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Al-Hussain SA, Farghaly TA, Zaki MEA, Abdulwahab HG, Al-Qurashi NT, Muhammad ZA. Discovery of novel indolyl-1,2,4-triazole hybrids as potent vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) inhibitors with potential anti-renal cancer activity. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104330. [PMID: 33038552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeting VEGFR-2 signaling pathway is well-established as an important approach for the treatment of solid tumors, particularly renal cancer. Herein, novel indolyl-1,2,4-triazole hybrids were designed and synthesized as VEGFR-2 kinase inhibitors with potential anti-renal cancer activity. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed based on their spectral and elemental analyses. The results of in vitro kinase assay indicated that all target compounds revealed submicromolar inhibition of VEGFR-2 kinase enzyme. Analogs 5c, 5d and 9b emerged as the most active compounds (IC50 = 0.034-0.064 µM), showing VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity much superior to that of sunitinib reference drug (IC50 = 0.075 µM). Moreover, compounds 5a, 8c, 9d, 12c were equipotent to sunitinib against VEGFR-2 kinase. Additionally, the most potent compounds were further examined for their anticancer activity against two human renal cancer cell lines. All screened compounds effectively inhibited the growth of the two tested cell lines with IC50 values spanning from sub-micromolar to low micromolar levels. Compounds 5b, 5d, 11c and 12c were three to five-fold more potent than sunitinib against CAKI-1 cell line. Analogue 8c was superior/comparable to sunitinib against CAKI-1/A498 cell lines. Moreover, compound 9d showed double potency of sunitinib against A498 cell line. Besides, compounds 8c and 12c demonstrated a safety profile much better than that of sunitinib against non-cancer human renal cells. As well, the docked models of title compounds revealed strong interactions with key residues within the active site of VEGFR-2 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami A Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thoraya A Farghaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Magdi E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan G Abdulwahab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia T Al-Qurashi
- Department of Basic Science, University College in Adam, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeinab A Muhammad
- Department of Organic Chemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza 12311, Egypt
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Maleki Dana P, Reiter RJ, Hallajzadeh J, Asemi Z, Mansournia MA, Yousefi B. Melatonin as a potential inhibitor of kidney cancer: A survey of the molecular processes. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:2355-2365. [PMID: 32918860 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that despite the decreasing mortality rates of kidney cancer patients, its incidence is increasing. Therefore, a comprehensive re-evaluation of treatment options is necessary to provide appropriate treatments for the increasing number of patients. Moreover, the side effects caused by surgery, which is the main treatment of this disease, may lead to higher morbidity rates. Consequently, new safer approaches must be examined and considered. Major advancements have been made in the field of targeted agents as well as treatments based on immunotherapy since renal cell carcinoma (RCC) does not respond well to chemotherapy. While the therapeutic options for this cancer are increasing, the resulting complexity of selecting the best strategy for treating the patients is daunting. Moreover, each therapeutic option must be evaluated concerning toxicity, cost, and clinical advantages. Several characteristics, which are beneficial for cancer therapies have been attributed to melatonin. For decades, investigations have explored the application of melatonin in the treatment of cancer; insufficient attention has been paid to this molecule at the clinical level. Melatonin plays a role in cancer therapy due to its anti-tumor effects as well as by enhancing the efficacy of other drugs as an adjuvant. In this review, we discuss different roles of melatonin in the treatment of kidney cancer. The studies concerned with the applications of melatonin as an adjuvant in the immunotherapy of patients with kidney cancer are summarized. Also, we highlight the apoptotic and anti-angiogenic effects of melatonin on renal cancer cells which are mediated by different molecules (e.g., HIF-1 and VEGF, ADAMTS1, and MMP-9) and signaling pathways (e.g., P56, P52, and JNK). Furthermore, we take a look into available data on melatonin's ability to reduce the toxicities caused by kidney carcinogens, including ochratoxin A, potassium bromate, and Fe-NTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Maleki Dana
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jamal Hallajzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Bhandari NR, Ounpraseuth ST, Kamel MH, Kent EE, McAdam-Marx C, Tilford JM, Payakachat N. Changes in health-related quality of life outcomes in older patients with kidney cancer: A longitudinal cohort analysis with matched controls. Urol Oncol 2020; 38:852.e11-852.e20. [PMID: 32863123 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current evidence regarding health-related quality of life (HRQoL) changes among patients with kidney cancer (KC) is limited. We characterized HRQoL changes from before (baseline) to after (follow-up) diagnosis of KC in older Americans relative to matched controls, and identified sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with HRQoL changes in older patients with KC. MATERIALS AND METHODS This longitudinal, population-based, retrospective cohort study used data from Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results linked with Medicare Health Outcomes Survey, 1998-2013. Participants aged ≥65 years with baseline and follow-up survey data were identified. Those with primary KC (n = 186) were matched to adults without cancer (n = 558). HRQoL (physical component summary and mental component summary [MCS]) changes in KC patients were compared using generalized linear mixed-effects models to those of controls. Regression models were used to identify baseline factors associated with HRQoL changes. RESULTS The adjusted least squares mean (95% confidence interval) reduction in physical component summary from baseline to follow-up was greater in KC patients vs. controls (-4.1 [-5.6, -2.7] vs. -2.3 [-3.1, -1.4], P = 0.025). While the reduction in MCS was similar in both groups (-2.4 [-3.9, -0.8] vs. -1.5 [-2.4, -0.6], P = 0.338). Lower income and distant stage KC predicted greater declines in MCS among KC patients. CONCLUSION KC significantly affects overall general health in older patients, with sociodemographic factors and distant KC predicting greater reductions in HRQoL. Findings may help clinicians set patient expectations about their HRQoL post-diagnosis and increase clinician awareness of risk factors for HRQoL deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naleen Raj Bhandari
- Division of Pharmaceutical Evaluation and Policy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR
| | | | - Mohamed H Kamel
- Department of Urology, UAMS, Little Rock, AR; Department of Urology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Erin E Kent
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Carrie McAdam-Marx
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - J Mick Tilford
- Department of Health Policy and Management, UAMS, Little Rock, AR
| | - Nalin Payakachat
- Division of Pharmaceutical Evaluation and Policy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR.
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Safiri S, Kolahi AA, Mansournia MA, Almasi-Hashiani A, Ashrafi-Asgarabad A, Sullman MJM, Bettampadi D, Qorbani M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Ardalan M, Mokdad A, Fitzmaurice C. The burden of kidney cancer and its attributable risk factors in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13862. [PMID: 32807856 PMCID: PMC7431911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney cancer globally accounts for more than 131,000 deaths each year and has been found to place a large economic burden on society. However, there are no recent articles on the burden of kidney cancer across the world. The aim of this study was to present a status report on the incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with kidney cancer in 195 countries, from 1990 to 2017. Vital registration and cancer registry data (total of 23,660 site-years) were used to generate the estimates. Mortality was estimated first and the incidence and DALYs were calculated based on the estimated mortality values. All estimates were presented as counts and age-standardised rates per 100,000 population. The estimated rates were calculated by age, sex and according to the Socio-Demographic Index (SDI). In 2017, kidney cancer accounted for 393.0 thousand (95% UI: 371.0-404.6) incident cases, 138.5 thousand (95% UI: 128.7-142.5) deaths and 3.3 million (95% UI: 3.1-3.4) DALYs globally. The global age-standardised rates for the incidence, deaths and DALY were 4.9 (95% UI: 4.7-5.1), 1.7 (95% UI: 1.6-1.8) and 41.1 (95% UI: 38.7-42.5), respectively. Uruguay [15.8 (95% UI: 13.6-19.0)] and Bangladesh [1.5 (95% UI: 1.0-1.8)] had highest and lowest age-standardised incidence rates, respectively. The age-standardised death rates varied substantially from 0.47 (95% UI: 0.34-0.58) in Bangladesh to 5.6 (95% UI: 4.6-6.1) in the Czech Republic. Incidence and mortality rates were higher among males, than females, across all age groups, with the highest rates for both sexes being observed in the 95+ age group. Generally, positive associations were found between each country's age-standardised DALY rate and their corresponding SDI. The considerable burden of kidney cancer was attributable to high body mass index (18.5%) and smoking (16.6%) in both sexes. There are large inter-country differences in the burden of kidney cancer and it is generally higher in countries with a high SDI. The findings from this study provide much needed information for those in each country that are making health-related decisions about priority areas, resource allocation, and the effectiveness of prevention programmes. The results of our study also highlight the need for renewed efforts to reduce exposure to the kidney cancer risk factors and to improve the prevention and the early detection of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Safiri
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Ali-Asghar Kolahi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Almasi-Hashiani
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Ahad Ashrafi-Asgarabad
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Mark J M Sullman
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Deepti Bettampadi
- Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer (CIIRC), H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christina Fitzmaurice
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Testa U, Pelosi E, Castelli G. Genetic Alterations in Renal Cancers: Identification of The Mechanisms Underlying Cancer Initiation and Progression and of Therapeutic Targets. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 7:E44. [PMID: 32751108 PMCID: PMC7459851 DOI: 10.3390/medicines7080044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell cancer (RCC) involves three most recurrent sporadic types: clear-cell RCC (70-75%, CCRCC), papillary RCCC (10-15%, PRCC), and chromophobe RCC (5%, CHRCC). Hereditary cases account for about 5% of all cases of RCC and are caused by germline pathogenic variants. Herein, we review how a better understanding of the molecular biology of RCCs has driven the inception of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Genomic research has identified relevant genetic alterations associated with each RCC subtype. Molecular studies have clearly shown that CCRCC is universally initiated by Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) gene dysregulation, followed by different types of additional genetic events involving epigenetic regulatory genes, dictating disease progression, aggressiveness, and differential response to treatments. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the development and progression of RCC has considerably expanded treatment options; genomic data might guide treatment options by enabling patients to be matched with therapeutics that specifically target the genetic alterations present in their tumors. These new targeted treatments have led to a moderate improvement of the survival of metastatic RCC patients. Ongoing studies based on the combination of immunotherapeutic agents (immune check inhibitors) with VEGF inhibitors are expected to further improve the survival of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Testa
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vaile Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (G.C.)
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Mourão TC, Abreu D, Carvalhal GF, Gueglio G, da Costa WH, Calsavara VF, Meza-Montoya L, Bengió RG, Scorticati C, Castillejos-Molina R, Rodríguez-Covarrubias F, Autran-Gómez AM, Campos-Salcedo JG, Nolazco A, Ameri C, Zampolli H, Langenhin R, Muguruza D, Machado MT, Mingote P, Clavijo J, Nogueira L, Clark O, Rovegno AR, Secin FP, Decia R, Guimarães GC, Glina S, Rodríguez-Faba O, Palou J, Zequi SC. Small renal masses in Latin-American population: characteristics and prognostic factors for survival, recurrence and metastasis - a multi-institutional study from LARCG database. BMC Urol 2020; 20:85. [PMID: 32615971 PMCID: PMC7331283 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-020-00649-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate demographic, clinical and pathological characteristics of small renal masses (SRM) (≤ 4 cm) in a Latin-American population provided by LARCG (Latin-American Renal Cancer Group) and analyze predictors of survival, recurrence and metastasis. Methods A multi-institutional retrospective cohort study of 1523 patients submitted to surgical treatment for non-metastatic SRM from 1979 to 2016. Comparisons between radical (RN) or partial nephrectomy (PN) and young or elderly patients were performed. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests estimated 10-year overall survival. Predictors of local recurrence or metastasis were analyzed by a multivariable logistic regression model. Results PN and RN were performed in 897 (66%) and 461 (34%) patients. A proportional increase of PN cases from 48.5% (1979–2009) to 75% (after 2009) was evidenced. Stratifying by age, elderly patients (≥ 65 years) had better 10-year OS rates when submitted to PN (83.5%), than RN (54.5%), p = 0.044. This disparity was not evidenced in younger patients. On multivariable model, bilaterality, extracapsular extension and ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) classification ≥3 were predictors of local recurrence. We did not identify significant predictors for distant metastasis in our series. Conclusions PN is performed in Latin-America in a similar proportion to developed areas and it has been increasing in the last years. Even in elderly individuals, if good functional status, sufficiently fit to surgery, and favorable tumor characteristics, they should be encouraged to perform PN. Intending to an earlier diagnosis of recurrence or distant metastasis, SRM cases with unfavorable characteristics should have a more rigorous follow-up routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Camelo Mourão
- A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Antônio Prudente 211, Liberdade, São Paulo, 01509-010, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Walter H da Costa
- A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Antônio Prudente 211, Liberdade, São Paulo, 01509-010, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Fernando Calsavara
- Epidemiology and Statistics Department, International Research Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Raúl Langenhin
- Corporación Médica de Paysandú (COMEPA), Paysandu, Uruguay
| | - Diego Muguruza
- Corporación Médica de Paysandú (COMEPA), Paysandu, Uruguay
| | - Marcos Tobias Machado
- Instituto Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho, São Paulo, Brazil.,ABC Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lucas Nogueira
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Agustín R Rovegno
- Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas (CEMIC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Gustavo C Guimarães
- Surgical Oncology Coordinator at Beneficencia Portuguesa Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sidney Glina
- ABC Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Ipiranga Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Stenio C Zequi
- A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Antônio Prudente 211, Liberdade, São Paulo, 01509-010, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology in Oncogenomics and Therapeutic Innovation, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
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Chromosome 17p13 deletion is associated with an aggressive tumor phenotype in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2020; 18:128. [PMID: 32534597 PMCID: PMC7293794 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-020-01902-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Deletions of 17p13 recurrently occur in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) but their prognostic role seems to be uncertain. Methods To determine prevalence, relationship with tumor phenotype, and patient prognosis, a tissue microarray containing samples from 1809 RCCs was evaluated using dual labeling fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 17p13 and chromosome 17 centromere probes. Results A 17p13 deletion was found in 72 of 1429 interpretable tumors. The frequency of 17p13 deletions varied greatly between RCC subtypes and was highest in chromophobe RCC (24/72; 33.3%). 17p13 deletions were also found in 35 (3.7%) of 946 clear cell RCC, 9 (4.3%) of 208 papillary RCC, 1 of 121 oncocytomas (0.8%), as well as in several rare cases of comprising 1 of 7 Xp11.2 translocation cancers, 1 of 3 collecting duct carcinomas, and 1 of 20 not otherwise specified (NOS) carcinomas. In clear cell carcinomas, 17p13 deletions revealed a strong and consistent association with higher Fuhrman, ISUP, and Thoenes grade (p < 0.0001 each), and linked to advanced tumor stage (p = 0.0168), large tumor diameter (p = 0.0004), distant metastases (p = 0.0077), cancer-specific survival (p = 0.0391), and recurrence-free survival (p = 0.0072). In multivariate analysis, 17p13 deletions showed in clear cell RCC a dependent prognostic role for established clinical-pathological parameters. Conclusion 17p13 deletions have a dual role in RCC. They are associated with disease progression in clear cell RCC and possibly other subtypes and they are linked to the development of chromophobe RCC—a subtype with a particularly favorable prognosis.
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Oncogenic effects of RAB27B through exosome independent function in renal cell carcinoma including sunitinib-resistant. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232545. [PMID: 32379831 PMCID: PMC7205224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are 40–100 nm nano-sized extracellular vesicles. They are released from many cell types and move into the extracellular space, thereby transferring their components to recipient cells. Exosomes are receiving increasing attention as novel structures participating in intracellular communication. RAB27B is one of the leading proteins involved in exosome secretion, and oncogenic effects have been reported in several cancers. In recent years, molecularly targeted agents typified by sunitinib are widely used for the treatment of metastatic or recurrent renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, intrinsic or acquired resistance to sunitinib has become a major issue. The present study aimed to elucidate the role of RAB27B in RCC including sunitinib-resistant and its role in exosomes. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that high expression of RAB27B correlates with progression of RCC. The expression of RAB27B protein in RCC cell lines was significantly enhanced compared with that in normal kidney cell lines. Furthermore, RAB27B protein expression was enhanced in all of the tested sunitinib-resistant RCC cell lines compared to parental cells. Although no specific effect of RAB27B on exosomes was identified in RCC cells, loss-of-function studies demonstrated that knockdown of RAB27B suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasive activities. Moreover, anti-tumor effects of RAB27B downregulation were also observed in sunitinib-resistant RCC cells. RNA sequence and pathway analysis suggested that the oncogenic effects of RAB27B might be associated with MAPK and VEGF signaling pathways. These results showed that RAB27B is a prognostic marker and a novel therapeutic target in sunitinib-sensitive and -resistant RCCs. Further analyses should improve our understanding of sunitinib resistance in RCC.
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Wallis CJD, Novara G, Marandino L, Bex A, Kamat AM, Karnes RJ, Morgan TM, Mottet N, Gillessen S, Bossi A, Roupret M, Powles T, Necchi A, Catto JWF, Klaassen Z. Risks from Deferring Treatment for Genitourinary Cancers: A Collaborative Review to Aid Triage and Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Eur Urol 2020; 78:29-42. [PMID: 32414626 PMCID: PMC7196384 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Context The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is leading to delays in the treatment of many urologic cancers. Objective To provide a contemporary picture of the risks from delayed treatment for urologic cancers to assist with triage. Evidence acquisition A collaborative review using literature published as of April 2, 2020. Evidence synthesis Patients with low-grade non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer are unlikely to suffer from a 3–6-month delay. Patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer are at risk of disease progression, with radical cystectomy delays beyond 12 wk from diagnosis or completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Prioritization of these patients for surgery or management with radiochemotherapy is encouraged. Active surveillance should be used for low-risk prostate cancer (PCa). Treatment of most patients with intermediate- and high-risk PCa can be deferred 3–6 mo without change in outcomes. The same may be true for cancers with the highest risk of progression. With radiotherapy, neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard of care. For surgery, although the added value of neoadjuvant ADT is questionable, it may be considered if a patient is interested in such an approach. Intervention may be safely deferred for T1/T2 renal masses, while locally advanced renal tumors (≥T3) should be treated expeditiously. Patients with metastatic renal cancer may consider vascular endothelial growth factor targeted therapy over immunotherapy. Risks for delay in the treatment of upper tract urothelial cancer depend on grade and stage. For patients with high-grade disease, delays of 12 wk in nephroureterectomy are not associated with adverse survival outcomes. Expert guidance recommends expedient local treatment of testis cancer. In penile cancer, adverse outcomes have been observed with delays of ≥3 mo before inguinal lymphadenectomy. Limitations include a paucity of data and methodologic variations for many cancers. Conclusions Patients and clinicians should consider the oncologic risk of delayed cancer intervention versus the risks of COVID-19 to the patient, treating health care professionals, and the health care system. Patient summary The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has led to delays in the treatment of patients with urologic malignancies. Based on a review of the literature, patients with high-grade urothelial carcinoma, advanced kidney cancer, testicular cancer, and penile cancer should be prioritized for treatment during these challenging times.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giacomo Novara
- Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology-Urology Clinic, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Marandino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Axel Bex
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, London, UK
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Todd M Morgan
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicolas Mottet
- Department of Urology, University hospital Nord, St Etienne, France
| | - Silke Gillessen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Oncologico della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Bossi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Morgan Roupret
- Urology, GRC n°5, PREDICTIVE ONCO-URO, AP-HP, Pitié Salpetriere Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; European Section of Onco Urology, EAU
| | - Thomas Powles
- Barts Cancer Center, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Necchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - James W F Catto
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Zachary Klaassen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Augusta University-Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA; Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Alqurashi L, Al-Hajeili M, Alsayyed E, Salman B, Mashat H, Bokhary R. The outcomes of renal cell carcinoma in a single tertiary care facility in Saudi Arabia. Urol Ann 2020; 12:163-166. [PMID: 32565655 PMCID: PMC7292425 DOI: 10.4103/ua.ua_142_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Amidst an era of rising malignancies worldwide, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the 7th most commonly detected, owing to 144,000 cancer-related deaths annually. Demographic knowledge of such cases in Saudi Arabia is poorly portrayed. According to the 2014 Saudi Cancer Registry, RCC has rated the 10th most common malignancy among males, posing a significant disease burden. Global studies have depicted a great discrepancy of 15 folds in the incidence of RCC among different countries, which is commonly attributed to variations in each countries development. We aimed to assess the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients who underwent nephrectomy in our health-care facility. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study done at a tertiary care facility of all cases of RCC as per the pathology department database for the period of 2007–2017. The OS and DFS were statistically determined using Stata/SE 15.0. Results: Overall, 109 RCC patients were included in the study. Mean age at diagnosis was 53.8 (range: 24–89) years. Demographic data revealed a total of 71 (65.14%) males included in the study and 38 (34.86%) females. The OS at 2 years and 5 years was noted to be 95.3% and 92.6%, respectively. The DFS was found to be 90.8% at 2 years and 85.4% at 5 years. On multivariate analysis of the results, step-wise model was utilized to eliminate irrelevant variables affecting the OS, with a probability to eliminate variables with P > 0.2. Metastasis (M) was found to be a relevant variable (hazards ratio [HR]: 52.25 [P = 0.003]; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.75–728.88). On multivariate analysis of the DFS, variables were found to be significant which include gender (HR: 0.15 [P = 0.063]; 95% CI: 0.02–1.105), nationality (HR: 16.1 [P = 0.034]; 95% CI: 1.24–209.13), age at diagnosis (HR: 0.93 [P = 0.031]; 95% CI: 0.87–0.99), and pathological stage (T) (HR: 7.89 [P = 0.003]; 95% CI: 1.98–31.36). Conclusions: Our results revealed a notable discrepancy in the 5-year OS and the 5-year DFS as compared to studies in the literature. However, our study was limited to a single center and the majority of our patients were diagnosed at a rather early stage. With the rising number of RCC cases worldwide and in Saudi, this further necessitates extensive disease surveillance for trends in all parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujain Alqurashi
- Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwan Al-Hajeili
- Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab Alsayyed
- Department of Urology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Budoor Salman
- Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hibatallah Mashat
- Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Bokhary
- Department of Pathology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer incidence in Europe: a comprehensive review of population-based epidemiological studies. Radiol Oncol 2020; 54:1-13. [PMID: 32074075 PMCID: PMC7087422 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2020-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since the end of the previous century, there has not been a comprehensive review of European studies on socioeconomic inequality in cancer incidence. In view of recent advances in data source linkage and analytical methods, we aimed to update the knowledge base on associations between location-specific cancer incidence and individual or area-level measures of socio-economic status (SES) among European adults. Materials and methods We systematically searched three databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) for articles on cancer incidence and SES. Qualitative synthesis was performed on the 91 included English language studies, published between 2000 and 2019 in Europe, which focused on adults, relied on cancer registry data and reported on relative risk (RR) estimates. Results Adults with low SES have increased risk of head and neck, oesophagogastric, liver and gallbladder, pancreatic, lung, kidney, bladder, penile and cervical cancers (highest RRs for lung, head and neck, stomach and cervix). Conversely, high SES is linked with increased risk of thyroid, breast, prostate and skin cancers. Central nervous system and haematological cancers are not associated with SES. The positive gap in testicular cancer has narrowed, while colorectal cancer shows a varying pattern in different countries. Negative associations are generally stronger for men compared to women. Conclusions In Europe, cancers in almost all common locations are associated with SES and the inequalities can be explained to a varying degree by known life-style related factors, most notably smoking. Independent effects of many individual and area SES measures which capture different aspects of SES can also be observed.
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Zheng S, Zhang M, Bai H, He M, Dong L, Cai L, Zhao M, Wang Q, Xu K, Li J. Preparation of AS1411 Aptamer Modified Mn-MoS 2 QDs for Targeted MR Imaging and Fluorescence Labelling of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:9513-9524. [PMID: 31819447 PMCID: PMC6898992 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s215883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma is extremely significant for the effective treatment of kidney cancer. The development of AS1411 aptamer modified Mn-MoS2 QDs provides a promising fluorescence/magnetic resonance (MR) dual-modal imaging probe for the precise diagnosis of renal clear cell carcinoma. METHODS In this work, Mn-MoS2 QDs were synthesized through a simple "bottom-up" one-step hydrothermal method. AS1411 aptamer was modified on the Mn-MoS2 QDs to improve the specificity to renal cell carcinoma. The characteristics of Mn-MoS2 QDs were confirmed by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra, etc. Cellular fluorescence labelling was investigated using the Mn-MoS2 QDs and AS1411-Mn-MoS2 QDs. The T1-weighted MR imaging was assessed by the in vitro MR cell imaging and in vivo MR imaging. Finally, the long-term toxicity of Mn-MoS2 QDs was investigated by the hematology and histological analysis. RESULTS The prepared Mn-MoS2 QDs exhibited excellent aqueous property, intense fluorescence, low toxicity, high quantum yield of 41.45% and high T1 relaxivity of 16.95 mM-1s-1. After conjugated with AS1411 aptamer, the AS1411-Mn-MoS2 QDs could specifically fluorescently label the renal carcinoma cells and present a specific MRI signal enhancement in the tumor region of mice bearing renal carcinoma tumors. Furthermore, Mn-MoS2 QDs revealed low toxicity to the mice via hematology and histological analysis. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated the potential of AS1411-Mn-MoS2 QD as a novel nanoprobe for targeted MR imaging and fluorescence labelling of renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou221006, People’s Republic of China,School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou221004, People’s Republic of China,Institute of Medical Imaging and Digital Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou221004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou221004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Bai
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou221004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meijuan He
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou221004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lina Dong
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou221004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lulu Cai
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou221004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou221004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou221004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou221006, People’s Republic of China,School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou221004, People’s Republic of China,Institute of Medical Imaging and Digital Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou221004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou221006, People’s Republic of China,School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou221004, People’s Republic of China,Institute of Medical Imaging and Digital Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou221004, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Jingjing Li; Kai Xu Email ;
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Identification of Long Noncoding RNA APOC1P1 as an Oncogene in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:2814058. [PMID: 31871500 PMCID: PMC6913315 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2814058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most common genitourinary cancers worldwide. Previous evidence shows that long noncoding RNA (LncRNA) APOC1P1 plays an important role in cancer development. However, the role of LncRNA APOC1P1 in ccRCC remains to be explored. LncRNA APOC1P1 expression in 283 ccRCC tissues and 30 normal kidney tissues was detected by quantitative real-time PCR, and its prognostic association with ccRCC was assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard model. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were determined in RCC cells with downregulation of LncRNA APOC1P1 expression. LncRNA APOC1P1 expression was increased in ccRCC tissues compared with normal kidney tissues (P < 0.001). Its expression was higher in the Fuhrman grade III and IV group than in the Fuhrman grade I and II group (P < 0.05) and significantly upregulated in the advanced stage group (P < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier analyses revealed that elevated LncRNA APOC1P1 expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival (P < 0.05) but may not be an independent prognostic factor. Knockdown of LncRNA APOC1P1 inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and arrested cells at the G1/S phase (P < 0.05). Silencing of LncRNA APOC1P1 also led to decreased cell migration and invasion (P < 0.05). LncRNA APOC1P1 acts as an oncogene, plays an important role in ccRCC development, and can be considered a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in ccRCC patients.
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Abstract
Over the past decade, the treatment landscape for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has evolved dramatically. The therapeutic options available have expanded and now include immune-checkpoint inhibitors, novel targeted agents and combination strategies, and thus optimal patient selection and treatment sequencing are increasingly pertinent for optimizing clinical outcomes. A better understanding of the underlying biology of the tumour and its microenvironment continues to drive the inception of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, many biomarkers robustly associated with treatment and disease-specific outcomes have been identified, and their integration into clinical decision-making for patients with advanced-stage disease will soon become a reality. Herein, we review relevant aspects of the molecular biology of metastatic RCC, with an emphasis on predictive and prognostic biomarkers, and suggest tailored algorithms to individualize and guide treatment approaches for specific subgroups of patients.
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Jakubovskis M, Kojalo U, Steinbrekera B, Auziņš J, Kirilovas D, Lietuvietis V. Renal cell carcinoma trends in Latvia: incidence, mortality, and survival rates. Population-based study. Cent European J Urol 2019; 72:344-350. [PMID: 32015902 PMCID: PMC6979557 DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2019.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Baltic States including Latvia are reported as having one of the highest renal cell carcinoma (RCC) incidence and mortality rates in the world. However, data are often presented without stage-specific stratification, making assessment of the overall RCC diagnosis and survival trends challenging. MATERIAL AND METHODS We collected data on all newly diagnosed RCC patients from the national population-based cancer registry between 1997 and 2016. We analyzed RCC incidence, mortality and survival trends using Joinpoint analysis. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed for 5- and 10-year cancer specific survival rate calculations. RESULTS There were a total of 7893 patients with newly diagnosed RCC. The age standardized (AS) incidence rate (per 100,000) increased slightly from 8.9 in 1997 to 9.8 in 2016. There were no specific changes in the incidence rate trend. Detection of early stage RCC increased by 5.4% annually. The AS mortality rates (per 100,000) decreased from 4.9 in 1997 to 3.9 in 2016, however, it did not reach a statistically significant change. The mortality rates decreased significantly in females and in the age group of 60-69 years. The 5-year cancer specific survival (CSS) rate increased from 55.1% in 1997-2001 to 66.6% in years 2007-2011. The 10-year CSS rate increased from 49.1% in 1997-2001 to 56.5% in years 2002-2006. CONCLUSIONS During the study period, RCC incidence rates increased and overall mortality rates did not change. Similar to the rest of the world, the incidence of RCC diagnosed at an earlier stage increased and 5- and 10-year survival rates improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Māris Jakubovskis
- Department of Surgery, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
- Clinic of Urology and Oncological Urology, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Una Kojalo
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Baiba Steinbrekera
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota-Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
- Boekelheide NICU, Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Jānis Auziņš
- Clinic of Urology and Oncological Urology, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Vilnis Lietuvietis
- Department of Surgery, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
- Clinic of Urology and Oncological Urology, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
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8p deletions in renal cell carcinoma are associated with unfavorable tumor features and poor overall survival. Urol Oncol 2019; 38:43.e13-43.e20. [PMID: 31757738 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2019.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS 8p deletions are common in renal cell carcinoma. To study their prognostic impact and association with kidney cancer phenotype, a tissue microarray with 1,809 cancers was analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization for 8p21 copy numbers. RESULTS One thousand four hundred and seventy four interpretable tumors showed substantial differences between renal cancer subtypes. That 8p deletion was only seen in 1 (0.5%) of 216 papillary carcinomas underscores the biologic uniqueness of papillary kidney cancer, which is also defined by a highly distinct morphology. 8p deletions were found in 13.2% of 976 clear cell carcinomas, 7.8% of 77 chromophobe carcinomas, 0.8% of 119 oncocytomas, but also in several rare tumor entities including 1 of 4 collecting duct cancers, 1 of 3 multilocular cystic clear cell renal cell neoplasm of low malignancy, 2 of 10 Xp11.2 translocation cancers, 3 of 18 not otherwise specified carcinomas, and 1 analyzed medullary carcinoma. In clear cell carcinomas, 8p deletions were significantly associated with higher International Society of Urologic Pathologists (ISUP) grading (P = 0.0014), Fuhrman (P = 0.0003) and Thoenes grade (P = 0.0033), advanced tumor stage (P = 0.0002), large tumor diameter (P = 0.0019), distant metastases (P = 0.0183), overall survival (P = 0.0394), and recurrence free survival (P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, the prognostic role of 8p deletions was not independent of established clinic-pathological parameters. In conclusion, 8p deletions are strongly linked to tumor aggressiveness in clear cell kidney cancer. CONCLUSIONS Because 8p deletions are easy to measure by fluorescence in situ hybridization, 8p deletion assessment, most likely in combination with other parameters, may have a role in future prognosis assessment in clear cell kidney cancer.
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Chen Y, He J, Su C, Wang H, Chen Y, Guo W, Li Y, Ding G. LINC00461 affects the survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma by acting as a competing endogenous RNA for microRNA‑942. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:1924-1934. [PMID: 31545458 PMCID: PMC6775798 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms of human miR‑942 in the sunitinib‑resistance of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). A sunitinib‑resistant OS‑RC‑2 cell line was established by continuous exposure to increasing concentrations of sunitinib for ~12 weeks. The expression levels of four miRNAs were determined by reverse transcription‑quantitative (RT‑q)PCR. miR‑942 mimics were transfected into OS‑RC‑2 cells and RNA sequencing was performed on the miR‑942‑ and negative control‑transfected cells. Downregulated genes, including those of long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs, were identified. The target genes of miR‑942 were predicted, followed by protein‑protein interaction network construction and functional enrichment analyses of miR‑942 target genes. In addition, RCC RNA‑seq and miRNA‑seq data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The contributions of lncRNA and/or mRNAs to survival prediction were assessed and a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network consisting of miR‑942, lncRNA and mRNAs was constructed. The expression levels of LINC00461, miR‑942, spalt‑like transcription factor 1 (SALL1), methionyl aminopeptidase 1 (METAP1) and DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 1 (DCAF11) were verified using RT‑qPCR. The role of LINC00461 in cell viability was detected by MTT assay. The expression level of miR‑942 was significantly increased in sunitinib‑resistant cells. A total of seven lncRNAs and 155 mRNAs were predicted as target genes of miR‑942 in the miR‑942 mimic‑treated samples, compared with the mimic control‑treated group. These potential target genes were significantly associated with 'protein binding', 'TNF‑β signaling pathway', 'negative transcriptional regulation' and 'RNA binding'. Through the integrated analysis of RNA‑sequencing and TCGA data, an miR‑942‑related ceRNA network, which was predicted to significantly affect the survival of patients with RCC, was constructed. The expression levels of lncRNA LINC00461 and the genes SALL1, METAP1, and DCAF11 were further verified. The viability of OS‑RC‑2 cells was decreased following co‑transfection with miR‑942 mimics and LINC00641 siRNA, and was comparable to that of wild type OS‑RC‑2 cells (P>0.05). Therefore, lncRNA LINC00461 may act as an miR‑942 ceRNA, and affect the survival of patients with RCC by regulating the expression of SALL1, METAP1 and DCAF11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Chen
- Department of Urology, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, P.R. China
| | - Jinkui He
- Department of Urology, Yiwu Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Yiwu 322000, P.R. China
| | - Changju Su
- Department of Urology, Yiwu Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Yiwu 322000, P.R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Urology, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, P.R. China
| | - Yuanlei Chen
- Department of Urology, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, P.R. China
| | - Wenhao Guo
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, P.R. China
| | - Yining Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, P.R. China
| | - Guoqing Ding
- Department of Urology, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, P.R. China
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Dietary Fiber and Gut Microbiota in Renal Diets. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092149. [PMID: 31505733 PMCID: PMC6770883 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition is crucial for the management of patients affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD) to slow down disease progression and to correct symptoms. The mainstay of the nutritional approach to renal patients is protein restriction coupled with adequate energy supply to prevent malnutrition. However, other aspects of renal diets, including fiber content, can be beneficial. This paper summarizes the latest literature on the role of different types of dietary fiber in CKD, with special attention to gut microbiota and the potential protective role of renal diets. Fibers have been identified based on aqueous solubility, but other features, such as viscosity, fermentability, and bulking effect in the colon should be considered. A proper amount of fiber should be recommended not only in the general population but also in CKD patients, to achieve an adequate composition and metabolism of gut microbiota and to reduce the risks connected with obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.
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de Cássio Zequi S, da Costa WH, Korkes F, dos Reis RB, Busato WFS, Matheus WE, da Silva Neto DCV, de Almeida e Paula F, Carvalhal GF, Nogueira L, de Carvalho Fernandes R, Silva AGE, Sasse AD, Fay AP, Jardim DL, Bastos DA, da Rosa DAR, Wierman E, Kater F, Schutz FA, Maluf FC, de Oliveira FNG, Morbeck IAP, Rinck JA, da Trindade KM, Maia MC, Souza VC, Monteiro FSM, Soares A. Renal cell cancer treatment: an expert panel recommendation from the Latin American cooperative group-genitourinary and the Latin American renal cancer group: focus on surgery. Ther Adv Urol 2019; 11:1756287219872324. [PMID: 31523281 PMCID: PMC6734614 DOI: 10.1177/1756287219872324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Renal cell cancer (RCC) is one of the 10 most common cancers in the world,
and its incidence is increasing, whereas mortality is declining only in
developed countries. Therefore, two collaborative groups, The Latin American
Oncology Cooperative Group-Genitourinary Section (LACOG-GU) and the Latin
American Renal Cancer Group (LARCG), held a consensus meeting to develop
this guideline. Methods: Issues (134) related to the treatment of RCC were previously formulated by a
panel of experts. The voting panel comprised 26 specialists (urologists and
medical oncologists) from the LACOG-GU/LARCG. A consensus was reached if 75%
agreement was achieved. If there was less concordance, a new discussion was
undertaken, and a consensus was determined by the most votes after a second
voting session. Results: The expert meeting provided recommendations that were in line with the global
literature; 75.0% of the recommendations made by the panel of experts were
evidence-based level A, 22.5% of the recommendations were level B, and 2.5%
of the recommendations were level D. Conclusions: This review suggests recommendations for the surgical treatment of RCC
according to the LACOG-GU/LARCG experts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando Korkes
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo,
Brazil
- ABC Medical School, Santo André, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gustavo Franco Carvalhal
- Escola de Medicina e Hospital São Lucas da
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre,
Brazil
| | - Lucas Nogueira
- Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal
de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Roni de Carvalho Fernandes
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de
São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Central da Santa Casa de Misericórdia
de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - André P. Fay
- Escola de Medicina e Hospital São Lucas da
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre,
Brazil
- Grupo Oncoclínicas, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabio Kater
- Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo,
Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Cotait Maluf
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo,
Brazil
- Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo,
Brazil
- Hospital Santa Lúcia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Karine Martins da Trindade
- Hospital São Carlos/Oncocentro, Fortaleza,
Brazil
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Fortaleza,
Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Andrey Soares
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo,
Brazil
- Centro Paulista de Oncologia, São Paulo,
Brazil
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Gong X, Zhao H, Saar M, Peehl DM, Brooks JD. miR-22 Regulates Invasion, Gene Expression and Predicts Overall Survival in Patients with Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. KIDNEY CANCER 2019; 3:119-132. [PMID: 31763513 PMCID: PMC6839454 DOI: 10.3233/kca-190051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is molecularly diverse and distinct molecular subtypes show different clinical outcomes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential components of gene regulatory networks and play a crucial role in progression of many cancer types including ccRCC. Objective: Identify prognostic miRNAs and determine the role of miR-22 in ccRCC. Methods: Hierarchical clustering was done in R using gene expression profiles of over 450 ccRCC cases in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to identify prognostic miRNAs in the TCGA dataset. RNA-Seq was performed to identify miR-22 target genes in primary ccRCC cells and Matrigel invasion assay was performed to assess the effects of miR-22 overexpression on cell invasion. Results: Hierarchical clustering analysis using 2,621 prognostic genes previously identified by our group demonstrated that ccRCC patients with longer overall survival expressed lower levels of genes promoting proliferation or immune responses, while better maintaining gene expression associated with cortical differentiation and cell adhesion. Targets of 26 miRNAs were significantly enriched in the 2,621 prognostic genes and these miRNAs were prognostic by themselves. MiR-22 was associated with poor overall survival in the TCGA dataset. Overexpression of miR-22 promoted invasion of primary ccRCC cells in vitro and modulated transcriptional programs implicated in cancer progression including DNA repair, cell proliferation and invasion. Conclusions: Our results suggest that ccRCCs with differential clinical outcomes have distinct transcriptomes for which miRNAs could serve as master regulators. MiR-22, as a master regulator, promotes ccRCC progression at least in part by enhancing cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gong
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hongjuan Zhao
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Matthias Saar
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Donna M Peehl
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James D Brooks
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Kandil NS, Ghazala RA, El Sharkawy RM, Youssif TA, Noha Abouseda N. Evaluation of Protein Profiling in a Cohort of Egyptian Population with Renal Cell Carcinoma and Benign Kidney Neoplasms. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:2145-2152. [PMID: 31350978 PMCID: PMC6745217 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.7.2145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal imaging leads to the detection of a large number of renal tumors without the ability to distinguish the type of tumor detected. It is necessary to find a precise way to know the type of tumor to determine the appropriate treatment. The use of urine samples for detecting new biomarkers especially proteins has a great potential. In this work we assessed the proteomic profiling difference in a cohort of Egyptian population with renal neoplasms. Methods: This cohort study was conducted on 85 subjects. They were classified as 40 RCC, 15 benign kidney patients, and 30 healthy controls. Morning urine samples were used for peptidome separation using magnetic beads. Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was applied Using FlexControlTM software. Results: Benign tumors were differentiated from controls by 5 integrated peaks, 12 significant and 2 integrated significant peaks, 17:3,418.8 and 25:4,173.41. While RCC were differentiated from benign by 5 integrated, 28 significant and one integrated significant peak. The RCC group was discriminated from the controls by 5 peaks which were integrated from which 1 was integrated and significant (with mass to charge ratio of 12:3,408.97). The three groups showed protein profiles ranging from 1 to 10 kDa. The external validation was performed for the RCC group versus the control reveled sensitivity of 88.7% and specificity of 73.2% by genetic algorithm. Conclusion: Proteomic approach can be used as a sensitive urinary marker differentiating renal masses in an early diagnostic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Said Kandil
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | | | - Rania Mohamed El Sharkawy
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Tamer Abou Youssif
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Noha Noha Abouseda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
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Liu Y, Zhou L, Chen Y, Liao B, Ye D, Wang K, Li H. Hypertension as a prognostic factor in metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Urol 2019; 19:49. [PMID: 31174518 PMCID: PMC6555944 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-019-0481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Conflicting evidence exists regarding the effect of hypertension on the prognosis of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). This study aimed to assess the predictive value of TKIs-induced hypertension in patients with mRCC. Methods This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42019129593). PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library database were searched with terms: “renal cell carcinoma”, “hypertension”, “blood pressure”, “tyrosine kinase inhibitor”, “sunitinib”, “axitinib”, “sorafenib” and “pazopanib” until March 21, 2019. Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) were extracted and analyzed with Stata 15.0 software. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 value. Meta-regression, subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were also performed to explore heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed with funnel plots and precisely assessed by Egger’s and Begg’s tests. The quality of evidence of outcomes was generated according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Results A total of 4661 patients from 22 studies were included in the study. The results showed that the increase of blood pressure was an effective predictor for longer PFS (HR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.48–0.71, p < 0.001; I2 = 77.3%) and OS (HR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.45–0.70, p < 0.001; I2 = 77.4%) of patients with mRCC. Subgroup analysis revealed that patients receiving sunitinib and pazopanib could have longer PFS and OS. Conclusions This study indicated that TKIs-induced hypertension may be a good predictor for better prognosis of patients with mRCC receiving TKIs treatment, especially using sunitinib or pazopanib. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12894-019-0481-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuntian Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Banghua Liao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghui Ye
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunjie Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
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Strizova Z, Taborska P, Stakheev D, Partlová S, Havlova K, Vesely S, Bartunkova J, Smrz D. NK and T cells with a cytotoxic/migratory phenotype accumulate in peritumoral tissue of patients with clear cell renal carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2019; 37:503-509. [PMID: 31030972 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most lethal urologic malignancy with increasing incidence worldwide. The conventional treatment strategies for advanced or recurrent RCC are not efficient and show considerable toxicities. Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) has become a promising treatment option for multiple cancers, particularly in combination with other therapeutic approaches. ACT often utilizes extensively in vitro expanded tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). However, TILs are a very heterogeneous mix of cell populations and only those populations that have a cytotoxic and migratory potential are thought to deliver a therapeutic impact in ACT. The identification and localization of these therapeutically potent populations are therefore needed. METHODS AND MATERIALS A total number of 57 tissue samples from 19 RCC patients who underwent radical nephrectomy was analyzed. The tissue samples were obtained from the tumor, peritumoral tissue, and the adjacent healthy renal tissue. The tissues were sliced, enzymatically dissociated into single cell suspensions and the obtained cells further analyzed by flow cytometry for the expression of markers of lymphocyte cytotoxicity - TRAIL and FasL, and a surrogate marker of lymphocyte migratory activity - PECAM-1. The analyzed data were next correlated with the clinical and histopathological data. RESULTS Non-clear cell RCC (non-ccRCC) tumors showed a significantly decreased tumor infiltration with TRAIL+FasL+ NK cells but elevated infiltration with FasL+PECAM-1+ T cells as compared with clear cell RCC (ccRCC) tumors. Further analyses revealed that the peritumoral tissue of ccRCC patients is a reservoir of TRAIL+FasL+, TRAIL+PECAM-1+, or FasL+PECAM-1+ NK and T cells. CONCLUSIONS The cytotoxic/migratory lymphocytes were identified in tumors of ccRCC patients. These lymphocytes became excluded from the tumor and accumulated in the patient's peritumoral tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Strizova
- Institute of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Taborska
- Institute of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitry Stakheev
- Institute of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Partlová
- Institute of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Havlova
- Department of Urology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Vesely
- Department of Urology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Czech Republic
| | - Jirina Bartunkova
- Institute of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Smrz
- Institute of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Czech Republic.
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Canino C, Perrone L, Bosco E, Saltalamacchia G, Mosca A, Rizzo M, Porta C. Targeting angiogenesis in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2019; 19:245-257. [PMID: 30678509 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2019.1574574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and particularly its clear cell histological subtype, is commonly characterized by genetic alterations in the Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene, leading to a typically exasperated angiogenesis. However, other biological and genetic peculiarities contribute to differentiate this malignancy from other solid tumors, including its immunogenicity. Areas covered: This review focuses on the present and future role of antiangiogenic drugs, administered either alone (as it has been in the past few years), or in combination with other agents (e.g. immune checkpoint inhibitors), in the treatment of metastatic RCC. Expert commentary: Due to its peculiar pathogenesis, it is unrealistic to expect to be able to get rid of antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of this disease; however, we do expect that combinations of VEGF/VEGFRs-targeting agents with immune checkpoint inhibitors will gradually replace antiangiogenic monotherapies as the standard of care, at least in the first line setting of metastatic RCC patients. Biomarkers discovery remains the highest priority in order to further improve the percentage of patients benefitting of our treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Canino
- a Division of Translational Oncology , I.R.C.C.S. Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri , Pavia , Italy
| | - Lorenzo Perrone
- b Division of Oncology , I.R.C.C.S. Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri , Pavia , Italy
| | - Eugenia Bosco
- a Division of Translational Oncology , I.R.C.C.S. Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri , Pavia , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Saltalamacchia
- a Division of Translational Oncology , I.R.C.C.S. Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri , Pavia , Italy
| | - Alessandra Mosca
- c Medical Oncology , Ospedale Maggiore della Carità , Novara , Italy
| | - Mimma Rizzo
- a Division of Translational Oncology , I.R.C.C.S. Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri , Pavia , Italy
| | - Camillo Porta
- a Division of Translational Oncology , I.R.C.C.S. Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri , Pavia , Italy.,d Department of Internal Medicine , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
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Li LM, Liu H, Liu XH, Hu HB, Liu SM. Clinical significance of exosomal miRNAs and proteins in three human cancers with high mortality in China. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:11-22. [PMID: 30655733 PMCID: PMC6313090 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. More importantly, the mortality rates for cancer are increasing. In China, lung cancer, liver cancer and gastric cancer are the top three leading causes of mortality in males, whereas lung cancer, gastric cancer and liver cancer are ranked the top three causes of mortality in females. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are produced and released by many different cells; these vesicles have a size range between 30 and 100 nm in diameter, and contain a lipid bilayer. Exosomes exist in various bodily fluids, contain plentiful amounts of nucleic acids and proteins, and shuttle these materials between cells to mediate the development of cancers. The present review summarizes the composition of exosomes and methods for their isolation and then intensively highlights the latest findings on the contributions of exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins to lung cancer, liver cancer and gastric cancer. Taken together, exosomal miRNAs and proteins may be used as noninvasive, novel biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis or precision treatment owing to their ability to promote tumor progression and metastasis, and their ability to regulate the immune response and tumor cell sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Man Li
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Hui Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200135, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Bin Hu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430016, P.R. China
| | - Song-Mei Liu
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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Gao X, McDermott DF. Ipilimumab in combination with nivolumab for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:947-957. [PMID: 30124333 PMCID: PMC6289271 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1513485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a highly immunogenic neoplasm, and cytokine-based immunotherapies have been used for decades with limited success. In recent years, antibody-based immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoint receptors PD-1 and CTLA-4 have demonstrated clinical efficacy in metastatic RCC (mRCC) patients, leading to FDA approval of the combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab in treatment-naïve patients with intermediate- or poor-risk disease in April 2018. Areas covered: The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of nivolumab and ipilimumab are reviewed. Clinical safety and efficacy results from pivotal phase I and III trials of the combination of nivolumab plus ipilimumab in mRCC are summarized, and the combination is reviewed in the context of other available systemic therapies for RCC. Ongoing clinical studies involving the combination of nivolumab plus ipilimumab in RCC are discussed. Expert opinion: The combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab has demonstrated superior efficacy for treatment-naïve patients with intermediate- and poor-risk mRCC with clear cell histology and is likely to replace anti-angiogenic therapies as the treatment-of-choice in this patient population in the United States. Development of additional combination strategies, novel trial designs, and predictive biomarkers of response will be important to further optimize therapeutic selection and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- a Department of Medicine , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - David F McDermott
- b Biologic Therapy and Cutaneous Oncology Programs , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston , MA , USA
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Rossi SH, Klatte T, Usher-Smith J, Stewart GD. Epidemiology and screening for renal cancer. World J Urol 2018; 36:1341-1353. [PMID: 29610964 PMCID: PMC6105141 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-018-2286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The widespread use of abdominal imaging has affected the epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Despite this, over 25% of individuals with RCC have evidence of metastases at presentation. Screening for RCC has the potential to downstage the disease. METHODS We performed a literature review on the epidemiology of RCC and evidence base regarding screening. Furthermore, contemporary RCC epidemiology data was obtained for the United Kingdom and trends in age-standardised rates of incidence and mortality were analysed by annual percentage change statistics and joinpoint regression. RESULTS The incidence of RCC in the UK increased by 3.1% annually from 1993 through 2014. Urinary dipstick is an inadequate screening tool due to low sensitivity and specificity. It is unlikely that CT would be recommended for population screening due to cost, radiation dose and increased potential for other incidental findings. Screening ultrasound has a sensitivity and specificity of 82-83% and 98-99%, respectively; however, accuracy is dependent on tumour size. No clinically validated urinary nor serum biomarkers have been identified. Major barriers to population screening include the relatively low prevalence of the disease, the potential for false positives and over-diagnosis of slow-growing RCCs. Individual patient risk-stratification based on a combination of risk factors may improve screening efficiency and minimise harms by identifying a group at high risk of RCC. CONCLUSION The incidence of RCC is increasing. The optimal screening modality and target population remain to be elucidated. An analysis of the benefits and harms of screening for patients and society is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina H. Rossi
- Academic Urology Group, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Box 43, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Tobias Klatte
- Department of Urology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Juliet Usher-Smith
- The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SR UK
| | - Grant D. Stewart
- Academic Urology Group, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Box 43, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
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