51
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Ke F, Zhou C, Zheng M, Li H, Bao J, Zhu C, Song Y, Xu WW, Zhu M. The alloying-induced electrical conductivity of metal-chalcogenolate nanowires. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8774-8777. [PMID: 34378573 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01849c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alloying is one of the most effective strategies to change the properties of inorganic-organic hybrid materials, but there are few reports of the alloying of one-dimensional nanowires with precise atomic structure due to the difficulties in obtaining the single crystals of nanowires themselves. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of an alloyed one-dimensional Ag-Cu nanowire [Ag2.5Cu1.5(S-Adm)4]n. Compared with the unalloyed [Ag4(S-Adm)4]n, our novel alloyed nanowire exhibits good conductivity, and its resistivity (as a powder) was determined to be 107 Ω m by impedance analysis-consistent with that of a semiconductor. Accordingly, based on these properties combined with its excellent thermal stability and high-yielding, gram-scale synthesis, [Ag2.5Cu1.5(S-Adm)4]n is proposed for electronic-device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.
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Hossain S, Miyajima S, Iwasa T, Kaneko R, Sekine T, Ikeda A, Kawawaki T, Taketsugu T, Negishi Y. [Ag 23Pd 2(PPh 3) 10Cl 7] 0: A new family of synthesizable bi-icosahedral superatomic molecules. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:024302. [PMID: 34266257 DOI: 10.1063/5.0057005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Icosahedral noble-metal 13-atom nanoclusters (NCs) can form connected structures, which can be regarded as superatomic molecules, by vertex sharing. However, there have been very few reports on the superatomic molecules formed using silver (Ag) as the base element. In this study, we synthesized [Ag23Pd2(PPh3)10Cl7]0 (Pd = palladium, PPh3 = triphenylphosphine, Cl = chloride), in which two icosahedral 13-atom NCs are connected, and elucidated its geometric and electronic structures to clarify what type of superatomic molecules can be synthesized. The results revealed that [Ag23Pd2(PPh3)10Cl7]0 is a synthesizable superatomic molecule. Single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis showed that the metal-metal distances in and between the icosahedral structures of [Ag23Pd2(PPh3)10Cl7]0 are slightly shorter than those of previously reported [Ag23Pt2(PPh3)10Cl7]0, whereas the metal-PPh3 distances are slightly longer. On the basis of several experiments and density functional theory calculations, we concluded that [Ag23Pd2(PPh3)10Cl7]0 and previously reported [Ag23Pt2(PPh3)10Cl7]0 are more stable than [Ag25(PPh3)10Cl7]2+ because of their stronger superatomic frameworks (metal cores). These findings are expected to lead to clear design guidelines for creation of new superatomic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakiat Hossain
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Sayuri Miyajima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku 162-8601, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwasa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Ryo Kaneko
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku 162-8601, Japan
| | - Taishu Sekine
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku 162-8601, Japan
| | - Ayaka Ikeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku 162-8601, Japan
| | - Tokuhisa Kawawaki
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Taketsugu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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Tang J, Wang X, Zhang J, Wang J, Yin W, Li DS, Wu T. A chalcogenide-cluster-based semiconducting nanotube array with oriented photoconductive behavior. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4275. [PMID: 34257303 PMCID: PMC8277832 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interesting physical and chemical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have prompted the search for diverse inorganic nanotubes with different compositions to expand the number of available nanotechnology applications. Among these materials, crystalline inorganic nanotubes with well-defined structures and uniform sizes are suitable for understanding structure-activity relationships. However, their preparation comes with large synthetic challenges owing to their inherent complexity. Herein, we report the example of a crystalline nanotube array based on a supertetrahedral chalcogenide cluster, K3[K(Cu2Ge3Se9)(H2O)] (1). To the best of our knowledge, this nanotube array possesses the largest diameter of crystalline inorganic nanotubes reported to date and exhibits an excellent structure-dependent electric conductivity and an oriented photoconductive behavior. This work represents a significant breakthrough both in terms of the structure of cluster-based metal chalcogenides and in the conductivity of crystalline nanotube arrays (i.e., an enhancement of ~4 orders of magnitude).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Tang
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China ,grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Xiang Wang
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Jiaxu Zhang
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Jing Wang
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
| | - Wanjian Yin
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
| | - Dong-Sheng Li
- grid.254148.e0000 0001 0033 6389College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for New Energy Microgrid, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002 China
| | - Tao Wu
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
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Rival JV, Mymoona P, Lakshmi KM, Pradeep T, Shibu ES. Self-Assembly of Precision Noble Metal Nanoclusters: Hierarchical Structural Complexity, Colloidal Superstructures, and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005718. [PMID: 33491918 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ligand protected noble metal nanoparticles are excellent building blocks for colloidal self-assembly. Metal nanoparticle self-assembly offers routes for a wide range of multifunctional nanomaterials with enhanced optoelectronic properties. The emergence of atomically precise monolayer thiol-protected noble metal nanoclusters has overcome numerous challenges such as uncontrolled aggregation, polydispersity, and directionalities faced in plasmonic nanoparticle self-assemblies. Because of their well-defined molecular compositions, enhanced stability, and diverse surface functionalities, nanoclusters offer an excellent platform for developing colloidal superstructures via the self-assembly driven by surface ligands and metal cores. More importantly, recent reports have also revealed the hierarchical structural complexity of several nanoclusters. In this review, the formulation and periodic self-assembly of different noble metal nanoclusters are focused upon. Further, self-assembly induced amplification of physicochemical properties, and their potential applications in molecular recognition, sensing, gas storage, device fabrication, bioimaging, therapeutics, and catalysis are discussed. The topics covered in this review are extensively associated with state-of-the-art achievements in the field of precision noble metal nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V Rival
- Smart Materials Lab, Electrochemical Power Sources (ECPS) Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)-CSIR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Paloli Mymoona
- Smart Materials Lab, Electrochemical Power Sources (ECPS) Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)-CSIR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Kavalloor Murali Lakshmi
- Smart Materials Lab, Electrochemical Power Sources (ECPS) Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)-CSIR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India
| | - Edakkattuparambil Sidharth Shibu
- Smart Materials Lab, Electrochemical Power Sources (ECPS) Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)-CSIR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
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Kawawaki T, Ebina A, Hosokawa Y, Ozaki S, Suzuki D, Hossain S, Negishi Y. Thiolate-Protected Metal Nanoclusters: Recent Development in Synthesis, Understanding of Reaction, and Application in Energy and Environmental Field. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005328. [PMID: 33522090 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters (NCs), which are composed of about 250 or fewer metal atoms, possess great potential as novel functional materials. Fundamental research on metal NCs gradually started in the 1960s, and since 2000, thiolate (SR)-protected metal NCs have been the main metal NCs actively studied. The precise and systematic isolation of SR-protected metal NCs has been achieved in 2005. Since then, research on SR-protected metal NCs for both basic science and practical application has rapidly expanded. This review describes this recent progress in the field of SR-protected metal NCs in three areas: synthesis, understanding, and application. Specifically, the recent study of alloy NCs and connected structures composed of NCs is highlighted in the "synthesis" section, recent knowledge on the reactivity of NCs in solution is highlighted in the "understanding" section, and the applications of NCs in the energy and environmental field are highlighted in the "application" section. This review provides insight on the current state of research on SR-protected metal NCs and discusses the challenges to be overcome for further development in this field as well as the possibilities that these materials can contribute to solving the problems facing modern society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuhisa Kawawaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ayano Ebina
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yasunaga Hosokawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ozaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Daiki Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Sakiat Hossain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
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56
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Shen YL, Jin JL, Fang JJ, Liu Z, Shi JL, Xie YP, Lu X. Construction of Silver Clusters Capped by Zwitterionic Ethynide Ligands. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:6276-6282. [PMID: 33872497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A zwitterionic ligand 3-(triethylammonio)propyne (TAP) has been employed to construct nine silver ethynide compounds for the first time. Single-crystal X-ray analyses reveal that compounds 1 and 2 are silver ethynide assemblies based on the Ag3 subunits and clusters 3-8 are small discrete clusters of Ag3, Ag6, Ag8, and Ag12, respectively, ligated by the bulky TAP ligand with different auxiliary ligands. In addition, upon acquiring the tripod-like tBuPO32-, a unprecedented 80 nuclei silver ethynide cluster was isolated and determined to be [(CF3CO2)5@Ag80(TAP)14(tBuPO3)16(CF3CO2)24]19+ by crystallography and thermogravimetric analysis. The C1 symmetry of Ag80 was deconstructed to be two [Ag40(TAP)7(tBuPO3)8(CF3CO2)12]12+ secondary building subunits arranged in a cross way, with five CF3CO2- trapped in the center. These results highlight that the elaborate selection of ethynide ligands is of great importance in the synthesis of novel silver ethynide clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Lin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jun-Ling Jin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450007, China
| | - Jun-Jie Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jian-Lin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yun-Peng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
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Prospects and challenges for computer simulations of monolayer-protected metal clusters. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2197. [PMID: 33850156 PMCID: PMC8044087 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise knowledge of chemical composition and atomic structure of functional nanosized systems, such as metal clusters stabilized by an organic molecular layer, allows for detailed computational work to investigate structure-property relations. Here, we discuss selected recent examples of computational work that has advanced understanding of how these clusters work in catalysis, how they interact with biological systems, and how they can make self-assembled, macroscopic materials. A growing challenge is to develop effective new simulation methods that take into account the cluster-environment interactions. These new hybrid methods are likely to contain components from electronic structure theory combined with machine learning algorithms for accelerated evaluations of atom-atom interactions.
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58
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Li D, Chen H, Gao X, Mei X, Yang L. Development of General Methods for Detection of Virus by Engineering Fluorescent Silver Nanoclusters. ACS Sens 2021; 6:613-627. [PMID: 33660987 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Viruses have caused significant damage to the world. Effective detection is required to relieve the impact of viral infections. A biomolecule can be used as a template such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), peptide, or protein, for the growth of silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) and for recognizing a virus. Both the AgNCs and the recognition elements are tunable, which is promising for the analysis of new viruses. Considering that a new virus such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) urgently requires a facile sensing strategy, various virus detection strategies based on AgNCs including fluorescence enhancement, color change, quenching, and recovery are summarized. Particular emphasis is placed on the molecular analysis of viruses using DNA stabilized AgNCs (DNA-AgNCs), which detect the virus's genetic material. The more widespread applications of AgNCs for general virus detection are also discussed. Further development of these technologies may address the challenge for facile detection of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Basic Science, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xianhui Gao
- Department of Basic Science, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Department of Basic Science, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Liqun Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Medical Genetics (Liaoning Research Institute of Family Planning), China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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59
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Wu Z, Yao Q, Liu Z, Xu H, Guo P, Liu L, Han Y, Zhang K, Lu Z, Li X, Zhang J, Xie J. Multiscale Assembly of [AgS 4 ] Tetrahedrons into Hierarchical Ag-S Networks for Robust Photonic Water. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006459. [PMID: 33475199 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to assemble ultrasmall metal chalcogenides (with atomic precision) into functional materials with the required anisotropy and uniformity, on a micro- or even macroscale. Here, a delicate yet simple chemistry is developed to produce a silver-sulfur network microplate with a high monodispersity in size and morphology. Spanning from the atomic, molecular, to nanometer, to micrometer scale, the key structural evolution of the obtained microplates includes 2D confinement growth, edge-sharing growth mode, and thermodynamically driven layer-by-layer stacking, all of which are derived from the [AgS4 ] tetrahedron unit. The key to such a high hierarchical, complex, and accurate assembly is the dense deprotonated ligand layer on the surface of the microplates, forming an infinite surface with high negative charge density. This feature operates at an orderly distance to allow further hierarchical self-assembly on the microscale to generate columnar assemblies composed of microplate components, thereby endowing the feature of the 1D photonic reflector to water (i.e., photonic water). The reflective color of the resulting photonic water is highly dependent on the thickness of the building blocks (i.e., silver-sulfur microplates), and the coexistent order and fluidity help to form robust photonic water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhennan Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Qiaofeng Yao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Zhihe Liu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, P. R. China
| | - Hongyi Xu
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Peng Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Lingmei Liu
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yu Han
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xuke Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Jiangwei Zhang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, P. R. China
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Takano S, Tsukuda T. Chemically Modified Gold/Silver Superatoms as Artificial Elements at Nanoscale: Design Principles and Synthesis Challenges. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1683-1698. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
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Ma X, Tang Y, Ma G, Qin L, Tang Z. Controllable synthesis and formation mechanism study of homoleptic alkynyl-protected Au nanoclusters: recent advances, grand challenges, and great opportunities. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:602-614. [PMID: 33410856 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07499c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, atomically precise coinage metal nanoclusters have been a subject of major interest in nanoscience and nanotechnology because of their determined compositions and well-defined molecular structures, which are beneficial for establishing structure-property relationships. Recently ligand engineering has been extended to alkynyl molecules. Homoleptic alkynyl-protected Au nanoclusters (Au NCs) have emerged as a hotspot of research interest, mainly due to their unique optical properties, molecular configuration, and catalytic functionalities, and more importantly, they are used as a counterpart object for fundamental study to compare with the well-established thiolate Au NCs. In this review, we first summarize the recently reported various controllable synthetic strategies for atomically precise homoleptic-alkynyl-protected Au NCs, with particular emphasis on the ligand exchange method, direct reduction of the precursor, one-pot synthesis, and the synchronous nucleation and passivation strategy. After that, we switch our focus to the formation mechanism and structure evolution process of homoleptic alkynyl-protected Au NCs, where Au144(PA)60 and Au36(PA)24 (PA = phenylacetylide) are given as examples, along with the prediction of the possible formation mechanism of some other cluster molecules. In the end of this review, the outlook and perspective of this rapidly developing field including grand challenges and great opportunities are discussed. This review can stimulate more research efforts towards developing new synthetic strategies to enrich the limited examples and unravel the formation/growth mechanism of homoleptic alkynyl-protected Au NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials and New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Yun Tang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials and New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Guanyu Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials and New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Lubing Qin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials and New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Zhenghua Tang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials and New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China. and Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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62
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Bonacchi S, Antonello S, Dainese T, Maran F. Atomically Precise Metal Nanoclusters: Novel Building Blocks for Hierarchical Structures. Chemistry 2021; 27:30-38. [PMID: 32794586 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Atomically precise ligand-protected nanoclusters (NCs) constitute an important class of compounds that exhibit well-defined structures and, when sufficiently small, evident molecular properties. NCs provide versatile building blocks to fabricate hierarchical superstructures. The assembly of NCs indeed offers opportunities to devise new materials with given structures and able to carry out specific functions. In this Concept article, we highlight the possibilities offered by NCs in which the physicochemical properties are controlled by the introduction of foreign metal atoms and/or modification of the composition of the capping monolayer with functional ligands. Different approaches to assemble NCs into dimers and higher hierarchy structures and the corresponding changes in physicochemical properties are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bonacchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Sabrina Antonello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Tiziano Dainese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Flavio Maran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, 06269, Connecticut, USA
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63
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Li T, Li Q, Yang S, Xu L, Chai J, Li P, Zhu M. Surface engineering of linearly fused Au 13 units using diphosphine and Cd doping. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4682-4685. [PMID: 33977990 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00577d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, surface engineering was delicately performed to assemble two new Au-Cd alloy nanoclusters, including [Cd2Au17(S-c-C6H11)12(DPPP)2](BPh4) and Cd2Au29(TBBT)17(DPPF)2. Both the Au13 (in Cd2Au17) and Au25 (in Cd2Au29) cores were covered by two identical Au2Cd(SR)6 motifs and two diphosphine ligands. In addition, their optical properties were explored to give clues on the kernel- and surface-dependent electronic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianrong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Qinzhen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Sha Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Liyun Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Jinsong Chai
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
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64
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Shen YL, Zhao P, Jin JL, Han J, Liu C, Liu Z, Ehara M, Xie YP, Lu X. A comparative study of [Ag 11( iPrS) 9(dppb) 3] 2+ and [Ag 15S( sBuS) 12(dppb) 3] +: templating effect on structure and photoluminescence. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:10561-10566. [PMID: 34263892 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01111a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Atomically precise silver clusters with tunable photoluminescence (PL) properties have attracted extensive attention due to their great value for basic science and future applications. Here, we report that the addition of a sulfido template into a triangular thiolated silver cluster [Ag11(iPrS)9(dppb)3]·2CF3SO3·CH3OH (Ag11, dppb = 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane), which is emissive at 660 nm under ambient conditions, produced another silver cluster [S@Ag15(sBuS)12(dppb)3]·CF3SO3·H2O (Ag15) that displays 716 nm emission with a 56 nm redshift aided by the ligand sec-butyl mercaptan. The sulfido template, which affects the geometrical and electronic structures, results in a redshift of Ag11 room-temperature PL as a result of opening up the template-to-metal charge transfer (TMCT) and disturbing the electronic transition between the metal core and ligands at the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Lin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Pei Zhao
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Jun-Ling Jin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450007, China
| | - Jun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Zheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yun-Peng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China.
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65
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Shen Y, Jin J, Duan G, Yu P, Xie Y, Lu X. Nestlike Silver(I) Thiolate Clusters with Tunable Emission Color Templated by Heteroanions. Chemistry 2020; 27:1122-1126. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang‐Lin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould, Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Jun‐Ling Jin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials Center for Advanced Materials Research Zhongyuan University of Technology Zhengzhou 450007 P.R. China
| | - Guang‐Xiong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould, Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Peng‐Yuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould, Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Yun‐Peng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould, Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould, Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
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66
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Structural order enhances charge carrier transport in self-assembled Au-nanoclusters. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6188. [PMID: 33273476 PMCID: PMC7713068 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19461-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The collective properties of self-assembled nanoparticles with long-range order bear immense potential for customized electronic materials by design. However, to mitigate the shortcoming of the finite-size distribution of nanoparticles and thus, the inherent energetic disorder within assemblies, atomically precise nanoclusters are the most promising building blocks. We report an easy and broadly applicable method for the controlled self-assembly of atomically precise Au32(nBu3P)12Cl8 nanoclusters into micro-crystals. This enables the determination of emergent optoelectronic properties which resulted from long-range order in such assemblies. Compared to the same nanoclusters in glassy, polycrystalline ensembles, we find a 100-fold increase in the electric conductivity and charge carrier mobility as well as additional optical transitions. We show that these effects are due to a vanishing energetic disorder and a drastically reduced activation energy to charge transport in the highly ordered assemblies. This first correlation of structure and electronic properties by comparing glassy and crystalline self-assembled superstructures of atomically precise gold nanoclusters paves the way towards functional materials with novel collective optoelectronic properties.
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67
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Huang JH, Wang ZY, Zang SQ, Mak TCW. Spontaneous Resolution of Chiral Multi-Thiolate-Protected Ag 30 Nanoclusters. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1971-1976. [PMID: 33274274 PMCID: PMC7706080 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant progress achieved in the preparation of chiral nanoparticles, the enantioseparation of racemates still presents a big challenge in nanomaterial research. Herein, we report the synthesis and structural characterization of racemic anisotropic nanocluster Ag30(C2B10H9S3)8Dppm6 (Ag 30 -rac), which is protected by mixed carboranetrithiolate and phosphine ligands. Spontaneous self-resolution of the racemates was realized through conglomerate crystallization in dimethylacetamide (DMAc). The homochiral nanoclusters in the racemic conglomerates adopt enantiomeric helical self-assemblies (R/L-Ag 30 ). Diverse noncovalent interactions as the driving force in directing superstructure packing were elucidated in detail. Furthermore, the nanoclusters show red luminescence in both solid and solution states, and the racemic conglomerates display a mirror-image CPL response. This work provides atom-precise helical nanoparticle superstructures that facilitate an in-depth understanding of the helical-assembly mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hong Huang
- Green
Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Wang
- Green
Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- E-mail:
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- Green
Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- E-mail:
| | - Thomas C. W. Mak
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories Hong Kong SAR, China
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68
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Hirai H, Ito S, Takano S, Koyasu K, Tsukuda T. Ligand-protected gold/silver superatoms: current status and emerging trends. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12233-12248. [PMID: 34094434 PMCID: PMC8162828 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04100a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monolayer-protected gold/silver clusters have attracted much interest as nano-scale building units for novel functional materials owing to their nonbulk-like structures and size-specific properties. They can be viewed as ligand-protected superatoms because their magic stabilities and fundamental properties are well explained in the framework of the jellium model. In the last decade, the number of ligand-protected superatoms with atomically-defined structures has been increasing rapidly thanks to the well-established synthesis and structural determination by X-ray crystallography. This perspective summarizes the current status and emerging trends in synthesis and characterization of superatoms. The topics related to synthesis include (1) development of targeted synthesis based on transformation, (2) enhancement of robustness and synthetic yield for practical applications, and (3) development of controlled fusion and assembly of well-defined superatoms to create new properties. New characterization approaches are also introduced such as (1) mass spectrometry and laser spectroscopies in the gas phase, (2) determination of static and dynamic structures, and (3) computational analysis by machine learning. Finally, future challenges and prospects are discussed for further promotion and development of materials science of superatoms. This perspective summarizes the current status and emerging trends in synthesis and characterization of ligand-protected gold/silver superatoms.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Haru Hirai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Shun Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Kiichirou Koyasu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan .,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University Katsura Kyoto 615-8520 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan .,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University Katsura Kyoto 615-8520 Japan
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69
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Ebina A, Hossain S, Horihata H, Ozaki S, Kato S, Kawawaki T, Negishi Y. One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Self-Assembly of Atomically Precise Metal Nanoclusters. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1105. [PMID: 32503177 PMCID: PMC7353419 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters (NCs), which consist of several, to about one hundred, metal atoms, have attracted much attention as functional nanomaterials for use in nanotechnology. Because of their fine particle size, metal NCs exhibit physical/chemical properties and functions different from those of the corresponding bulk metal. In recent years, many techniques to precisely synthesize metal NCs have been developed. However, to apply these metal NCs in devices and as next-generation materials, it is necessary to assemble metal NCs to a size that is easy to handle. Recently, multiple techniques have been developed to form one-, two-, and three-dimensional connected structures (CSs) of metal NCs through self-assembly. Further progress of these techniques will promote the development of nanomaterials that take advantage of the characteristics of metal NCs. This review summarizes previous research on the CSs of metal NCs. We hope that this review will allow readers to obtain a general understanding of the formation and functions of CSs and that the obtained knowledge will help to establish clear design guidelines for fabricating new CSs with desired functions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Ebina
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan; (A.E.); (S.H.); (H.H.); (S.O.); (S.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Sakiat Hossain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan; (A.E.); (S.H.); (H.H.); (S.O.); (S.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Hikaru Horihata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan; (A.E.); (S.H.); (H.H.); (S.O.); (S.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Shuhei Ozaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan; (A.E.); (S.H.); (H.H.); (S.O.); (S.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Shun Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan; (A.E.); (S.H.); (H.H.); (S.O.); (S.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Tokuhisa Kawawaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan; (A.E.); (S.H.); (H.H.); (S.O.); (S.K.); (T.K.)
- Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan; (A.E.); (S.H.); (H.H.); (S.O.); (S.K.); (T.K.)
- Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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