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Abstract
Thymic mucoepidermoid carcinoma (TMEC) is a vanishingly rare entity that usually presents as low to intermediate grade MEC and carries a better prognosis when compared with other poorly differentiated thymic carcinomas. The recently described fusions, t(11;19)(q21;p13) CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein)-regulated transcription coactivator 1 and MAML2, mastermind-like gene 2 (CRTC1-MAML2) and t(11:15)(q21;q26) CRTC3-MAML2 characterize a considerable proportion of MEC examples arising from a variety of anatomical sites. Recent data point out that the aberrant proteins produced by this fusion drive oncogenesis by disrupting the cAMP/CREB and NOTCH1 pathways. To date, only 2 TMEC cases have been reported to have MAML2 rearrangements, a feature that was found to be absent in TMEC mimics. These findings led the authors to recommend this test as a diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis for thymic carcinoma. Herein, we present a case of TMEC arising in a 58-year-old woman, which was predominantly cystic with intracystic papillary formations composed of a mixture of mucinous cells and intermediate/epidermoid eosinophilic cells. This case was negative for CTCR1-MAML2 and CTCR3-MAML2 fusion transcripts by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and lacked a MAML2 rearrangement by fluorescence in situ hybridization. We report a CTCR1/3-MAML2 fusion and MAML2 rearrangement–negative TMEC, indicating that a different molecular pathway must be involved in the generation of these tumors. The possibility of fusion-negative TMEC should be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of a thymic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroshi Inagaki
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - James Mueller
- Baystate Medical Center–Tufts University School of Medicine, Springfield, MA, USA
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Argyris PP, Wehrs RN, García JJ, Koutlas IG. Fluorescencein-situhybridization identifies Mastermind-like 2 (MAML2)rearrangement in odontogenic cysts with mucous prosoplasia: a pilot study. Histopathology 2015; 66:791-7. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prokopios P Argyris
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology; School of Dentistry; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis MN USA
| | - Rebecca N Wehrs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | - Joaquín J García
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | - Ioannis G Koutlas
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology; School of Dentistry; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis MN USA
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Cao C, Gao R, Zhang M, Amelio AL, Fallahi M, Chen Z, Gu Y, Hu C, Welsh EA, Engel BE, Haura EB, Cress WD, Wu L, Zajac-Kaye M, Kaye FJ. Role of LKB1-CRTC1 on glycosylated COX-2 and response to COX-2 inhibition in lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 107:358. [PMID: 25465874 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) directs the synthesis of prostaglandins including PGE-2 linking inflammation with mitogenic signaling. COX-2 is also an anticancer target, however, treatment strategies have been limited by unreliable expression assays and by inconsistent tumor responses to COX-2 inhibition. METHODS We analyzed the TCGA and Director's Challenge lung cancer datasets (n = 188) and also generated an LKB1-null lung cancer gene signature (n = 53) to search the Broad Institute/Connectivity-MAP (C-MAP) dataset. We performed ChIP analyses, real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and drug testing of tumor cell lines (n = 8) and primary lung adenocarcinoma surgical resections (n = 13). RESULTS We show that COX-2 is a target of the cAMP/CREB coactivator CRTC1 signaling pathway. In addition, we detected a correlation between LKB1 status, CRTC1 activation, and presence of glycosylated, but not inactive hypoglycosylated COX-2 in primary lung adenocarcinoma. A search of the C-MAP drug database discovered that all high-ranking drugs positively associated with the LKB1-null signature are known CRTC1 activators, including forskolin and six different PGE-2 analogues. Somatic LKB1 mutations are present in 20.0% of lung adenocarcinomas, and we observed growth inhibition with COX-2 inhibitors in LKB1-null lung cancer cells with activated CRTC1 as compared with LKB1-wildtype cells (NS-398, P = .002 and Niflumic acid, P = .006; two-tailed t test). CONCLUSION CRTC1 activation is a key event that drives the LKB1-null mRNA signature in lung cancer. We also identified a positive feedback LKB1/CRTC1 signaling loop for COX-2/PGE2 regulation. These data suggest a role for LKB1 status and glycosylated COX-2 as specific biomarkers that provide a framework for selecting patients for COX-2 inhibition studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Cao
- Department of Medicine (CC, RG, MZ, FJK), Genetics Institute (RG, FJK), Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program (RG, FJK), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (ZC, YG, CH, LW), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Cancer Biology and Informatics, the Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL (ALA, MF); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (ALA); Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (CH); Cancer Informatics Core (EAW), Department of Molecular Oncology (BEE, WDC), and Department of Thoracic Oncology (EBH), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (MZK)
| | - Ruli Gao
- Department of Medicine (CC, RG, MZ, FJK), Genetics Institute (RG, FJK), Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program (RG, FJK), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (ZC, YG, CH, LW), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Cancer Biology and Informatics, the Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL (ALA, MF); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (ALA); Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (CH); Cancer Informatics Core (EAW), Department of Molecular Oncology (BEE, WDC), and Department of Thoracic Oncology (EBH), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (MZK)
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Medicine (CC, RG, MZ, FJK), Genetics Institute (RG, FJK), Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program (RG, FJK), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (ZC, YG, CH, LW), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Cancer Biology and Informatics, the Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL (ALA, MF); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (ALA); Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (CH); Cancer Informatics Core (EAW), Department of Molecular Oncology (BEE, WDC), and Department of Thoracic Oncology (EBH), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (MZK)
| | - Antonio L Amelio
- Department of Medicine (CC, RG, MZ, FJK), Genetics Institute (RG, FJK), Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program (RG, FJK), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (ZC, YG, CH, LW), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Cancer Biology and Informatics, the Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL (ALA, MF); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (ALA); Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (CH); Cancer Informatics Core (EAW), Department of Molecular Oncology (BEE, WDC), and Department of Thoracic Oncology (EBH), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (MZK)
| | - Mohammad Fallahi
- Department of Medicine (CC, RG, MZ, FJK), Genetics Institute (RG, FJK), Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program (RG, FJK), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (ZC, YG, CH, LW), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Cancer Biology and Informatics, the Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL (ALA, MF); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (ALA); Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (CH); Cancer Informatics Core (EAW), Department of Molecular Oncology (BEE, WDC), and Department of Thoracic Oncology (EBH), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (MZK)
| | - Zirong Chen
- Department of Medicine (CC, RG, MZ, FJK), Genetics Institute (RG, FJK), Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program (RG, FJK), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (ZC, YG, CH, LW), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Cancer Biology and Informatics, the Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL (ALA, MF); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (ALA); Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (CH); Cancer Informatics Core (EAW), Department of Molecular Oncology (BEE, WDC), and Department of Thoracic Oncology (EBH), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (MZK)
| | - Yumei Gu
- Department of Medicine (CC, RG, MZ, FJK), Genetics Institute (RG, FJK), Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program (RG, FJK), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (ZC, YG, CH, LW), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Cancer Biology and Informatics, the Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL (ALA, MF); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (ALA); Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (CH); Cancer Informatics Core (EAW), Department of Molecular Oncology (BEE, WDC), and Department of Thoracic Oncology (EBH), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (MZK)
| | - Chengbin Hu
- Department of Medicine (CC, RG, MZ, FJK), Genetics Institute (RG, FJK), Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program (RG, FJK), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (ZC, YG, CH, LW), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Cancer Biology and Informatics, the Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL (ALA, MF); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (ALA); Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (CH); Cancer Informatics Core (EAW), Department of Molecular Oncology (BEE, WDC), and Department of Thoracic Oncology (EBH), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (MZK)
| | - Eric A Welsh
- Department of Medicine (CC, RG, MZ, FJK), Genetics Institute (RG, FJK), Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program (RG, FJK), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (ZC, YG, CH, LW), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Cancer Biology and Informatics, the Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL (ALA, MF); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (ALA); Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (CH); Cancer Informatics Core (EAW), Department of Molecular Oncology (BEE, WDC), and Department of Thoracic Oncology (EBH), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (MZK)
| | - Brienne E Engel
- Department of Medicine (CC, RG, MZ, FJK), Genetics Institute (RG, FJK), Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program (RG, FJK), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (ZC, YG, CH, LW), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Cancer Biology and Informatics, the Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL (ALA, MF); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (ALA); Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (CH); Cancer Informatics Core (EAW), Department of Molecular Oncology (BEE, WDC), and Department of Thoracic Oncology (EBH), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (MZK)
| | - Eric B Haura
- Department of Medicine (CC, RG, MZ, FJK), Genetics Institute (RG, FJK), Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program (RG, FJK), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (ZC, YG, CH, LW), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Cancer Biology and Informatics, the Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL (ALA, MF); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (ALA); Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (CH); Cancer Informatics Core (EAW), Department of Molecular Oncology (BEE, WDC), and Department of Thoracic Oncology (EBH), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (MZK)
| | - W Douglas Cress
- Department of Medicine (CC, RG, MZ, FJK), Genetics Institute (RG, FJK), Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program (RG, FJK), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (ZC, YG, CH, LW), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Cancer Biology and Informatics, the Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL (ALA, MF); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (ALA); Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (CH); Cancer Informatics Core (EAW), Department of Molecular Oncology (BEE, WDC), and Department of Thoracic Oncology (EBH), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (MZK)
| | - Lizi Wu
- Department of Medicine (CC, RG, MZ, FJK), Genetics Institute (RG, FJK), Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program (RG, FJK), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (ZC, YG, CH, LW), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Cancer Biology and Informatics, the Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL (ALA, MF); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (ALA); Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (CH); Cancer Informatics Core (EAW), Department of Molecular Oncology (BEE, WDC), and Department of Thoracic Oncology (EBH), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (MZK)
| | - Maria Zajac-Kaye
- Department of Medicine (CC, RG, MZ, FJK), Genetics Institute (RG, FJK), Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program (RG, FJK), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (ZC, YG, CH, LW), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Cancer Biology and Informatics, the Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL (ALA, MF); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (ALA); Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (CH); Cancer Informatics Core (EAW), Department of Molecular Oncology (BEE, WDC), and Department of Thoracic Oncology (EBH), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (MZK)
| | - Frederic J Kaye
- Department of Medicine (CC, RG, MZ, FJK), Genetics Institute (RG, FJK), Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program (RG, FJK), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (ZC, YG, CH, LW), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Cancer Biology and Informatics, the Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL (ALA, MF); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (ALA); Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (CH); Cancer Informatics Core (EAW), Department of Molecular Oncology (BEE, WDC), and Department of Thoracic Oncology (EBH), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (MZK).
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Roden AC, García JJ, Wehrs RN, Colby TV, Khoor A, Leslie KO, Chen L. Histopathologic, immunophenotypic and cytogenetic features of pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2014; 27:1479-88. [PMID: 24743219 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2014.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma is an uncommon but distinctive manifestation of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma occurs in adults and children and can cause diagnostic problems, especially in small biopsies. Few studies have characterized the histologic and immunophenotypic features of pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma. t(11;19)(q21;p13) is considered disease-defining for mucoepidermoid carcinoma; its significance in pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma warrants further study. Forty three pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinomas were re-reviewed and graded according to the Brandwein grading system for mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Four cases were excluded because of a split opinion between pathology report and re-review. These cases were negative for MAML2 rearrangement by FISH. TTF-1, napsin A, p40 and p63 immunostains were scored: 0 (negative), 1 (1-25% tumor cells), 2 (26-50%), 3 (51-75%) or 4 (>75%). FISH to detect MAML2 rearrangement used a MAML2-11q21 break-apart probe. Thirty nine pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma (4 low, 30 intermediate, 5 high grade) contained mucous, epidermoid and intermediate cells and lacked keratinization and in situ carcinoma of the overlying epithelium. All cases with available gross description (n=22) had a central/endo- or peribronchial location. All 25 cases tested for immunohistochemistry were positive (scores 1-4) for p63; 23 also expressed p40. In six cases, the p63 score was higher than p40. TTF-1 and napsin were uniformly negative in all 25 cases. MAML2 rearrangement was identified by FISH in each of the 24 cases tested (3 low, 19 intermediate, 2 high grade). Clinical history was available in 29 patients (15 men) (median age, 48 years) with follow-up in 24 (median, 8.4 years). Five patients died of unrelated causes; one developed metastatic pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma. In conclusion, features helpful in distinguishing pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma from other lung cancers include its central/endo- or peribronchial location together with the presence of mucous cells, p63 expression, lack of keratinization and MAML2 rearrangement. TTF-1 and napsin are typically not expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C Roden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joaquín J García
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rebecca N Wehrs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Thomas V Colby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Arizona, AZ, USA
| | - Andras Khoor
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Kevin O Leslie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Arizona, AZ, USA
| | - Longwen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Arizona, AZ, USA
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CRTC1/MAML2 gain-of-function interactions with MYC create a gene signature predictive of cancers with CREB-MYC involvement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3260-8. [PMID: 25071166 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319176111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric oncoproteins created by chromosomal translocations are among the most common genetic mutations associated with tumorigenesis. Malignant mucoepidermoid salivary gland tumors, as well as a growing number of solid epithelial-derived tumors, can arise from a recurrent t (11, 19)(q21;p13.1) translocation that generates an unusual chimeric cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)-regulated transcriptional coactivator 1 (CRTC1)/mastermind-like 2 (MAML2) (C1/M2) oncoprotein comprised of two transcriptional coactivators, the CRTC1 and the NOTCH/RBPJ coactivator MAML2. Accordingly, the C1/M2 oncoprotein induces aberrant expression of CREB and NOTCH target genes. Surprisingly, here we report a gain-of-function activity of the C1/M2 oncoprotein that directs its interactions with myelocytomatosis oncogene (MYC) proteins and the activation of MYC transcription targets, including those involved in cell growth and metabolism, survival, and tumorigenesis. These results were validated in human mucoepidermoid tumor cells that harbor the t (11, 19)(q21;p13.1) translocation and express the C1/M2 oncoprotein. Notably, the C1/M2-MYC interaction is necessary for C1/M2-driven cell transformation, and the C1/M2 transcriptional signature predicts other human malignancies having combined involvement of MYC and CREB. These findings suggest that such gain-of-function properties may also be manifest in other oncoprotein fusions found in human cancer and that agents targeting the C1/M2-MYC interface represent an attractive strategy for the development of effective and safe anticancer therapeutics in tumors harboring the t (11, 19) translocation.
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Zhu F, Wang W, Hou Y, Shi J, Liu Z, He D, Bai C, Li S, Jiang L. MAML2 rearrangement in primary pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma and the correlation with FLT1 expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94399. [PMID: 24714697 PMCID: PMC3979848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Primary pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma (PMEC) is an uncommon neoplasm with remarkable resemblance to mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the salivary glands. The latter has been shown to harbor t(11,19) resulting in MECT1-MAML2 fusion, which may be of diagnostic and prognostic values. However, the importance of such feature in PMEC has not been well studied. Methods We detected MAML2 rearrangement using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in tissue samples from 42 cases of PMEC and 40 of adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC), and the expression of potential downstream targets of MECT1-MAML2, including HES1, FLT1 and NR4A2 with immunohistochemistry (IHC). The findings were then examined regarding the clinicopathological parameters and patient outcomes. Results FISH analysis revealed MAML2 rearrangement in 50% of the PMEC cases, and such property was prominent in considerable younger patients (33 versus 60 years; p = 0.001) and restricted to cases of low and intermediate grades. IHC analysis showed that FLT1 and HES1 were expressed at lower level in MAML2 rearranged group than MAML2 non-rearranged group (p<0.001 and p = 0.023, respectively). Survival analysis showed significant correlation between MAML2 rearrangement and overall survival (p = 0.023) or disease-free survival (p = 0.027) as well as correlation between FLT1 and overall survival (p = 0.009). Conclusions MAML2 rearrangement appears frequent in PMEC and specific with this tumor. Both the presence of MAML2 rearrangement and absence of FLT1 tend to confer a favorable clinical outcome. These findings suggest that molecular detection of MAML2 rearrangement combined with FLT1 may be of important clinical value for PMEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weige Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingyong Hou
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jindong Shi
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilong Liu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deming He
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxue Bai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanqun Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (LJ); (SL)
| | - Liyan Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (LJ); (SL)
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Tsirimonaki E, Fedonidis C, Pneumaticos SG, Tragas AA, Michalopoulos I, Mangoura D. PKCε signalling activates ERK1/2, and regulates aggrecan, ADAMTS5, and miR377 gene expression in human nucleus pulposus cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82045. [PMID: 24312401 PMCID: PMC3842981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) signaling, a major regulator of chondrocytic differentiation, has been also implicated in pathological extracellular matrix remodeling, and here we investigate the mechanism of PKCε-dependent regulation of the chondrocytic phenotype in human nucleus pulposus (NP) cells derived from herniated disks. NP cells from each donor were successfully propagated for 25+ culture passages, with remarkable tolerance to repeated freeze-and-thaw cycles throughout long-term culturing. More specifically, after an initial downregulation of COL2A1, a stable chondrocytic phenotype was attested by the levels of mRNA expression for aggrecan, biglycan, fibromodulin, and lumican, while higher expression of SOX-trio and Patched-1 witnessed further differentiation potential. NP cells in culture also exhibited a stable molecular profile of PKC isoforms: throughout patient samples and passages, mRNAs for PKC α, δ, ε, ζ, η, ι, and µ were steadily detected, whereas β, γ, and θ were not. Focusing on the signalling of PKCε, an isoform that may confer protection against degeneration, we found that activation with the PKCε-specific activator small peptide ψεRACK led sequentially to a prolonged activation of ERK1/2, increased abundance of the early gene products ATF, CREB1, and Fos with concurrent silencing of transcription for Ki67, and increases in mRNA expression for aggrecan. More importantly, ψεRACK induced upregulation of hsa-miR-377 expression, coupled to decreases in ADAMTS5 and cleaved aggrecan. Therefore, PKCε activation in late passage NP cells may represent a molecular basis for aggrecan availability, as part of an PKCε/ERK/CREB/AP-1-dependent transcriptional program that includes upregulation of both chondrogenic genes and microRNAs. Moreover, this pathway should be considered as a target for understanding the molecular mechanism of IVD degeneration and for therapeutic restoration of degenerated disks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Spiros G. Pneumaticos
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Orthopedics, Athens Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Dimitra Mangoura
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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von Holstein SL. Tumours of the lacrimal gland. Epidemiological, clinical and genetic characteristics. Acta Ophthalmol 2013; 91 Thesis 6:1-28. [PMID: 24893972 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumours of the lacrimal gland are rare, but the prognosis may be grave. To date, no population-based incidence and distribution data on lacrimal gland tumours exist. In addition, almost nothing is known about the genetic profile of epithelial tumours of the lacrimal gland. We collected specimens and clinical files on all biopsied lacrimal gland lesions in Denmark over a 34-year period and re-evaluated the diagnosis to provide updated population-based incidence rates and epidemiological characteristics. Clinical data regarding symptoms, clinical examinations, treatment and follow-up were collected for patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), pleomorphic adenoma (PA), carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (Ca-ex-PA) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC). Using RT-PCR, FISH, immunohistochemistry, Q-PCR and high-resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization (arrayCGH) we explored the genetic characteristics including copy number alterations (CNA) in ACC, PA, Ca-ex-PA and MEC. The incidence of biopsied lacrimal gland lesions was 1.3/1,000,000/year, and ~50% were neoplastic lesions. Of these, 55% were malignant tumours with epithelial tumours as the most frequent. The overall incidence was increasing, and this was caused by an increase in biopsied non-neoplastic lesions. We found that 10/14 ACCs either expressed the MYB-NFIB fusion gene and/or had rearrangements of MYB. All ACCs expressed the MYB protein. ACC was characterized by recurrent copy number losses involving 6q, 12q and 17q and gains involving 19q, 8q and 11q. ArrayCGH revealed an apparently normal genomic profile in 11/19 PAs. The remaining 8 PAs had recurrent copy number losses involving 1p, 6q, 8q and 13q and gain involving 9p. PA expressed PLAG1 in all tumours whereas only 2/29 tumours expressed HMGA2. Ca-ex-PA was characterized by recurrent copy number gain involving 22q. PLAG1 was expressed in 3/5 Ca-ex-PA whereas none of these tumours expressed HMGA2. MEC expressed the CRTC1-MAML2, and this fusion was found to be tumour-specific for lacrimal gland MEC. In conclusion, lacrimal gland lesions that require pathological evaluation are rare in the Danish population, and the incidence rate of biopsied benign lesions is increasing. Epithelial tumours of the lacrimal gland are molecularly very similar to their salivary gland counterparts in the expression of the tumour-specific fusion genes and in their genomic imbalances as demonstrated by arrayCGH. MYB-NFIB is a useful biomarker for ACC and MYB, and its downstream target genes may be potential therapeutic targets for these tumours.
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Aberrantly activated AREG-EGFR signaling is required for the growth and survival of CRTC1-MAML2 fusion-positive mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells. Oncogene 2013; 33:3869-77. [PMID: 23975434 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Salivary gland tumors (SGT) are a group of highly heterogeneous head and neck malignancies with widely varied clinical outcomes and no standard effective treatments. The CRTC1-MAML2 fusion oncogene, encoded by a recurring chromosomal translocation t(11;19)(q14-21;p12-13), is a frequent genetic alteration found in >50% of mucoepidermoid carcinomas (MEC), the most common malignant SGT. In this study, we aimed to define the role of the CRTC1-MAML2 oncogene in the maintenance of MEC tumor growth and to investigate critical downstream target genes and pathways for therapeutic targeting of MEC. By performing gene expression analyses and functional studies via RNA interference and pharmacological modulation, we determined the importance of the CRTC1-MAML2 fusion gene and its downstream AREG-EGFR signaling in human MEC cancer cell growth and survival in vitro and in vivo using human MEC xenograft models. We found that CRTC1-MAML2 fusion oncogene was required for the growth and survival of fusion-positive human MEC cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The CRTC1-MAML2 oncoprotein induced the upregulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand Amphiregulin (AREG) by co-activating the transcription factor CREB, and AREG subsequently activated EGFR signaling in an autocrine manner that promoted MEC cell growth and survival. Importantly, CRTC1-MAML2-positive MEC cells were highly sensitive to EGFR signaling inhibition. Therefore, our study revealed that aberrantly activated AREG-EGFR signaling is required for CRTC1-MAML2-positive MEC cell growth and survival, suggesting that EGFR-targeted therapies will benefit patients with advanced, unresectable CRTC1-MAML2-positive MEC.
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60
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Stenman G. Fusion oncogenes in salivary gland tumors: molecular and clinical consequences. Head Neck Pathol 2013; 7 Suppl 1:S12-9. [PMID: 23821214 PMCID: PMC3712096 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-013-0462-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Salivary gland tumors constitute a heterogeneous group of uncommon diseases that pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. However, the recent discovery of a translocation-generated gene fusion network in salivary gland carcinomas as well in benign salivary gland tumors opens up new avenues for improved diagnosis, prognostication, and development of specific targeted therapies. The gene fusions encode novel fusion oncoproteins or ectopically expressed normal or truncated oncoproteins. The major targets of the translocations are transcriptional coactivators, tyrosine kinase receptors, and transcription factors involved in growth factor signaling and cell cycle regulation. Notably, several of these targets or pathways activated by these targets are druggable. Examples of clinically significant gene fusions in salivary gland cancers are the MYB-NFIB fusion specific for adenoid cystic carcinoma, the CRTC1-MAML2 fusion typical of low/intermediate-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and the recently identified ETV6-NTRK3 fusion in mammary analogue secretory carcinoma. Similarly, gene fusions involving the PLAG1 and HMGA2 oncogenes are specific for benign pleomorphic adenomas. Continued studies of the molecular consequences of these fusion oncoproteins and their down-stream targets will ultimately lead to the identification of novel driver genes in salivary gland neoplasms and will also form the basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies for salivary gland cancers and, perhaps, other neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Stenman
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Box 425, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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61
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Adams A, Warner K, Nör JE. Salivary gland cancer stem cells. Oral Oncol 2013; 49:845-853. [PMID: 23810400 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests the existence of a tumorigenic population of cancer cells that demonstrate stem cell-like properties such as self-renewal and multipotency. These cells, termed cancer stem cells (CSC), are able to both initiate and maintain tumor formation and progression. Studies have shown that CSC are resistant to traditional chemotherapy treatments preventing complete eradication of the tumor cell population. Following treatment, CSC are able to re-initiate tumor growth leading to patient relapse. Salivary gland cancers are relatively rare but constitute a highly significant public health issue due to the lack of effective treatments. In particular, patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma or adenoid cystic carcinoma, the two most common salivary malignancies, have low long-term survival rates due to the lack of response to current therapies. Considering the role of CSC in resistance to therapy in other tumor types, it is possible that this unique sub-population of cells is involved in resistance of salivary gland tumors to treatment. Characterization of CSC can lead to better understanding of the pathobiology of salivary gland malignancies as well as to the development of more effective therapies. Here, we make a brief overview of the state-of-the-science in salivary gland cancer, and discuss possible implications of the cancer stem cell hypothesis to the treatment of salivary gland malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Adams
- Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, United States
| | - Kristy Warner
- Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, United States
| | - Jacques E Nör
- Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, United States; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, United States.
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Genomic profiles and CRTC1-MAML2 fusion distinguish different subtypes of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:213-22. [PMID: 23018873 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common salivary gland malignancy, and includes a spectrum of lesions ranging from non-aggressive low-grade tumors to aggressive high-grade tumors. To further characterize this heterogeneous group of tumors we have performed a comprehensive analysis of copy number alterations and CRTC1-MAML2 fusion status in a series of 28 mucoepidermoid carcinomas. The CRTC1-MAML2 fusion was detected by RT-PCR or fluorescence in situ hybridization in 18 of 28 mucoepidermoid carcinomas (64%). All 15 low-grade tumors were fusion-positive whereas only 3 of 13 high-grade tumors were fusion-positive. High-resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization revealed that fusion-positive tumors had significantly fewer copy number alterations/tumor compared with fusion-negative tumors (1.5 vs 9.5; P=0.002). Twelve of 18 fusion-positive tumors had normal genomic profiles whereas only 1 out of 10 fusion-negative tumors lacked copy number alterations. The profiles of fusion-positive and fusion-negative tumors were very similar to those of low- and high-grade tumors. Thus, low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas had significantly fewer copy number alterations/tumor compared with high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas (0.7 vs 8.6; P<0.0001). The most frequent copy number alterations detected were losses of 18q12.2-qter (including the tumor suppressor genes DCC, SMAD4, and GALR1), 9p21.3 (including the tumor suppressor genes CDKN2A/B), 6q22.1-q23.1, and 8pter-p12.1, and gains of 8q24.3 (including the oncogene MAFA), 11q12.3-q13.2, 3q26.1-q28, 19p13.2-p13.11, and 8q11.1-q12.2 (including the oncogenes LYN, MOS, and PLAG1). On the basis of these results we propose that mucoepidermoid carcinoma may be subdivided in (i) low-grade, fusion-positive mucoepidermoid carcinomas with no or few genomic imbalances and favorable prognosis, (ii) high-grade, fusion-positive mucoepidermoid carcinomas with multiple genomic imbalances and unfavorable prognosis, and (iii) a heterogeneous group of high-grade, fusion-negative adenocarcinomas with multiple genomic imbalances and unfavorable outcome. Taken together, our studies indicate that molecular genetic analysis can be a useful adjunct to histologic scoring of mucoepidermoid carcinoma and may lead to development of new clinical guidelines for management of these patients.
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Salivary mucoepidermoid carcinoma: demonstration of transcriptionally active human papillomavirus 16/18. Head Neck Pathol 2012; 7:135-48. [PMID: 23233027 PMCID: PMC3642267 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-012-0411-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein we test the following hypotheses: (1) High-risk Human Papillomavirus (HR-HPV) may be involved in the etiology of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), and (2) The detection rate of HR-HPV in MEC has been increasing over time. Ninety-eight archival MEC specimens from three institutions spanning three decades were studied for HPV16/18 E6/E7 transcripts. RNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded specimens and HPV16/18 E6/E7 expression assessed by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A subset of MEC were also studied for MECT1-MAML2 fusion transcripts by nested RT-PCR and amplicon sequencing. The HPV expression data was validated by immunofluorescence (IF) with monoclonal HPV16/18 E6 antibody, PCR with the GP5+/6+ consensus primers, and sequencing of RT-PCR amplicons. HPV genome was localized by in-situ hybridization with the Ventana Inform HPVIII Family 16 probe. P16(INK4a) overexpression and aberrant p53 expression were assessed by immunohistochemistry. HPV16 E6/E7 transcripts were demonstrated in (29/98) 30% of MEC by RT-PCR. HPV18 E6/E7 transcripts were demonstrated in 13/98 (13%) of MEC by RT-PCR. Seven of 98 tumors (7%) demonstrated both HPV16/18. No significant association was found between HPV status and gender, age, and tumor site. All 13 HPV18+ MEC were diagnosed between 2001 and 2010, whereas 45 MEC diagnosed from 1977 to 2000 were negative for HPV18 (p = 0.002). By contrast, there was no significant difference with respect to HPV16 detection and date of diagnosis. All MEC that were positive for E6 protein were also HPV16/18 positive by RT-PCR. Sequencing a subset of RT-PCR amplicons confirmed HPV type- and region-specific sequences. PCR using GP5+/6+ consensus primers demonstrated HPV status concordance in 9 of 10 cases. DNA degradation was present in the last case; the RT-PCR amplicons were sequenced from this case which confirmed the presence of HPV type- and region-specific sequences. Strong (+4/+4) and diffuse (>50%) nuclear and cytoplasmic p16 expression was seen in 64% of MEC in the glandular regions, and 18% of MEC in the solid, squamoid regions. No correlation was seen between p16 expression and HPV status. Twenty-nine MEC (22 HPV+ and 7 HPV-negative) were selected for further evaluation for p53 expression. Strong aberrant nuclear p53 expression was present in only 2/22 HPV + MEC (9%, both Grade 3); no HPV-negative MEC demonstrated aberrant p53 expression. MECT1-MAML2 fusion transcripts were demonstrated in 23/37 (62%) MEC. No significant association was found between the presence of the MECT1-MAML2 fusion transcripts and tumor grade, HPV status, gender, era of diagnosis (2000 and earlier vs. 2001-2010) or tumor site. We demonstrate for the first time that transcriptionally active HPV16/18 is common to MEC. These findings were validated by demonstrating concordant results by separate PCR with consensus primers, and/or confirming the presence of HPV type- and region-specific sequences in the RT-PCR amplicons. We also visualized E6 viral oncoprotein and HPV genome within tumor cells. HR-HPV is thus potentially implicated in the pathogenesis of MEC. The frequency of HPV18 detection is significantly increased in MEC diagnosed after 2001, whereas we found no differences in the HPV16 detection rates per era of diagnosis.
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11q21 rearrangement is a frequent and highly specific genetic alteration in mucoepidermoid carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 21:134-7. [PMID: 22847156 DOI: 10.1097/pdm.0b013e318255552c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor. Translocation t(11;19)(q21;p13) involving the MECT1 and MAML2 genes has been suggested as a diagnostic marker in these tumors. To determine the specificity of 11q21 locus rearrangements for MEC, fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis with specific MEC-I Dual Color Break Apart Probe was performed on a tissue microarray containing samples from almost 1200 salivary gland adenomas and carcinomas. Rearrangements of 11q21 were observed in 40% of 217 MECs. The frequency of rearrangements decreased with tumor grade and was found in 53% of G1, 43% of G2, and 31% of G3 tumors (P=0.015). There were no 11q21 rearrangements found in other salivary gland carcinomas including 142 adenoid cystic carcinomas, 104 acinic cell adenocarcinomas, 76 adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified, 38 epithelial-myoepithelial carcinomas, 15 polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinomas, 18 basal cell adenocarcinomas, 19 myoepithelial carcinomas, 12 papillary cystadenocarcinomas, 6 salivary duct carcinomas, and 10 oncocytic carcinomas. Furthermore, all analyzed salivary gland adenomas, including 39 cases of Warthin tumor and control samples, either from the salivary gland or from other organs were negative for 11q21 rearrangements. It is concluded that MECT1-MAML2 gene fusion is a highly specific genetic alteration in MEC with predominance in low-grade and intermediate-grade tumors.
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65
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Noda H, Okumura Y, Nakayama T, Miyabe S, Fujiyoshi Y, Hattori H, Shimozato K, Inagaki H. Clinicopathological significance of MAML2 gene split in mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2012; 104:85-92. [PMID: 23035786 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CRTC1-MAML2 and CRTC3-MAML2 fusions have been associated with favorable clinicopathological features of mucoepidermoid carcinomas. However, the significance of the MAML2 gene split has not been fully clarified. In the present study, 95 mucoepidermoid carcinomas (paraffin-embedded materials) were analyzed for CRTC1-MAML2 and CRTC3-MAML2 fusions by RT-PCR and for the MAML2 gene split by FISH. Quantitative RT-PCR for the CRTC1-MAML2 transcript was performed in selected cases. MLL gene involvement, which has been reported in some leukemia cases, was examined by FISH in fusion partner-unknown cases. CRTC1-MAML2 and CRTC3-MAML2 fusions were detected in 37 and 6 cases, respectively. The MAML2 gene split was detected in 62 cases, which included all CRTC1/3-MAML2 fusion-positive cases. The level of CRTC1-MAML2 transcript expression was highly variable, and its clinicopathological impact was unclear. The MLL gene split was not detected. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas negative for CRTC1/3-MAML2 and positive for the MAML2 gene split (n = 19) showed favorable clinicopathological tumor features similar to those positive for CRTC1/3-MAML2 fusions. Compared with negative cases (n = 33), mucoepidermoid carcinomas positive for the MAML2 split (n = 62) were associated with lower patient age, a mild female predilection, a smaller tumor size, less frequent nodal metastasis, a lower clinical stage, a lower histological grade, and longer overall and disease-free survival. The MAML2 gene split emerged as an independent prognostic factor for both overall and disease-free survival in multivariate prognostic analysis. The presence of the MAML2 gene split defines a distinct mucoepidermoid carcinoma subset that is associated clinicopathologically with favorable tumor features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Noda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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67
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Rotellini M, Paglierani M, Pepi M, Franchi A. MAML2 rearrangement in Warthin's tumour: a fluorescent in situ hybridisation study of metaplastic variants. J Oral Pathol Med 2012; 41:615-20. [PMID: 22582766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2012.01159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Warthin's tumour (WT) is a common benign lesion of the major salivary glands. The nature of WT remains controversial, with particular regard to the presence of clonal chromosomal abnormalities, including the t(11;19) translocation involving the CRTC1 and MAML2 genes, that have been identified in both WT and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. In this study, we focused our attention on metaplastic WT variants, and we conducted a fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) analysis for the presence of MAML2 gene rearrangement. METHODS Dual-colour FISH analysis was performed on paraffin-embedded sections of eight WTs showing metaplastic changes (five with squamous metaplasia, two with mucinous metaplasia and one with both) using a MAML2 break-apart probe. RESULTS Presence of split signals indicative of gene rearrangement was identified in a subset of cells in areas of squamous metaplasia in two samples of WT. No rearrangement was observed in the oncocytic epithelium, in lymphocytes and in areas of mucinous metaplasia. CONCLUSIONS The presence of a small subpopulation of cells carrying MAML2 rearrangement in areas of squamous metaplasia within WT could predispose these lesions to malignant transformation in mucoepidermoid carcinoma and could represent a molecular link between the two entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Rotellini
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Surgery, University of Florence Medical School, Florence, Italy
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Chen J, Kesari S, Rooney C, Strack PR, Chen J, Shen H, Wu L, Griffin JD. Inhibition of notch signaling blocks growth of glioblastoma cell lines and tumor neurospheres. Genes Cancer 2011; 1:822-35. [PMID: 21127729 DOI: 10.1177/1947601910383564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor that is characterized by high proliferative rate and invasiveness. Since dysregulation of Notch signaling is implicated in the pathogenesis of many human cancers, here we investigated the role of Notch signaling in GBM. We found that there is aberrant activation of Notch signaling in GBM cell lines and human GBM-derived neurospheres. Inhibition of Notch signaling via the expression of a dominant negative form of the Notch coactivator, mastermind-like 1 (DN-MAML1), or the treatment of a γ-secretase inhibitor, (GSI) MRK-003, resulted in a significant reduction in GBM cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown of individual Notch receptors revealed that Notch1 and Notch2 receptors differentially contributed to GBM cell growth, with Notch2 having a predominant role. Furthermore, blockade of Notch signaling inhibited the proliferation of human GBM-derived neurospheres in vitro and in vivo. Our overall data indicate that Notch signaling contributes significantly to optimal GBM growth, strongly supporting that the Notch pathway is a promising therapeutic target for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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69
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Altered LKB1/CREB-regulated transcription co-activator (CRTC) signaling axis promotes esophageal cancer cell migration and invasion. Oncogene 2011; 31:469-79. [PMID: 21706049 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
LKB1 is a tumor susceptibility gene for the Peutz-Jeghers cancer syndrome and is a target for mutational inactivation in sporadic human malignancies. LKB1 encodes a serine/threonine kinase that has critical roles in cell growth, polarity and metabolism. A novel and important function of LKB1 is its ability to regulate the phosphorylation of CREB-regulated transcription co-activators (CRTCs) whose aberrant activation is linked with oncogenic activities. However, the roles and mechanisms of LKB1 and CRTC in the pathogenesis of esophageal cancer have not been previously investigated. In this study, we observed altered LKB1-CRTC signaling in a subset of human esophageal cancer cell lines and patient samples. LKB1 negatively regulates esophageal cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro. Mechanistically, we determined that CRTC signaling becomes activated because of LKB1 loss, which results in the transcriptional activation of specific downstream targets including LYPD3, a critical mediator for LKB1 loss-of-function. Our data indicate that de-regulated LKB1-CRTC signaling might represent a crucial mechanism for esophageal cancer progression.
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70
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Okumura Y, Miyabe S, Nakayama T, Fujiyoshi Y, Hattori H, Shimozato K, Inagaki H. Impact of CRTC1/3-MAML2 fusions on histological classification and prognosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Histopathology 2011; 59:90-7. [PMID: 21668476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of study was to evaluate the impact of CRTC1-MAML2 and CRTC3-MAML2 fusions on the histological classification of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) of the salivary glands and on the prognosis of patients. METHODS AND RESULTS MEC cases (n = 111) were screened for CRTC1-MAML2 and CRTC3-MAML2 fusions by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We developed a system of 'molecular Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) classification' that combined the AFIP histological classification proposed by Goode et al. and the presence of CRTC1-MAML2 or CRTC3-MAML2 fusions. MEC cases positive for CRTC1-MAML2 or CRTC3-MAML2 fusion formed a favourable tumour subset that was distinct from fusion-negative cases. When positive for the fusions, 'high-risk' patients, including those with a higher histological grade or an advanced clinical stage, showed an excellent prognosis. For overall survival, 'molecular AFIP classification' was selected as a powerful independent prognostic factor (P=0.0038), as was the clinical stage (P =0.0032). For disease-free survival, 'molecular AFIP classification' was also selected as an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.0006). CONCLUSIONS Molecular AFIP classification may be useful in predicting the prognosis of patients with MEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihide Okumura
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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71
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Bhaijee F, Pepper DJ, Pitman KT, Bell D. New developments in the molecular pathogenesis of head and neck tumors: a review of tumor-specific fusion oncogenes in mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and NUT midline carcinoma. Ann Diagn Pathol 2011; 15:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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72
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Phu DT, Wallbach M, Depatie C, Fu A, Screaton RA, Oetjen E. Regulation of the CREB coactivator TORC by the dual leucine zipper kinase at different levels. Cell Signal 2011; 23:344-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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73
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Sandberg AA, Meloni-Ehrig AM. Cytogenetics and genetics of human cancer: methods and accomplishments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 203:102-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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74
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Du N, Baker PM, Do TU, Bien C, Bier-Laning CM, Singh S, Shih SJ, Diaz MO, Vaughan AT. 11q21.1-11q23.3 Is a site of intrinsic genomic instability triggered by irradiation. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2010; 49:831-43. [PMID: 20607707 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosome location, 11q21-23, is linked to loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in multiple tumors including those of breast, lung, and head and neck. To examine the process of LOH induction, the H292 cell line (human muco-epidermoid carcinoma) was irradiated or treated with anti-CD95 antibody, and individual clones isolated through two rounds of cloning. Regions of LOH were determined by screening a suite of eight polymorphic microsatellite markers covering 11p15-11q24 using fluorescent primers and genetic analyzer peak discrimination. LOH induction was observed extending through 11q21.1-11q23.3 in 6/49 of clones surviving 4 Gy and 8/50 after 8 Gy. Analysis of selected clones by Affymetrix 6.0 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays confirmed the initial assessment indicating a consistent 27.3-27.7 Mbp deletion in multiple clones. The telomeric border of LOH mapped to a 1 Mbp region of elevated recombination. Whole genome analysis of SNP data indicated that site-restricted LOH also occurred across multiple additional genomic locations. These data indicate that 11q21.1-11q23.3, and potentially other regions of this cell line are sites of intrinsic cell-specific instability leading to LOH after irradiation. Such deletions may subsequently be propagated by genetic selection and clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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75
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Jaskoll T, Htet K, Abichaker G, Kaye FJ, Melnick M. CRTC1 expression during normal and abnormal salivary gland development supports a precursor cell origin for mucoepidermoid cancer. Gene Expr Patterns 2010; 11:57-63. [PMID: 20837164 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the transcription factor CRTC1 by a t(11;19) chromosomal rearrangement mediates the formation of mucoepidermoid salivary gland carcinoma (MEC). Although the CRTC1 promoter is consistently active in fusion-positive MEC and low levels of CRTC1 transcripts have been reported in normal adult salivary glands, the distribution of CRTC1 protein in the normal salivary gland is not known. The aim of this study was to determine if CRTC1, like many known oncogenes, is expressed during early submandibular salivary gland (SMG) development and re-expressed in an experimental tumor model. Our results indicate that CRTC1 protein is expressed in SMG epithelia during early stages of morphogenesis, disappears with differentiation, and reappears in initial tumor-like pathology. This stage-dependent expression pattern suggests that CRTC1 may play a role during embryonic SMG branching morphogenesis but not for pro-acinar/acinar differentiation, supporting a precursor cell origin for MEC tumorigenesis. Moreover, the coincident expression of CRTC1 protein and cell proliferation markers in tumor-like histopathology suggests that CRTC1-mediated cell proliferation may contribute, in part, to initial tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Jaskoll
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
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76
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Stenman G, Andersson MK, Andrén Y. New tricks from an old oncogene: gene fusion and copy number alterations of MYB in human cancer. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:2986-95. [PMID: 20647765 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.15.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MYB is a leucine zipper transcription factor that is essential for hematopoesis and for renewal of colonic crypts. There is also ample evidence showing that MYB is leukemogenic in several animal species. However, it was not until recently that clear evidence was presented showing that MYB actually is an oncogene rearranged in human cancer. In a recent study, a novel mechanism of activation of MYB involving gene fusion was identified in carcinomas of the breast and head and neck. A t(6;9) translocation was shown to generate fusions between MYB and the transcription factor gene NFIB. The fusions consistently result in loss of the 3'-end of MYB, including several highly conserved target sites for microRNAs that negatively regulate MYB expression. Deletion of these target sites may disrupt the repression of MYB, leading to overexpression of MYB-NFIB transcripts and protein and to transcriptional activation of critical MYB target genes associated with apoptosis, cell cycle control, cell growth/angiogenesis and cell adhesion. This study, together with previous and recent data showing rearrangements and copy number alterations of the MYB locus in T-cell leukemia and certain solid tumors, will be the main focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Stenman
- Lundberg Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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77
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Komiya T, Coxon A, Park Y, Chen WD, Zajac-Kaye M, Meltzer P, Karpova T, Kaye FJ. Enhanced activity of the CREB co-activator Crtc1 in LKB1 null lung cancer. Oncogene 2009; 29:1672-80. [PMID: 20010869 PMCID: PMC7227613 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Activation of Crtc1 (also known as Mect1/Torc1) by a t(11;19) chromosomal rearrangement underlies the etiology of malignant salivary gland tumors. As LKB1 is a target for mutational inactivation in lung cancer and was recently shown to regulate hepatic Crtc2/CREB transcriptional activity in mice, we now present evidence suggesting disruption of an LKB1/Crtc pathway in cancer. Although Crtc1 is preferentially expressed in adult brain tissues, we observed elevated levels of steady-state Crtc1 in thoracic tumors. In addition, we show that somatic loss of LKB1 is associated with underphosphorylation of endogenous Crtc1, enhanced Crtc1 nuclear localization and enhanced expression of the Crtc prototypic target gene, NR4A2/Nurr1. Inhibition of NR4A2 was associated with growth suppression of LKB1 null tumors, but showed little effect on LKB1-wildtype cells. These data strengthen the role of dysregulated Crtc as a bona fide cancer gene, present a new element to the complex LKB1 tumorigenic axis, and suggest that Crtc genes may be aberrantly activated in a wider range of common adult malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Komiya
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute and National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
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78
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Nakayama T, Miyabe S, Okabe M, Sakuma H, Ijichi K, Hasegawa Y, Nagatsuka H, Shimozato K, Inagaki H. Clinicopathological significance of the CRTC3-MAML2 fusion transcript in mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2009; 22:1575-81. [PMID: 19749740 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2009.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common primary malignancy of the salivary gland. We and others showed that CRTC1-MAML2 gene fusion was associated with favorable clinicopathological tumor features. Recently, a novel gene fusion, CRTC3-MAML2, was reported as a rare gene alteration in a case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. However, its frequency and clinicopathological significance remains unclear. In all, 101 cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma and 89 cases of non-mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the salivary gland were analyzed, and RNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens. In the CRTC family, there have been three genes, CRTC1, CRTC2, and CRTC3. We developed reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays for CRTC1-MAML2, CRTC2-MAML2, and CRTC3-MAML2 fusions. Clinicopathological data of the patients were obtained from their clinical records. Of 101 cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 34 (34%) and 6 (6%) were positive for CRTC1-MAML2 and CRTC3-MAML2 fusion transcripts. However, in the 89 cases of non-mucoepidermoid carcinoma, neither transcript was noted. In the former cases, CRTC1-MAML2 and CRTC3-MAML2 fusions were mutually exclusive. The other fusion, CRTC2-MAML2, was not detected. We confirmed that the clinicopathological features of CRTC1-MAML2-positive mucoepidermoid carcinomas indicated an indolent course. CRTC3-MAML2-positive mucoepidermoid carcinomas also had clinicopathologically favorable features; all cases showed a less advanced clinical stage, negative nodal metastasis, no high-grade tumor histology, and no recurrence or tumor-related death after surgical resection of the tumor. It is interesting to note that patients with CRTC3-MAML2-positive tumors (mean 36 years of age) were significantly younger that those with the CRTC1-MAML2 fusion (55 years) and those with fusion-negative tumors (58 years). In conclusion, CRTC3-MAML2 fusion, which is mutually exclusive with CRTC1-MAML2 fusion and specific to mucoepidermoid carcinoma, may be detected more frequently than previously expected. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas possessing CRTC3-MAML2 fusion may be associated with favorable clinicopathological features and patients may be younger than those with CRTC1-MAML2 fusion or those with no detectable gene fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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79
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Fehr A, Meyer A, Heidorn K, Röser K, Löning T, Bullerdiek J. A link between the expression of the stem cell marker HMGA2, grading, and the fusion CRTC1-MAML2 in mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2009; 48:777-85. [PMID: 19521953 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the concept of cancer stem cells and their expression of embryonic stem cell markers has gained considerable experimental support. In this study, we examined the expression of one such marker, the high-mobility group AT-hook 2 gene (HMGA2) mRNA, in 53 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded mucoepidermoid carcinomas (MEC) and four normal parotid tissues using quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qPCR). MECs are often characterized by the fusion gene CRTC1-MAML2, the detection of which is an important tool for the diagnosis and prognosis of MEC. For detection of the CRTC1-MAML2 fusion transcript, we performed RT-PCR. The mean expression level of HMGA2 was higher in fusion negative (302.8 +/- 124.4; n = 14) than in positive tumors (67.3 +/- 13.1; n = 39). Furthermore, the fusion-negative tumors were often high-grade tumors and the HMGA2 expression level rose with the tumor grade (low: 43.7 +/- 11.0, intermediate: 126.2 +/- 28.3, and high: 271.2 +/- 126.5). A significant difference was found in the HMGA2 expression levels between the different grading groups (one-way ANOVA, P = 0.04) and among the fusion-negative and -positive tumors (t-test, P = 0.05), indicating that the expression level of HMGA2 was closely linked to grading, the presence/absence of the CRTC1-MAML2 fusion, and the tumor behavior of MECs. These findings offer further evidence for the theory that the MEC group comprises two subgroups: one group with the CRTC1-MAML2 fusion, which is a group with a moderate aggressiveness and prognosis, and the other group lacking that fusion corresponding to an increased stemness, and thus, higher aggressiveness and worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Fehr
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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80
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CREB: A Key Regulator of Normal and Neoplastic Hematopoiesis. Adv Hematol 2009; 2009:634292. [PMID: 19960054 PMCID: PMC2778441 DOI: 10.1155/2009/634292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is a nuclear transcription factor downstream of cell surface receptors and mitogens that is critical for normal and neoplastic hematopoiesis. Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that a majority of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) overexpress CREB in the bone marrow. To understand the role of CREB in leukemogenesis, we examined the biological effect of CREB overexpression on primary leukemia cells, leukemia cell lines, and CREB overexpressing transgenic mice. Our results demonstrated that CREB overexpression leads to an increase in cellular proliferation and survival. Furthermore, CREB transgenic mice develop a myeloproliferative disorder with aberrant myelopoiesis in both the bone marrow and spleen. Additional research from other groups has shown that the expression of the cAMP early inducible repressor (ICER), a CREB repressor, is also deregulated in leukemias. And, miR-34b, a microRNA that negative regulates CREB expression, is expressed at lower levels in myeloid leukemia cell lines compared to that of healthy bone marrow. Taken together, these data suggest that CREB plays a role in cellular transformation. The data also suggest that CREB-specific signaling pathways could possibly serve as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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81
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Abstract
In the past decade, studies of the human tumour suppressor LKB1 have uncovered a novel signalling pathway that links cell metabolism to growth control and cell polarity. LKB1 encodes a serine-threonine kinase that directly phosphorylates and activates AMPK, a central metabolic sensor. AMPK regulates lipid, cholesterol and glucose metabolism in specialized metabolic tissues, such as liver, muscle and adipose tissue. This function has made AMPK a key therapeutic target in patients with diabetes. The connection of AMPK with several tumour suppressors suggests that therapeutic manipulation of this pathway using established diabetes drugs warrants further investigation in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Shackelford
- Dulbecco Center for Cancer Research, Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA 92037
| | - Reuben J. Shaw
- Dulbecco Center for Cancer Research, Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA 92037
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA 92037
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82
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Bipartite functions of the CREB co-activators selectively direct alternative splicing or transcriptional activation. EMBO J 2009; 28:2733-47. [PMID: 19644446 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The CREB regulated transcription co-activators (CRTCs) regulate many biological processes by integrating and converting environmental inputs into transcriptional responses. Although the mechanisms by which CRTCs sense cellular signals are characterized, little is known regarding how CRTCs contribute to the regulation of cAMP inducible genes. Here we show that these dynamic regulators, unlike other co-activators, independently direct either pre-mRNA splice-site selection or transcriptional activation depending on the cell type or promoter context. Moreover, in other scenarios, the CRTC co-activators coordinately regulate transcription and splicing. Mutational analyses showed that CRTCs possess distinct functional domains responsible for regulating either pre-mRNA splicing or transcriptional activation. Interestingly, the CRTC1-MAML2 oncoprotein lacks the splicing domain and is incapable of altering splice-site selection despite robustly activating transcription. The differential usage of these distinct domains allows CRTCs to selectively mediate multiple facets of gene regulation, indicating that co-activators are not solely restricted to coordinating alternative splicing with increase in transcriptional activity.
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83
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Miyabe S, Okabe M, Nagatsuka H, Hasegawa Y, Inagaki A, Ijichi K, Nagai N, Eimoto T, Yokoi M, Shimozato K, Inagaki H. Prognostic Significance of p27Kip1, Ki-67, and CRTC1-MAML2 Fusion Transcript in Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma: A Molecular and Clinicopathologic Study of 101 Cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009; 67:1432-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2009.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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84
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Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the cervix: another tumor with the t(11;19)-associated CRTC1-MAML2 gene fusion. Am J Surg Pathol 2009; 33:835-43. [PMID: 19092631 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e318190cf5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) of the uterine cervix is a controversial entity. By strict morphologic criteria, the tumor has features identical to those of salivary gland MEC and is characterized by nests composed of 3 cell types (epidermoid, intermediate, and mucin producing) in the absence of overt glandular differentiation. Nonetheless, the entity is not recognized in the current World Health Organization classification of cervical tumors. Given the morphologic similarity between MEC of the cervix and MEC of the salivary glands, we sought to determine if MEC of the cervix harbors the t(11;19)(q21;p13) characteristic of MEC of the major and minor salivary glands, a rearrangement that results in fusion of the cyclic adenosine 3',5' monophosphate coactivator CRTC1 to the Notch coactivator MAML2. We identified 7 cervical tumors from our departmental files and performed reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization-based molecular analysis for rearrangements of CRTC1 and MAML2; 14 conventional cervical adenosquamous carcinomas were used as controls. Analysis of the cervical MECs demonstrated a CRTC1-MAML2 fusion in 1 case, rearrangements of CRTC1 in 4 cases, and aberrations of MAML2 in 5 cases (rearrangements in 2 cases, amplification in 3 cases). All MEC showed aberrations of at least 1 of the loci, whereas none of the cervical adenosquamous carcinomas harbored rearrangements or amplification of either locus. Our results demonstrate that cervical tumors defined as MEC by strict morphologic criteria harbor genetic aberrations involving the genes characteristically rearranged in MEC of the salivary glands, and suggest that cervical MEC is an entity distinct from conventional cervical adenosquamous carcinoma. The development of drug therapy targeted to the genes rearranged in MEC underscores the importance of correct classification of cervical MEC because the diagnosis may hold therapeutic implications different from other cervical malignancies.
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85
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Abstract
Chromosomal translocations and fusion oncogenes serve as the ultimate biomarker for clinicians as they show specificity for distinct histopathologic malignancies while simultaneously encoding an etiologic mutation and a therapeutic target. Previously considered a minor mutational event in epithelial solid tumors, new methodologies that do not rely on the detection of macroscopic cytogenetic alterations, as well as access to large series of annotated clinical material, are expanding the inventory of recurrent fusion oncogenes in both common and rare solid epithelial tumors. Unexpectedly, related assays are also revealing a high number of tandem or chimeric transcripts in normal tissues including, in one provocative case, a template for a known fusion oncogene. These observations may force us to reassess long-held views on the definition of a gene. They also raise the possibility that some rearrangements might represent constitutive forms of a physiological chimeric transcript. Defining the chimeric transcriptome in both health (transcription-induced chimerism and intergenic splicing) and disease (mutation-associated fusion oncogenes) will play an increasingly important role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of patients with cancer.
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86
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Camelo-Piragua SI, Habib C, Kanumuri P, Lago CE, Mason HS, Otis CN. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the breast shares cytogenetic abnormality with mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the salivary gland: a case report with molecular analysis and review of the literature. Hum Pathol 2009; 40:887-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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87
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Achcar RDOD, Nikiforova MN, Dacic S, Nicholson AG, Yousem SA. Mammalian mastermind like 2 11q21 gene rearrangement in bronchopulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2009; 40:854-60. [PMID: 19269006 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The translocation t(11;19)(q21;p13) results in the gene fusion of mucoepidermoid carcinoma translocated 1-mammalian mastermind like 2 genes that is the major chromosomal abnormality observed in mucoepidermoid carcinomas of salivary glands but has not been studied in bronchopulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma. To investigate the importance of the mammalian mastermind like 2 gene rearrangement and mucoepidermoid carcinoma translocated 1-mammalian mastermind like 2 fusion gene in bronchopulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma tumorigenesis and its differential diagnosis with primary pulmonary non-small-cell carcinomas, we evaluated the presence of the mammalian mastermind like 2 gene rearrangement and the mucoepidermoid carcinoma translocated 1-mammalian mastermind like 2 fusion in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 17 adult bronchopulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 16 adenosquamous carcinomas, 24 squamous cell carcinomas, and 41 primary adenocarcinomas by fluorescence in situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. We detected mammalian mastermind like 2 gene rearrangement by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis in 13 (77%) of 17 bronchopulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma cases (10 of 10 being low grade and 3 of 7 being high grade). Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed positive fluorescence in situ hybridization results in 6 (43%) of 14 mucoepidermoid carcinoma cases. None of the squamous, adenosquamous, or adenocarcinoma cases revealed the mammalian mastermind like 2 gene rearrangement by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and the mucoepidermoid carcinoma translocated 1-mammalian mastermind like 2 fusion product by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was not identified specifically in our adenosquamous carcinoma cases. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that mammalian mastermind like 2 gene rearrangement and mucoepidermoid carcinoma translocated 1-mammalian mastermind like 2 fusion product can be detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis performed on low- and high-grade primary bronchopulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma and can be used to help discriminate low- and high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma from adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma mimics in histologically challenging cases.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosarcoma/genetics
- Adenosarcoma/pathology
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Bronchial Neoplasms/genetics
- Bronchial Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/genetics
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/pathology
- Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid/genetics
- Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Gene Fusion
- Gene Rearrangement
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Trans-Activators
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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88
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The coactivator CRTC1 promotes cell proliferation and transformation via AP-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:1445-50. [PMID: 19164581 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0808749106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression in response to mitogenic stimuli is a critical aspect underlying many forms of human cancers. The AP-1 complex mediates the transcriptional response to mitogens, and its deregulation causes developmental defects and tumors. We report that the coactivator CRTC1 cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-regulated transcription coactivator 1 is a potent and indispensable modulator of AP-1 function. After exposure of cells to the AP-1 agonist 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), CRTC1 is recruited to AP-1 target gene promoters and associates with c-Jun and c-Fos to activate transcription. CRTC1 consistently synergizes with the proto-oncogene c-Jun to promote cellular growth, whereas AP-1-dependent proliferation is abrogated in CRTC1-deficient cells. Remarkably, we demonstrate that CRTC1-Maml2 oncoprotein, which causes mucoepidermoid carcinomas, binds and activates both c-Jun and c-Fos. Consequently, ablation of AP-1 function disrupts the cellular transformation and proliferation mediated by this oncogene. Together, these data illustrate a novel mechanism required to couple mitogenic signals to the AP-1 gene regulatory program.
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89
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t(11;19) translocation and CRTC1-MAML2 fusion oncogene in mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2009; 45:2-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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90
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Siu YT, Ching YP, Jin DY. Activation of TORC1 transcriptional coactivator through MEKK1-induced phosphorylation. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:4750-61. [PMID: 18784253 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-04-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CREB is a prototypic bZIP transcription factor and a master regulator of glucose metabolism, synaptic plasticity, cell growth, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. Transducers of regulated CREB activity (TORCs) are essential transcriptional coactivators of CREB and an important point of regulation on which various signals converge. In this study, we report on the activation of TORC1 through MEKK1-mediated phosphorylation. MEKK1 potently activated TORC1, and this activation was independent of downstream effectors MEK1/MEK2, ERK2, JNK, p38, protein kinase A, and calcineurin. MEKK1 induced phosphorylation of TORC1 both in vivo and in vitro. Expression of the catalytic domain of MEKK1 alone in cultured mammalian cells sufficiently caused phosphorylation and subsequent activation of TORC1. MEKK1 physically interacted with TORC1 and stimulated its nuclear translocation. An activation domain responsive to MEKK1 stimulation was mapped to amino acids 431-650 of TORC1. As a physiological activator of CREB, interleukin 1alpha triggered MEKK1-dependent phosphorylation of TORC1 and its consequent recruitment to the cAMP response elements in the interleukin 8 promoter. Taken together, our findings suggest a new mechanism for regulated activation of TORC1 transcriptional coactivator and CREB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeung-Tung Siu
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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91
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Floryk D, Thompson TC. Perifosine induces differentiation and cell death in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2008; 266:216-26. [PMID: 18395973 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the mechanism of action for perifosine (D-21266), a new synthetic alkylphospholipid Akt inhibitor, using LNCaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Perifosine treatment of PC-3 cells resulted in cytostatic and cytotoxic effects. Cytostatic effects were characterized by cell growth arrest, cell cycle block, and morphological changes, such as a cell enlargement and granulation, hallmarks of differentiating PC-3 cells. Specific differentiation markers including prostasomal, secretory and plasma membrane proteins, and keratins were induced by perifosine. Among them, we detected strong induction and secretion of CEACAM5 protein. In contrast, perifosine strongly reduced caveolin-1 RNA levels. Cytotoxic effects included para-apoptosis, apoptosis, and necrosis. To pursue the mechanisms responsible for these activities we focused on signaling pathways that lie downstream of Akt. Perifosine-triggered GSK-3beta activation in PC-3 and LNCaP cells resulted in the expression of GSK-3beta-related differentiation markers. This expression was reduced in the presence of specific siRNA for GSK-3beta or for its target CREB protein. The use of the GSK-3beta inhibitor lithium chloride indicated that GSK-3beta partially protects prostate cancer cells from the cytotoxic effects of perifosine. Together, these findings indicate that perifosine induces GSK-3beta-related differentiation and caspase-independent cell death in prostate cancer PC-3 cells. In addition our results identify specific biomarkers for perifosine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Floryk
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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92
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Bell D, Luna MA, Weber RS, Kaye FJ, El-Naggar AK. CRTC1/MAML2 fusion transcript in Warthin's tumor and mucoepidermoid carcinoma: evidence for a common genetic association. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008; 47:309-14. [PMID: 18181164 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Translocations and gene fusions have an important early role in tumorigenesis. The t(11;19) translocation and its CRTC1/MAML2 fusion transcript have been identified in several examples of both Warthin's tumor and mucoepidermoid carcinoma and are believed to be associated with the development of a subset of these tumors. To determine whether Warthin's tumor and mucoepidermoid carcinoma are genetically related, we used reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing to analyze microdissected components of three tumors consisting of Warthin's tumor and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. We also investigated a metastatic melanoma to Warthin's tumor and a Warthin's carcinoma of the parotid gland for comparison. The fusion transcript was identified in both Warthin's tumor and matching mucoepidermoid carcinoma components of all three tumors, in the Warthin's carcinoma, and in the Warthin's tumor component but not in the metastatic melanoma. The results provide evidence for a link between the t(11;19) fusion gene and the development of a subset of Warthin's tumors with concurrent mucoepidermoid carcinoma and possible malignant transformation to Warthin's carcinoma. This article contains Supplementary Material available at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1045-2257/suppmat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bell
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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93
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Fehr A, Röser K, Belge G, Löning T, Bullerdiek J. A closer look at Warthin tumors and the t(11;19). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 180:135-9. [PMID: 18206539 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The translocation t(11;19)(q21;p13) has been described in mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) and rarely in Warthin tumors (WT), both tumors of the salivary gland. The translocation creates a fusion gene in which exon 1 of CRTC1 is linked to exons 2-5 of MAML2. To verify the translocation in WT, we performed nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using RNA from 48 WTs. This revealed the t(11;19)(q21;p13) translocation and expression of the chimeric gene in two metaplastic WT samples, but in none of the remaining ordinary 46 WTs. On review, the two positive cases were classified as tumors highly suspect for MEC. Indeed, our experience and published observations of the t(11;19)(q21;p13) translocation in WT reveal that only a small subset of WTs are positive, and that these tumors are often classified as infarcted or metaplastic WT, known to overlap considerably with MEC on purely morphological grounds. We therefore conclude that the presence of the t(11;19)(q21;p13) rearrangement favors a diagnosis of MEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Fehr
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. ZHG, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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94
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Kawata S. Association of digestive organ disease with metabolic syndrome: role of adipocytokine and its molecular mechanisms. Clin J Gastroenterol 2008; 1:1-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12328-008-0001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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95
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Möller E, Stenman G, Mandahl N, Hamberg H, Mölne L, van den Oord JJ, Brosjö O, Mertens F, Panagopoulos I. POU5F1
, encoding a key regulator of stem cell pluripotency, is fused to EWSR1
in hidradenoma of the skin and mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the salivary glands. J Pathol 2008; 215:78-86. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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96
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Fehr A, Röser K, Heidorn K, Hallas C, Löning T, Bullerdiek J. A new type ofMAML2 fusion in mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008; 47:203-6. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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97
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Kaye FJ. Emerging biology of malignant salivary gland tumors offers new insights into the classification and treatment of mucoepidermoid cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:3878-81. [PMID: 16818681 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic J Kaye
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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98
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Okabe M, Miyabe S, Nagatsuka H, Terada A, Hanai N, Yokoi M, Shimozato K, Eimoto T, Nakamura S, Nagai N, Hasegawa Y, Inagaki H. MECT1-MAML2 fusion transcript defines a favorable subset of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:3902-7. [PMID: 16818685 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common primary malignancy of the salivary gland. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma translocated gene 1-mastermind-like gene family (MECT1-MAML2) gene fusion was identified from a recurring t(11;19)(q21;p13) translocation, which is often the sole cytogenetic alteration in this disease. This fusion transcript has been frequently detected in mucoepidermoid carcinoma and shown to be involved in the transformation of epithelial cells. However, its clinicopathologic significance remains unclear. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Seventy-one cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma and 51 cases of nonmucoepidermoid carcinoma salivary gland tumors (including 26 Warthin tumor cases) were retrospectively analyzed. RNA was extracted from archival materials: histologic paraffin specimens in all cases and cytologic specimens in 10 mucoepidermoid carcinoma cases. The MECT1-MAML2 fusion transcript was detected by a reverse transcription-PCR assay, which can be applied to both histologic and cytologic specimens. The presence of the fusion transcript was correlated with relevant clinicopathologic and survival data of the mucoepidermoid carcinoma patients. RESULTS The MECT1-MAML2 fusion transcript was detected in 27 of the 71 (38%) mucoepidermoid carcinoma cases but not in any case of nonmucoepidermoid carcinoma tumors. The reverse transcription-PCR results showed no difference between histologic and cytologic specimens. Detection of the MECT1-MAML2 fusion transcript was associated with a less advanced clinical stage and a low-grade tumor histology. The presence of the transcript was associated with longer disease-free and overall survivals on univariate analysis and emerged as an independent prognostic factor for longer overall survival on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS The MECT1-MAML2 fusion transcript may be specific to mucoepidermoid carcinoma and associated with a distinct mucoepidermoid carcinoma subset that exhibits favorable clinicopathologic features and an indolent clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsukuni Okabe
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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99
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Nemoto N, Suzukawa K, Shimizu S, Shinagawa A, Takei N, Taki T, Hayashi Y, Kojima H, Kawakami Y, Nagasawa T. Identification of a novel fusion gene MLL-MAML2 in secondary acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome with inv(11)(q21q23). Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:813-9. [PMID: 17551948 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified a novel fusion partner of MLL, namely the mastermind like 2 (MAML2 gene), in secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with inv(11)(q21q23). RT-PCR and sequencing revealed that exon 7 of MLL was fused to exon 2 of MAML2 in the AML and MDS cells. The inv(11)(q21q23) results in the creation of a chimeric RNA encoding a putative fusion protein containing 1,408 amino acids from the NH2-terminal part of MLL and 952 amino acids from the COOH-terminal part of MAML2. The NH2-terminal part of MAML2, a basic domain including a binding site of the intracellular domain of NOTCH, was deleted in MLL-MAML2. MLL-MAML2 in secondary AML/MDS and MECT1-MAML2 in mucoepithelioid carcinoma, benign Wartin's tumor, and clear cell hidradenoma consist of the same COOH-terminal part of MAML2. A luciferase assay revealed that MLL-MAML2 suppressed HES1 promoter activation by the NOTCH1 intracellular domain. MAML2 involving a chimeric gene might contribute to carcinogenesis in multiple neoplasms by the disruption of NOTCH signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Exons
- Female
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/chemically induced
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/genetics
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/metabolism
- Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein/genetics
- Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Trans-Activators
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Nemoto
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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100
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Tirado Y, Williams MD, Hanna EY, Kaye FJ, Batsakis JG, El-Naggar AK. CRTC1/MAML2 fusion transcript in high grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas of salivary and thyroid glands and Warthin's tumors: implications for histogenesis and biologic behavior. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:708-15. [PMID: 17437281 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed 55 primary salivary gland tumors including 22 mucoepidermoid carcinomas (MECs) to determine the association of MECT1/TORC1/CRTC1-MAML2 fusion transcript to tumor types, level of MEC differentiation and clinicopathologic parameters. Our primary salivary gland tumors were composed of 22 MECs, 11 Warthin's tumors, 10 adenoid cystic carcinomas, two basaloid carcinomas, five salivary duct carcinomas, and five adenocarcinomas, not otherwise specified. We also included, for the first time, three primary MECs of the thyroid gland. We used nested RT-PCR and subsequent sequencing techniques for detection and verification of the fusion transcript in fresh and archival specimens. Eighteen (81%) of the 22 primary salivary and one of the three thyroid glands with MEC were positive for the fusion transcript. The transcript was detected equally in low, intermediate and high grade as well as low and high stage MECs. Significant correlation between fusion negative tumors and distant metastasis was noted (P = 0.005). Four (36%) of the 11 Warthin's tumors were also positive for the transcript. None of the 22 primary non-MEC gland salivary carcinomas were positive for the transcript. We conclude that the CRTC1/MAML2 transcript may be detected in both low and high grade MEC, that fusion negative tumors may define a subset of biologically aggressive MEC's tumors, that the fusion is present in primary MECs of the thyroid gland and is also detectable in Warthin's tumor, and that a subset of MECs can be targeted for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamilet Tirado
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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