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Autophagy and Cell Death to Target Cancer Cells: Exploiting Synthetic Lethality as Cancer Therapies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 772:167-88. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5915-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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52
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Dornbusch J, Zacharis A, Meinhardt M, Erdmann K, Wolff I, Froehner M, Wirth MP, Zastrow S, Fuessel S. Analyses of potential predictive markers and survival data for a response to sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76386. [PMID: 24086736 PMCID: PMC3785463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) are frequently treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) such as sunitinib. It inhibits angiogenic pathways by mainly targeting the receptors of VEGF and PDGF. In ccRCC, angiogenesis is characterized by the inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau gene (VHL) which in turn leads to the induction of HIF1α target genes such as CA9 and VEGF. Furthermore, the angiogenic phenotype of ccRCC is also reflected by endothelial markers (CD31, CD34) or other tumor-promoting factors like Ki67 or survivin. METHODS Tissue microarrays from primary tumor specimens of 42 patients with metastatic ccRCC under sunitinib therapy were immunohistochemically stained for selected markers related to angiogenesis. The prognostic and predictive potential of theses markers was assessed on the basis of the objective response rate which was evaluated according to the RECIST criteria after 3, 6, 9 months and after last report (12-54 months) of sunitinib treatment. Additionally, VHL copy number and mutation analyses were performed on DNA from cryo-preserved tumor tissues of 20 ccRCC patients. RESULTS Immunostaining of HIF-1α, CA9, Ki67, CD31, pVEGFR1, VEGFR1 and -2, pPDGFRα and -β was significantly associated with the sunitinib response after 6 and 9 months as well as last report under therapy. Furthermore, HIF-1α, CA9, CD34, VEGFR1 and -3 and PDGRFα showed significant associations with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). In multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses high CA9 membrane staining and a response after 9 months were independent prognostic factors for longer OS. Frequently observed copy number loss and mutation of VHL gene lead to altered expression of VHL, HIF-1α, CA9, and VEGF. CONCLUSIONS Immunoexpression of HIF-1α, CA9, Ki67, CD31, pVEGFR1, VEGFR1 and -2, pPDGFRα and -β in the primary tumors of metastatic ccRCC patients might support the prediction of a good response to sunitinib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Dornbusch
- Department of Urology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Meinhardt
- Institute of Pathology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kati Erdmann
- Department of Urology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ingmar Wolff
- Department of Urology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Froehner
- Department of Urology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manfred P. Wirth
- Department of Urology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Zastrow
- Department of Urology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Fuessel
- Department of Urology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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Genomics and epigenomics of clear cell renal cell carcinoma: recent developments and potential applications. Cancer Lett 2013; 341:111-26. [PMID: 23933176 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Majority of clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs) are diagnosed in the advanced metastatic stage resulting in dramatic decrease of patient survival. Thereby, early detection and monitoring of the disease may improve prognosis and treatment results. Recent technological advances enable the identification of genetic events associated with ccRCC and reveal significant molecular heterogeneity of ccRCC tumors. This review summarizes recent findings in ccRCC genomics and epigenomics derived from chromosomal aberrations, DNA sequencing and methylation, mRNA, miRNA expression profiling experiments. We provide a molecular insight into ccRCC pathology and recapitulate possible clinical applications of genomic alterations as predictive and prognostic biomarkers.
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Ma JX, Sun YL, Wang YQ, Wu HY, Jin J, Yu XF. Triptolide Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits the Growth and Angiogenesis of Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells by Downregulating COX-2 and VEGF. Oncol Res 2013; 20:359-68. [DOI: 10.3727/096504013x13657689382932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Identification of pVHL as a novel substrate for Aurora-A in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). PLoS One 2013; 8:e67071. [PMID: 23785518 PMCID: PMC3681765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common histological subtype of kidney cancer and is often characterized by mutations or deletions of the Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) tumour suppressor gene. Aurora gene family members are implicated in proper mitotic progression and spindle checkpoint function and play a crucial role in cancer progression. In the present study, we assessed the expression of Aurora-A in a cohort of 30 ccRCC with fully characterized VHL status (wt/wt or mut/del) and Fuhrman grade. Aurora-A transcript and protein levels were significantly increased in high Fuhrman grade tumours and in VHLwt/wt tumours. These results suggest that Aurora-A and VHL interact in the ccRCC. We demonstrated that the two proteins interact in vivo and identified the Ser72 on the sequence of VHL as the unique site phosphorylated by Aurora-A.
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Weber T, Meinhardt M, Zastrow S, Wienke A, Fuessel S, Wirth MP. Immunohistochemical analysis of prognostic protein markers for primary localized clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Invest 2013; 31:51-9. [PMID: 23327192 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2012.749267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Recurrence is not reliably predictable in localized clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Proteinmarkers could improve predictive accuracy. Tissue-microarrays from 132 patients with primary localized ccRCC were immunohistochemically analyzed for VHL, Ki67, p53, p21, survivin, and, for microvessel-density, UEA-1. Nuclear stainings of Ki67, p21, and survivin were significantly associated with disease-specific survival and increased predictive ability from 74% to 76%, 77%, and 78%, respectively in a multivariate model including T-stage and Fuhrman grade. A score-variable, combining Ki67-, p21-, and nS-staining identified a subset of patients with high risk of disease recurrence and increased predictive ability in the multivariate model to 84%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Weber
- Department of Urology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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High Level of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells Positively Correlates with Serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Urol 2012; 188:2055-61. [PMID: 23088990 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Edeline J, Vauléon E, Rioux-Leclercq N, Perrin C, Bensalah CVK, Laguerre B. Safety and Efficacy of Sorafenib in Renal Cell Carcinoma. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2012. [DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s7526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews data on sorafenib use in renal cell carcinoma. Mechanisms of actions and pharmacokinetics are briefly described. Major clinical trials are presented, summarizing efficacy and safety of sorafenib. Its place in current treatment of renal cell carcinoma is discussed. Sorafenib is likely to remain one of the mainstays of RCC treatment in coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Edeline
- Eugene Marquis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical Oncology Department, Rennes, France
- CNRS/UMR 6061, IFR140, Rennes1 University, France
| | - Elodie Vauléon
- Eugene Marquis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical Oncology Department, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Rioux-Leclercq
- CHU Pontchaillou, Pathology Department, Rennes, France
- CNRS/UMR 6061, IFR140, Rennes1 University, France
| | - Christophe Perrin
- Eugene Marquis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical Oncology Department, Rennes, France
- CNRS/UMR 6061, IFR140, Rennes1 University, France
| | | | - Brigitte Laguerre
- Eugene Marquis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical Oncology Department, Rennes, France
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Fergelot P, Bernhard JC, Soulet F, Kilarski WW, Léon C, Courtois N, Deminière C, Herbert JMJ, Antczak P, Falciani F, Rioux-Leclercq N, Patard JJ, Ferrière JM, Ravaud A, Hagedorn M, Bikfalvi A. The experimental renal cell carcinoma model in the chick embryo. Angiogenesis 2012; 16:181-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-012-9311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Cui ZW, Xia Y, Ye YW, Jiang ZM, Wang YD, Wu JT, Sun L, Zhao J, Fa PP, Sun XJ, Gui YT, Cai ZM. RALY RNA Binding Protein-like Reduced Expression is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:3403-8. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.7.3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Moore LE, Jaeger E, Nickerson ML, Brennan P, De Vries S, Roy R, Toro J, Li H, Karami S, Lenz P, Zaridze D, Janout V, Bencko V, Navratilova M, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Mates D, Linehan WM, Merino M, Simko J, Pfeiffer R, Boffetta P, Hewitt S, Rothman N, Chow WH, Waldman FM. Genomic copy number alterations in clear cell renal carcinoma: associations with case characteristics and mechanisms of VHL gene inactivation. Oncogenesis 2012; 1:e14. [PMID: 23552698 PMCID: PMC3412648 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2012.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Array comparative genomic hybridization was used to identify copy number alterations in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patient tumors to identify associations with patient/clinical characteristics. Of 763 ccRCC patients, 412 (54%) provided frozen biopsies. Clones were analyzed for significant copy number differences, adjusting for multiple comparisons and covariates in multivariate analyses. Frequent alterations included losses on: 3p (92.2%), 14q (46.8%), 8p (38.1%), 4q (35.4%), 9p (32.3%), 9q (31.8%), 6q (30.8%), 3q (29.4%), 10q (25.7%), 13q (24.5%), 1p (23.5%) and gains on 5q (60.2%), 7q (39.6%), 7p (30.6%), 5p (26.5%), 20q (25.5%), 12q (24.8%), 12p (22.8%). Stage and grade were associated with 1p, 9p, 9q, 13q and 14q loss and 12q gain. Males had more alterations compared with females, independent of stage and grade. Significant differences in the number/types of alterations were observed by family cancer history, age at diagnosis and smoking status. Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene inactivation was associated with 3p loss (P
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Moore
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - E Jaeger
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M L Nickerson
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - P Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - S De Vries
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - R Roy
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Toro
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - H Li
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Karami
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - P Lenz
- DCEG, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - D Zaridze
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - V Janout
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - V Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Navratilova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - D Mates
- Institue of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - W M Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Merino
- Laboratory of Pathology, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Simko
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - R Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - P Boffetta
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- International Cancer Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France
| | - S Hewitt
- Applied Molecular Pathology Laboratory, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W-H Chow
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - F M Waldman
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Mikhailenko DS, Grigor’eva MV, Rusakov IG, Kurynin RV, Popov AM, Peters MV, Matveev VB, Yakovleva ES, Nosov DA, Lyubchenko LN, Tulyandin SA, Strel’nikov VV, Zaletaev DV. Localization of point mutations in the coding part of the VHL gene in clear cell renal cancer. Mol Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893311060070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Martin B, Edeline J, Patard JJ, Oger E, Jouan F, Boulanger G, Zerrouki S, Vigneau C, Rioux-Leclercq N. Combination of Temsirolimus and tyrosine kinase inhibitors in renal carcinoma and endothelial cell lines. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012; 138:907-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Cyclooxygenase isoenzyme-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor are associated with poor prognosis in esophageal adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2012; 16:956-66. [PMID: 22258871 PMCID: PMC3324693 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-011-1814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase isoenzyme-2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) contribute to angiogenesis and are overexpressed in various malignancies. The aim of the study was to evaluate expression, prognostic value and correlation between COX-2 and VEGF expression in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). METHODS Surgical specimens of 154 patients with EAC were used to construct a tissue micro array (TMA). TMA sections were immunohistochemically stained for COX-2 and VEGF and scored on intensity of staining. RESULTS Estimated 5-year cancer specific survival was 37%. High COX-2 and VEGF expression was observed in 39 (26.5%) and in 77 (53.8%) tumors, respectively. Both markers were associated with poor cancer specific survival (p = .022 and p = .004, respectively, log rank). No significant correlation was found between VEGF and COX-2 expression (r = 063; p = .455). In multivariate analysis, high COX-2 expression (HR 1.65; 95% CI 1.04-2.61; p = .034) was associated with overall survival. In patients with T3 tumors, COX-2 expression was an independent prognostic factor for cancer specific survival (HR 1.81 95% CI 1.10-2.95; p = .019). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study that evaluated the prognostic value and correlation of COX-2 and VEGF expression in a large and homogenous population of patients with EAC. No correlation between COX-2 and VEGF expression was found. Both markers were expressed in EAC and were associated with poor prognosis. The findings support the use of COX-2 and VEGF inhibitors in future clinical studies.
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Immunoexpression status and prognostic value of mTOR and hypoxia-induced pathway members in primary and metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2011; 35:1549-56. [PMID: 21881486 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e31822895e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The need for effective targeted therapies for renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) has fueled the interest for understanding molecular pathways involved in the oncogenesis of kidney tumors. Aiming to analyze the expression status and prognostic significance of mTOR and hypoxia-induced pathway members in patients with clear cell RCC (ccRCC), tissue microarrays were constructed from 135 primary and 41 metastatic ccRCCs. Immunoexpression levels were compared and correlated with clinicopathologic parameters and outcome. PTEN levels were significantly lower in primary and metastatic ccRCCs compared with benign tissues (P<0.001). Levels of phos-AKT, phos-S6, and 4E-binding protein-1 (4EBP1) were higher in metastatic ccRCC (P≤0.001). For phos-S6 and 4EBP1, levels were higher in primary ccRCC compared with benign tissues (P<0.001). c-MYC levels were higher in metastatic ccRCC (P<0.0001), and incremental p27 levels were observed in benign, primary ccRCC, and metastatic ccRCC (P<0.0001). HIF-1α levels were significantly higher in primary and metastatic ccRCCs compared with benign tissues (P<0.0001). In primary ccRCC, levels of all mTOR and hypoxia-induced pathway members were significantly associated with pT stage (P≤0.036), p27 levels with Fuhrman grade (P=0.031), and 4EBP1, p27, and HIF-1α levels with tumor size (P≤0.025). Tumor size, HIF-1α, and phos-S6 levels were associated with disease-specific survival (DSS) (P≤0.032) and tumor progression (P≤0.043). In conclusion, both mTOR and hypoxia-induced pathways were activated in primary and metastatic ccRCC. PTEN loss seems to be an early event during tumorigenesis. Tumor size, HIF-1α, and phos-S6 expression were found to be independent predictors of both DSS and tumor progression in primary ccRCC.
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Moore LE, Nickerson ML, Brennan P, Toro JR, Jaeger E, Rinsky J, Han SS, Zaridze D, Matveev V, Janout V, Kollarova H, Bencko V, Navratilova M, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Mates D, Schmidt LS, Lenz P, Karami S, Linehan WM, Merino M, Chanock S, Boffetta P, Chow WH, Waldman FM, Rothman N. Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) inactivation in sporadic clear cell renal cancer: associations with germline VHL polymorphisms and etiologic risk factors. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002312. [PMID: 22022277 PMCID: PMC3192834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal tumor heterogeneity studies have utilized the von Hippel-Lindau VHL gene to classify disease into molecularly defined subtypes to examine associations with etiologic risk factors and prognosis. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive analysis of VHL inactivation in clear cell renal tumors (ccRCC) and to evaluate relationships between VHL inactivation subgroups with renal cancer risk factors and VHL germline single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). VHL genetic and epigenetic inactivation was examined among 507 sporadic RCC/470 ccRCC cases using endonuclease scanning and using bisulfite treatment and Sanger sequencing across 11 CpG sites within the VHL promoter. Case-only multivariate analyses were conducted to identify associations between alteration subtypes and risk factors. VHL inactivation, either through sequence alterations or promoter methylation in tumor DNA, was observed among 86.6% of ccRCC cases. Germline VHL SNPs and a haplotype were associated with promoter hypermethylation in tumor tissue (OR = 6.10; 95% CI: 2.28-16.35, p = 3.76E-4, p-global = 8E-5). Risk of having genetic VHL inactivation was inversely associated with smoking due to a higher proportion of wild-type ccRCC tumors [former: OR = 0.70 (0.20-1.31) and current: OR = 0.56 (0.32-0.99); P-trend = 0.04]. Alteration prevalence did not differ by histopathologic characteristics or occupational exposure to trichloroethylene. ccRCC cases with particular VHL germline polymorphisms were more likely to have VHL inactivation through promoter hypermethylation than through sequence alterations in tumor DNA, suggesting that the presence of these SNPs may represent an example of facilitated epigenetic variation (an inherited propensity towards epigenetic variation) in renal tissue. A proportion of tumors from current smokers lacked VHL alterations and may represent a biologically distinct clinical entity from inactivated cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee E Moore
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
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Ajaz S, Khaliq S, Abid A, Hassan AS, Hashmi A, Sultan G, Mohsin R, Mubarrak M, Naqvi SAA, Rizvi SAUH, Mehdi SQ. Association of a Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism in the Promoter Region of the VEGF Gene with the Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2011; 15:653-7. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Ajaz
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shagufta Khaliq
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Aiysha Abid
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Asad Shehzad Hassan
- Department of Oncology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Altaf Hashmi
- Department of Oncology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Gauhar Sultan
- Department of Oncology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rehan Mohsin
- Department of Oncology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Mubarrak
- Department of Pathology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ali Anwar Naqvi
- Department of Urology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Syed Qasim Mehdi
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi, Pakistan
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Xiang ZL, Zeng ZC, Fan J, Tang ZY, Zeng HY, Gao DM. Gene expression profiling of fixed tissues identified hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, VEGF, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 as biomarkers of lymph node metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:5463-72. [PMID: 21712445 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) most often develops in patients infected with hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus. Differential gene expression profiling is useful for investigating genes associated with lymph node metastasis (LNM). We screened genes to identify potential biomarkers for LNM in HCC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN RNA was extracted from formalin-fixed specimens of paired intratumoral and peritumoral tissues of patients with lymph node-positive (n = 36) or negative (n = 36) HCC. A cDNA-mediated annealing, selection, extension, and ligation assay was done with an array of 502 known cancer-related genes to identify differentially expressed genes in 20 pairs of patients with or without LNM. Candidate biomarkers were evaluated by using immunohistochemistry and tissue microarrays in an independent cohort of 309 HCC patients who had undergone hepatectomy. Of the 309 patients, 235 (76.1%) patients were infected with hepatitis B. RESULTS Compared with lymph node-negative patients, lymph node-positive patients had 17 overexpressed genes and 19 underexpressed genes in intratumoral tissues, and 25 overexpressed genes and 22 underexpressed genes in peritumoral tissues. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, VEGF, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 were selected for analysis in the cohort of 309 HCC patients. We found that intratumoral protein levels of HIF-1α, VEGF, and MMP-2 were independent risk factors for developing LNM. CONCLUSION We identified 83 cancer genes that were differentially expressed in lymph node-positive and lymph node-negative HCC. Our findings show that the combination of intratumoral HIF-1α, VEGF, and MMP-2 may be useful as a molecular prediction model for LNM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-Lin Xiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Mutations of the von Hippel-Lindau gene confer increased susceptibility to natural killer cells of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2011; 30:2622-32. [PMID: 21258414 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) is involved in the development of sporadic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). VHL interferes with angiogenesis and also controls cell adhesion and invasion. Therapies that target VHL-controlled genes are currently being evaluated in RCC patients. RCC is a immunogenic tumor and treatment with interleukin-2 (IL2) or interferon (IFN)-α results in regression in some patients. We used two renal tumor cell lines (RCC6 and RCC4) carrying VHL loss-of-function mutations to investigate the role of mutant VHL in susceptibility to natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis. The RCC6 and RCC4 cell lines were transfected with the wild-type gene to restore the function of VHL. The presence of the gene in RCC cells downregulated hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and subsequently decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production. Relative to control transfectants and parental cells, pVHL-transfected cell lines activated resting and IL2-activated NK cells less strongly, as assessed by IFNγ secretion, NK degranulation and cell lysis. NKG2A, a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-I-specific inhibitory NK receptor, controls the lysis of tumor targets. We show that HLA-I expression in RCC-pVHL cells is stronger than that in parental and controls cells, although the expression of activating receptor NK ligands remains unchanged. Blocking NKG2A/HLA-I interactions substantially increased lysis of RCC-pVHL, but had little effect on the lysis of VHL-mutated RCC cell lines. In addition, in response to IFNα, the exponential growth of RCC-pVHL was inhibited more than that of RCC-pE cells, indicating that VHL mutations may be involved in IFNα resistance. These results indicate that a decreased expression of HLA-I molecules in mutated VHL renal tumor cells sensitizes them to NK-mediated lysis. These results suggest that combined immunotherapy with anti-angiogenic drugs may be beneficial for patients with mutated VHL.
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Doberstein K, Wieland A, Lee SBB, Blaheta RAA, Wedel S, Moch H, Schraml P, Pfeilschifter J, Kristiansen G, Gutwein P. L1-CAM expression in ccRCC correlates with shorter patients survival times and confers chemoresistance in renal cell carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis 2010; 32:262-70. [PMID: 21097529 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conflicting data exist about the expression of L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1-CAM) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). To determine the clinical usefulness of L1-CAM as a therapeutic or prognostic marker molecule in renal cancer patients, we analyzed its expression on a cohort of 282 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients. L1-CAM expression was found in 49.5% of 282 renal cancer tissues. Importantly, L1-CAM expression in patients with ccRCC was associated with significantly shorter patient survival time. We further present evidence that L1-CAM was involved in the resistance against therapeutic reagents like rapamycin, sunitinib and cisplatin. The downregulation of L1-CAM expression decreased renal cancer cell proliferation and reduced the expression of cyclin D1. In addition, we found out that Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) deficiency was accompanied by a downregulation of the transcription factor PAX8 and L1-CAM. In normal renal tissue, PAX8 and L1-CAM were co-expressed in collecting duct cells. Importantly, the downregulation of PAX8 by small interfering RNA increased the expression of L1-CAM and concomitantly induced the migration of renal cancer cells. Furthermore, we observed in 65.3% of 282 RCC patients a downregulation of PAX8 expression. With chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis, we additionally demonstrate that PAX8 can bind to the promoter of L1-CAM and we further observed that the downregulation of PAX8 was accompanied by increased L1-CAM expression in a high fraction of ccRCC patients. In summary, we show that VHL and PAX8 are involved in the regulation of L1-CAM in renal cancer and L1-CAM represents an important therapeutic and prognostic marker protein for the treatment of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Doberstein
- Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, D 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Yi Y, Mikhaylova O, Mamedova A, Bastola P, Biesiada J, Alshaikh E, Levin L, Sheridan RM, Meller J, Czyzyk-Krzeska MF. von Hippel-Lindau-dependent patterns of RNA polymerase II hydroxylation in human renal clear cell carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:5142-52. [PMID: 20978146 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-3416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously shown that von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) regulates ubiquitylation and proline 1465 hydroxylation of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II, Rpb1, in human renal clear cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines. Here, our goal was to determine the effect of this VHL function and the status of P1465 hydroxylation in human RCC tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Primary human tumors and matched normal kidney samples were probed for expression levels of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (Rpb1), Rpb1 hydroxylated on P1465 [Rpb1(OH)], Rpb1 phosphorylated on Ser5 [Rpb1(S5P)], and proline hydroxylases PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3. Results from RCC tumors were categorized according to the status of VHL gene. Mechanistic analysis was performed in orthotopic xenograft model using 786-O RCC cells with wild-type (WT) VHL and knockdown of PHD2, characterized by high levels of Rpb1(OH) and PHD1. RESULTS Levels of Rpb1(OH), PHD1, and PHD2 were significantly higher in RCC tumors compared with normal kidneys. RCC tumors with WT VHL had higher levels of Rpb1(OH) and PHD1 and lower levels of PHD2 than tumors with VHL gene alterations. Levels of Rpb1(OH) significantly correlated with levels of PHD1 in tumors and normal kidneys. Knockdown of PHD2 in 786-O VHL(+) cells resulted in a more malignant phenotype in orthotopic xenografts and higher expression of specific cell cycle regulators (CDC25A, cyclin-dependent kinase 2, CCNA2) compared with VHL(-) RCC cells. CONCLUSIONS Elevated PHD1 concomitant with decreased PHD2 are causatively related to Rpb1 hydroxylation and oncogenesis in human RCC tumors with WT VHL gene. Thus, P1465-hydroxylated Rpb1 and PHD1 represent attractive drug targets for new RCC treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yi
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0521, USA
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Verhoest G, Patard JJ, Fergelot P, Jouan F, Zerrouki S, Dreano S, Mottier S, Rioux-Leclercq N, Denis MG. Paraffin-embedded tissue is less accurate than frozen section analysis for determining VHL mutational status in sporadic renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2010; 30:469-75. [PMID: 20863722 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Literature controversies exist regarding the prognostic value of VHL mutations. The objective was to compare paraffin-embedded and frozen section specimens for VHL mutations detection and to evaluate the reliability of DNA analysis in formalin-fixed tissues. METHODS Seventy-six patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) previously assessed for VHL status from frozen samples were included. Seventy-three tumor samples were known to be mutated for VHL. DNA was extracted and an electrophoresis was performed to determine DNA quality. The whole coding sequence was synthesized by double PCR amplification followed by sequencing. Sequencing results were compared with those previously determined from frozen samples. RESULTS DNA could be extracted from the 76 paraffin samples. DNA quality was highly degraded and significantly less amplified by PCR in 34.2%, resulting in no sequence available for analysis in 57.7% and discordance with frozen samples in 42.3% of the cases respectively. VHL mutations were found in 52.1% of the whole paraffin samples whereas 98% were mutated; 72% could be sequenced, resulting in 69.1% of VHL mutations in this subset. Only half of observed mutations were fully consistent with frozen analysis in the 3 exons. Neomutations were found in 10.5% and 28.9% of known mutations in frozen samples were not detected in paraffin blocks. Only DNA quality significantly influenced PCR amplification and sequencing. CONCLUSION Tumoral DNA extraction and VHL mutation analysis can be performed from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue in RCC. But mutations identified tissues are not strictly concordant with those from frozen analysis and therefore results obtained from FFPE samples should be interpreted with care.
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Kroeze SGC, Vermaat JS, van Brussel A, van Melick HHE, Voest EE, Jonges TGN, van Diest PJ, Hinrichs J, Bosch JLHR, Jans JJM. Expression of nuclear FIH independently predicts overall survival of clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:3375-82. [PMID: 20709525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM The hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway plays an important role in sporadic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) by stimulating processes of angiogenesis, cell proliferation, cell survival and metastases formation. Herein, we evaluate the significance of upstream proteins directly regulating the HIF pathway; the prolyl hydroxylases domain proteins (PHD)1, 2 and 3 and factor-inhibiting HIF (FIH), as prognostic markers for ccRCC. METHODS Immunohistochemical marker expression was examined on a tissue microarray containing tumour tissue derived from 100 patients who underwent nephrectomy for ccRCC. Expression levels of HIF, FIH and PHD1, 2 and 3 were correlated with overall survival (OS) and clinicopathological prognostic factors. RESULTS HIF-1α was positively correlated with HIF-2α (p<0.0001), PHD1 (p = 0.024), PHD2 (p<0.0001), PHD3 (p = 0.004), FIH (p<0.0001) and VHL (p = 0.031). HIF-2α levels were significantly associated with FIH (p<0.0001) and PHD2 (p = 0.0155). Mutations in the VHL gene, expression variations of HIF-1α, HIF-2α and PHD1, 2, 3 did not show a correlation to OS or clinicopathological prognostic factors. Tumour stage, grade, diameter, metastastic disease and intensity of nuclear FIH were significantly correlated to OS in univariable analysis (p = 0.023). Low nuclear FIH levels remained a strong independent prognostic factor in multivariable analysis (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION These results show that low nuclear expression of FIH is a strong independent prognostic factor for a poor overall survival in ccRCC.
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Huang KT, Dobrovic A, Fox SB. No evidence for DNA methylation of von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitin ligase complex genes in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 124:853-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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HtrA3 is regulated by 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 independently of PPARγ in clear cell renal cell carcinomas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 394:453-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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