51
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A phase I/II trial of TLR-7 agonist immunotherapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2009; 24:222-6. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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52
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Rožková D, Novotná L, Pytlík R, Hochová I, Kozák T, Bartůňková J, Špíšek R. Toll-like receptors on B-CLL cells: expression and functional consequences of their stimulation. Int J Cancer 2009; 126:1132-43. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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53
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Okamoto M, Hirai H, Taniguchi K, Shimura K, Inaba T, Shimazaki C, Taniwaki M, Imanishi J. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed by myeloid leukaemia cell lines, but fail to trigger differentiation in response to the respective TLR ligands. Br J Haematol 2009; 147:585-7. [PMID: 19673881 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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54
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Dumitru CD, Antonysamy MA, Gorski KS, Johnson DD, Reddy LG, Lutterman JL, Piri MM, Proksch J, McGurran SM, Egging EA, Cochran FR, Lipson KE, Tomai MA, Gullikson GW. NK1.1+ cells mediate the antitumor effects of a dual Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist in the disseminated B16-F10 melanoma model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:575-87. [PMID: 18791716 PMCID: PMC11030691 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0581-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune stimulation with Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists is a proposed modality for immunotherapy of melanoma. Here, a TLR7/8 agonist, 3M-011, was used effectively as a single systemic agent against disseminated mouse B16-F10 melanoma. The investigation of the mechanism of antitumor action revealed that the agonist had no direct cytotoxic effects on tumor cells tested in vitro. In addition, 3M-011 retained its effectiveness in scid/B6 mice and scid/NOD mice, eliminating the requirement for T and B cells, but lost its activity in beige (bg/bg) and NK1.1-immunodepleted mice, suggesting a critical role for natural killer (NK) cells in the antitumor response. NK cytotoxicity was enhanced in vivo by the TLR7/8 agonist; this activation was long lasting, as determined by sustained expression of the activation marker CD69. Also, in human in vitro studies, 3M-011 potentiated NK cytotoxicity. TLR7/8-mediated NK-dependent antitumor activity was retained in IFN-alpha/beta receptor-deficient as well as perforin-deficient mice, while depletion of IFN-gamma significantly decreased the ability of 3M-011 to delay tumor growth. Thus, IFN-gamma-dependent functions of NK cell populations appear essential for cancer immunotherapy with TLR7/8 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calin D Dumitru
- Department of Pharmacology, 3M Pharmaceuticals, St Paul, MN 55144, USA.
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55
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that are best-known for their role in host defence from infection. Emerging evidence also suggests that TLRs have an important role in maintaining tissue homeostasis by regulating the inflammatory and tissue repair responses to injury. The development of cancer has been associated with microbial infection, injury, inflammation and tissue repair. Here we discuss how the function of TLRs may relate to these processes in the context of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Rakoff-Nahoum
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.
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56
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Muzio M, Scielzo C, Bertilaccio MTS, Frenquelli M, Ghia P, Caligaris-Cappio F. Expression and function of toll like receptors in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. Br J Haematol 2008; 144:507-16. [PMID: 19036098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mature B-cells can recognize microbial antigens via B-cell-receptor (BCR) in a specific way and via Toll-like receptors (TLR) in a costimulatory manner. A wealth of information is gathering on the possible role of antigenic stimulation in the natural history of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL). However little is known regarding the repertoire and function of TLR in CLL cells. The TLR family includes 10 different transmembrane proteins devoted to recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns and to alarm immunocompetent cells to trigger an immune response. Here, we studied fresh leukaemic cells for the expression pattern of TLR1 to TLR10, NOD1, NOD2 and SIGIRR (also known as TIR8). CLL cells were found to express several pattern recognition receptors including TLR1, TLR2, TLR6, TLR10, NOD1 and NOD2. The specific TLR expressed by CLL cells were functional. Leukaemic cells, upon stimulation with TLR1/2/6 ligands, such as bacterial lipopeptides, activated the nuclear factor-kappaB signalling pathway, expressed CD86 and CD25 activation molecules, and were protected from spontaneous apoptosis. These findings further support the hypothesis that CLL cells resemble antigen-activated B-cells and suggest a potential role of TLR in modulating CLL cell response in the context of specific antigen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Muzio
- Department of Oncology, Unit and Laboratory of Lymphoid Malignancies, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
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57
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Rakoff-Nahoum S, Medzhitov R. Role of toll-like receptors in tissue repair and tumorigenesis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2008; 73:555-61. [PMID: 18605980 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297908050088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in host defense from microbial infection. TLRs recognize conserved molecular structures produced by microorganisms and induce activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. The inflammatory responses induced by TLRs play an important role TLRs not only in host defense from infection, but also in tissue repair and regeneration. This latter function of TLRs can also contribute to tumorigenesis. Here we review recent progress in understanding the role of TLRs in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rakoff-Nahoum
- Howard Hughes Memorial Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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58
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Yu L, Chen S. Toll-like receptors expressed in tumor cells: targets for therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1271-8. [PMID: 18256828 PMCID: PMC11031105 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), mainly expressing in human immune related cells and epithelial cells, play an essential role in the host defense against microbes by recognizing conserved bacterial molecules. Recently, the expression or up-regulation of TLRs has been detected in many tumor cell lines or tumors, especially epithelial derived cancers. Although the TLR profile varies on different tumor cells, the current evidences indicate that the expression of TLRs is functionally associated with tumor progression. TLR expression may promote malignant transformation of epithelial cells. Engagement of TLRs increases tumor growth and tumor immune escape, and induces apoptosis resistance and chemoresistance in some tumor cells. These findings demonstrate that TLR is a promising target for the development of anticancer drugs and make TLR agonists or antagonists the potential agents for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- Department of Histopathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China.
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59
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Abstract
The humoral immune system senses microbes via recognition of specific microbial molecular motifs by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). These encounters promote plasma cell differentiation and antibody production. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of the TLR system in enhancing antibody-mediated defense against infections and maintaining memory B cells. These results have led the way to the design of vaccines that target B cells by engaging TLRs. In hematologic malignancies, cells often retain B cell-specific receptors and associated functions. Among these, TLRs are currently exploited to target different subclasses of B-cell leukemia, and TLR agonists are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. However, accumulating evidence suggests that endogenous TLR ligands or chronic infections promote tumor growth, thus providing a need for further investigations to decipher the exact function of TLRs in the B-cell lineage and in neoplastic B cells. The aim of this review is to present and discuss the latest advances with regard to the expression and function of TLRs in both healthy and malignant B cells. Special attention will be focused on the growth-promoting effects of TLR ligands on leukemic B cells and their potential clinical impact.
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60
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Garantziotis S, Hollingsworth JW, Zaas AK, Schwartz DA. The effect of toll-like receptors and toll-like receptor genetics in human disease. Annu Rev Med 2008; 59:343-59. [PMID: 17845139 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.med.59.061206.112455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) enable innate immune recognition of endogenous and exogenous prototypic ligands. They also orchestrate innate and adaptive immune response to infection, inflammation, and tissue injury. Given their significance in the immune response, it is not surprising that genetic variations of TLRs can affect their function and by extension affect the response of the organism to environmental stimuli. The genetics of TLRs provides important insights in gene-environment interactions in health and disease, and it may enable scientists to assess patients' susceptibility to diseases or predict their response to treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Garantziotis
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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61
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Hammadi A, Billard C, Faussat AM, Kolb JP. Stimulation of iNOS expression and apoptosis resistance in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells through engagement of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7) and NF-kappaB activation. Nitric Oxide 2008; 19:138-45. [PMID: 18474259 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2008.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
B-CLL cells are characterized by in vivo resistance to apoptosis due, in part, to the presence of an inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS, as the NO released plays anti-apoptotic role, notably by inhibiting caspases. The mechanisms leading to spontaneous expression of iNOS in these cells are presently unknown. The restricted use of some V(H) sub-groups and the sequences of the monoclonal immunoglobulins of the B-cell receptor expressed by the leukemia cells suggested that the latter have encountered specific auto-antigens and/or microbial derived antigens. Their binding to the BCR provides an activation signal resulting in enhanced survival, hence could be involved in the aetiology of the disease. At the interface of innate and cognate immunity, Toll-like receptors, TLR, recognize PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) expressed by various bacteria and virus as well as some self-antigens. We thus hypothesized that TLR were involved in the early steps of B-CLL oncogenesis, notably apoptosis resistance through the induction of iNOS expression and the production of NO. Our results show that B-CLL cells express TLR-7 and TLR-9. Incubation of B-CLL cells with TLR-7 agonists effectively resulted in an increased resistance to apoptosis that was reverted with the NOS inhibitor L-NMMA. This resistance was associated with enhanced iNOS expression (protein and mRNA) and NO release, stimulation of NF-kappaB activation, phosphorylation of I kappaB alpha, all these events being suppressed with wedelolactone or Bay 11-7085, two inhibitors of I kappaB alpha phosphorylation. Our present data thus suggest that TLR-7 signaling stimulates apoptosis resistance, notably through an NF-kappaB-dependent activation of the NO pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Hammadi
- UMRS 872 INSERM/Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Université Paris Descartes, Equipe 18, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75270 Paris cedex 06, Paris, France
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62
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63
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Significance of toll-like receptors expression in tumor growth and spreading: a short review. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2008; 1:37-42. [PMID: 19308683 PMCID: PMC2654361 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-008-0005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are considered now as crucial sensors of innate immunity. Their role in the recognition of pathogens and the initiation of adaptive immune responses against them is well known. However, in last years TLRs have been identified on several tumor cells, including human malignancies. Their expression in cancer was found to be twofold: either promoting or inhibiting tumor progression. It was also demonstrated that several TLRs agonists, either natural or synthetic ones, may have beneficial effect on tumor-mediated disease, leading to potentiation of immune response to tumor-associated antigens. TLR-agonist linked tumor immunotherapy is still in nascent state, but growing rapidly, also in the area of common human malignancies. To date, the most promising and the most frequently studied interaction in tumor immunotherapy trials seems to be TLR9 and its synthetic agonists.
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64
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Obstacles to effective Toll-like receptor agonist therapy for hematologic malignancies. Oncogene 2008; 27:208-17. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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65
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Gao H, Leaver SK, Burke-Gaffney A, Finney SJ. Severe sepsis and Toll-like receptors. Semin Immunopathol 2007; 30:29-40. [PMID: 18071706 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-007-0101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Severe sepsis dominates the mortality of non-cardiac intensive care units. The ingenious Toll-like receptor (TLR) system can recognise many infectious organisms through relatively few receptors to trigger pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine release. Further complexity arises from positive and negative signalling feedback loops. Severe sepsis may be a consequence of an inappropriately excessive response or inadequate endogenous negative feedback. Therapies targeting these pathways are currently being evaluated. Alternatively, in clinical scenarios such as compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome, chronic viral sepsis or inadequate vaccine function, TLR signalling may be inadequate. TLR agonists may augment the innate response and are being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Gao
- Unit of Critical Care Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
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66
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Tse K, Horner AA. Update on toll-like receptor-directed therapies for human disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66 Suppl 3:iii77-80. [PMID: 17934102 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2007.078998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate responses to microbes are mediated in large part by toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognise a diverse range of molecules produced by viruses, bacteria and fungi. Great effort has been directed towards translating this knowledge into the development of new therapies for a wide spectrum of diseases, including infectious, malignant, autoimmune and allergic diseases. This review will provide a brief update on completed, ongoing and planned clinical trials of TLR ligand-based therapies for the treatment of diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tse
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail code 0663, La Jolla, CA 92093-0663, USA
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67
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Chen K, Huang J, Gong W, Iribarren P, Dunlop NM, Wang JM. Toll-like receptors in inflammation, infection and cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:1271-85. [PMID: 17673142 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family play key roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. TLR proteins enable host to recognize a large number of pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides, viral RNA, CPG-containing DNA, and flagellin, among others. TLRs are also apparently able to mediate responses to host molecules, including one defensin, ROS, HMGB1 (high-mobility group box protein 1), surfactant protein A, fibrinogen, breakdown products of tissue matrix, heat shock proteins (hsp) and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN). Thus, TLR are involved in the development of many pathological conditions including infectious diseases, tissue damage, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In this review, the contribution of TLRs to diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), lung, gastrointestinal tract, kidney and skin as well as cancer is evaluated. We hope to provide new insight into the pathogenesis and progression of diseases and more importantly, into the potential for TLRs as targets of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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68
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Enhancing cancer vaccines with immunomodulators. Vaccine 2007; 25 Suppl 2:B72-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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