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Liu X, Qiu R, Xu M, Meng M, Zhao S, Ji J, Yang Y. KMT2C is a potential biomarker of prognosis and chemotherapy sensitivity in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 189:347-361. [PMID: 34240274 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epigenetic regulation plays critical roles in cancer progression, and high-frequency mutations or expression variations in epigenetic regulators have been frequently observed in tumorigenesis, serving as biomarkers and targets for cancer therapy. Here, we aimed to explore the function of epigenetic regulators in breast cancer. METHODS The mutational landscape of epigenetic regulators in breast cancer samples was investigated based on datasets from the Cancer Genome Atlas. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in MCF-7 cells transfected with control siRNA or KMT2C siRNA was performed. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and chromatin immunoprecipitation were used to validate the RNA-seq results. RESULTS Among the 450 epigenetic regulators, KMT2C was frequently mutated in breast cancer samples. The tumor mutational burden (TMB) was elevated in breast cancer samples with KMT2C mutations or low KMT2C mRNA levels compared to their counterparts with wild-type KMT2C or high KMT2C mRNA levels. Somatic mutation and low expression of KMT2C were independently correlated with the poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of the breast cancer samples, respectively. RNA-seq analysis combined with chromatin immunoprecipitation and qRT-PCR assays revealed that the depletion of KMT2C remarkably affected the expression of DNA damage repair-related genes. More importantly, the low expression of KMT2C was related to breast cancer cell sensitivity to chemotherapy and longer OS of breast cancer patients who underwent chemotherapy. CONCLUSION We conclude that KMT2C could serve as a potential biomarker of prognosis and chemotherapy sensitivity by affecting the DNA damage repair-related genes of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Rongfang Qiu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, School of Medicine, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Min Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, School of Medicine, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Miaomiao Meng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, School of Medicine, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Siyu Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, School of Medicine, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Jiansong Ji
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, School of Medicine, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China. .,Department of Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, School of Medicine, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China. .,Department of Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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Wang J, Xiu J, Baca Y, Battaglin F, Arai H, Kawanishi N, Soni S, Zhang W, Millstein J, Salhia B, Goldberg RM, Philip PA, Seeber A, Hwang JJ, Shields AF, Marshall JL, Astsaturov I, Craig Lockhart A, Gatalica Z, Michael Korn W, Lenz HJ. Large-scale analysis of KMT2 mutations defines a distinctive molecular subset with treatment implication in gastric cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:4894-4905. [PMID: 34163031 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Frequent mutations of genes in the histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 (KMT2) family members were identified in gastric cancers (GCs). Understanding how gene mutations of KMT2 family affect cancer progression and tumor immune microenvironment may provide new treatment strategies. A total of 1245 GCs were analyzed using next-generation sequencing, whole transcriptome sequencing, immunohistochemistry (Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, AZ). The overall mutation rate of genes in the KMT2 family was 10.6%. Compared to KMT2-wild-type GCs, genes involved in epigenetic modification, receptor tyrosine kinases/MAPK/PI3K, and DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways had higher mutation rates in KMT2-mutant GCs (p < 0.05). Significantly higher rates of high tumor mutational burden, microsatellite instability-high/mismatch-repair deficiency (dMMR), and PD-L1 positivity were observed in KMT2-mutant GCs (p < 0.01), compared to KMT2-wild-type GCs. The association between PD-L1 positivity and KMT2 mutations remained significant in the proficient-MMR and microsatellite stable subgroup. Based on transcriptome data from the TCGA, cell cycle, metabolism, and interferon-α/β response pathways were significantly upregulated in KMT2-mutant GCs than in KMT2-wild-type GCs. Patients with KMT2 mutation treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors had longer median overall survival compared to KMT2-wild-type patients with metastatic solid tumors (35 vs. 16 months, HR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.62-0.87, p = 0.0003). In conclusion, this is the largest study to investigate the distinct molecular features between KMT2-mutant and KMT2-wild-type GCs to date. Our data indicate that GC patients with KMT2 mutations may benefit from ICIs and drugs targeting DDR, MAPK/PI3K, metabolism, and cell cycle pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Francesca Battaglin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Natsuko Kawanishi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shivani Soni
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wu Zhang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Millstein
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bodour Salhia
- Department of Translational Genomics, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Philip A Philip
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Andreas Seeber
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jimmy J Hwang
- Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Anthony F Shields
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - John L Marshall
- Ruesch Center for The Cure of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - A Craig Lockhart
- University of Miami/Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Abstract
The genetic information of human cells is stored in the context of chromatin, which is subjected to DNA methylation and various histone modifications. Such a 'language' of chromatin modification constitutes a fundamental means of gene and (epi)genome regulation, underlying a myriad of cellular and developmental processes. In recent years, mounting evidence has demonstrated that miswriting, misreading or mis-erasing of the modification language embedded in chromatin represents a common, sometimes early and pivotal, event across a wide range of human cancers, contributing to oncogenesis through the induction of epigenetic, transcriptomic and phenotypic alterations. It is increasingly clear that cancer-related metabolic perturbations and oncohistone mutations also directly impact chromatin modification, thereby promoting cancerous transformation. Phase separation-based deregulation of chromatin modulators and chromatin structure is also emerging to be an important underpinning of tumorigenesis. Understanding the various molecular pathways that underscore a misregulated chromatin language in cancer, together with discovery and development of more effective drugs to target these chromatin-related vulnerabilities, will enhance treatment of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhao
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - C David Allis
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gang Greg Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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The MLL3/4 H3K4 methyltransferase complex in establishing an active enhancer landscape. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1041-1054. [PMID: 34156443 PMCID: PMC8286814 DOI: 10.1042/bst20191164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Enhancers are cis-regulatory elements that play essential roles in tissue-specific gene expression during development. Enhancer function in the expression of developmental genes requires precise regulation, while deregulation of enhancer function could be the main cause of tissue-specific cancer development. MLL3/KMT2C and MLL4/KMT2D are two paralogous histone modifiers that belong to the SET1/MLL (also named COMPASS) family of lysine methyltransferases and play critical roles in enhancer-regulated gene activation. Importantly, large-scale DNA sequencing studies have revealed that they are amongst the most frequently mutated genes associated with human cancers. MLL3 and MLL4 form identical multi-protein complexes for modifying mono-methylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) at enhancers, which together with the p300/CBP-mediated H3K27 acetylation can generate an active enhancer landscape for long-range target gene activation. Recent studies have provided a better understanding of the possible mechanisms underlying the roles of MLL3/MLL4 complexes in enhancer regulation. Moreover, accumulating studies offer new insights into our knowledge of the potential role of MLL3/MLL4 in cancer development. In this review, we summarize recent evidence on the molecular mechanisms of MLL3/MLL4 in the regulation of active enhancer landscape and long-range gene expression, and discuss their clinical implications in human cancers.
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G-protein-coupled receptor GPR17 inhibits glioma development by increasing polycomb repressive complex 1-mediated ROS production. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:610. [PMID: 34120140 PMCID: PMC8197764 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03897-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary tumor in the central nervous system. However, the development of glioma and effective therapeutic strategies remain elusive. Here, we identify GPR17 as a potential target to treat glioma. Data mining with human LGG and GBM samples reveals that GPR17 is negatively correlated with glioma development. Overexpressing GPR17 inhibits glioma cell proliferation and induces apoptosis by raising ROS levels. GPR17-overexpressing glioma cells are less tumorigenic in the brain than in control cells. Mechanistically, GPR17 inhibits the transcription of RNF2, a key component in the PRC1 complex, through cAMP/PKA/NF-κB signaling, leading to reduced histone H2A monoubiquitination. ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq analyses reveal KLF9 as a direct target of RNF2. KLF9 mediates the functions of GPR17 and RNF2 in glioma cells. Furthermore, activation of GPR17 by its agonist inhibits glioma formation. Our findings have thus identified GPR17 as a key regulator of glioma development and a potential therapeutic target for gliomas.
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56
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Wang Y, Cen A, Yang Y, Ye H, Li J, Liu S, Zhao L. miR-181a, delivered by hypoxic PTC-secreted exosomes, inhibits DACT2 by downregulating MLL3, leading to YAP-VEGF-mediated angiogenesis. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 24:610-621. [PMID: 33898109 PMCID: PMC8054101 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer, and angiogenesis plays critical roles in its recurrence and metastasis. In this study, we investigated the effects of hypoxia-induced exosomal microRNA-181 (miR-181a) from PTC on tumor growth and angiogenesis. Thyroid-cancer-related differentially expressed miR-181a was identified by microarray-based analysis in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We validated that miR-181a was highly expressed in PTC cells and even more so in cells cultured under hypoxic conditions, which also augmented exosome secretion from PTC cells. Exosomes extracted from PTC cells with manipulated miR-181a and mixed-lineage leukemia 3 (MLL3) were subjected to normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were transfected with miR-181a inhibitor/mimic or small interfering RNA (siRNA)-MLL3 or treated with exosomes from hypoxic PTC cells. Hypoxic exosomal miR-181a delivery promoted proliferation and capillary-like network formation in HUVECs. Mechanistically, miR-181a targeted and inhibited MLL3. Furthermore, miR-181a downregulated DACT2 and upregulated YAP and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Further, hypoxic exosomal miR-181a induced angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo, which was reversed by hypoxic exosomal miR-181a inhibitor. In conclusion, exosomal miR-181a from hypoxic PTC cells promotes tumor angiogenesis and growth through MLL3 and DACT2 downregulation, as well as VEGF upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Aiying Cen
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Yuxian Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Huilin Ye
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou 510120, P.R. China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Shiliang Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
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The H3K4 methyltransferase SETD1A is required for proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer cells by promoting S-phase progression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 561:120-127. [PMID: 34023776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation has been strongly implicated in carcinogenesis and is one of the mechanisms that contribute to the development of lung cancer. Using genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 library screening, we showed SET domain-containing protein 1A (SETD1A) is an essential epigenetic modifier of the proliferation of NSCLC H1299 cells. Depletion of SETD1A strikingly inhibited the proliferation of NSCLC cells. IHC staining and bioinformatics showed that SETD1A is upregulated in lung cancer. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that high expression of SETD1A is associated with poor prognosis of patients with NSCLC. We revealed that loss of SETD1A inhibits DNA replication and induces replication stress accompanied by impaired fork progression. In addition, transcription of CDC7 and TOP1, which are involved in replication origin activation and fork progression, respectively, was significantly reduced by knockdown of SETD1A. Taken together, these findings demonstrated SETD1A is a critical epigenetic modifier of NSCLC cell proliferation by promoting the transcription of a subset of DNA replication-associated genes.
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58
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Liu L, Cui J, Zhao Y, Liu X, Chen L, Xia Y, Wang Y, Chen S, Sun S, Shi B, Zou Y. KDM6A-ARHGDIB axis blocks metastasis of bladder cancer by inhibiting Rac1. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:77. [PMID: 34006303 PMCID: PMC8130406 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background KDM6A, a histone demethylase, is frequently mutated in bladder cancer (BCa). However, the role and detailed molecular mechanism of KDM6A involved in bladder cancer progression remains unknown. Methods Tissue specimens were used to determine the expression levels and prognostic values of KDM6A and ARHGDIB. The MTT, colony formation, wound healing and Transwell migration and invasion assays were employed to detect the BCa cell proliferation, migration and invasion, respectively. Chemotaxis of macrophages was used to evaluate the ability of KDM6A to recruit macrophages. A subcutaneous tumour model and tail vein tumour injection in nude mice were used to assess the role of KDM6A in vivo. RNA sequencing, qPCR, Western blot, ChIP and phalloidin staining assay were performed to investigate the molecular functions of KDM6A. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to determine the effects of KDM6A and FOXA1 on the promoters of the ARHGDIB and KDM6A. Results We showed that the KDM6A inhibited the motility and invasiveness of the BCa cells. Mechanistically, KDM6A promotes the transcription of ARHGDIB by demethylating histone H3 lysine di/trimethylation (H3K27me2/3) and consequently leads to inhibition of Rac1. EZH2, which catalyses the methylation of H3K27, functions to silence ARHGDIB expression, and an EZH2 inhibitor can neutralize the metastatic effect caused by KDM6A deficiency. Furthermore, we demonstrated that FOXA1 directly binds to the KDM6A promoter and thus transactivates KDM6A, leading to diminished metastatic potential. Conclusion Our findings establish the critical role of the FOXA1-KDM6A-ARHGDIB axis in restraining the malignancy of BCa and identify KDM6A and EZH2 as potential therapeutic targets in the management of BCa. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12943-021-01369-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Jianfeng Cui
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Yajing Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lipeng Chen
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Yangyang Xia
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Shouzhen Chen
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Shuna Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Benkang Shi
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China.
| | - Yongxin Zou
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Adhesion GPR123 is an indicator for recurrence and prognosis in bladder cancer. Genes Genomics 2021; 43:1317-1325. [PMID: 33945147 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01108-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer is a common urinary cancer, and most patients suffer tumor recurrence after surgery. Identifying more prognostic biomarkers is an essential task for precious treatment. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the expression and clinical significance of GPR123, Angiotensin-I a type of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs), in bladder cancer. METHODS The expressions of GPR123 in two retrospective cohorts comprised of 150 and 56 patients with bladder cancer respectively, were detected with and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Moreover, GPR123 mRNAs in 11 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancers (NMIBCs) and 11 muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBCs) were detected with qRT-PCR. The correlation between GPR123 and the clinicopathological characters was estimated by Chi-square test. The significance of GPR123 and other clinicopathological characters in recurrence and prognosis of bladder cancer was evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS GPR123 was mainly expressed in the cell membrane of bladder cancer. The percentages of high GPR123 expression in NMIBC and MIBC were 38.32 and 55.81 % in cohort 1, and 16.00 and 43.90 % in cohort 2. With qRT-PCR and IHC, we showed that GPR123 expression in MIBC was significantly higher than that in NMIBC. GPR123 was significantly associated with T and M stage of bladder cancer. GPR123 expression was all correlated with recurrence (disease-free survival rate), and prognosis (overall survival rate). High GPR123 expression was identified as independent biomarker indicating easier recurrence and poorer prognosis. CONCLUSIONS GPR123 was an independent biomarker of bladder cancer for recurrence and prognosis, indicating that GPR123 detection with IHC after operation could help find the high-risk patients and direct the post-operational surveillance.
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Epigenetic targeted therapy of stabilized BAP1 in ASXL1 gain-of-function mutated leukemia. NATURE CANCER 2021; 2:515-526. [PMID: 35122023 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutations of ASXL1, encoding a component of the BAP1 histone H2A deubiquitinase complex, occur in human myeloid neoplasms and are uniformly associated with poor prognosis. However, the precise molecular mechanisms through which ASXL1 mutations alter BAP1 activity and drive leukemogenesis remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that cancer-associated frameshift mutations in ASXL1, which were originally proposed to act as destabilizing loss-of-function mutations, in fact encode stable truncated gain-of-function proteins. Truncated ASXL1 increases BAP1 protein stability, enhances BAP1 recruitment to chromatin and promotes the expression of a pro-leukemic transcriptional signature. Through a biochemical screen, we identified BAP1 catalytic inhibitors that inhibit truncated-ASXL1-driven leukemic gene expression and impair tumor progression in vivo. This study represents a breakthrough in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ASXL1 mutations in leukemia pathogenesis and identifies small-molecular catalytic inhibitors of BAP1 as a potential targeted therapy for leukemia.
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Fursova NA, Turberfield AH, Blackledge NP, Findlater EL, Lastuvkova A, Huseyin MK, Dobrinić P, Klose RJ. BAP1 constrains pervasive H2AK119ub1 to control the transcriptional potential of the genome. Genes Dev 2021; 35:749-770. [PMID: 33888563 PMCID: PMC8091973 DOI: 10.1101/gad.347005.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Histone-modifying systems play fundamental roles in gene regulation and the development of multicellular organisms. Histone modifications that are enriched at gene regulatory elements have been heavily studied, but the function of modifications found more broadly throughout the genome remains poorly understood. This is exemplified by histone H2A monoubiquitylation (H2AK119ub1), which is enriched at Polycomb-repressed gene promoters but also covers the genome at lower levels. Here, using inducible genetic perturbations and quantitative genomics, we found that the BAP1 deubiquitylase plays an essential role in constraining H2AK119ub1 throughout the genome. Removal of BAP1 leads to pervasive genome-wide accumulation of H2AK119ub1, which causes widespread reductions in gene expression. We show that elevated H2AK119ub1 preferentially counteracts Ser5 phosphorylation on the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II at gene regulatory elements and causes reductions in transcription and transcription-associated histone modifications. Furthermore, failure to constrain pervasive H2AK119ub1 compromises Polycomb complex occupancy at a subset of Polycomb target genes, which leads to their derepression, providing a potential molecular rationale for why the BAP1 ortholog in Drosophila has been characterized as a Polycomb group gene. Together, these observations reveal that the transcriptional potential of the genome can be modulated by regulating the levels of a pervasive histone modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda A Fursova
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Anne H Turberfield
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Neil P Blackledge
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Findlater
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Lastuvkova
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Miles K Huseyin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Dobrinić
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Klose
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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62
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Polycomb-group proteins in the initiation and progression of cancer. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:433-443. [PMID: 34266781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are a family of chromatin regulators and critical for the maintenance of cellular identity. The PcG machinery can be categorized into at least three multi-protein complexes, namely Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1), PRC2, and Polycomb Repressive DeUBiquitinase (PR-DUB). Their deregulation has been associated with human cancer initiation and progression. Here we review the updated understanding for PcG proteins in transcription regulation and DNA damage repair and highlight increasing links to the hallmarks in cancer. Accordingly, we discuss some of the recent advances in drug development or strategies against cancers caused by the gain or loss of PcG functions.
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63
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Cerase A, Young AN, Ruiz NB, Buness A, Sant GM, Arnold M, Di Giacomo M, Ascolani M, Kumar M, Hierholzer A, Trigiante G, Marzi SJ, Avner P. Chd8 regulates X chromosome inactivation in mouse through fine-tuning control of Xist expression. Commun Biol 2021; 4:485. [PMID: 33859315 PMCID: PMC8050208 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01945-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Female mammals achieve dosage compensation by inactivating one of their two X chromosomes during development, a process entirely dependent on Xist, an X-linked long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). At the onset of X chromosome inactivation (XCI), Xist is up-regulated and spreads along the future inactive X chromosome. Contextually, it recruits repressive histone and DNA modifiers that transcriptionally silence the X chromosome. Xist regulation is tightly coupled to differentiation and its expression is under the control of both pluripotency and epigenetic factors. Recent evidence has suggested that chromatin remodelers accumulate at the X Inactivation Center (XIC) and here we demonstrate a new role for Chd8 in Xist regulation in differentiating ES cells, linked to its control and prevention of spurious transcription factor interactions occurring within Xist regulatory regions. Our findings have a broader relevance, in the context of complex, developmentally-regulated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cerase
- EMBL-Rome, Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, Monterotondo, Italy.
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Alexander N Young
- EMBL-Rome, Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, Monterotondo, Italy
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nerea Blanes Ruiz
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Andreas Buness
- EMBL-Rome, Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, Monterotondo, Italy
- Core Unit for Bioinformatics Data Analysis Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabrielle M Sant
- EMBL-Rome, Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, Monterotondo, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Biology gGmbH (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Mirjam Arnold
- EMBL-Rome, Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, Monterotondo, Italy
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Otto Warburg Laboratory, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Michela Ascolani
- EMBL-Rome, Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Manish Kumar
- EMBL-Rome, Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, Monterotondo, Italy
- Department of Allied Health Science, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, BLDE, Vijaypura, Karnataka, India
| | - Andreas Hierholzer
- EMBL-Rome, Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, Monterotondo, Italy
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Trigiante
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sarah J Marzi
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Philip Avner
- EMBL-Rome, Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, Monterotondo, Italy.
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64
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Lin YH, Liang Y, Wang H, Tung LT, Förster M, Subramani PG, Di Noia JM, Clare S, Langlais D, Nijnik A. Regulation of B Lymphocyte Development by Histone H2A Deubiquitinase BAP1. Front Immunol 2021; 12:626418. [PMID: 33912157 PMCID: PMC8072452 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.626418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BAP1 is a deubiquitinase (DUB) of the Ubiquitin C-terminal Hydrolase (UCH) family that regulates gene expression and other cellular processes, via deubiquitination of histone H2AK119ub and other substrates. BAP1 is an important tumor suppressor in human, expressed and functional across many cell-types and tissues, including those of the immune system. B lymphocytes are the mediators of humoral immune response, however the role of BAP1 in B cell development and physiology remains poorly understood. Here we characterize a mouse line with a selective deletion of BAP1 within the B cell lineage (Bap1fl/fl mb1-Cre) and establish a cell intrinsic role of BAP1 in the regulation of B cell development. We demonstrate a depletion of large pre-B cells, transitional B cells, and mature B cells in Bap1fl/fl mb1-Cre mice. We characterize broad transcriptional changes in BAP1-deficient pre-B cells, map BAP1 binding across the genome, and analyze the effects of BAP1-loss on histone H2AK119ub levels and distribution. Overall, our work establishes a cell intrinsic role of BAP1 in B lymphocyte development, and suggests its contribution to the regulation of the transcriptional programs of cell cycle progression, via the deubiquitination of histone H2AK119ub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hsiao Lin
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yue Liang
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - HanChen Wang
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Genome Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lin Tze Tung
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael Förster
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Poorani Ganesh Subramani
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Javier M. Di Noia
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - David Langlais
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Genome Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anastasia Nijnik
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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65
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MLL3 suppresses tumorigenesis through regulating TNS3 enhancer activity. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:364. [PMID: 33824309 PMCID: PMC8024252 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
MLL3 is a histone H3K4 methyltransferase that is frequently mutated in cancer, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we found that MLL3 depletion by CRISPR/sgRNA significantly enhanced cell migration, but did not elevate the proliferation rate of cancer cells. Through RNA-Seq and ChIP-Seq approaches, we identified TNS3 as the potential target gene for MLL3. MLL3 depletion caused downregulation of H3K4me1 and H3K27ac on an enhancer ~ 7 kb ahead of TNS3. 3C assay indicated the identified enhancer interacts with TNS3 promoter and repression of enhancer activity by dCas9-KRAB system impaired TNS3 expression. Exogenous expression of TNS3 in MLL3 deficient cells completely blocked the enhanced cell migration phenotype. Taken together, our study revealed a novel mechanism for MLL3 in suppressing cancer, which may provide novel targets for diagnosis or drug development.
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66
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Park IG, Jeon M, Kim H, Lee JM. Coordinated methyl readers: Functional communications in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 83:88-99. [PMID: 33753223 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Methylation is a major post-translational modification (PTM) generated by methyltransferase on target proteins; it is recognized by the epigenetic reader to expand the functional diversity of proteins. Methylation can occur on specific lysine or arginine residues localized within regulatory domains in both histone and nonhistone proteins, thereby allowing distinguished properties of the targeted protein. Methylated residues are recognized by chromodomain, malignant brain tumor (MBT), Tudor, plant homeodomain (PHD), PWWP, WD-40, ADD, and ankyrin repeats by an induced-fit mechanism. Methylation-dependent activities regulate distinct aspects of target protein function and are largely reliant on methyl readers of histone and nonhistone proteins in various diseases. Methylation of nonhistone proteins that are recognized by methyl readers facilitates the degradation of unwanted proteins, as well as the stabilization of necessary proteins. Unlike nonhistone substrates, which are mainly monomethylated by methyltransferase, histones are di- or trimethylated by the same methyltransferases and then connected to other critical regulators by methyl readers. These fine-tuned controls by methyl readers are significant for the progression or inhibition of diseases, including cancers. Here, current knowledge and our perspectives about regulating protein function by methyl readers are summarized. We also propose that expanded research on the strong crosstalk mechanisms between methylation and other PTMs via methyl readers would augment therapeutic research in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Geun Park
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsol Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunkyung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Min Lee
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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67
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Piunti A, Shilatifard A. The roles of Polycomb repressive complexes in mammalian development and cancer. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:326-345. [PMID: 33723438 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
More than 80 years ago, the first Polycomb-related phenotype was identified in Drosophila melanogaster. Later, a group of diverse genes collectively called Polycomb group (PcG) genes were identified based on common mutant phenotypes. PcG proteins, which are well-conserved in animals, were originally characterized as negative regulators of gene transcription during development and subsequently shown to function in various biological processes; their deregulation is associated with diverse phenotypes in development and in disease, especially cancer. PcG proteins function on chromatin and can form two distinct complexes with different enzymatic activities: Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) is a histone ubiquitin ligase and PRC2 is a histone methyltransferase. Recent studies have revealed the existence of various mutually exclusive PRC1 and PRC2 variants. In this Review, we discuss new concepts concerning the biochemical and molecular functions of these new PcG complex variants, and how their epigenetic activities are involved in mammalian development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Piunti
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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68
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Chen R, Okeyo-Owuor T, Patel RM, Casey EB, Cluster AS, Yang W, Magee JA. Kmt2c mutations enhance HSC self-renewal capacity and convey a selective advantage after chemotherapy. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108751. [PMID: 33596429 PMCID: PMC7951951 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The myeloid tumor suppressor KMT2C is recurrently deleted in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), particularly therapy-related MDS/AML (t-MDS/t-AML), as part of larger chromosome 7 deletions. Here, we show that KMT2C deletions convey a selective advantage to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) after chemotherapy treatment that may precipitate t-MDS/t-AML. Kmt2c deletions markedly enhance murine HSC self-renewal capacity without altering proliferation rates. Haploid Kmt2c deletions convey a selective advantage only when HSCs are driven into cycle by a strong proliferative stimulus, such as chemotherapy. Cycling Kmt2c-deficient HSCs fail to differentiate appropriately, particularly in response to interleukin-1. Kmt2c deletions mitigate histone methylation/acetylation changes that accrue as HSCs cycle after chemotherapy, and they impair enhancer recruitment during HSC differentiation. These findings help explain why Kmt2c deletions are more common in t-MDS/t-AML than in de novo AML or clonal hematopoiesis: they selectively protect cycling HSCs from differentiation without inducing HSC proliferation themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Theresa Okeyo-Owuor
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Riddhi M Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emily B Casey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrew S Cluster
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Magee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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69
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Sawanyawisuth K, Sashida G, Sheng G. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Liver Fluke-Induced Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040791. [PMID: 33672838 PMCID: PMC7917655 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Parasitic infection remains a health threat in many countries. Liver flukes, parasitic flatworms endemic to southeast and east Asia, cause bile duct inflammation and are major risk factors of bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma). As the only group of eukaryotic organisms listed as carcinogens, liver flukes can increase cholangiocarcinoma incidence by 100-fold in some parts of Thailand. How they interact with bile duct epithelial cells during tumor initiation and progression is unknown. In this review, we summarize molecular and cellular evidence linking liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma with mis-regulation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), a multicellular morphogenetic process known to be involved in many normal and pathological settings, including cancer. EMT markers and regulators can potentially be used to facilitate cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis and treatment. Abstract Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common type of hepatic cancer. In east and southeast Asia, intrahepatic CCA is caused predominantly by infection of Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, two species of parasitic liver flukes. In this review, we present molecular evidence that liver fluke-associated CCAs have enhanced features of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in bile duct epithelial cells (cholangiocytes) and that some of those features are associated with mis-regulation at the epigenetic level. We hypothesize that both direct and indirect mechanisms underlie parasitic infection-induced EMT in CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanlayanee Sawanyawisuth
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (G.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Goro Sashida
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation in Leukemogenesis, International Research Centre for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (G.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Guojun Sheng
- Laboratory of Developmental Morphogenesis, International Research Centre for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (G.S.); (G.S.)
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70
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Emerging multifaceted roles of BAP1 complexes in biological processes. Cell Death Dis 2021; 7:20. [PMID: 33483476 PMCID: PMC7822832 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Histone H2AK119 mono-ubiquitination (H2AK119Ub) is a relatively abundant histone modification, mainly catalyzed by the Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) to regulate Polycomb-mediated transcriptional repression of downstream target genes. Consequently, H2AK119Ub can also be dynamically reversed by the BAP1 complex, an evolutionarily conserved multiprotein complex that functions as a general transcriptional activator. In previous studies, it has been reported that the BAP1 complex consists of important biological roles in development, metabolism, and cancer. However, identifying the BAP1 complex's regulatory mechanisms remains to be elucidated due to its various complex forms and its ability to target non-histone substrates. In this review, we will summarize recent findings that have contributed to the diverse functional role of the BAP1 complex and further discuss the potential in targeting BAP1 for therapeutic use.
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71
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Roles and mechanisms of BAP1 deubiquitinase in tumor suppression. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:606-625. [PMID: 33462414 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00709-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The BAP1 gene has emerged as a major tumor suppressor mutated with various frequencies in numerous human malignancies, including uveal melanoma, malignant pleural mesothelioma, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and thymic epithelial tumors. BAP1 mutations are also observed at low frequency in other malignancies including breast, colorectal, pancreatic, and bladder cancers. BAP1 germline mutations are associated with high incidence of mesothelioma, uveal melanoma, and other cancers, defining the "BAP1 cancer syndrome." Interestingly, germline BAP1 mutations constitute an important paradigm for gene-environment interactions, as loss of BAP1 predisposes to carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis. Inactivating mutations of BAP1 are also identified in sporadic cancers, denoting the importance of this gene for normal tissue homeostasis and tumor suppression, although some oncogenic properties have also been attributed to BAP1. BAP1 belongs to the deubiquitinase superfamily of enzymes, which are responsible for the maturation and turnover of ubiquitin as well as the reversal of substrate ubiquitination, thus regulating ubiquitin signaling. BAP1 is predominantly nuclear and interacts with several chromatin-associated factors, assembling multi-protein complexes with mutually exclusive partners. BAP1 exerts its function through highly regulated deubiquitination of its substrates. As such, BAP1 orchestrates chromatin-associated processes including gene expression, DNA replication, and DNA repair. BAP1 also exerts cytoplasmic functions, notably in regulating Ca2+ signaling at the endoplasmic reticulum. This DUB is also subjected to multiple post-translational modifications, notably phosphorylation and ubiquitination, indicating that several signaling pathways tightly regulate its function. Recent progress indicated that BAP1 plays essential roles in multiple cellular processes including cell proliferation and differentiation, cell metabolism, as well as cell survival and death. In this review, we summarize the biological and molecular functions of BAP1 and explain how the inactivation of this DUB might cause human cancers. We also highlight some of the unresolved questions and suggest potential new directions.
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72
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Chen J, Xu X, Li Y, Li F, Zhang J, Xu Q, Chen W, Wei Y, Wang X. Kdm6a suppresses the alternative activation of macrophages and impairs energy expenditure in obesity. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:1688-1704. [PMID: 33303977 PMCID: PMC8167088 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00694-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone lysine demethylase 6a (Kdm6a) mediates the removal of repressive trimethylation from histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) to activate target gene expression. Obesity is associated with metabolic inflammation, and adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) are key players orchestrating metabolic inflammation. However, it is still unclear whether the Kdm6a pathway in ATMs regulates energy homeostasis. Here, we identified Kdm6a as a critical epigenetic switch that modulates macrophage polarisation and further disrupts energy balance. Myeloid-specific Kdm6a knockout in Kdm6aF/Y;Lyz2-Cre mice significantly reversed the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced M1–M2 imbalance in white adipose tissue (WAT) and blocked HFD-induced obesity. The brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity, WAT browning and energy expenditure were significantly increased in Kdm6aF/Y;Lyz2-Cre mice. Furthermore, Kdm6a regulated the Ire1α expression in a demethylase activity-dependent manner and augmented the M2 polarisation of macrophages. Macrophage with higher Kdm6a significantly promotes adipogenesis in white adipocyte and inhibits thermogenesis in beige adipocytes. These results suggest that the Kdm6a in macrophages drives obesity and metabolic syndrome by impairing BAT activity and WAT differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Wantao Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yan Wei
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, 200011, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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73
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Aberrant Activity of Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase 2 (KMT2) Complexes in Oncogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249340. [PMID: 33302406 PMCID: PMC7762615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KMT2 (histone-lysine N-methyltransferase subclass 2) complexes methylate lysine 4 on the histone H3 tail at gene promoters and gene enhancers and, thus, control the process of gene transcription. These complexes not only play an essential role in normal development but have also been described as involved in the aberrant growth of tissues. KMT2 mutations resulting from the rearrangements of the KMT2A (MLL1) gene at 11q23 are associated with pediatric mixed-lineage leukemias, and recent studies demonstrate that KMT2 genes are frequently mutated in many types of human cancers. Moreover, other components of the KMT2 complexes have been reported to contribute to oncogenesis. This review summarizes the recent advances in our knowledge of the role of KMT2 complexes in cell transformation. In addition, it discusses the therapeutic targeting of different components of the KMT2 complexes.
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Polycomb group-mediated histone H2A monoubiquitination in epigenome regulation and nuclear processes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5947. [PMID: 33230107 PMCID: PMC7683540 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19722-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone posttranslational modifications are key regulators of chromatin-associated processes including gene expression, DNA replication and DNA repair. Monoubiquitinated histone H2A, H2Aub (K118 in Drosophila or K119 in vertebrates) is catalyzed by the Polycomb group (PcG) repressive complex 1 (PRC1) and reversed by the PcG-repressive deubiquitinase (PR-DUB)/BAP1 complex. Here we critically assess the current knowledge regarding H2Aub deposition and removal, its crosstalk with PcG repressive complex 2 (PRC2)-mediated histone H3K27 methylation, and the recent attempts toward discovering its readers and solving its enigmatic functions. We also discuss mounting evidence of the involvement of H2A ubiquitination in human pathologies including cancer, while highlighting some knowledge gaps that remain to be addressed. Histone H2A monoubiquitination on lysine 119 in vertebrate and lysine 118 in Drosophila (H2Aub) is an epigenomic mark usually associated with gene repression by Polycomb group factors. Here the authors review the current knowledge on the deposition and removal of H2Aub, its function in transcription and other DNA-associated processes as well as its relevance to human disease.
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Khan P, Siddiqui JA, Maurya SK, Lakshmanan I, Jain M, Ganti AK, Salgia R, Batra SK, Nasser MW. Epigenetic landscape of small cell lung cancer: small image of a giant recalcitrant disease. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:57-76. [PMID: 33220460 PMCID: PMC8218609 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a particular subtype of lung cancer with high mortality. Recent advances in understanding SCLC genomics and breakthroughs of immunotherapy have substantially expanded existing knowledge and treatment modalities. However, challenges associated with SCLC remain enigmatic and elusive. Most of the conventional drug discovery approaches targeting altered signaling pathways in SCLC end up in the 'grave-yard of drug discovery', which mandates exploring novel approaches beyond inhibiting cell signaling pathways. Epigenetic modifications have long been documented as the key contributors to the tumorigenesis of almost all types of cancer, including SCLC. The last decade witnessed an exponential increase in our understanding of epigenetic modifications for SCLC. The present review highlights the central role of epigenetic regulations in acquiring neoplastic phenotype, metastasis, aggressiveness, resistance to chemotherapy, and immunotherapeutic approaches of SCLC. Different types of epigenetic modifications (DNA/histone methylation or acetylation) that can serve as predictive biomarkers for prognostication, treatment stratification, neuroendocrine lineage determination, and development of potential SCLC therapies are also discussed. We also review the utility of epigenetic targets/epidrugs in combination with first-line chemotherapy and immunotherapy that are currently under investigation in preclinical and clinical studies. Altogether, the information presents the inclusive landscape of SCLC epigenetics and epidrugs that will help to improve SCLC outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvez Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Jawed Akhtar Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Shailendra Kumar Maurya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Imayavaramban Lakshmanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Apar Kishor Ganti
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Division of Oncology-Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, VA-Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA; Division of Oncology-Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte 91010, CA, USA
| | - Surinder Kumar Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Mohd Wasim Nasser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Wong GCH, Li KKW, Wang WW, Liu APY, Huang QJ, Chan AKY, Poon MFM, Chung NYF, Wong QHW, Chen H, Chan DTM, Liu XZ, Mao Y, Zhang ZY, Shi ZF, Ng HK. Clinical and mutational profiles of adult medulloblastoma groups. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:191. [PMID: 33172502 PMCID: PMC7656770 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult medulloblastomas are clinically and molecularly understudied due to their rarity. We performed molecular grouping, targeted sequencing, and TERT promoter Sanger sequencing on a cohort of 99 adult medulloblastomas. SHH made up 50% of the cohort, whereas Group 3 (13%) was present in comparable proportion to WNT (19%) and Group 4 (18%). In contrast to paediatric medulloblastomas, molecular groups had no prognostic impact in our adult cohort (p = 0.877). Most frequently mutated genes were TERT (including promoter mutations, mutated in 36% cases), chromatin modifiers KMT2D (31%) and KMT2C (30%), TCF4 (31%), PTCH1 (27%) and DDX3X (24%). Adult WNT patients showed enrichment of TP53 mutations (6/15 WNT cases), and 3/6 TP53-mutant WNT tumours were of large cell/anaplastic histology. Adult SHH medulloblastomas had frequent upstream pathway alterations (PTCH1 and SMO mutations) and few downstream alterations (SUFU mutations, MYCN amplifications). TERT promoter mutations were found in 72% of adult SHH patients, and were restricted to this group. Adult Group 3 tumours lacked hallmark MYC amplifications, but had recurrent mutations in KBTBD4 and NOTCH1. Adult Group 4 tumours harboured recurrent mutations in TCF4 and chromatin modifier genes. Overall, amplifications of MYC and MYCN were rare (3%). Since molecular groups were not prognostic, alternative prognostic markers are needed for adult medulloblastoma. KMT2C mutations were frequently found across molecular groups and were associated with poor survival (p = 0.002). Multivariate analysis identified histological type (p = 0.026), metastasis (p = 0.031) and KMT2C mutational status (p = 0.046) as independent prognosticators in our cohort. In summary, we identified distinct clinical and mutational characteristics of adult medulloblastomas that will inform their risk stratification and treatment.
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Rickels R, Wang L, Iwanaszko M, Ozark PA, Morgan MA, Piunti A, Khalatyan N, Soliman SHA, Rendleman EJ, Savas JN, Smith ER, Shilatifard A. A small UTX stabilization domain of Trr is conserved within mammalian MLL3-4/COMPASS and is sufficient to rescue loss of viability in null animals. Genes Dev 2020; 34:1493-1502. [PMID: 33033055 PMCID: PMC7608747 DOI: 10.1101/gad.339762.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic-inactivating mutations within the Drosophila enhancer H3K4 mono-methyltransferase Trr and its mammalian homologs, MLL3/4, cause only minor changes in gene expression compared with whole-gene deletions for these COMPASS members. To identify essential histone methyltransferase-independent functions of Trr, we screened to identify a minimal Trr domain sufficient to rescue Trr-null lethality and demonstrate that this domain binds and stabilizes Utx in vivo. Using the homologous MLL3/MLL4 human sequences, we mapped a short ∼80-amino-acid UTX stabilization domain (USD) that promotes UTX stability in the absence of the rest of MLL3/4. Nuclear UTX stability is enhanced when the USD is fused with the MLL4 HMG-box. Thus, COMPASS-dependent UTX stabilization is an essential noncatalytic function of Trr/MLL3/MLL4, suggesting that stabilizing UTX could be a therapeutic strategy for cancers with MLL3/4 loss-of-function mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Rickels
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Marta Iwanaszko
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Patrick A Ozark
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Marc A Morgan
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Andrea Piunti
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Natalia Khalatyan
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Shimaa H A Soliman
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Emily J Rendleman
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Savas
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Edwin R Smith
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Qian Y, Gong Y, Fan Z, Luo G, Huang Q, Deng S, Cheng H, Jin K, Ni Q, Yu X, Liu C. Molecular alterations and targeted therapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:130. [PMID: 33008426 PMCID: PMC7532113 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a malignancy characterized by a poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Genetic mutations and altered molecular pathways serve as targets in precise therapy. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS), these aberrant alterations can be identified and used to develop strategies that will selectively kill cancerous cells in patients with PDAC. The realization of targeted therapies in patients with PDAC may be summarized by three approaches. First, because oncogenes play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis, inhibition of dysregulated oncogenes is a promising method (Table 3). Numerous researchers are developing strategies to target oncogenes, such as KRAS, NRG1, and NTRK and related molecules, although most of the results are unsatisfactory. Accordingly, emerging strategies are being developed to target these oncogenes, including simultaneously inhibiting multiple molecules or pathways, modification of mutant residues by small molecules, and RNA interference. Second, researchers have attempted to reactivate inactivated tumour suppressors or modulate related molecules. TP53, CDKN2A and SMAD4 are three major tumour suppressors involved in PDAC. Advances have been achieved in clinical and preclinical trials of therapies targeting these three genes, and further investigations are warranted. The TGF-β-SMAD4 signalling pathway plays a dual role in PDAC tumorigenesis and participates in mediating tumour-stroma crosstalk and modulating the tumour microenvironment (TME); thus, molecular subtyping of pancreatic cancer according to the SMAD4 mutation status may be a promising precision oncology technique. Finally, genes such as KDM6A and BRCA have vital roles in maintaining the structural stability and physiological functions of normal chromosomes and are deficient in some patients with PDAC, thus serving as potential targets for correcting these deficiencies and precisely killing these aberrant tumour cells. Recent clinical trials, such as the POLO (Pancreas Cancer Olaparib Ongoing) trial, have reported encouraging outcomes. In addition to genetic event-guided treatment, immunotherapies such as chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T), antibody-drug conjugates, and immune checkpoint inhibitors also exhibit the potential to target tumours precisely, although the clinical value of immunotherapies as treatments for PDAC is still limited. In this review, we focus on recent preclinical and clinical advances in therapies targeting aberrant genes and pathways and predict the future trend of precision oncology for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhen Qian
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, NO.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yitao Gong
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, NO.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhiyao Fan
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, NO.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guopei Luo
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, NO.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiuyi Huang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, NO.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shengming Deng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, NO.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - He Cheng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, NO.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Kaizhou Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, NO.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Quanxing Ni
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, NO.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, NO.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, NO.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Abstract
The Trithorax group (TrxG) of proteins is a large family of epigenetic regulators that form multiprotein complexes to counteract repressive developmental gene expression programmes established by the Polycomb group of proteins and to promote and maintain an active state of gene expression. Recent studies are providing new insights into how two crucial families of the TrxG - the COMPASS family of histone H3 lysine 4 methyltransferases and the SWI/SNF family of chromatin remodelling complexes - regulate gene expression and developmental programmes, and how misregulation of their activities through genetic abnormalities leads to pathologies such as developmental disorders and malignancies.
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Ford DJ, Zraly CB, Perez JH, Dingwall AK. The Drosophila MLR COMPASS-like complex regulates bantam miRNA expression differentially in the context of cell fate. Dev Biol 2020; 468:41-53. [PMID: 32946789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The conserved MLR COMPASS-like complexes are histone modifiers that are recruited by a variety of transcription factors to enhancer regions where they act as necessary epigenetic tools for enhancer establishment and function. A critical in vivo target of the Drosophila MLR complex is the bantam miRNA that regulates cell survival and functions in feedback regulation of cellular signaling pathways during development. We determine that loss of Drosophila MLR complex function in developing wing and eye imaginal discs results in growth and patterning defects that are sensitive to bantam levels. Consistent with an essential regulatory role in modulating bantam transcription, the MLR complex binds to tissue-specific bantam enhancers and contributes to fine-tuning expression levels during larval tissue development. In wing imaginal discs, the MLR complex attenuates bantam enhancer activity by negatively regulating expression; whereas, in differentiating eye discs, the complex exerts either positive or negative regulatory activity on bantam transcription depending on cell fate. Furthermore, while the MLR complex is not required to control bantam levels in undifferentiated eye cells anterior to the morphogenetic furrow, it serves to prepare critical enhancer control of bantam transcription for later regulation upon differentiation. Our investigation into the transcriptional regulation of a single target in a developmental context has provided novel insights as to how the MLR complex contributes to the precise timing of gene expression, and how the complex functions to help orchestrate the regulatory output of conserved signaling pathways during animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Ford
- Department of Cancer Biology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Claudia B Zraly
- Department of Cancer Biology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - John Hertenstein Perez
- Department of Cancer Biology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Andrew K Dingwall
- Department of Cancer Biology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
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The role of histone methylation in the development of digestive cancers: a potential direction for cancer management. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:143. [PMID: 32747629 PMCID: PMC7398912 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Digestive cancers are the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and have high risks of morbidity and mortality. Histone methylation, which is mediated mainly by lysine methyltransferases, lysine demethylases, and protein arginine methyltransferases, has emerged as an essential mechanism regulating pathological processes in digestive cancers. Under certain conditions, aberrant expression of these modifiers leads to abnormal histone methylation or demethylation in the corresponding cancer-related genes, which contributes to different processes and phenotypes, such as carcinogenesis, proliferation, metabolic reprogramming, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, invasion, and migration, during digestive cancer development. In this review, we focus on the association between histone methylation regulation and the development of digestive cancers, including gastric cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer, as well as on its clinical application prospects, aiming to provide a new perspective on the management of digestive cancers.
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Szczepanski AP, Zhao Z, Sosnowski T, Goo YA, Bartom ET, Wang L. ASXL3 bridges BRD4 to BAP1 complex and governs enhancer activity in small cell lung cancer. Genome Med 2020; 12:63. [PMID: 32669118 PMCID: PMC7362484 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-020-00760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a more aggressive subtype of lung cancer that often results in rapid tumor growth, early metastasis, and acquired therapeutic resistance. Consequently, such phenotypical characteristics of SCLC set limitations on viable procedural options, making it difficult to develop both screenings and effective treatments. In this study, we examine a novel mechanistic insight in SCLC cells that could potentially provide a more sensitive therapeutic alternative for SCLC patients. METHODS Biochemistry studies, including size exclusion chromatography, mass spectrometry, and western blot analysis, were conducted to determine the protein-protein interaction between additional sex combs-like protein 3 (ASXL3) and bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4). Genomic studies, including chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), RNA sequencing, and genome-wide analysis, were performed in both human and mouse SCLC cells to determine the dynamic relationship between BRD4/ASXL3/BAP1 epigenetic axis in chromatin binding and its effects on transcriptional activity. RESULTS We report a critical link between BAP1 complex and BRD4, which is bridged by the physical interaction between ASXL3 and BRD4 in an SCLC subtype (SCLC-A), which expresses a high level of ASCL1. We further showed that ASXL3 functions as an adaptor protein, which directly interacts with BRD4's extra-terminal (ET) domain via a novel BRD4 binding motif (BBM), and maintains chromatin occupancy of BRD4 to active enhancers. Genetic depletion of ASXL3 results in a genome-wide reduction of histone H3K27Ac levels and BRD4-dependent gene expression in SCLC. Pharmacologically induced inhibition with BET-specific chemical degrader (dBET6) selectively inhibits cell proliferation of a subtype of SCLC that is characterized with high expression of ASXL3. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, this study provides a mechanistic insight into the oncogenic function of BRD4/ASXL3/BAP1 epigenetic axis at active chromatin enhancers in SCLC-A subtype, as well as a potential new therapeutic option that could become more effective in treating SCLC patients with a biomarker of ASXL3-highly expressed SCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Patricia Szczepanski
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Zibo Zhao
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Tori Sosnowski
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, 2145 North Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Young Ah Goo
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, 2145 North Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Elizabeth Thomas Bartom
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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M2 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles promote gastric cancer progression via a microRNA-130b-3p/MLL3/GRHL2 signaling cascade. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:134. [PMID: 32660626 PMCID: PMC7359233 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01626-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfer of noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs) by extracellular vesicles (EVs) promotes the development of chemoresistance in many tumor types. Additionally, restoration or depletion of several miRNAs has been observed in multiple cancer types including gastric cancer (GC). In this present study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of miR-130b-3p in M2 macrophage-derived EVs in the development of GC through regulation of mixed lineage leukemia 3 (MLL3) and grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2). METHODS Expression of miR-130b-3p and GRHL2 was quantified in 63 pairs of cancerous and noncancerous gastric tissues. The predicted binding between miR-130b-3p and MLL3, together with the enrichment of MLL3, H3K4me1, and H3K27ac in gene enhancer region, was verified by luciferase activity assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Effects of miR-130b-3p on GC cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion, as well as tube formation of human umbilical endothelial vein cells (HUEVCs) were further determined by gain- and loss-of function assays in vitro. RESULTS miR-130b-3p was upregulated in GC tissues, and miR-130b-3p promoted survival, metastasis and angiogenesis of GC cells as well as enhanced tumor formation and angiogenesis in GC in vivo. Additionally, miR-130b-3p delivered in M2 macrophage-derived EVs promoted survival, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of GC cells. Notably, MLL3 inhibited GC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and vessel-like tube formation of HUEVCs by increasing GRHL2. Furthermore, downregulation of miR-130b-3p in M2 macrophage-derived EVs or upregulation of GRHL2 inhibited tumor formation and angiogenesis in GC. CONCLUSION This study highlights that EVs loaded with the specific miRNA cargo miR-130b-3p mediate communication between M2 macrophages and cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment through the modulation of MLL3 and GRHL2 in GC.
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Zraly CB, Zakkar A, Perez JH, Ng J, White KP, Slattery M, Dingwall AK. The Drosophila MLR COMPASS complex is essential for programming cis-regulatory information and maintaining epigenetic memory during development. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:3476-3495. [PMID: 32052053 PMCID: PMC7144903 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The MLR COMPASS complex monomethylates H3K4 that serves to epigenetically mark transcriptional enhancers to drive proper gene expression during animal development. Chromatin enrichment analyses of the Drosophila MLR complex reveals dynamic association with promoters and enhancers in embryos with late stage enrichments biased toward both active and poised enhancers. RNAi depletion of the Cmi (also known as Lpt) subunit that contains the chromatin binding PHD finger domains attenuates enhancer functions, but unexpectedly results in inappropriate enhancer activation during stages when hormone responsive enhancers are poised, revealing critical epigenetic roles involved in both the activation and repression of enhancers depending on developmental context. Cmi is necessary for robust H3K4 monomethylation and H3K27 acetylation that mark active enhancers, but not for the chromatin binding of Trr, the MLR methyltransferase. Our data reveal two likely major regulatory modes of MLR function, contributions to enhancer commissioning in early embryogenesis and bookmarking enhancers to enable rapid transcriptional re-activation at subsequent developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia B Zraly
- Department of Cancer Biology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Abdul Zakkar
- Department of Biology, Program in Bioinformatics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - John Hertenstein Perez
- Department of Cancer Biology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.,Department of Biology, Program in Bioinformatics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Kevin P White
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology and Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Matthew Slattery
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology and Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Andrew K Dingwall
- Department of Cancer Biology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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85
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Richart L, Margueron R. Drugging histone methyltransferases in cancer. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 56:51-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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86
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Larsson C, Cordeddu L, Siggens L, Pandzic T, Kundu S, He L, Ali MA, Pristovšek N, Hartman K, Ekwall K, Sjöblom T. Restoration of KMT2C/MLL3 in human colorectal cancer cells reinforces genome-wide H3K4me1 profiles and influences cell growth and gene expression. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:74. [PMID: 32471474 PMCID: PMC7257146 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00863-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) monomethylase KMT2C is mutated across several cancer types; however, the effects of mutations on epigenome organization, gene expression, and cell growth are not clear. A frequently recurring mutation in colorectal cancer (CRC) with microsatellite instability is a single nucleotide deletion within the exon 38 poly-A(9) repeat (c.8390delA) which results in frameshift preceding the functional carboxy-terminal SET domain. To study effects of KMT2C expression in CRC cells, we restored one allele to wild type KMT2C in the two CRC cell lines RKO and HCT116, which both are homozygous c.8390delA mutant. RESULTS Gene editing resulted in increased KMT2C expression, increased H3K4me1 levels, altered gene expression profiles, and subtle negative effects on cell growth, where higher dependence and stronger effects of KMT2C expression were observed in RKO compared to HCT116 cells. Surprisingly, we found that the two RKO and HCT116 CRC cell lines have distinct baseline H3K4me1 epigenomic profiles. In RKO cells, a flatter genome-wide H3K4me1 profile was associated with more increased H3K4me1 deposition at enhancers, reduced cell growth, and more differential gene expression relative to HCT116 cells when KMT2C was restored. Profiling of H3K4me1 did not indicate a highly specific regulation of gene expression as KMT2C-induced H3K4me1 deposition was found globally and not at a specific enhancer sub-set in the engineered cells. Although we observed variation in differentially regulated gene sets between cell lines and individual clones, differentially expressed genes in both cell lines included genes linked to known cancer signaling pathways, estrogen response, hypoxia response, and aspects of immune system regulation. CONCLUSIONS Here, KMT2C restoration reduced CRC cell growth and reinforced genome-wide H3K4me1 deposition at enhancers; however, the effects varied depending upon the H3K4me1 status of KMT2C deficient cells. Results indicate that KMT2C inactivation may promote colorectal cancer development through transcriptional dysregulation in several pathways with known cancer relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatarina Larsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lina Cordeddu
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, NEO, Karolinska Institute, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lee Siggens
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, NEO, Karolinska Institute, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tatjana Pandzic
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Snehangshu Kundu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Akhtar Ali
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.,Present address: School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nuša Pristovšek
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.,Present address: The Novo Nordisk Foundation for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karin Hartman
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Ekwall
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, NEO, Karolinska Institute, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tobias Sjöblom
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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87
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Toska E, Castel P, Chhangawala S, Arruabarrena-Aristorena A, Chan C, Hristidis VC, Cocco E, Sallaku M, Xu G, Park J, Minuesa G, Shifman SG, Socci ND, Koche R, Leslie CS, Scaltriti M, Baselga J. PI3K Inhibition Activates SGK1 via a Feedback Loop to Promote Chromatin-Based Regulation of ER-Dependent Gene Expression. Cell Rep 2020; 27:294-306.e5. [PMID: 30943409 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K pathway integrates extracellular stimuli to phosphorylate effectors such as AKT and serum-and-glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK1). We have previously reported that the PI3K pathway regulates estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent transcription in breast cancer through the phosphorylation of the lysine methyltransferase KMT2D by AKT. Here, we show that PI3Kα inhibition, via a negative-feedback loop, activates SGK1 to promote chromatin-based regulation of ER-dependent transcription. PI3K/AKT inhibitors activate ER, which promotes SGK1 transcription through direct binding to its promoter. Elevated SGK1, in turn, phosphorylates KMT2D, suppressing its function, leading to a loss of methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4) and a repressive chromatin state at ER loci to attenuate ER activity. Thus, SGK1 regulates the chromatin landscape and ER-dependent transcription via the direct phosphorylation of KMT2D. These findings reveal an ER-SGK1-KMT2D signaling circuit aimed to attenuate ER response through a role for SGK1 to program chromatin and ER transcriptional output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eneda Toska
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 20, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Pau Castel
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 20, New York, NY 10065, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1450 3rd Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sagar Chhangawala
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amaia Arruabarrena-Aristorena
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 20, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Carmen Chan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 20, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vasilis C Hristidis
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 20, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Emiliano Cocco
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 20, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mirna Sallaku
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 20, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Guotai Xu
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 20, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jane Park
- Center of Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gerard Minuesa
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sophie G Shifman
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 20, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nicholas D Socci
- Bioinformatics Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Richard Koche
- Center of Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christina S Leslie
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maurizio Scaltriti
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 20, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - José Baselga
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 20, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Research & Development Oncology, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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88
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Liu H, Lee S, Zhang Q, Chen Z, Zhang G. The potential underlying mechanism of the leukemia caused by MLL-fusion and potential treatments. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:839-851. [PMID: 32329934 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A majority of infant and pediatric leukemias are caused by the mixed-lineage leukemia gene (MLL) fused with a variety of candidates. Several underlying mechanisms have been proposed. One currently popular view is that truncated MLL1 fusion and its associated complex constitutively hijacks super elongation complex, including positive transcription elongation factor b, CDK9, and cyclin T1 complex and DOT1L, to enhance the expression of transcription factors that maintain or restore stemness of leukocytes, as well as prevent the differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. An alternative emerging view proposes that MLL1-fusion promotes the recruitment of TATA binding protein and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) initiation complex, so as to increase the expression levels of target genes. The fundamental mechanism of both theories are gain of function for truncated MLL1 fusions, either through Pol II elongation or initiation. Our recent progress in transcription regulation of paused Pol II through JMJD5, JMJD6, and JMJD7, combined with the repressive role of H3K4me3 revealed by others, prompted us to introduce a contrarian hypothesis: the failure to shut down transcribing units by MLL-fusions triggers the transformation: loss of function of truncated MLL1 fusions coupled with the loss of conversion of H3K4me1 to H3K4me3, leading to the constitutive expression of transcription factors that are in charge of maintenance of hematopoietic progenitor cells, may trigger the transformation of normal cells into cancer cells. Following this track, a potential treatment to eliminate these fusion proteins, which may ultimately cure the disease, is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Liu
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Schuyler Lee
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, Agriculture University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, Agriculture University, Beijing, China
| | - Gongyi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
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89
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Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. UMs are usually initiated by a mutation in GNAQ or GNA11, unlike cutaneous melanomas, which usually harbour a BRAF or NRAS mutation. The annual incidence in Europe and the USA is ~6 per million population per year. Risk factors include fair skin, light-coloured eyes, congenital ocular melanocytosis, ocular melanocytoma and the BAP1-tumour predisposition syndrome. Ocular treatment aims at preserving the eye and useful vision and, if possible, preventing metastases. Enucleation has largely been superseded by various forms of radiotherapy, phototherapy and local tumour resection, often administered in combination. Ocular outcomes are best with small tumours not extending close to the optic disc and/or fovea. Almost 50% of patients develop metastatic disease, which usually involves the liver, and is usually fatal within 1 year. Although UM metastases are less responsive than cutaneous melanoma to chemotherapy or immune checkpoint inhibitors, encouraging results have been reported with partial hepatectomy for solitary metastases, with percutaneous hepatic perfusion with melphalan or with tebentafusp. Better insight into tumour immunology and metabolism may lead to new treatments.
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90
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Verret B, Sourisseau T, Stefanovska B, Mosele F, Tran-Dien A, André F. The Influence of Cancer Molecular Subtypes and Treatment on the Mutation Spectrum in Metastatic Breast Cancers. Cancer Res 2020; 80:3062-3069. [PMID: 32245795 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has sparked the exploration of cancer genomes, with the aim of discovering the genetic etiology of the disease and proposing rationally designed therapeutic interventions. Driver gene alterations have been comprehensively charted, but the improvement of cancer patient management somewhat lags behind these basic breakthroughs. Recently, large-scale sequencing that focused on metastasis, the main cause of cancer-related deaths, has shed new light on the driving forces at work during disease progression, particularly in breast cancer. Despite a fairly stable pool of driver genetic alterations between early and late disease, a number of therapeutically targetable mutations have been found enriched in metastatic samples. The molecular processes fueling disease progression have been delineated in recent studies and the clonal composition of breast cancer samples can be examined in detail. Here we discuss how these findings may be combined to improve the diagnosis of breast cancer to better select patients at risk, and to identify targeted agents to treat advanced diseases and to design therapeutic strategies exploiting vulnerabilities of cancer cells rooted in their ability to evolve and drive disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Verret
- Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Tony Sourisseau
- Inserm, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, UMR981, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Fernanda Mosele
- Inserm, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, UMR981, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Fabrice André
- Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France. .,Inserm, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, UMR981, Villejuif, France
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91
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Kazim N, Adhikari A, Oh TJ, Davie J. The transcription elongation factor TCEA3 induces apoptosis in rhabdomyosarcoma. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:67. [PMID: 31988307 PMCID: PMC6985194 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
TCEA3 is one of three genes representing the transcription elongation factor TFIIS family in vertebrates. TCEA3 is upregulated during skeletal muscle differentiation and acts to promote muscle specific gene expression during myogenesis. Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a pediatric cancer derived from the muscle lineage, but the expression or function of TCEA3 in RMS was uncharacterized. We found that TCEA3 expression was strongly inhibited in RMS cell lines representing both ERMS and ARMS subtypes of RMS. TCEA3 expression correlates with DNA methylation and we show that TBX2 is also involved in the repression of TCEA3 in RMS cell lines. Ectopic expression of TCEA3 inhibited proliferation of RMS cell lines and initiated apoptosis through both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. We found that only pan-caspase inhibitors could block apoptosis in the presence of TCEA3. While expression of TCEA3 is highest in skeletal muscle, expression has been detected in other tissues as well, including breast, ovarian and prostate. We found that ectopic expression of TCEA3 also promotes apoptosis in HeLa, MCF7, MDA-231, and PC3 cell lines, representing cervical, breast, and prostate cancer, respectively. Restoration of TCEA3 expression in RMS cell lines enhanced sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs, including TRAIL. Thus, TCEA3 presents a novel target for therapeutic strategies to promote apoptosis and enhance sensitivity to current chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Kazim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Abhinav Adhikari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Teak Jung Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Judith Davie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
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92
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Abstract
Enhancers are cis-acting elements with many sites bound by transcription factors and activate transcription over long distance. Histone modifications are critical for enhancer activity and utilized as hallmarks for the identification of putative enhancers. Monomethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me1) is the mark for enhancer priming; acetylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27ac) for active enhancers and trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) for silent enhancers. Recent studies from multiple groups have provided evidence that enhancer reprogramming, especially gain of enhancer activity, is closely related to tumorigenesis and cancer development. In this review, we will summarize the recent discoveries about enhancer regulation and the mechanisms of enhancer reprogramming in tumorigenesis, and discuss the potential application of enhancer manipulation in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Enteropathy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ji Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Enteropathy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lian-Yun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Enteropathy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Enteropathy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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93
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Abstract
The epigenetic modifications of histones are versatile marks that are intimately connected to development and disease pathogenesis including human cancers. In this review, we will discuss the many different types of histone modifications and the biological processes with which they are involved. Specifically, we review the enzymatic machineries and modifications that are involved in cancer development and progression, and how to apply currently available small molecule inhibitors for histone modifiers as tool compounds to study the functional significance of histone modifications and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Simpson Querrey 7th Floor 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Simpson Querrey 7th Floor 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
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94
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Hason M, Bartůněk P. Zebrafish Models of Cancer-New Insights on Modeling Human Cancer in a Non-Mammalian Vertebrate. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10110935. [PMID: 31731811 PMCID: PMC6896156 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a valuable non-mammalian vertebrate model widely used to study development and disease, including more recently cancer. The evolutionary conservation of cancer-related programs between human and zebrafish is striking and allows extrapolation of research outcomes obtained in fish back to humans. Zebrafish has gained attention as a robust model for cancer research mainly because of its high fecundity, cost-effective maintenance, dynamic visualization of tumor growth in vivo, and the possibility of chemical screening in large numbers of animals at reasonable costs. Novel approaches in modeling tumor growth, such as using transgene electroporation in adult zebrafish, could improve our knowledge about the spatial and temporal control of cancer formation and progression in vivo. Looking at genetic as well as epigenetic alterations could be important to explain the pathogenesis of a disease as complex as cancer. In this review, we highlight classic genetic and transplantation models of cancer in zebrafish as well as provide new insights on advances in cancer modeling. Recent progress in zebrafish xenotransplantation studies and drug screening has shown that zebrafish is a reliable model to study human cancer and could be suitable for evaluating patient-derived xenograft cell invasiveness. Rapid, large-scale evaluation of in vivo drug responses and kinetics in zebrafish could undoubtedly lead to new applications in personalized medicine and combination therapy. For all of the above-mentioned reasons, zebrafish is approaching a future of being a pre-clinical cancer model, alongside the mouse. However, the mouse will continue to be valuable in the last steps of pre-clinical drug screening, mostly because of the highly conserved mammalian genome and biological processes.
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95
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Abstract
Stage T1 bladder cancers invade the lamina propria of the bladder and, despite sharing many of the genetic features of muscle-invasive bladder cancers, are classified as non-muscle-invasive or 'superficial' tumours. Yet, patients with T1 bladder cancer have an overall mortality of 33% and a cancer-specific mortality of 14% at three years after diagnosis, suggesting that these patients have a high risk of progression and, accordingly, require meticulous surgery, endoscopic surveillance and clinical decision-making. We hypothesize that the variability in the outcomes of patients with T1 bladder cancer is a result of both tumour heterogeneity and pathological staging, as well as inconsistencies in risk stratification, endoscopic resection and schedules of delivery of BCG. Owing to limitations in clinical staging, patients with T1 bladder cancer are at risk of both undertreatment with persistent use of BCG despite recurrence, and overtreatment with early cystectomy. Understanding the molecular features of T1 bladder cancers and how they respond to BCG therapy could improve biomarkers for risk stratification to align therapy with biological risk.
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96
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Abstract
As the process that silences gene expression ensues during development, the stage is set for the activity of Polycomb-repressive complex 2 (PRC2) to maintain these repressed gene profiles. PRC2 catalyzes a specific histone posttranslational modification (hPTM) that fosters chromatin compaction. PRC2 also facilitates the inheritance of this hPTM through its self-contained "write and read" activities, key to preserving cellular identity during cell division. As these changes in gene expression occur without changes in DNA sequence and are inherited, the process is epigenetic in scope. Mutants of mammalian PRC2 or of its histone substrate contribute to the cancer process and other diseases, and research into these aberrant pathways is yielding viable candidates for therapeutic targeting. The effectiveness of PRC2 hinges on its being recruited to the proper chromatin sites; however, resolving the determinants to this process in the mammalian case was not straightforward and thus piqued the interest of many in the field. Here, we chronicle the latest advances toward exposing mammalian PRC2 and its high maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ray Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
| | - Chul-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
| | - Ozgur Oksuz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
| | - James M Stafford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
| | - Danny Reinberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
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97
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Aubert Y, Egolf S, Capell BC. The Unexpected Noncatalytic Roles of Histone Modifiers in Development and Disease. Trends Genet 2019; 35:645-657. [PMID: 31301850 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation is critical for the precise control of cellular fate and developmental programs. Disruption of epigenetic information is increasingly appreciated as a potential driving mechanism in both developmental disorders as well as ubiquitous diseases such as cancer. Consistent with this, mutations in histone modifying enzymes are amongst the most frequent events in all of human cancer. While early studies have focused on the canonical enzymatic functions involved in catalyzing modifications to histones, more recent studies have uncovered a new layer of critical nonenzymatic roles in transcriptional regulation for these proteins. Here, we provide an overview of these surprising, yet exciting, noncanonical, noncatalytic roles, and highlight how these revelations may have important implications for understanding disease and the future of epigenome-targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Aubert
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shaun Egolf
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brian C Capell
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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98
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Vidal M. Polycomb Assemblies Multitask to Regulate Transcription. EPIGENOMES 2019; 3:12. [PMID: 34968234 PMCID: PMC8594731 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes3020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Polycomb system is made of an evolutionary ancient group of proteins, present throughout plants and animals. Known initially from developmental studies with the fly Drosophila melanogaster, they were associated with stable sustainment of gene repression and maintenance of cell identity. Acting as multiprotein assemblies with an ability to modify chromatin, through chemical additions to histones and organization of topological domains, they have been involved subsequently in control of developmental transitions and in cell homeostasis. Recent work has unveiled an association of Polycomb components with transcriptionally active loci and the promotion of gene expression, in clear contrast with conventional recognition as repressors. Focusing on mammalian models, I review here advances concerning roles in transcriptional control. Among new findings highlighted is the regulation of their catalytic properties, recruiting to targets, and activities in chromatin organization and compartmentalization. The need for a more integrated approach to the study of the Polycomb system, given its fundamental complexity and its adaptation to cell context, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Vidal
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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The cancer driver genes IDH1/2, JARID1C/ KDM5C, and UTX/ KDM6A: crosstalk between histone demethylation and hypoxic reprogramming in cancer metabolism. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-17. [PMID: 31221981 PMCID: PMC6586683 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on mutations in cancer genomes have distinguished driver mutations from passenger mutations, which occur as byproducts of cancer development. The cancer genome atlas (TCGA) project identified 299 genes and 24 pathways/biological processes that drive tumor progression (Cell 173: 371-385 e318, 2018). Of the 299 driver genes, 12 genes are involved in histones, histone methylation, and demethylation. Among these 12 genes, those encoding the histone demethylases JARID1C/KDM5C and UTX/KDM6A were identified as cancer driver genes. Furthermore, gain-of-function mutations in genes encoding metabolic enzymes, such as isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH)1/2, drive tumor progression by producing an oncometabolite, D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG), which is a competitive inhibitor of α-ketoglutarate, O2-dependent dioxygenases such as Jumonji domain-containing histone demethylases, and DNA demethylases. Studies on oncometabolites suggest that histone demethylases mediate metabolic changes in chromatin structure. We have reviewed the most recent findings regarding cancer-specific metabolic reprogramming and the tumor-suppressive roles of JARID1C/KDM5C and UTX/KDM6A. We have also discussed mutations in other isoforms such as the JARID1A, 1B, 1D of KDM5 subfamilies and the JMJD3/KDM6B of KDM6 subfamilies, which play opposing roles in tumor progression as oncogenes or tumor suppressors depending on the cancer cell type. Genes involved in the removal of methyl groups from histones associated with DNA can promote or suppress tumor growth depending on the metabolic status of the cancer cell. Hyunsung Park and colleagues at the University of Seoul, South Korea, review current knowledge of two genes encoding histone demethylases which have been identified by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project as cancer driver genes. Because these demethylase enzymes rely on cellular metabolites to function, their effect is influenced by metabolic conditions in the tumor microenvironment such as low oxygen. The mechanisms through which changes in histone methylation affect the expression of genes involved in tumor progression remain unknown. Further understanding of how cancer metabolism affects the modification of histones will help guide the development of more effective cancer treatments.
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100
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Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation requires the trithorax protein Ash2l. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8262. [PMID: 31164666 PMCID: PMC6547667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of core histones participate in controlling the expression of genes. Methylation of lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4), together with acetylation of H3K27, is closely associated with open chromatin and gene transcription. H3K4 methylation is catalyzed by KMT2 lysine methyltransferases that include the mixed-lineage leukemia 1–4 (MLL1-4) and SET1A and B enzymes. For efficient catalysis, all six require a core complex of four proteins, WDR5, RBBP5, ASH2L, and DPY30. We report that targeted disruption of Ash2l in the murine hematopoietic system results in the death of the mice due to a rapid loss of mature hematopoietic cells. However, lin−Sca1+Kit+ (LSK) cells, which are highly enriched in hematopoietic stem and multi-potent progenitor cells, accumulated in the bone marrow. The loss of Ash2l resulted in global reduction of H3K4 methylation and deregulated gene expression, including down-regulation of many mitosis-associated genes. As a consequence, LSK cells accumulated in the G2-phase of the cell cycle and were unable to proliferate and differentiate. In conclusion, Ash2l is essential for balanced gene expression and for hematopoietic stem and multi-potent progenitor cell physiology.
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