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Nejati-Azar A, Alivand MR. miRNA 196a2(rs11614913) & 146a(rs2910164) polymorphisms & breast cancer risk for women in an Iranian population. Per Med 2018; 15:279-289. [PMID: 29965793 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2017-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of our study was to analyze association of miRNAs 146aG/C(2910164) and 196a2C/T(11614913) polymorphism with breast cancer (BC) risk for women of Azeri ethnicity in Iran. MATERIALS & METHODS In the current case (n = 200)-control (n = 200) study, miRNAs 146aG/C(2910164) and 196a2C/T(11614913) were investigated for allelic and genotypic levels via the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. RESULTS The statistical analysis showed a significant relation between CC genotype of rs11614913(196a2) (codominant, odds ratio (OR) = 0.58, p = 0.02236; recessive, OR = 2.92, p = 0.01695; overdominant, OR = 0.44, p = 0.0113) and BC susceptibility. The subgroup analysis of mentioned polymorphism declared the significant correlation (p ≤ 0.05) of the positive abortion, regular menstruation, positive human epidermal receptor-2 and positive estrogen receptor with BC susceptibility in CC genotype. CONCLUSION The existence of a C-allele at miRNA 196a2(11614913) elevates women's BC susceptibility in Azeri ethnicity in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Nejati-Azar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Tabriz Branch Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Alivand
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Sasidharan Nair V, El Salhat H, Taha RZ, John A, Ali BR, Elkord E. DNA methylation and repressive H3K9 and H3K27 trimethylation in the promoter regions of PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, LAG-3, TIGIT, and PD-L1 genes in human primary breast cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:78. [PMID: 29983831 PMCID: PMC6003083 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High expression of immune checkpoints in tumor microenvironment plays significant roles in inhibiting anti-tumor immunity, which is associated with poor prognosis and cancer progression. Major epigenetic modifications in both DNA and histone could be involved in upregulation of immune checkpoints in cancer. Methods Expressions of different immune checkpoint genes and PD-L1 were assessed using qRT-PCR, and the underlying epigenetic modifications including CpG methylation and repressive histone abundance were determined using bisulfite sequencing, and histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) and histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) chromatin immunoprecipitation assays (ChIP), respectively. Results We first assessed the expression level of six immune checkpoints/ligands and found that PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, and LAG-3 were significantly upregulated in breast tumor tissues (TT), compared with breast normal tissues (NT). We investigated the epigenetic modifications beyond this upregulation in immune checkpoint genes. Interestingly, we found that CpG islands in the promoter regions of PD-1, CTLA-4, and TIM-3 were significantly hypomethylated in tumor compared with normal tissues. Additionally, CpG islands of PD-L1 promoter were completely demethylated (100%), LAG-3 were highly hypomethylated (80–90%), and TIGIT were poorly hypomethylated (20–30%), in both NT and TT. These demethylation findings are in accordance with the relative expression data that, out of all these genes, PD-L1 was highly expressed and completely demethylated and TIGIT was poorly expressed and hypermethylated in both NT and TT. Moreover, bindings of H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 were found to be reduced in the promoter loci of PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, and LAG-3 in tumor tissues. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that both DNA and histone modifications are involved in upregulation of PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, and LAG-3 in breast tumor tissue and these epigenetic modifications could be useful as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets in breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-018-0512-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Sasidharan Nair
- 1Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Haytham El Salhat
- 2Oncology Department, Al Noor Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,3Oncology Department, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rowaida Z Taha
- 1Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anne John
- 4Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam R Ali
- 4Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,5Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eyad Elkord
- 1Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.,6Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Garmpis N, Damaskos C, Garmpi A, Kalampokas E, Kalampokas T, Spartalis E, Daskalopoulou A, Valsami S, Kontos M, Nonni A, Kontzoglou K, Perrea D, Nikiteas N, Dimitroulis D. Histone Deacetylases as New Therapeutic Targets in Triple-negative Breast Cancer: Progress and Promises. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2018; 14:299-313. [PMID: 28870998 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2 gene. It comprises approximately 15-20% of breast cancers (BCs). Unfortunately, TNBC's treatment continues to be a clinical problem because of its relatively poor prognosis, its aggressiveness and the lack of targeted therapies, leaving chemotherapy as the mainstay of treatment. It is essential to find new therapies against TNBC, in order to surpass the resistance and the invasiveness of already existing therapies. Given the fact that epigenetic processes control both the initiation and progression of TNBC, there is an increasing interest in the mechanisms, molecules and signaling pathways that participate at the epigenetic modulation of genes expressed in carcinogenesis. The acetylation of histone proteins provokes the transcription of genes involved in cell growth, and the expression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) is frequently up-regulated in many malignancies. Unfortunately, in the field of BC, HDAC inhibitors have shown limited effect as single agents. Nevertheless, their use in combination with kinase inhibitors, autophagy inhibitors, ionizing radiation, or two HDAC inhibitors together is currently being evaluated. HDAC inhibitors such as suberoylanilidehydroxamic acid (SAHA), sodium butyrate, mocetinostat, panobinostat, entinostat, YCW1 and N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propylpentanamide have shown promising therapeutic outcomes against TNBC, especially when they are used in combination with other anticancer agents. More studies concerning HDAC inhibitors in breast carcinomas along with a more accurate understanding of the TNBC's pathobiology are required for the possible identification of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Garmpis
- Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Damaskos
- Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece.,N.S. Christeas Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Garmpi
- Internal Medicine Department, Laiko General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Theodoros Kalampokas
- Assisted Conception Unit, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aretaieion Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Spartalis
- N.S. Christeas Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Afrodite Daskalopoulou
- N.S. Christeas Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Serena Valsami
- Blood Transfusion Department, Aretaieion Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian Athens University, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Kontos
- First Department of Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Afroditi Nonni
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kontzoglou
- Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina Perrea
- N.S. Christeas Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Nikiteas
- N.S. Christeas Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Dimitroulis
- Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Unique CD44 intronic SNP is associated with tumor grade in breast cancer: a case control study and in silico analysis. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:28. [PMID: 29483847 PMCID: PMC5824488 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD44 encoded by a single gene is a cell surface transmembrane glycoprotein. Exon 2 is one of the important exons to bind CD44 protein to hyaluronan. Experimental evidences show that hyaluronan–CD44 interaction intensifies the proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells. Therefore, the current study aimed at investigating the association between specific polymorphisms in exon 2 and its flanking region of CD44 with predisposition to breast cancer. Methods In the current study, 175 Iranian female patients with breast cancer and 175 age-matched healthy controls were recruited in biobank, Breast Cancer Research Center, Tehran, Iran. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of CD44 exon 2 and its flanking were analyzed via polymerase chain reaction and gene sequencing techniques. Association between the observed variation with breast cancer risk and clinico-pathological characteristics were studied. Subsequently, bioinformatics analysis was conducted to predict potential exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) motifs changed as the result of a mutation. Results A unique polymorphism of the gene encoding CD44 was identified at position 14 nucleotide upstream of exon 2 (A37692→G) by the sequencing method. The A > G polymorphism exhibited a significant association with higher-grades of breast cancer, although no significant relation was found between this polymorphism and breast cancer risk. Finally, computational analysis revealed that the intronic mutation generated a new consensus-binding motif for the splicing factor, SC35, within intron 1. Conclusions The current study results indicated that A > G polymorphism was associated with breast cancer development; in addition, in silico analysis with ESE finder prediction software showed that the change created a new SC35 binding site.
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Aitken L, Warwick L, Davis A. Breast and ovarian cancer referrals to the ACT Genetic Service: are we meeting guidelines? Intern Med J 2017; 47:311-317. [PMID: 28019080 DOI: 10.1111/imj.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ACT Genetic Service at The Canberra Hospital evaluates the genetic risk of individuals for inherited diseases, and provides counselling and genetic testing where appropriate. AIM To evaluate the current referral practice for patients with a personal and/or family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer, and to assess whether these referrals are made according to eviQ cancer referral guidelines. METHODS A retrospective clinical audit of patients seen by the ACT Genetic Service for evaluation of genetic risk of breast and/or ovarian cancer between 1 January 2013 and 30 June 2015. Statistical analysis included Chi-squared and Poisson distribution tests. RESULTS Of the 711 patients referred during the 30-month period, 671 were seen by the service. The number of patients seen increased steadily over the time period, as did waiting times. The majority of referrals were made by general practitioners (403/711; 57%) and oncologists (172/711; 24%). Of note, 300 of 711 (42%) of all referrals made to the service during this time period did not meet eviQ referral guidelines. Patients who met guidelines for referral were more likely both to be offered genetic testing and to have a positive result. CONCLUSION Demand on the ACT Genetic Service increased over the time period assessed. As a significant proportion of patients did not meet eviQ cancer referral guidelines, it is worth reviewing the referral process in order to optimise utility of this limited resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Aitken
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Linda Warwick
- ACT Genetic Service, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Alison Davis
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Medical Oncology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Moving In and Out of the What-Ifs: The Experiences of Unaffected Women Living in Families Where a Breast Cancer 1 or 2 Genetic Mutation Was Not Found. Cancer Nurs 2017; 40:386-393. [PMID: 27749355 DOI: 10.1097/ncc.0000000000000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In families where genetic testing for the breast cancer 1 and 2 genes (BRCA1/2) has not identified a deleterious mutation, the risk for hereditary breast cancer (HBC) can still be high when there is a strong family history. Little is known about how an awareness of risk for HBC impacts the everyday lives of unaffected women (no personal history for breast and/or ovarian cancer) in these families. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to explore how unaffected women, living in BRCA1/2-negative families, experience living with risk for HBC. METHODS van Manen's hermeneutic phenomenological approach guided this study. Unaffected at-risk women were recruited from a hereditary breast and ovarian cancer clinic in Western Canada. RESULTS Nine women participated in 20 open-ended conversations. Phenomenological reflection on the 4 life existentials (lived space, body, time, and relations) revealed "Moving In and Out of the What-Ifs" as an overarching description that was communicated through the following themes: "Just Moving Along: Living a Normal Life," "Moving Into Those Dark Spaces," "Is there Something Wrong With Me"? "Markings in Time," "Living in the Moment," "Being Cared For," and "Keeping Me Grounded." CONCLUSIONS The findings reveal how knowledge from predictive medicine impacts the lives of women and the importance of supportive relations and provides a foundation for future research into how health is perceived. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The findings inform the practices of healthcare professionals as they engage in discussions with women living with risk for HBC and highlight the importance of a supportive relationship.
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Abstract
Multidisciplinary genetic clinics offer counseling and testing to those who meet criteria for familial breast cancer, and plastic surgeons become integral to this process when risk-reducing surgery and postmastectomy reconstruction are deemed appropriate. As reconstructive surgeons, it is important that plastic surgeons are aware of the risks and issues associated with the genetic variants that cause patients to present for prophylactic or therapeutic surgery.
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58
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Nguyen NM, de Oliveira Andrade F, Jin L, Zhang X, Macon M, Cruz MI, Benitez C, Wehrenberg B, Yin C, Wang X, Xuan J, de Assis S, Hilakivi-Clarke L. Maternal intake of high n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid diet during pregnancy causes transgenerational increase in mammary cancer risk in mice. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:77. [PMID: 28673325 PMCID: PMC5494892 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal and paternal high-fat (HF) diet intake before and/or during pregnancy increases mammary cancer risk in several preclinical models. We studied if maternal consumption of a HF diet that began at a time when the fetal primordial germ cells travel to the genital ridge and start differentiating into germ cells would result in a transgenerational inheritance of increased mammary cancer risk. METHODS Pregnant C57BL/6NTac mouse dams were fed either a control AIN93G or isocaloric HF diet composed of corn oil high in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids between gestational days 10 and 20. Offspring in subsequent F1-F3 generations were fed only the control diet. RESULTS Mammary tumor incidence induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene was significantly higher in F1 (p < 0.016) and F3 generation offspring of HF diet-fed dams (p < 0.040) than in the control offspring. Further, tumor latency was significantly shorter (p < 0.028) and burden higher (p < 0.027) in F1 generation HF offspring, and similar trends were seen in F3 generation HF offspring. RNA sequencing was done on normal mammary glands to identify signaling differences that may predispose to increased breast cancer risk by maternal HF intake. Analysis revealed 1587 and 4423 differentially expressed genes between HF and control offspring in F1 and F3 generations, respectively, of which 48 genes were similarly altered in both generations. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis validated 13 chosen up- and downregulated genes in F3 HF offspring, but only downregulated genes in F1 HF offspring. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified upregulation of Notch signaling as a key alteration in HF offspring. Further, knowledge-fused differential dependency network analysis identified ten node genes that in the HF offspring were uniquely connected to genes linked to increased cancer risk (ANKEF1, IGFBP6, SEMA5B), increased resistance to cancer treatments (SLC26A3), poor prognosis (ID4, JAM3, TBX2), and impaired anticancer immunity (EGR3, ZBP1). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that maternal HF diet intake during pregnancy induces a transgenerational increase in offspring mammary cancer risk in mice. The mechanisms of inheritance in the F3 generation may be different from the F1 generation because significantly more changes were seen in the transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen M Nguyen
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Fabia de Oliveira Andrade
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Lu Jin
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Xiyuan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Madisa Macon
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - M Idalia Cruz
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Carlos Benitez
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Bryan Wehrenberg
- UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chao Yin
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Jianhua Xuan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Sonia de Assis
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Leena Hilakivi-Clarke
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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Abstract
While environmental factors can greatly increase cancer risk, it is clear that an individual’s genetic constitution has strong impact on tumor formation. Hereby we present an alternative cancer predisposition model built on the assumption that efficiencies of DNA maintenance mechanisms in normal cells are similar but not identical for each person. Small variations in an individual’s genetic constitution may result in slightly increased genomic instability and generate typical mutational signatures in normal cells. With recent and expected advances in the next-generation sequencing field, qualitative and quantitative establishment of such mutational signatures in normal tissue must become feasible, and may meanwhile provide a more accurate estimation of individual cancer risks, even in persons without familial antecedents. An additional advantage of this approach is that cancer risk assessment will not strictly rely on the individual’s genetic identity, but will also consider other factors (e.g., environmental and age) that can affect genomic integrity.
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Murthy V, Pawar S, Chamberlain RS. Disease Severity, Presentation, and Clinical Outcomes Among Adolescents With Malignant Breast Neoplasms: A 20-Year Population-Based Outcomes Study From the SEER Database (1973-2009). Clin Breast Cancer 2017; 17:392-398. [PMID: 28602452 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary breast cancer in adolescents is extremely rare and thus is not widely studied. This study aimed to evaluate trends, characteristics, and outcomes among a cohort of adolescents with breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 657,712 female patients with breast cancer from Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database (1973-2009) were analyzed, and 91 adolescents were identified. Three age groups (under 20 years, 20-50 years or premenopausal, and > 50 years or postmenopausal) were compared for tumor size, stage, receptor status, and outcomes. Categorical data were compared by chi-square (Fisher) test and continuous data with Student's t test. RESULTS Median age was 19 years (range, 10-20 years). A total of 52.7% (n = 48) and 5.5% (n = 5) of patients presented with invasive and in-situ cancers, respectively, and 37.3% (n = 34) with sarcomas. Median tumor size of invasive cancers was 3.2 cm (range, 0.1-12.5 cm). Sixty percent of patients presented with regional disease, and the majority (28%) of those tested were receptor negative. Mortality rates in adolescents were higher than pre- and postmenopausal patients in localized and regional stage. Overall median survival was 106 months. CONCLUSION Although rare, breast cancer does occur in adolescent girls and must be considered in differential of breast masses in females under 20, especially with strong breast cancer family history. Prognosis maybe worse than in older patients; however, the sample size is small. Delay in diagnosis, aggressive tumor biology, and negative receptor status may affect prognosis. Routine breast examination in high-risk older adolescents may permit early identification and avoid delay in diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shonali Pawar
- Department of Surgery, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ
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van der Merwe N, Peeters AV, Pienaar FM, Bezuidenhout J, van Rensburg SJ, Kotze MJ. Exome Sequencing in a Family with Luminal-Type Breast Cancer Underpinned by Variation in the Methylation Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E467. [PMID: 28241424 PMCID: PMC5343999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Panel-based next generation sequencing (NGS) is currently preferred over whole exome sequencing (WES) for diagnosis of familial breast cancer, due to interpretation challenges caused by variants of uncertain clinical significance (VUS). There is also no consensus on the selection criteria for WES. In this study, a pathology-supported genetic testing (PSGT) approach was used to select two BRCA1/2 mutation-negative breast cancer patients from the same family for WES. Homozygosity for the MTHFR 677 C>T mutation detected during this PSGT pre-screen step was considered insufficient to cause bilateral breast cancer in the index case and her daughter diagnosed with early-onset breast cancer (<30 years). Extended genetic testing using WES identified the RAD50 R385C missense mutation in both cases. This rare variant with a minor allele frequency (MAF) of <0.001 was classified as a VUS after exclusion in an affected cousin and extended genotyping in 164 unrelated breast cancer patients and 160 controls. Detection of functional polymorphisms (MAF > 5%) in the folate pathway in all three affected family members is consistent with inheritance of the luminal-type breast cancer in the family. PSGT assisted with the decision to pursue extended genetic testing and facilitated clinical interpretation of WES aimed at reduction of recurrence risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole van der Merwe
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7500, South Africa.
| | - Armand V Peeters
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7500, South Africa.
| | | | - Juanita Bezuidenhout
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7500, South Africa.
| | - Susan J van Rensburg
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7500, South Africa.
| | - Maritha J Kotze
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7500, South Africa.
- National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Hospital, Tygerberg 7500, South Africa.
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Skol AD, Sasaki MM, Onel K. The genetics of breast cancer risk in the post-genome era: thoughts on study design to move past BRCA and towards clinical relevance. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:99. [PMID: 27716388 PMCID: PMC5048663 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0759-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 12 % of women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in their lifetime. Although there have been tremendous advances in elucidating genetic risk factors underlying both familial and sporadic breast cancer, much of the genetic contribution to breast cancer etiology remains unknown. The discovery of BRCA1 and BRCA2 over 20 years ago remains the seminal event in the field and has paved the way for the discovery of other high-penetrance susceptibility genes by linkage analysis. The advent of genome-wide association studies made possible the next wave of discoveries, in which over 80 low-penetrance and moderate-penetrance variants were identified. Although these studies were highly successful at discovering variants associated with both familial and sporadic breast cancer, the variants identified to date explain only 50 % of the heritability of breast cancer. In this review, we look back at the investigative strategies that have led to our current understanding of breast cancer genetics, consider the challenges of performing association studies in heterogeneous complex diseases such as breast cancer, and look ahead toward the types of study designs that may lead to the identification of the genetic variation accounting for the remaining missing heritability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Skol
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Mark M Sasaki
- Department of Biology, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY, 13323, USA
| | - Kenan Onel
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. .,Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, KCBD 5140, 900 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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63
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Jatoi I, Benson JR. Management of women with a hereditary predisposition for breast cancer. Future Oncol 2016; 12:2277-88. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Women with a hereditary breast cancer predisposition have three management options: screening, chemoprevention (risk-reducing medication) and risk-reducing surgery. However, no randomized trials have addressed the effect of these strategies in mutation carriers. In the general population, randomized trials failed to demonstrate a benefit for screening in premenopausal women. Moreover, although chemoprevention reduces breast cancer incidence in high-risk populations, this benefit is potentially confined to estrogen receptor-positive tumors. Finally, observational studies suggest that prophylactic mastectomy and even prophylactic salpingo-ophorectomy reduces breast cancer risk in BRCA mutation carriers, but there are systematic biases associated with such studies. Therefore, women with a hereditary predisposition for breast cancer should be informed of the three risk-reducing strategies, and that their benefits are not fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Jatoi
- Division of Surgical Oncology & Endocrine Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - John R Benson
- Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
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Mazhar A, Jamil F, Bashir Q, Ahmad MS, Masood M, Tanvir I, Rashid N, Waheed A, Afzal MN, Tariq MA. Genetic variants in FGFR2 and TNRC9 genes are associated with breast cancer risk in Pakistani women. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3443-51. [PMID: 27572905 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) lead to genetic differences in breast cancer (BC) susceptibility among women from different ethnicities. The present study aimed at investigating the involvement of SNPs of three genes, including fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), trinucleotide-repeat-containing 9 (TNRC9) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MAP3K1), as risk factors for the development of BC. A case‑control study (90‑100 cases; 90‑100 controls) was performed to evaluate five genetic variants of three genes, including FGFR2 (SNPs: rs1219648, rs2981582), TNRC9 (SNPs: rs8051542, rs3803662) and MAP3K1 (SNP: rs889312) as BC risk factors in Pakistani women. Significant associations were observed between BC risk and two SNPs of FGFR2 [rs2981582 (P=0.005), rs1219648 (P=9.08e‑006)] and one SNP of TNRC9 [rs3803662) (P=0.012)] in Pakistani women. On examining the different interactions of these SNPs with various clinicopathological characteristics, all three associated genetic variants, rs2981582 rs1219648 and rs3803662, exhibited a greater predisposition to sporadic, in comparison to familial, BC. Furthermore, there was an increased effect of BC risk between haplotype combinations of the two SNPs of FGFR2 (rs2981582 and rs1219648) in Pakistani women. The results of the present study suggest that variants of FGFR2 and TNRC9 may contribute to the genetic susceptibility of BC in Pakistani women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Mazhar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Sahiwal, Punjab 57000, Pakistan
| | - Farrukh Jamil
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Sahiwal, Punjab 57000, Pakistan
| | - Qamar Bashir
- School of Biological Sciences, University of The Punjab (New Campus), Lahore, Punjab 54590, Pakistan
| | - Munawar Saleem Ahmad
- Department of Zoology, University of Swabi, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 20201, Pakistan
| | - Misbah Masood
- The Oncology Department, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology (INMOL), Lahore, Punjab 54770, Pakistan
| | - Imrana Tanvir
- Department of Pathology, Fatima Memorial College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore, Punjab 21243, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Rashid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of The Punjab (New Campus), Lahore, Punjab 54590, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Sahiwal, Punjab 57000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed Afzal
- School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab 53720, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akram Tariq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Sahiwal, Punjab 57000, Pakistan
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Rump A, Benet-Pages A, Schubert S, Kuhlmann JD, Janavičius R, Macháčková E, Foretová L, Kleibl Z, Lhota F, Zemankova P, Betcheva-Krajcir E, Mackenroth L, Hackmann K, Lehmann J, Nissen A, DiDonato N, Opitz R, Thiele H, Kast K, Wimberger P, Holinski-Feder E, Emmert S, Schröck E, Klink B. Identification and Functional Testing of ERCC2 Mutations in a Multi-national Cohort of Patients with Familial Breast- and Ovarian Cancer. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006248. [PMID: 27504877 PMCID: PMC4978395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing application of gene panels for familial cancer susceptibility disorders will probably lead to an increased proposal of susceptibility gene candidates. Using ERCC2 DNA repair gene as an example, we show that proof of a possible role in cancer susceptibility requires a detailed dissection and characterization of the underlying mutations for genes with diverse cellular functions (in this case mainly DNA repair and basic cellular transcription). In case of ERCC2, panel sequencing of 1345 index cases from 587 German, 405 Lithuanian and 353 Czech families with breast and ovarian cancer (BC/OC) predisposition revealed 25 mutations (3 frameshift, 2 splice-affecting, 20 missense), all absent or very rare in the ExAC database. While 16 mutations were unique, 9 mutations showed up repeatedly with population-specific appearance. Ten out of eleven mutations that were tested exemplarily in cell-based functional assays exert diminished excision repair efficiency and/or decreased transcriptional activation capability. In order to provide evidence for BC/OC predisposition, we performed familial segregation analyses and screened ethnically matching controls. However, unlike the recently published RECQL example, none of our recurrent ERCC2 mutations showed convincing co-segregation with BC/OC or significant overrepresentation in the BC/OC cohort. Interestingly, we detected that some deleterious founder mutations had an unexpectedly high frequency of > 1% in the corresponding populations, suggesting that either homozygous carriers are not clinically recognized or homozygosity for these mutations is embryonically lethal. In conclusion, we provide a useful resource on the mutational landscape of ERCC2 mutations in hereditary BC/OC patients and, as our key finding, we demonstrate the complexity of correct interpretation for the discovery of “bonafide” breast cancer susceptibility genes. Approximately 5–10% of breast/ovarian cancer (BC/OC) cases have inherited an increased risk of developing this malignancy. However, mutations in the two major breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 explain only 15–20% of all familial BC/OC cases. With the emergence of the high throughput NGS-technology, the number of proposed novel candidate genes for breast cancer predisposition continuously increases. However, a “bonafide” proof of cancer susceptibility requires a detailed characterization of candidate mutations, which we addressed in the current study. Using the DNA repair gene ERCC2 as an example, we performed a comprehensive multi-center approach, analyzing ERCC2 mutations in 1000+ patients with hereditary BC/OC. We identified 25 potential candidate mutations for cancer breast cancer susceptibility, some of them affecting ERCC2 functional activity in appropriate cell-culture based assays. However, a more dissected analysis showed no convincing co-segregation with BC/OC and there was no longer a significant overrepresentation in BC/OC when compared to regionally matched controls instead of the global ExAc variant data base, pointing to the relevance of founder-mutations. In conclusion, we provide a useful resource on the mutational landscape of ERCC2 mutations in hereditary BC/OC patients and, as our key finding, we highlight the complexity of correct interpretation for the discovery of “bonafide” breast cancer susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Rump
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Schubert
- Clinic for Dermatology Venerology and Allergology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Dominik Kuhlmann
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Ramūnas Janavičius
- Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, Hematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine Center, Vilnius, Lithuania
- State Research Institute Innovative Medicine Center, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | | | - Zdenek Kleibl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Lhota
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Zemankova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Elitza Betcheva-Krajcir
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luisa Mackenroth
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Hackmann
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany
| | - Janin Lehmann
- Clinic for Dermatology Venerology and Allergology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anke Nissen
- MGZ—Medical Genetics Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Nataliya DiDonato
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Romy Opitz
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Karin Kast
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Pauline Wimberger
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Emmert
- Clinic for Dermatology Venerology and Allergology, Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic of Dermatology, Rostock, Germany
| | - Evelin Schröck
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany
| | - Barbara Klink
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany
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Muranen TA, Mavaddat N, Khan S, Fagerholm R, Pelttari L, Lee A, Aittomäki K, Blomqvist C, Easton DF, Nevanlinna H. Polygenic risk score is associated with increased disease risk in 52 Finnish breast cancer families. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 158:463-9. [PMID: 27438779 PMCID: PMC4963452 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3897-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The risk of developing breast cancer is increased in women with family history of breast cancer and particularly in families with multiple cases of breast or ovarian cancer. Nevertheless, many women with a positive family history never develop the disease. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) based on the risk effects of multiple common genetic variants have been proposed for individual risk assessment on a population level. We investigate the applicability of the PRS for risk prediction within breast cancer families. We studied the association between breast cancer risk and a PRS based on 75 common genetic variants in 52 Finnish breast cancer families including 427 genotyped women and pedigree information on ~4000 additional individuals by comparing the affected to healthy family members, as well as in a case-control dataset comprising 1272 healthy population controls and 1681 breast cancer cases with information on family history. Family structure was summarized using the BOADICEA risk prediction model. The PRS was associated with increased disease risk in women with family history of breast cancer as well as in women within the breast cancer families. The odds ratio (OR) for breast cancer within the family dataset was 1.55 [95 % CI 1.26-1.91] per unit increase in the PRS, similar to OR in unselected breast cancer cases of the case-control dataset (1.49 [1.38-1.62]). High PRS-values were informative for risk prediction in breast cancer families, whereas for the low PRS-categories the results were inconclusive. The PRS is informative in women with family history of breast cancer and should be incorporated within pedigree-based clinical risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taru A Muranen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O.Box 700, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nasim Mavaddat
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology and Department of Public Health and Primary Care;Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CBI 8RN, UK
| | - Sofia Khan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O.Box 700, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rainer Fagerholm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O.Box 700, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Pelttari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O.Box 700, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew Lee
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology and Department of Public Health and Primary Care;Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CBI 8RN, UK
| | - Kristiina Aittomäki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Meilahdentie 2, P.O. Box 160, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carl Blomqvist
- Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, P.O. Box 180, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology and Department of Public Health and Primary Care;Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CBI 8RN, UK
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O.Box 700, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland.
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67
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Mucaki EJ, Caminsky NG, Perri AM, Lu R, Laederach A, Halvorsen M, Knoll JHM, Rogan PK. A unified analytic framework for prioritization of non-coding variants of uncertain significance in heritable breast and ovarian cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2016; 9:19. [PMID: 27067391 PMCID: PMC4828881 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-016-0178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sequencing of both healthy and disease singletons yields many novel and low frequency variants of uncertain significance (VUS). Complete gene and genome sequencing by next generation sequencing (NGS) significantly increases the number of VUS detected. While prior studies have emphasized protein coding variants, non-coding sequence variants have also been proven to significantly contribute to high penetrance disorders, such as hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). We present a strategy for analyzing different functional classes of non-coding variants based on information theory (IT) and prioritizing patients with large intragenic deletions. METHODS We captured and enriched for coding and non-coding variants in genes known to harbor mutations that increase HBOC risk. Custom oligonucleotide baits spanning the complete coding, non-coding, and intergenic regions 10 kb up- and downstream of ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDH1, CHEK2, PALB2, and TP53 were synthesized for solution hybridization enrichment. Unique and divergent repetitive sequences were sequenced in 102 high-risk, anonymized patients without identified mutations in BRCA1/2. Aside from protein coding and copy number changes, IT-based sequence analysis was used to identify and prioritize pathogenic non-coding variants that occurred within sequence elements predicted to be recognized by proteins or protein complexes involved in mRNA splicing, transcription, and untranslated region (UTR) binding and structure. This approach was supplemented by in silico and laboratory analysis of UTR structure. RESULTS 15,311 unique variants were identified, of which 245 occurred in coding regions. With the unified IT-framework, 132 variants were identified and 87 functionally significant VUS were further prioritized. An intragenic 32.1 kb interval in BRCA2 that was likely hemizygous was detected in one patient. We also identified 4 stop-gain variants and 3 reading-frame altering exonic insertions/deletions (indels). CONCLUSIONS We have presented a strategy for complete gene sequence analysis followed by a unified framework for interpreting non-coding variants that may affect gene expression. This approach distills large numbers of variants detected by NGS to a limited set of variants prioritized as potential deleterious changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseos J Mucaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 2C1, Canada
| | - Natasha G Caminsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 2C1, Canada
| | - Ami M Perri
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 2C1, Canada
| | - Ruipeng Lu
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, N6A 2C1, Canada
| | - Alain Laederach
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA
| | - Matthew Halvorsen
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Joan H M Knoll
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, N6A 2C1, Canada
- Cytognomix Inc., London, Canada
| | - Peter K Rogan
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 2C1, Canada.
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, N6A 2C1, Canada.
- Cytognomix Inc., London, Canada.
- Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, N6A 2C1, Canada.
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68
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Caminsky NG, Mucaki EJ, Perri AM, Lu R, Knoll JHM, Rogan PK. Prioritizing Variants in Complete Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Genes in Patients Lacking Known BRCA Mutations. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:640-52. [PMID: 26898890 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) does not identify all pathogenic variants. Sequencing of 20 complete genes in HBOC patients with uninformative test results (N = 287), including noncoding and flanking sequences of ATM, BARD1, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDH1, CHEK2, EPCAM, MLH1, MRE11A, MSH2, MSH6, MUTYH, NBN, PALB2, PMS2, PTEN, RAD51B, STK11, TP53, and XRCC2, identified 38,372 unique variants. We apply information theory (IT) to predict and prioritize noncoding variants of uncertain significance in regulatory, coding, and intronic regions based on changes in binding sites in these genes. Besides mRNA splicing, IT provides a common framework to evaluate potential affinity changes in transcription factor (TFBSs), splicing regulatory (SRBSs), and RNA-binding protein (RBBSs) binding sites following mutation. We prioritized variants affecting the strengths of 10 splice sites (four natural, six cryptic), 148 SRBS, 36 TFBS, and 31 RBBS. Three variants were also prioritized based on their predicted effects on mRNA secondary (2°) structure and 17 for pseudoexon activation. Additionally, four frameshift, two in-frame deletions, and five stop-gain mutations were identified. When combined with pedigree information, complete gene sequence analysis can focus attention on a limited set of variants in a wide spectrum of functional mutation types for downstream functional and co-segregation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha G Caminsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eliseos J Mucaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ami M Perri
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruipeng Lu
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan H M Knoll
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Cytognomix Inc, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter K Rogan
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Cytognomix Inc, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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69
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Contribution of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Germline Mutations to Early Algerian Breast Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:7869095. [PMID: 26997744 PMCID: PMC4779828 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7869095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common female malignancy and the leading cancer mortality cause among Algerian women. Germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in patients with early-onset breast cancer have not been clearly identified within the Algerian population. It is necessary to study the BRCA1/2 genes involvement in the Algerian breast cancer occurrence. We performed this study to define germline mutations in BRCA1/2 and their implication in breast cancer among young women from eastern Algeria diagnosed or treated with primary invasive breast cancer at the age of 40 or less who were referred to Anti-Cancer Center of Setif, Algeria. Case series were unselected for family history. Eight distinct pathogenic mutations were identified in eight unrelated families. Three deleterious mutations and one large genomic rearrangement involving deletion of exon 2 were found in BRCA1 gene. In addition, four mutations within the BRCA2 gene and one large genomic rearrangement were identified. Novel mutation was found among Algerian population. Moreover, five variants of uncertain clinical significance and favor polymorphisms were identified. Our data suggest that BRCA1/2 mutations are responsible for a significant proportion of breast cancer in Algerian young women.
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70
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Sinilnikova OM, Dondon MG, Eon-Marchais S, Damiola F, Barjhoux L, Marcou M, Verny-Pierre C, Sornin V, Toulemonde L, Beauvallet J, Le Gal D, Mebirouk N, Belotti M, Caron O, Gauthier-Villars M, Coupier I, Buecher B, Lortholary A, Dugast C, Gesta P, Fricker JP, Noguès C, Faivre L, Luporsi E, Berthet P, Delnatte C, Bonadona V, Maugard CM, Pujol P, Lasset C, Longy M, Bignon YJ, Adenis C, Venat-Bouvet L, Demange L, Dreyfus H, Frenay M, Gladieff L, Mortemousque I, Audebert-Bellanger S, Soubrier F, Giraud S, Lejeune-Dumoulin S, Chevrier A, Limacher JM, Chiesa J, Fajac A, Floquet A, Eisinger F, Tinat J, Colas C, Fert-Ferrer S, Penet C, Frebourg T, Collonge-Rame MA, Barouk-Simonet E, Layet V, Leroux D, Cohen-Haguenauer O, Prieur F, Mouret-Fourme E, Cornélis F, Jonveaux P, Bera O, Cavaciuti E, Tardivon A, Lesueur F, Mazoyer S, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Andrieu N. GENESIS: a French national resource to study the missing heritability of breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:13. [PMID: 26758370 PMCID: PMC4711059 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-2028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Less than 20 % of familial breast cancer patients who undergo genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 carry a pathogenic mutation in one of these two genes. The GENESIS (GENE SISter) study was designed to identify new breast cancer susceptibility genes in women attending cancer genetics clinics and with no BRCA1/2 mutation. Methods The study involved the French national network of family cancer clinics. It was based on enrichment in genetic factors of the recruited population through case selection relying on familial criteria, but also on the consideration of environmental factors and endophenotypes like mammary density or tumor characteristics to assess potential genetic heterogeneity. One of the initial aims of GENESIS was to recruit affected sibpairs. Siblings were eligible when index cases and at least one affected sister were diagnosed with infiltrating mammary or ductal adenocarcinoma, with no BRCA1/2 mutation. In addition, unrelated controls and unaffected sisters were recruited. The enrolment of patients, their relatives and their controls, the collection of the clinical, epidemiological, familial and biological data were centralized by a coordinating center. Results Inclusion of participants started in February 2007 and ended in December 2013. A total of 1721 index cases, 826 affected sisters, 599 unaffected sisters and 1419 controls were included. 98 % of participants completed the epidemiological questionnaire, 97 % provided a blood sample, and 76 % were able to provide mammograms. Index cases were on average 59 years old at inclusion, were born in 1950, and were 49.7 years of age at breast cancer diagnosis. The mean age at diagnosis of affected sisters was slightly higher (51.4 years). The representativeness of the control group was verified. Conclusions The size of the study, the availability of biological specimens and the clinical data collection together with the detailed and complete epidemiological questionnaire make this a unique national resource for investigation of the missing heritability of breast cancer, by taking into account environmental and life style factors and stratifying data on endophenotypes to decrease genetic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga M Sinilnikova
- Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, CNRS UMR5286, Inserm U1052, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Unité Mixte de Génétique Constitutionnelle des Cancers Fréquents, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Gabrielle Dondon
- Inserm, U900, Paris, France. .,Institut Curie, Paris, France. .,PSL Research University, Paris, France. .,Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France.
| | - Séverine Eon-Marchais
- Inserm, U900, Paris, France. .,Institut Curie, Paris, France. .,PSL Research University, Paris, France. .,Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France.
| | - Francesca Damiola
- Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, CNRS UMR5286, Inserm U1052, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
| | - Laure Barjhoux
- Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, CNRS UMR5286, Inserm U1052, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
| | - Morgane Marcou
- Inserm, U900, Paris, France. .,Institut Curie, Paris, France. .,PSL Research University, Paris, France. .,Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France.
| | - Carole Verny-Pierre
- Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, CNRS UMR5286, Inserm U1052, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
| | - Valérie Sornin
- Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, CNRS UMR5286, Inserm U1052, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
| | - Lucie Toulemonde
- Inserm, U900, Paris, France. .,Institut Curie, Paris, France. .,PSL Research University, Paris, France. .,Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France.
| | - Juana Beauvallet
- Inserm, U900, Paris, France. .,Institut Curie, Paris, France. .,PSL Research University, Paris, France. .,Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France.
| | - Dorothée Le Gal
- Inserm, U900, Paris, France. .,Institut Curie, Paris, France. .,PSL Research University, Paris, France. .,Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France.
| | - Noura Mebirouk
- Inserm, U900, Paris, France. .,Institut Curie, Paris, France. .,PSL Research University, Paris, France. .,Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France.
| | | | - Olivier Caron
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Service d'Oncologie Génétique, Villejuif, France.
| | | | - Isabelle Coupier
- Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU Montpellier, Service de Génétique médicale et Oncogénétique, Montpellier, France. .,ICM Val d'Aurel, Unité d'Oncogénétique, Montpellier, France.
| | - Bruno Buecher
- Institut Curie, Service de Génétique, Paris, France.
| | - Alain Lortholary
- Centre Catherine de Sienne, Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Nantes, France.
| | | | - Paul Gesta
- CH Georges Renon, Service Oncogénétique pour la consultation oncogénétique régionale Poitou-Charentes, Niort, France.
| | | | | | - Laurence Faivre
- Hôpital d'Enfants, Service de Génétique Médicale, Dijon, France. .,Centre Georges François Leclerc, Oncogénétique, Dijon, France.
| | - Elisabeth Luporsi
- ICL Alexis Vautrin, Unité d'Oncogénétique, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Pascaline Berthet
- Centre François Baclesse, Unité de pathologie gynécologique, Caen, France.
| | - Capucine Delnatte
- Centre René Gauducheau, Unité d'Oncogénétique, Nantes Saint Herblain, France.
| | - Valérie Bonadona
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France. .,CNRS UMR 5558, Lyon, France. .,Centre Léon Bérard, Unité de Prévention et Epidémiologie Génétique, Lyon, France.
| | - Christine M Maugard
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, UF1422 Oncogénétique moléculaire, Laboratoire de diagnostic génétique, Strasbourg, France. .,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, UF6948 Oncogénétique, Service d'Hémato-Oncologie, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Pascal Pujol
- Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU Montpellier, Service de Génétique médicale et Oncogénétique, Montpellier, France. .,Inserm, U896, CRCM Val d'Aurel, Montpellier, France.
| | - Christine Lasset
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France. .,CNRS UMR 5558, Lyon, France. .,Centre Léon Bérard, Unité de Prévention et Epidémiologie Génétique, Lyon, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hélène Dreyfus
- Clinique Sainte Catherine, Avignon, France. .,CHU de Grenoble, Hôpital Couple-Enfant, Département de Génétique, Grenoble, France.
| | - Marc Frenay
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Unité d'Oncogénétique, Nice, France.
| | - Laurence Gladieff
- Institut Claudius Regaud - IUCT-Oncopole, Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Toulouse, France.
| | | | | | | | - Sophie Giraud
- Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Lyon, France.
| | | | - Annie Chevrier
- Hôpital Universitaire de Rouen, Département de Génétique, Rouen, France.
| | | | | | - Anne Fajac
- Hôpital Tenon, Service d'Oncogénétique, Paris, France.
| | | | - François Eisinger
- IPC, Département d'Anticipation et de Suivi des Cancers, Marseille, France. .,Inserm, UMR 912, Marseille, France.
| | - Julie Tinat
- Hôpital Universitaire de Rouen, Département de Génétique, Rouen, France.
| | - Chrystelle Colas
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, APHP, Paris, France.
| | | | - Clotilde Penet
- Institut Jean-Godinot, Reims, France. .,ICC Courlancy, Cs Oncogénétique, Reims, France.
| | - Thierry Frebourg
- Hôpital Universitaire de Rouen, Département de Génétique, Rouen, France.
| | - Marie-Agnès Collonge-Rame
- CHU Hôpital Saint-Jacques, Service Génétique et Biologie du Développement - Histologie, Besançon, France.
| | | | | | - Dominique Leroux
- CHU de Grenoble, Hôpital Couple-Enfant, Département de Génétique, Grenoble, France.
| | | | - Fabienne Prieur
- CHU de Saint-Etienne, Hôpital Nord, Service de Génétique, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | | | | | - Philippe Jonveaux
- CHU Hôpital de Brabois, Laboratoire de Génétique, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Odile Bera
- CHU de Martinique, Unité d'Oncogénétique, Fort-de-France, France.
| | - Eve Cavaciuti
- Inserm, U900, Paris, France. .,Institut Curie, Paris, France. .,PSL Research University, Paris, France. .,Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France.
| | - Anne Tardivon
- Institut Curie, Département d'imagerie médicale, Paris, France.
| | - Fabienne Lesueur
- Inserm, U900, Paris, France. .,Institut Curie, Paris, France. .,PSL Research University, Paris, France. .,Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France.
| | - Sylvie Mazoyer
- Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, CNRS UMR5286, Inserm U1052, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
| | - Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet
- PSL Research University, Paris, France. .,Institut Curie, Service de Génétique, Paris, France. .,Inserm, U830, Paris, France. .,Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France.
| | - Nadine Andrieu
- Inserm, U900, Paris, France. .,Institut Curie, Paris, France. .,PSL Research University, Paris, France. .,Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France.
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71
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Berrino J, Berrino F, Francisci S, Peissel B, Azzollini J, Pensotti V, Radice P, Pasanisi P, Manoukian S. Estimate of the penetrance of BRCA mutation and the COS software for the assessment of BRCA mutation probability. Fam Cancer 2015; 14:117-28. [PMID: 25373702 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-014-9766-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have designed the user-friendly COS software with the intent to improve estimation of the probability of a family carrying a deleterious BRCA gene mutation. The COS software is similar to the widely-used Bayesian-based BRCAPRO software, but it incorporates improved assumptions on cancer incidence in women with and without a deleterious mutation, takes into account relatives up to the fourth degree and allows researchers to consider an hypothetical third gene or a polygenic model of inheritance. Since breast cancer incidence and penetrance increase over generations, we estimated birth-cohort-specific incidence and penetrance curves. We estimated breast and ovarian cancer penetrance in 384 BRCA1 and 229 BRCA2 mutated families. We tested the COS performance in 436 Italian breast/ovarian cancer families including 79 with BRCA1 and 27 with BRCA2 mutations. The area under receiver operator curve (AUROC) was 84.4 %. The best probability threshold for offering the test was 22.9 %, with sensitivity 80.2 % and specificity 80.3 %. Notwithstanding very different assumptions, COS results were similar to BRCAPRO v6.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Berrino
- Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
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72
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He M, Hu X, Chen L, Cao AY, Yu KD, Shi TY, Kuang XY, Shi WB, Ling H, Li S, Qiao F, Yao L, Wei Q, Di GH, Shao ZM. A recessive variant of XRCC4 predisposes to non- BRCA1/2 breast cancer in chinese women and impairs the DNA damage response via dysregulated nuclear localization. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12218-32. [PMID: 25360583 PMCID: PMC4322983 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
XRCC4 plays a crucial role in the non-homologous end joining pathway that maintains genome stability. In this two-stage case-control study with 1,764 non-BRCA1/2 breast cancer patients and 1,623 cancer-free controls, we investigated the contribution of genetic variants of XRCC4 to breast cancer susceptibility in Chinese women. We identified a recessive missense variant, rs3734091 (c.739G>T, p.Ala247Ser), of XRCC4 that was significantly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 3.92, P = 0.007), particularly with the risk of developing triple-negative breast cancer (OR = 18.65, P < 0.0001). This p.Ala247Ser variant disturbed the nuclear localization of XRCC4 in cells homozygous for the rs3734091-T allele but not in heterozygous cells at both the cellular and tissue levels. In heterozygous cells, wild-type XRCC4 facilitated the nuclear localization of the XRCC4A247S mutant, thus compensating for the impaired localization of XRCC4A247S. This provided a biological mechanism by which rs3734091 conferred an increased susceptibility to non-BRCA1/2 breast cancer exclusively under a recessive model. Further functional analyses revealed that p.Ala247Ser impaired the DNA damage repair capacity and ultimately perturbed genomic stability. Taken together, our findings document the role of XRCC4 in non-BRCA1/2 breast cancer predisposition and reveal its underlying biological mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min He
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - A-Yong Cao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke-Da Yu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting-Yan Shi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia-Ying Kuang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Biao Shi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Ling
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Qiao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Yao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Gen-Hong Di
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Shao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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73
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Faustino-Rocha AI, Ferreira R, Oliveira PA, Gama A, Ginja M. N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea as a mammary carcinogenic agent. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9095-117. [PMID: 26386719 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3973-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The administration of chemical carcinogens is one of the most commonly used methods to induce tumors in several organs in laboratory animals in order to study oncologic diseases of humans. The carcinogen agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) is the oldest member of the nitroso compounds that has the ability to alkylate DNA. MNU is classified as a complete, potent, and direct alkylating compound. Depending on the animals' species and strain, dose, route, and age at the administration, MNU may induce tumors' development in several organs. The aim of this manuscript was to review MNU as a carcinogenic agent, taking into account that this carcinogen agent has been frequently used in experimental protocols to study the carcinogenesis in several tissues, namely breast, ovary, uterus, prostate, liver, spleen, kidney, stomach, small intestine, colon, hematopoietic system, lung, skin, retina, and urinary bladder. In this paper, we also reviewed the experimental conditions to the chemical induction of tumors in different organs with this carcinogen agent, with a special emphasis in the mammary carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal. .,Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Organic Chemistry of Natural Products and Agrifood (QOPNA), Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal.,Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Adelina Gama
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal.,Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mário Ginja
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal.,Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
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74
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Vinod C, Jyothy A, Vijay Kumar M, Raman RR, Nallari P, Venkateshwari A. A Common SNP of IL-10 (-1082A/G) is Associated With Increased Risk of Premenopausal Breast Cancer in South Indian Women. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CANCER PREVENTION 2015; 8:e3434. [PMID: 26478792 PMCID: PMC4606378 DOI: 10.17795/ijcp-3434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evading the immune destruction and angiogenesis has been the two hallmarks of cancer. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a cytokine with immune suppressing (pro-tumorigenic) and anti-angiogenic (anti-tumorigenic) properties, thus making the role of IL-10 in tumorigenesis enigmatic. Previous studies have suggested a critical role of IL10 altered expression in complex process of tumor-microenvironment, co-evolution and tumorigenesis. OBJECTIVES Evaluating the role of IL10 (-1082A/G) gene promoter polymorphism in breast cancer patients from South India. PATIENTS AND METHODS A case-control study was conducted with a total of 285 individuals, these include 125 histologically confirmed breast cancer patients and 160 age and sex matched controls. Genotypes were determined by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR), followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Statistical analysis was done to test the significance of results obtained. RESULTS Statistical analysis revealed that AA genotype of the Il-10 -1082A/G polymorphism is significantly associated with breast cancer (AA vs. AG: χ(2) = 14.46, P = 0.0001432, OR = 2.854, 95% CI = 1.68 - 4.849). Up on stratifying subjects based on cancer stage, age at onset, menopausal status, AA genotype has associated with all the sub groups, except for post-menopausal women. There was no significant association which was observed with respected to hormonal status (ER, PR) and Her2/neu status. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that IL-10 AA genotype as a risk factor in the etiology of breast cancer in the South Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cingeetham Vinod
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Akka Jyothy
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Malladi Vijay Kumar
- MNJ Institute of Oncology and Regional Cancer Centre, University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ramaiyer Raghu Raman
- MNJ Institute of Oncology and Regional Cancer Centre, University, Hyderabad, India
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75
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Novel and known genetic variants for male breast cancer risk at 8q24.21, 9p21.3, 11q13.3 and 14q24.1: results from a multicenter study in Italy. Eur J Cancer 2015; 51:2289-95. [PMID: 26248686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that common genetic variants may contribute to the heritable risk of breast cancer (BC). In this study, we investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), within the 8q24.21 multi-cancer susceptibility region and within BC-associated loci widespread in the genome, may influence the risk of BC in men, and whether they may be associated with specific clinical-pathologic characteristics of male BC (MBC). In the frame of the ongoing Italian Multicenter Study on MBC, we performed a case-control study on 386 MBC cases, including 50 BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, and 1105 healthy male controls, including 197 unaffected BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. All 1491 subjects were genotyped by Sequenom iPLEX technology for a total of 29 susceptibility SNPs. By logistic regression models, we found a significant association with MBC risk for five SNPs: rs1562430 (p=0.002) and rs445114 (p=0.026) both within the 8q24.21 region; rs1011970/9p21.3 (p=0.011), rs614367/11q13.3 (p=0.016) and rs1314913/14q24.1 (p<0.0001). Differences in the distribution of rs614367/11q13.3 genotypes according to oestrogen receptor (ER) status (p=0.006), and of rs1011970/9p21.3 genotypes according to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status (p=0.002) emerged. Association of rs1011970/9p21.3 risk genotype with HER2+MBC was confirmed by a multivariate analysis. rs1314913/14q24.1 was associated with increased MBC risk in analyses restricted to male BRCA1/2 mutation carriers (p=0.041). In conclusion, we provided the first evidence that the 8q24.21 region is associated with MBC risk. Furthermore, we showed that the SNPs rs1562430/8q24.21 and rs1314913/14q24.1 strongly influence BC risk in men and suggested that the SNP rs1314913/14q24.1 may act as a risk modifier locus in male BRCA1/2 mutation carriers.
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76
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Abstract
Familial pancreatic cancer (FPC) kindreds have at least 2 first-degree relatives with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Studies of FPC have focused on the discovery of genetic cause and on the management of those at genetically high risk. Research reveals that a half dozen known hereditary syndromes or genes are associated with increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer, the most prominent of which are BRCA2 and CDKN2A. Genetic risk assessment and testing is already available. Owing to limited experience worldwide, guidance is often based on expert opinion, although all agree that research is needed to improve the shaping of options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria M Petersen
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Charlton 6-243, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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77
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Wendt C, Lindblom A, Arver B, von Wachenfeldt A, Margolin S. Tumour spectrum in non-BRCA hereditary breast cancer families in Sweden. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2015; 13:15. [PMID: 26082817 PMCID: PMC4469256 DOI: 10.1186/s13053-015-0036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 30 % of all breast cancer is at least partly attributed to hereditary factors. Familial breast cancer is often inherited in the context of cancer syndromes. The most commonly mutated genes are BRCA1 and BRCA2 in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome. The genetic background in families with hereditary breast cancer without predisposing germ line mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (non-BRCA families) is still to a large extent unclear even though progress has been made. The aim of this study was to compare cancer proportions in familial non-BRCA hereditary breast cancer compared to the general population in search of putative new breast cancer syndromes. METHODS Pedigrees from 334 non-BRCA hereditary breast cancer families in the county of Stockholm, Sweden, were investigated and the distribution of cancer diagnoses other than breast cancer was compared with the distribution of cancer diagnoses in the general Swedish population in two reference years, 1970 and 2010. A cancer diagnosis was regarded as overrepresented in the non-BRCA families if the confidence interval was above both population reference values. RESULTS We found that endometrial cancer was overrepresented in the non-BRCA families with a 6.36 % proportion (CI 4.67-8.2) compared to the proportion in the general population in the reference years 1970 (3.07 %) and 2010 (2.64 %). Moreover tumours of the ovary, liver, pancreas and prostate were overrepresented. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we found an overrepresentation of endometrial cancer in our cohort of hereditary non-BRCA families. Our result supports previous inconsistent reports of a putative breast and endometrial cancer syndrome. An association has been suggested in studies of families with several cases of breast cancer in close relatives or bilateral breast cancer. To clarify this issue we suggest further studies on a breast and endometrial cancer syndrome in cohorts with a strong pattern of hereditary breast cancer. Identifying new breast cancer syndromes is of importance to improve genetic counselling for women at risk and a first step towards detection of new susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Wendt
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet Solna, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Lindblom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet Solna, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brita Arver
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet Solna, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna von Wachenfeldt
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet Solna, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Margolin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet Solna, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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78
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Lesueur F. Breast Cancer Risk Gene Discovery: Opportunities and Challenges. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40142-015-0066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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79
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Breast and ovarian cancer predisposition due to de novo BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Oncogene 2015; 35:1324-7. [PMID: 26028024 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the two major genes predisposing to breast and ovarian cancer. Whereas high de novo mutation rates have been demonstrated for several genes, only 11 cases of de novo BRCA1/2 mutations have been reported to date and the BRCA1/2 de novo mutation rate remains unknown. The present study was designed to fill this gap based on a series of 12 805 consecutive unrelated patients diagnosed with breast and/or ovarian cancer who met the inclusion criteria for BRCA1/2 gene analysis according to French guidelines. BRCA1/2 mutations were detected in 1527 (12%) patients, and three BRCA1 mutations and one BRCA2 mutation were de novo. The BRCA1/2 de novo mutation rate was estimated to be 0.3% (0.1%; 0.7%). Although rare, it may be useful to take the possibility of de novo BRCA1/2 mutation into account in genetic counseling of relatives and to improve the understanding of complex family histories of breast and ovarian cancers.
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80
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Wittersheim M, Büttner R, Markiefka B. Genotype/Phenotype correlations in patients with hereditary breast cancer. Breast Care (Basel) 2015; 10:22-6. [PMID: 25960721 DOI: 10.1159/000380900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Of all breast cancer cases, 5-10% can be attributed to germline mutations, and the high-susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for about 25-28% of these cases. For the remainder, several genes of moderate and low penetrance have been discovered. Histopathologic characteristics have been studied in small cohorts, but for most of the known non-BRCA1/2-associated hereditary breast cancers, the histologic and immunohistochemical phenotypes are not yet identified. Particularly BRCA1 tumors are associated with a distinct morphology and immunohistochemical characteristics that differ from sporadic breast cancer of age-matched controls. The recognition of features characteristic of these mutations can be helpful to identify patients likely to carry a germline mutation and to assess which gene should be screened for first, in families with a high occurrence of breast and ovarian cancer.
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81
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Smyth C, Špakulová I, Cotton-Barratt O, Rafiq S, Tapper W, Upstill-Goddard R, Hopper JL, Makalic E, Schmidt DF, Kapuscinski M, Fliege J, Collins A, Brodzki J, Eccles DM, MacArthur BD. Quantifying the cumulative effect of low-penetrance genetic variants on breast cancer risk. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2015; 3:182-8. [PMID: 26029704 PMCID: PMC4444159 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many common diseases have a complex genetic basis in which large numbers of genetic variations combine with environmental factors to determine risk. However, quantifying such polygenic effects has been challenging. In order to address these difficulties we developed a global measure of the information content of an individual's genome relative to a reference population, which may be used to assess differences in global genome structure between cases and appropriate controls. Informally this measure, which we call relative genome information (RGI), quantifies the relative "disorder" of an individual's genome. In order to test its ability to predict disease risk we used RGI to compare single-nucleotide polymorphism genotypes from two independent samples of women with early-onset breast cancer with three independent sets of controls. We found that RGI was significantly elevated in both sets of breast cancer cases in comparison with all three sets of controls, with disease risk rising sharply with RGI. Furthermore, these differences are not due to associations with common variants at a small number of disease-associated loci, but rather are due to the combined associations of thousands of markers distributed throughout the genome. Our results indicate that the information content of an individual's genome may be used to measure the risk of a complex disease, and suggest that early-onset breast cancer has a strongly polygenic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Smyth
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Iva Špakulová
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Cotton-Barratt
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sajjad Rafiq
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit and University of Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton Foundation Trust Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YA, United Kingdom
| | - William Tapper
- Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YA, United Kingdom
| | - Rosanna Upstill-Goddard
- Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YA, United Kingdom
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Enes Makalic
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel F Schmidt
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miroslav Kapuscinski
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jörg Fliege
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Collins
- Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YA, United Kingdom
| | - Jacek Brodzki
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Diana M Eccles
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit and University of Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton Foundation Trust Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YA, United Kingdom
| | - Ben D MacArthur
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom ; Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YA, United Kingdom ; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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82
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Dietze EC, Sistrunk C, Miranda-Carboni G, O'Regan R, Seewaldt VL. Triple-negative breast cancer in African-American women: disparities versus biology. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:248-54. [PMID: 25673085 PMCID: PMC5470637 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype that disproportionately affects BRCA1 mutation carriers and young women of African origin. There is evidence that African-American women with TNBC have worse clinical outcomes than women of European descent. However, it is unclear whether survival differences persist after adjusting for disparities in access to health-care treatment, co-morbid disease and income. It remains controversial whether TNBC in African-American women is a molecularly distinct disease or whether African-American women have a higher incidence of aggressive biology driven by disparities: there is evidence in support of both. Understanding the relative contributions of biology and disparities is essential for improving the poor survival rate of African-American women with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Dietze
- 1] Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. [2]
| | | | | | - Ruth O'Regan
- 1] Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University and Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. [2]
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83
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Shiovitz S, Korde LA. Genetics of breast cancer: a topic in evolution. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:1291-9. [PMID: 25605744 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A hereditary predisposition to breast cancer significantly influences screening and follow-up recommendations for high-risk women. However, in patients with a suggestive personal and/or family history, a specific predisposing gene is identified in <30% of cases. Up to 25% of hereditary cases are due to a mutation in one of the few identified rare, but highly penetrant genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, PTEN, TP53, CDH1, and STK11), which confer up to an 80% lifetime risk of breast cancer. An additional 2%-3% of cases are due to a mutation in a rare, moderate-penetrance gene (e.g. CHEK2, BRIP1, ATM, and PALB2), each associated with a twofold increase in risk. Prediction models suggest that there are unlikely to be additional yet to be identified high-penetrance genes. Investigation of common, low-penetrance alleles contributing to risk in a polygenic fashion has yielded a small number of suggestive single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), but the contributive risk of an individual SNP is quite small. Mutation testing is currently recommended for individual genes in the appropriate clinical setting where there is a high index of suspicion for a specific mutated gene or syndrome. Next-generation sequencing offers a new venue for risk assessment. At the present time, there are clear clinical guidelines for individuals with a mutation in a high-penetrance gene. Otherwise, standard models are used to predict an individual's lifetime risk by clinical and family history rather than genomic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shiovitz
- Divison of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle Divisions of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - L A Korde
- Divison of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle Divisions of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
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84
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Bancroft EK, Castro E, Ardern-Jones A, Moynihan C, Page E, Taylor N, Eeles RA, Rowley E, Cox K. "It's all very well reading the letters in the genome, but it's a long way to being able to write": Men's interpretations of undergoing genetic profiling to determine future risk of prostate cancer. Fam Cancer 2014; 13:625-35. [PMID: 24980079 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-014-9734-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A family history of prostate cancer (PC) is one of the main risk factors for the disease. A number of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that confer small but cumulatively substantial risks of PC have been identified, opening the possibility for the use of SNPs in PC risk stratification for targeted screening and prevention in the future. The objective of this study was to explore the psychosocial impact of receiving information about genetic risk of PC. The participants were men who had a family history of PC and were enrolled in a screening study providing research genetic profiling alongside screening for PC. A combination of questionnaires and in-depth interviews were used. Questionnaires were completed by men at two time points: both before and after joining the study and going through the genetic profiling process. The interviews were completed after all study process were complete and were analysed using a framework analysis. In total 95 men completed both questionnaires and 26 men were interviewed. A number of issues facing men at risk of PC were identified. The results fell into two main categories: personal relevance and societal relevance. The strength of men's innate beliefs about their risk, shaped by genetic and environmental assumptions, outweigh the information provided by genetic testing. Men felt genetic profile results would have future use for accessing prostate screening, being aware of symptoms and in communicating with others. The findings reinforce the importance of providing contextual information alongside genetic profiling test results, and emphasises the importance of the counselling process in providing genetic risk information. This research raises some key issues to facilitate clinical practice and future research related to the use of genetic profiling to determine risk of PC and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Bancroft
- Cancer Genetics Unit and Academic Urology Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, London, SM2 5PT, UK,
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85
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Hong Y, Chen XQ, Li JY, Liu C, Shen N, Zhu BB, Gong J, Chen W. Current Evidence on the Association between rs3757318 of C6orf97 and Breast Cancer Risk: a Meta-Analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:8051-5. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.19.8051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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86
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Rahoui J, Laraqui A, Sbitti Y, Touil N, Ibrahimi A, Ghrab B, Al Bouzidi A, Moussaoui Rahali D, Dehayni M, Ichou M, Zaoui F, Mrani S. Investigating the association of vascular endothelial growth factor polymorphisms with breast cancer: a Moroccan case–control study. Med Oncol 2014; 31:193. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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87
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Lee CPL, Irwanto A, Salim A, Yuan JM, Liu J, Koh WP, Hartman M. Breast cancer risk assessment using genetic variants and risk factors in a Singapore Chinese population. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:R64. [PMID: 24941967 PMCID: PMC4095592 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Genetic variants for breast cancer risk identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in Western populations require further testing in Asian populations. A risk assessment model incorporating both validated genetic variants and established risk factors may improve its performance in risk prediction of Asian women. Methods A nested case-control study of female breast cancer (411 cases and 1,212 controls) within the Singapore Chinese Health Study was conducted to investigate the effects of 51 genetic variants identified in previous GWAS on breast cancer risk. The independent effect of these genetic variants was assessed by creating a summed genetic risk score (GRS) after adjustment for body mass index and the Gail model risk factors for breast cancer. Results The GRS was an independent predictor of breast cancer risk in Chinese women. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of breast cancer for the second, third, and fourth quartiles of the GRS were 1.26 (0.90 to 1.76), 1.47 (1.06 to 2.04) and 1.75 (1.27 to 2.41) respectively (P for trend <0.001). In addition to established risk factors, the GRS improved the classification of 6.2% of women for their absolute risk of breast cancer in the next five years. Conclusions Genetic variants on top of conventional risk factors can improve the risk prediction of breast cancer in Chinese women.
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88
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Khazaee-Pool M, Montazeri A, Majlessi F, Rahimi Foroushani A, Nedjat S, Shojaeizadeh D. Breast cancer-preventive behaviors: exploring Iranian women's experiences. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2014; 14:41. [PMID: 24606758 PMCID: PMC3973958 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6874-14-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Breast cancer-preventive behaviors are critical for community and women’s health. Although many studies have addressed women’s knowledge and attitudes toward breast cancer, little information is available about their experiences of breast cancer preventive behaviors. This study aimed to explore the experiences of Iranian women regarding preventive behaviors. Methods This was a qualitative study. A sample of Iranian women aged 30 years and over was selected purposefully. Data collected through focus group and semi-structured audiotaped interviews and were analyzed by conventional content analysis. Results The following five main themes emerged from the analysis: attitude toward breast cancer and preventive behaviors, stress management, healthy lifestyle, perceived social support and individual/environmental barriers. The findings showed that women were highly motivated to preventive behaviors of breast cancer but faced considerable challenges. Conclusions The findings indicated that increased awareness, positive attitudes, stronger motivational factors, and fewer barriers toward preventive behaviors are most important parameters that might encourage women to practice breast cancer-preventive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Montazeri
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P,O, Box 15875-6951, Tehran, Iran.
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89
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Alevizaki M, Kyratzoglou E, Bamias A, Tzanela M, Dimopoulos MA, Saltiki K. Metachronous appearance of second malignancies in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) patients: a diagnostic challenge and brief review of the literature. Endocrine 2013; 44:610-5. [PMID: 23608930 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-9961-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare tumour which frequently occurs in the context of the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes, where it coexists with other usually benign tumours. The clinical picture varies and distant metastases are frequently present at diagnosis. Calcitonin levels are elevated in the presence of metastatic disease. Two MTC cases are presented, which had elevated postoperative calcitonin levels. Imaging revealed lung lesions which were originally attributed to metastatic disease from the MTC. However, at follow-up, these cases presented unusual features. The rapid increase in the lung lesions and the development of hypercalcaemia in the first patient suggested a second unrelated tumour. Biopsy of the lung lesion was compatible with lung adenocarcinoma. In the second patient, the appearance of a liver mass, although calcitonin levels remained stable, led to biopsy of the lesion: this was negative for calcitonin and compatible with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. These MTC cases show that further malignancies may coexist with MTC and may obscure the clinical picture and influence the therapeutic decisions, especially in the case of metastatic disease. Features such as unusual imaging characteristics and the development of hypercalcemia, never encountered in MTC outside the MEN2 syndromes, as well as 'disproportionately' low calcitonin levels, incompatible with extensive metastatic disease, were the factors that led to further work-up. Both the cases subsequently proved to carry an unsuspected second malignancy. It is crucial to discriminate the metastatic lesion attributed to MTC from another coexisting primary malignancy, because different therapeutic strategies are needed for each setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alevizaki
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Athens University School of Medicine, 80, Vas Sofias ave, 11528, Athens, Greece
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90
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91
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Chen W, Wang W, Zhu B, Guo H, Sun Y, Ming J, Shen N, Li Z, Wang Z, Liu L, Cai B, Duan J, Li J, Liu C, Zhong R, Hu W, Huang T, Miao X. A functional variant rs1820453 in YAP1 and breast cancer risk in Chinese population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79056. [PMID: 24223879 PMCID: PMC3815349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the association between rs1820453 which located in the promoter region of yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) gene and breast cancer (BC) risk. Method and Findings We conducted a hospital-based case-control study including a total of 480 BC cases and 545 cancer-free controls in Chinese population. Then the expression quantitative trait locus (e-QTL) analysis was performed to explore the possible function of rs1820453 to the YAP1 gene expression. The association between rs1820453 and BC risk was significantly identified with the odds ratio (OR) was 1.27 (95 % confidence interval (CI) =1.03-1.57) under allelic model when adjusted by age and menopausal status. In addition, the correlation analysis of rs1820453 and YAP1 expression level found that this variant was significantly associated with the gene expression in Chinese population. When compared with level of mRNA expression of the AA genotype (6.011±0.046), the mRNA expression level in CC genotype (5.903±0.026) was statistically lower (P=0.024). Conclusion The results from this study suggested that rs1820453 A>C change may affect the gene expression and contribute to the risk of developing BC in Chinese population though larger sample-size studies along with functional experiments were anticipated to warrant the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health ( Incubation), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Beibei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health ( Incubation), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health ( Incubation), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Ming
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health ( Incubation), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health ( Incubation), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health ( Incubation), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingxi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health ( Incubation), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health ( Incubation), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaoyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health ( Incubation), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health ( Incubation), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health ( Incubation), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiguo Hu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (XM); (TH)
| | - Xiaoping Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health ( Incubation), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (XM); (TH)
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Ledwoń JK, Hennig EE, Maryan N, Goryca K, Nowakowska D, Niwińska A, Ostrowski J. Common low-penetrance risk variants associated with breast cancer in Polish women. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:510. [PMID: 24171766 PMCID: PMC4228440 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-death among women in Poland. The known high-risk mutations account for 25% of familial aggregation cases and 5% of total breast cancer predisposition. Genome-wide association studies have identified a number of common low-penetrance genetic variants, but their contribution to disease risk differs between populations. Methods To verify selected associations with breast cancer susceptibility among Polish women, the replication study was performed, included 1424 women with breast cancer and 1788 healthy persons. Sixteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays. Allele frequency differences were tested using chi2-test implemented in PLINK v1.07 and Cochran-Armitage trend test was performed using R software. Results Significant differences (Bonferroni corrected p-valuecor ≤ 0.0197) in the frequency of alleles distribution between all cancer and control subjects were observed for four (rs2736098, rs13281615, rs1219648, rs2981582) out of 16 SNPs. The same result was obtained for group of patients without high-risk BRCA1/2 mutations. The rs1219648 (p-valuecor ≤ 6.73E-03) and rs2981582 (p-valuecor ≤ 6.48E-03) SNPs showed significant association with both familial and sporadic cancers. Additionally, rs2736098 (p-valuecor ≤ 0.0234) was associated with only sporadic cancers; also in group without carriers of high-risk mutation. All these associations revealed their significance also in Cochran-Armitage trend test. Opposite to other SNPs, rs2736098 was associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer. Conclusion The association of four known susceptibility SNPs, representing three individual loci, with breast cancer risk in Polish women was confirmed. One of them (rs2736098) seems to be specific for the Polish population. Due to the population differences in allele frequencies, identification of general genetic risk factors requires sets of association studies conducted on different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewa E Hennig
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland.
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93
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Ethnicity modifies the association between functional microRNA polymorphisms and breast cancer risk: a HuGE meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:529-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Yu Y, Chen Z, Wang H, Zhang Y. Quantitative assessment of common genetic variants on chromosome 5p12 and hormone receptor status with breast cancer risk. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72154. [PMID: 23977236 PMCID: PMC3747047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several genome-wide association studies on breast cancer (BC) have reported similar findings of a new susceptibility locus, 5p12. After that, a number of studies reported that the rs10941679, rs4415084, and rs981782 polymorphism in chromosome 5p12 has been implicated in BC risk. However, the studies have yielded contradictory results. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, a meta-analysis of 131,983 BC cases and 200,314 controls from 24 published case-control studies was performed. Overall, significantly elevated BC risk was associated with rs10941679, rs4415084, and rs981782 risk allele when all studies were pooled into the meta-analysis. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, significantly increased risks were found for the rs10941679 and rs4415084 polymorphism among Caucasians and East Asians, while no significant associations were observed for the two polymorphisms in African and other ethnic populations. For 5p12-rs981782, significant associations were only detected among Caucasians. In addition, we found that rs10941679 and rs4415084 on 5p12 confer risk, exclusively for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumors with per-allele OR of 1.16 (95% CI: 1.11-1.21; P<10(-5)) and of 1.14 (95% CI: 1.09-1.19; P<10(-5)) respectively. Ethnicity was identified as a potential source of between-study heterogeneity. In conclusion, this meta-analysis demonstrated that common variations are a risk factor associated with increased BC susceptibility, but these associations vary in different ethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Yu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Huangpu Central Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zenggan Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HW); (YZ)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Huangpu Central Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HW); (YZ)
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Wu S, Cai J, Wang H, Zhang H, Yang W. Association between 1p11-rs11249433 polymorphism and breast cancer susceptibility: evidence from 15 case-control studies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72526. [PMID: 23977314 PMCID: PMC3744559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified SNP rs11249433 at chromosome 1p11 as a new breast cancer (BC) susceptibility locus in populations of European descent. Since then, the relationship between 1p11- rs11249433 and breast cancer has been reported in various ethnic groups; however, these studies have yielded inconsistent results. To investigate this inconsistency, we performed a meta-analysis of 15 studies involving a total of 90,154 cases and 137,238 controls for 1p11-rs11249433 polymorphism to evaluate its effect on genetic susceptibility for breast cancer. An overall random effects odds ratio of 1.09 (95% CI: 1.06-1.12, P<10-5) was found for rs11249433-G variant. Significant results were also observed for heterozygous (OR=1.09, 95% CI: 1.05-1.12, P<10-5) and homozygote (OR=1.14, 95% CI: 1.08-1.21, P<10-5). There was strong evidence of heterogeneity, which largely disappeared after stratification by ethnicity. After stratified by ethnicity, significant associations were found among Caucasians. However, no significant associations were detected among East Asian and African populations. In addition, we found that rs11249433 polymorphism on 1p11 confer risk, exclusively for ER-positive tumors with per-allele OR of 1.13 (95% CI: 1.08-1.18; P <10-5) compared to ER-negative tumors of 1.01 (95% CI: 0.98-1.04; P=0.49). Similar results were also observed when stratified by PR status. Our findings demonstrated that rs11249433-G allele is a risk-conferring factor for the development of breast cancer, especially in Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Qingpu Branch, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jungang Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Qingpu Branch, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HW); (HWZ)
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HW); (HWZ)
| | - Weige Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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96
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McVeigh TP, Irwin R, Cody N, Miller N, McDevitt T, Sweeney KJ, Green A, Kerin MJ. Familial breast cancer genetic testing in the West of Ireland. Ir J Med Sci 2013; 183:199-206. [PMID: 23884708 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-013-0990-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The majority of hereditary breast and ovarian cancers are associated with highly penetrant mutations in two genes: BRCA 1 and 2. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence and types of BRCA mutations in patients from the West of Ireland. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was undertaken that included all patients from the counties, Mayo, Sligo, Galway, Roscommon, and Clare, who were referred to the National Centre for Medical Genetics (NCMG) for testing for mutations in BRCA 1 or 2 between 2000 and 2010. Data including age, symptoms, family history, Manchester score, and test results were recorded and analysed using SPSS. RESULTS The NCMG received 380 referrals from the Western seaboard, including 148 for diagnostic testing and 232 for predictive evaluation. Sixty-five patients did not attend for assessment. Two hundred and fifty-six patients fulfilled criteria for genetic counselling, which was accepted by 184, of whom 127 proceeded to testing. Predictive tests were more often declined than diagnostic [41 (46 %) vs. 16 (17 %)]. Ten mutations in BRCA 1 were identified in 20 patients (15 families), including Exon 1-23del (3 families); Exon 14-20del (2 families) and E143X (2 families). Six mutations in BRCA 2 were identified in 15 patients (12 families) including 8525delC (n = 2 families) and 8205-1G>C (n = 3 families). Patients with positive results had significantly higher Manchester scores than those with negative tests [median 25.5 (12-48) vs. 20 (8-37), p = 0.042, Mann-Whitney U test]. CONCLUSION To identify patients with highly penetrant variants, referrals should be made with strict adherence to guidelines. Counselling should be individualised to counteract intrinsic psychological barriers to testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P McVeigh
- Discipline of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland,
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97
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Smits BMG, Haag JD, Rissman AI, Sharma D, Tran A, Schoenborn AA, Baird RC, Peiffer DS, Leinweber DQ, Muelbl MJ, Meilahn AL, Eichelberg MR, Leng N, Kendziorski C, John MC, Powers PA, Alexander CM, Gould MN. The gene desert mammary carcinoma susceptibility locus Mcs1a regulates Nr2f1 modifying mammary epithelial cell differentiation and proliferation. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003549. [PMID: 23785296 PMCID: PMC3681674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have revealed that many low-penetrance breast cancer susceptibility loci are located in non-protein coding genomic regions; however, few have been characterized. In a comparative genetics approach to model such loci in a rat breast cancer model, we previously identified the mammary carcinoma susceptibility locus Mcs1a. We now localize Mcs1a to a critical interval (277 Kb) within a gene desert. Mcs1a reduces mammary carcinoma multiplicity by 50% and acts in a mammary cell-autonomous manner. We developed a megadeletion mouse model, which lacks 535 Kb of sequence containing the Mcs1a ortholog. Global gene expression analysis by RNA-seq revealed that in the mouse mammary gland, the orphan nuclear receptor gene Nr2f1/Coup-tf1 is regulated by Mcs1a. In resistant Mcs1a congenic rats, as compared with susceptible congenic control rats, we found Nr2f1 transcript levels to be elevated in mammary gland, epithelial cells, and carcinoma samples. Chromatin looping over ∼820 Kb of sequence from the Nr2f1 promoter to a strongly conserved element within the Mcs1a critical interval was identified. This element contains a 14 bp indel polymorphism that affects a human-rat-mouse conserved COUP-TF binding motif and is a functional Mcs1a candidate. In both the rat and mouse models, higher Nr2f1 transcript levels are associated with higher abundance of luminal mammary epithelial cells. In both the mouse mammary gland and a human breast cancer global gene expression data set, we found Nr2f1 transcript levels to be strongly anti-correlated to a gene cluster enriched in cell cycle-related genes. We queried 12 large publicly available human breast cancer gene expression studies and found that the median NR2F1 transcript level is consistently lower in 'triple-negative' (ER-PR-HER2-) breast cancers as compared with 'receptor-positive' breast cancers. Our data suggest that the non-protein coding locus Mcs1a regulates Nr2f1, which is a candidate modifier of differentiation, proliferation, and mammary cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart M. G. Smits
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jill D. Haag
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Anna I. Rissman
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Deepak Sharma
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ann Tran
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alexi A. Schoenborn
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rachael C. Baird
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dan S. Peiffer
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David Q. Leinweber
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Muelbl
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Amanda L. Meilahn
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Eichelberg
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ning Leng
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christina Kendziorski
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Manorama C. John
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Patricia A. Powers
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Caroline M. Alexander
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael N. Gould
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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98
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Ottini L, Silvestri V, Saieva C, Rizzolo P, Zanna I, Falchetti M, Masala G, Navazio AS, Graziano V, Bianchi S, Manoukian S, Barile M, Peterlongo P, D'Amico C, Varesco L, Tommasi S, Russo A, Giannini G, Cortesi L, Viel A, Montagna M, Radice P, Palli D. Association of low-penetrance alleles with male breast cancer risk and clinicopathological characteristics: results from a multicenter study in Italy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 138:861-8. [PMID: 23468243 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
It is well-known that male breast cancer (MBC) susceptibility is mainly due to high-penetrance BRCA1/2 mutations. Here, we investigated whether common low-penetrance breast cancer (BC) susceptibility alleles may influence MBC risk in Italian population and whether variant alleles may be associated with specific clinicopathological features of MBCs. In the frame of the Italian Multicenter Study on MBC, we genotyped 413 MBCs and 745 age-matched male controls at 9 SNPs annotating known BC susceptibility loci. By multivariate logistic regression models, we found a significant increased MBC risk for 3 SNPs, in particular, with codominant models, for rs2046210/ESR1 (OR = 1.71; 95 % CI: 1.43-2.05; p = 0.0001), rs3803662/TOX3 (OR = 1.59; 95 % CI: 1.32-1.92; p = 0.0001), and rs2981582/FGFR2 (OR = 1.26; 95 % CI: 1.05-1.50; p = 0.013). Furthermore, we showed that the prevalence of the risk genotypes of ESR1 tended to be higher in ER- tumors (p = 0.062). In a case-case multivariate analysis, a statistically significant association between ESR1 and ER- tumors was found (OR = 1.88; 95 % CI: 1.03-3.49; p = 0.039). Overall, our data, based on a large and well-characterized MBC series, support the hypothesis that common low-penetrance BC susceptibility alleles play a role in MBC susceptibility and, interestingly, indicate that ESR1 is associated with a distinct tumor subtype defined by ER-negative status.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ottini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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99
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Nizialek EA, Peterson C, Mester JL, Downes-Kelly E, Eng C. Germline and somatic KLLN alterations in breast cancer dysregulate G2 arrest. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:2451-61. [PMID: 23446638 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN is a well-described predisposition gene for Cowden syndrome (CS), a familial cancer syndrome characterized by a high risk of breast and other cancers. KLLN, which shares a bidirectional promoter with PTEN, causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. We previously identified germline hypermethylation of the KLLN promoter in 37% of PTEN mutation-negative CS/CS-like (CSL) patients. Patients with germline KLLN hypermethylation have an increased prevalence of breast and renal cancers when compared with PTEN mutation carriers. We have consequently sought to identify and characterize germline KLLN variants/mutations in CS/CSL and in apparently sporadic breast cancer patients. KLLN variants in CS/CSL patients are rare (1 of 136, 0.007%). Interestingly, among 438 breast cancer patients, 13 (3%) have germline KLLN variants when compared with none in 128 controls (P = 0.049). Patients with KLLN variants have a family history of breast cancer when compared with those without (P = 0.02). We demonstrate that germline KLLN variants dysregulate the cell cycle at G2. Of 24 breast carcinomas analyzed, 3 (13%) have somatic KLLN hemizygous deletions, with somatic loss of the wild-type allele in a patient with germline KLLN p.Leu119Leu. Of 452 breast carcinomas in The Cancer Genome Atlas project, 93 (21%) have KLLN hemizygous or homozygous deletions. This is the first study to associate germline KLLN variants with sporadic breast cancer and to recognize somatic KLLN deletions in breast carcinomas. Our observations suggest that KLLN may be a low penetrance susceptibility factor for apparently sporadic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Nizialek
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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100
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de Assis S, Warri A, Cruz MI, Laja O, Tian Y, Zhang B, Wang Y, Huang THM, Hilakivi-Clarke L. High-fat or ethinyl-oestradiol intake during pregnancy increases mammary cancer risk in several generations of offspring. Nat Commun 2013; 3:1053. [PMID: 22968699 PMCID: PMC3570979 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal exposures to environmental factors during pregnancy influence the risk of many chronic adult-onset diseases in the offspring. Here we investigate whether feeding pregnant rats a high-fat (HF)- or ethinyl-oestradiol (EE2)-supplemented diet affects carcinogen-induced mammary cancer risk in daughters, granddaughters and great-granddaughters. We show that mammary tumourigenesis is higher in daughters and granddaughters of HF rat dams and in daughters and great-granddaughters of EE2 rat dams. Outcross experiments suggest that the increase in mammary cancer risk is transmitted to HF granddaughters equally through the female or male germ lines, but it is only transmitted to EE2 granddaughters through the female germ line. The effects of maternal EE2 exposure on offspring's mammary cancer risk are associated with changes in the DNA methylation machinery and methylation patterns in mammary tissue of all three EE2 generations. We conclude that dietary and oestrogenic exposures in pregnancy increase breast cancer risk in multiple generations of offspring, possibly through epigenetic means. Environmental factors can influence one's susceptibility to cancer, but it is not clear whether such an influence extends beyond the directly exposed generations. Here, feeding pregnant rats with a high-fat diet or a hormone derivative, the authors observe increased breast cancer risk in up to three subsequent generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia de Assis
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, The Research Building, Room E407, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA.
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