladder and kidney cancers, and assess the future prospects of this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Tsz-Hei Tse
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongda Zhao
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christine Yim-Ping Wong
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter Ka-Fung Chiu
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jeremy Yuen-Chun Teoh
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Fai Ng
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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99
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Perrone F, Zilbauer M. Biobanking of human gut organoids for translational research. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1451-1458. [PMID: 34663935 PMCID: PMC8569164 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of human organoid culture models has led to unprecedented opportunities to generate self-organizing, three-dimensional miniature organs that closely mimic in vivo conditions. The ability to expand, culture, and bank such organoids now provide researchers with the opportunity to generate next-generation living biobanks, which will substantially contribute to translational research in a wide range of areas, including drug discovery and testing, regenerative medicine as well as the development of a personalized treatment approach. However, compared to traditional tissue repositories, the generation of a living organoid biobank requires a much higher level of coordination, additional resources, and scientific expertise. In this short review, we discuss the opportunities and challenges associated with the generation of a living organoid biobank. Focusing on human intestinal organoids, we highlight some of the key aspects that need to be considered and provide an outlook for future development in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Perrone
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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100
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Kastner C, Hendricks A, Deinlein H, Hankir M, Germer CT, Schmidt S, Wiegering A. Organoid Models for Cancer Research-From Bed to Bench Side and Back. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4812. [PMID: 34638297 PMCID: PMC8507862 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids are a new 3D ex vivo culture system that have been applied in various fields of biomedical research. First isolated from the murine small intestine, they have since been established from a wide range of organs and tissues, both in healthy and diseased states. Organoids genetically, functionally and phenotypically retain the characteristics of their tissue of origin even after multiple passages, making them a valuable tool in studying various physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. The finding that organoids can also be established from tumor tissue or can be engineered to recapitulate tumor tissue has dramatically increased their use in cancer research. In this review, we discuss the potential of organoids to close the gap between preclinical in vitro and in vivo models as well as clinical trials in cancer research focusing on drug investigation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Kastner
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstr. 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.K.); (A.H.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (C.-T.G.); (S.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg Medical Centre, Josef-Schneiderstr. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anne Hendricks
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstr. 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.K.); (A.H.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (C.-T.G.); (S.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg Medical Centre, Josef-Schneiderstr. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Deinlein
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstr. 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.K.); (A.H.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (C.-T.G.); (S.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mohammed Hankir
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstr. 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.K.); (A.H.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (C.-T.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Christoph-Thomas Germer
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstr. 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.K.); (A.H.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (C.-T.G.); (S.S.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg Medical Centre, Josef-Schneiderstr. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schmidt
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstr. 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.K.); (A.H.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (C.-T.G.); (S.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Armin Wiegering
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacherstr. 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.K.); (A.H.); (H.D.); (M.H.); (C.-T.G.); (S.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg Medical Centre, Josef-Schneiderstr. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
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