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Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α inhibition modulates airway hyperresponsiveness and nitric oxide levels in a BALB/c mouse model of asthma. Clin Immunol 2017; 176:94-99. [PMID: 28093362 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α is a master regulator of inflammation and is upregulated in alveolar macrophages and lung parenchyma in asthma. HIF-1α regulates select pathways in allergic inflammation, and thus may drive particular asthma phenotypes. This work examines the role of pharmacologic HIF-1α inhibition in allergic inflammatory airway disease (AIAD) pathogenesis in BALB/c mice, which develop an airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) asthma phenotype. Systemic treatment with HIF-1α antagonist YC-1 suppressed the increase in HIF-1α expression seen in control AIAD mice. Treatment with YC-1 also decreased AHR, blood eosinophilia, and allergic inflammatory gene expression: IL-5, IL-13, myeloperoxidase and iNOS. AIAD mice had elevated BAL levels of NO, and treatment with YC-1 eliminated this response. However, YC-1 did not decrease BAL, lung or bone marrow eosinophilia. We conclude that HIF-1α inhibition in different genetic backgrounds, and thus different AIAD phenotypes, decreases airway resistance and markers of inflammation in a background specific manner. CAPSULE SUMMARY Asthma is a common disease that can be difficult to control with current therapeutics. We describe how pharmacologic targeting of a specific transcription factor, HIF-1α, suppresses asthmatic airway reactivity and inflammation.
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Wang J, Li G, Wang Y, Tang S, Sun X, Feng X, Li Y, Bao G, Li P, Mao X, Wang M, Liu P. Suppression of tumor angiogenesis by metformin treatment via a mechanism linked to targeting of HER2/HIF-1α/VEGF secretion axis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:44579-92. [PMID: 26625311 PMCID: PMC4792577 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-angiogenesis is currently considered as one of the major antitumor strategies for its protective effects against tumor emergency and later progression. The anti-diabetic drug metformin has been demonstrated to significantly inhibit tumor angiogenesis based on recent studies. However, the mechanism underlying this anti-angiogenic effect still remains an enigma. In this study, we investigated metformin-induced inhibitory effect on tumor angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Metformin pretreatment significantly suppressed tumor paracrine signaling-induced angiogenic promotion even in the presence of heregulin (HRG)-β1 (a co-activator of HER2) pretreatment of HER2+ tumor cells. Similar to that of AG825, a specific inhibitor of HER2 phosphorylation, metformin treatment decreased both total and phosphorylation (Tyr 1221/1222) levels of HER2 protein and significantly reduced microvessel density and the amount of Fitc-conjugated Dextran leaking outside the vessel. Furthermore, our results of VEGF-neutralizing and -rescuing tests showed that metformin markedly abrogated HER2 signaling-induced tumor angiogenesis by inhibiting VEGF secretion. Inhibition of HIF-1α signaling by using RNAi or YC-1, a specific inhibitor of HIF-1α synthesis, both completely diminished mRNA level of VEGF and greatly inhibited endothelial cell proliferation promoted by HER2+ tumor cell-conditioned medium in both the absence and presence of HRG-β1 pretreatment. Importantly, metformin treatment decreased the number of HIF-1α nucleus positive cells in 4T1 tumors, accompanied by decreased microvessel density. Our data thus provides novel insight into the mechanism underlying the metformin-induced inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and indicates possibilities of HIF-1α-VEGF signaling axis in mediating HER2-induced tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R.China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Guangyue Li
- Department of Science and Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Yaochun Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Shouching Tang
- Breast Cancer Program and Interdisciplinary Translational Research Team, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, United States of America.,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Xuefei Feng
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Gang Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Pingping Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Xiaona Mao
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Maode Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Peijun Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R.China
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Huang J, Chen ZH, Ren CM, Wang DX, Yuan SX, Wu QX, Chen QZ, Zeng YH, Shao Y, Li Y, Wu K, Yu Y, Sun WJ, He BC. Antiproliferation effect of evodiamine in human colon cancer cells is associated with IGF-1/HIF-1α downregulation. Oncol Rep 2016; 34:3203-11. [PMID: 26503233 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most common malignancies. Although the current treatment regimes for colon cancer have been well-developed in the past decades, the prognosis remains still undesirable. It is still urgent to explore new treatment strategies for colon cancer. Natural products is one of the most useful sources for anticancer agents, although some of them have serious side-effects. Evodiamine (Evo) is an quinolone alkaloid from the traditional herb medicine Evodia rutaecarpa. In the present study, we investigated the anticancer effect of Evo in human colon cancer cells. We found that Evo exhibits prominent antiproliferation and apoptosis inducing effects in LoVo cells. Evo leads to apparent downregulation of HIF-1α either in vitro or in vivo; exogenous expression of HIF-1α can attenuate the antiproliferation effect of Evo in LoVo cells, while HIF-1α knockdown potentiates this effect greatly. Further analysis indicated that Evo can also inhibit the phosphorylation of Akt1/2/3 and decrease greatly the expression of IGF-1. Thus, our findings strongly suggested that the anticancer effect of Evo in human colon cancer may be partly mediated by downregulating HIF-1α expression, which is initiated by inactivating PI3K/Akt signaling transduction though decreasing the expression of IGF-1 in colon cancer cells. Therefore, Evo may be used alone or in combination as a potential anticancer agent for colon cancer treatment.
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Silva Sousa EH, Ridnour LA, Gouveia FS, Silva da Silva CD, Wink DA, de França Lopes LG, Sadler PJ. Thiol-Activated HNO Release from a Ruthenium Antiangiogenesis Complex and HIF-1α Inhibition for Cancer Therapy. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2057-65. [PMID: 27191177 PMCID: PMC4949585 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Metallonitrosyl
complexes are promising as nitric oxide (NO) donors
for the treatment of cardiovascular, endothelial, and pathogenic diseases,
as well as cancer. Recently, the reduced form of NO– (protonated as HNO, nitroxyl, azanone, isoelectronic with O2) has also emerged as a candidate for therapeutic applications
including treatment of acute heart failure and alcoholism. Here, we
show that HNO is a product of the reaction of the RuII complex
[Ru(bpy)2(SO3)(NO)]+ (1) with glutathione or N-acetyl-L-cysteine, using met-myoglobin and carboxy-PTIO (2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide)
as trapping agents. Characteristic absorption spectroscopic profiles
for HNO reactions with met-myoglobin were obtained, as well as EPR
evidence from carboxy-PTIO experiments. Importantly, the product HNO
counteracted NO-induced as well as hypoxia-induced stabilization of
the tumor-suppressor HIF-1α in cancer cells. The functional
disruption of neovascularization by HNO produced by this metallonitrosyl
complex was demonstrated in an in vitro angiogenesis
model. This behavior is consistent with HNO biochemistry and contrasts
with NO-mediated stabilization of HIF-1α. Together, these results
demonstrate for the first time thiol-dependent production of HNO by
a ruthenium complex and subsequent destabilization of HIF-1α.
This work suggests that the complex warrants further investigation
as a promising antiangiogenesis agent for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Henrique Silva Sousa
- Laboratory
of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Mister Hull Avenue, Building 935, Fortaleza, Brazil 60455-760
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa A. Ridnour
- National Cancer Institute, Cancer and Inflammation
Program, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Florêncio S. Gouveia
- Laboratory
of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Mister Hull Avenue, Building 935, Fortaleza, Brazil 60455-760
| | - Carlos Daniel Silva da Silva
- Laboratory
of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Mister Hull Avenue, Building 935, Fortaleza, Brazil 60455-760
- Department
of Chemistry, Federal Institute of Bahia, Salvador, 40301-150, Brazil
| | - David A. Wink
- National Cancer Institute, Cancer and Inflammation
Program, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Luiz Gonzaga de França Lopes
- Laboratory
of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Mister Hull Avenue, Building 935, Fortaleza, Brazil 60455-760
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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55
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PEBP4 silencing inhibits hypoxia-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 81:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Lai F, Liu Q, Liu X, Ji M, Xie P, Chen X. LXY6090 - a novel manassantin A derivative - limits breast cancer growth through hypoxia-inducible factor-1 inhibition. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:3829-40. [PMID: 27445487 PMCID: PMC4928675 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s106925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) represents a novel antitumor target owing to its involvement in vital processes considered hallmarks of cancer phenotypes. Manassantin A (MA) derived from Saururus cernuus has been reported as a selective HIF-1 inhibitor. Herein, the structure of MA was optimized to achieve new derivatives with simple chemical properties while retaining its activity. LXY6090 was designed to replace the central tetrahydrofuran moiety of MA with a cyclopentane ring and was identified as a potent HIF-1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 4.11 nM. It not only inhibited the activity of HIF-1 in breast cancer cells but also downregulated the protein level of HIF-1α, which depended on von Hippel-Lindau for proteasome degradation. The related biological evaluation showed that the activity of HIF-1 target genes, VEGF and IGF-2, was decreased by LXY6090 in breast cancer cell lines. LXY6090 presented potent antitumor activity in vitro. Furthermore, LXY6090 showed in vivo anticancer efficacy by decreasing the HIF-1α expression in nude mice bearing MX-1 tumor xenografts. In conclusion, our data provide a basis for the future development of the novel compound LXY6090 as a potential therapeutic agent for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Pharmacochemistry, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Pharmacochemistry, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
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Shenoy N, Pagliaro L. Sequential pathogenesis of metastatic VHL mutant clear cell renal cell carcinoma: putting it together with a translational perspective. Ann Oncol 2016; 27:1685-95. [PMID: 27329246 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) accounts for ∼80% of all RCC, and biallelic Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene defects occur in ∼75% of sporadic ccRCC. The etiopathogenesis of VHL mutant metastatic RCC, based on our understanding to date of molecular mechanisms involved, is a sequence of events which can be grouped under the following: (i) loss of VHL activity (germline/somatic mutation + inactivation of the wild-type copy); (ii) constitutive activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway due to loss of VHL activity and transcription of genes involved in angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, metastasis, survival, anaerobic glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway; (iii) interactions of the HIF pathway with other oncogenic pathways; (iv) genome-wide epigenetic changes (potentially driven by an overactive HIF pathway) and the influence of epigenetics on various oncogenic, apoptotic, cell cycle regulatory and mismatch repair pathways (inhibition of multiple tumor suppressor genes); (v) immune evasion, at least partially caused by changes in the epigenome. These mechanisms interact throughout the pathogenesis and progression of disease, and also confer chemoresistance and radioresistance, making it one of the most difficult metastatic cancers to treat. This article puts together the sequential pathogenesis of VHL mutant ccRCC by elaborating these mechanisms and the interplay of oncogenic pathways, epigenetics, metabolism and immune evasion, with a perspective on potential therapeutic strategies. We reflect on the huge gap between our understanding of the molecular biology and currently accepted standard of care in metastatic ccRCC, and present ideas for better translational research involving therapeutic strategies with combinatorial drug approach, targeting different aspects of the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shenoy
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - L Pagliaro
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
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58
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Subhani S, Vavilala DT, Mukherji M. HIF inhibitors for ischemic retinopathies and cancers: options beyond anti-VEGF therapies. Angiogenesis 2016; 19:257-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-016-9510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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59
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Lactate promotes PGE2 synthesis and gluconeogenesis in monocytes to benefit the growth of inflammation-associated colorectal tumor. Oncotarget 2016; 6:16198-214. [PMID: 25938544 PMCID: PMC4594635 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming energy metabolism, such as enhanced glycolysis, is an Achilles' heel in cancer treatment. Most studies have been performed on isolated cancer cells. Here, we studied the energy-transfer mechanism in inflammatory tumor microenvironment. We found that human THP-1 monocytes took up lactate secreted from tumor cells through monocarboxylate transporter 1. In THP-1 monocytes, the oxidation product of lactate, pyruvate competed with the substrate of proline hydroxylase and inhibited its activity, resulting in the stabilization of HIF-1α under normoxia. Mechanistically, activated hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α in THP-1 monocytes promoted the transcriptions of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, which were the key enzyme of prostaglandin E2 synthesis and gluconeogenesis, respectively, and promote the growth of human colon cancer HCT116 cells. Interestingly, lactate could not accelerate the growth of colon cancer directly in vivo. Instead, the human monocytic cells affected by lactate would play critical roles to ‘feed’ the colon cancer cells. Thus, recycling of lactate for glucose regeneration was reported in cancer metabolism. The anabolic metabolism of monocytes in inflammatory tumor microenvironment may be a critical event during tumor development, allowing accelerated tumor growth.
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Nayak BK, Shanmugasundaram K, Friedrichs WE, Cavaglierii RC, Patel M, Barnes J, Block K. HIF-1 Mediates Renal Fibrosis in OVE26 Type 1 Diabetic Mice. Diabetes 2016; 65:1387-97. [PMID: 26908870 PMCID: PMC4839204 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 mediates hypoxia- and chronic kidney disease-induced fibrotic events. Here, we assessed whether HIF-1 blockade attenuates the manifestations of diabetic nephropathy in a type 1 diabetic animal model, OVE26. YC-1 [3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzyl indazole], an HIF-1 inhibitor, reduced whole kidney glomerular hypertrophy, mesangial matrix expansion, extracellular matrix accumulation, and urinary albumin excretion as well as NOX4 protein expression and NADPH-dependent reactive oxygen species production, while blood glucose levels remained unchanged. The role of NOX oxidases in HIF-1-mediated extracellular matrix accumulation was explored in vitro using glomerular mesangial cells. Through a series of genetic silencing and adenoviral overexpression studies, we have defined GLUT1 as a critical downstream target of HIF-1α mediating high glucose-induced matrix expression through the NADPH oxidase isoform, NOX4. Together, our data suggest that pharmacological inhibition of HIF-1 may improve clinical manifestations of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijaya K Nayak
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | | | - William E Friedrichs
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Rita C Cavaglierii
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Mandakini Patel
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Jeffrey Barnes
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital Division, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX
| | - Karen Block
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital Division, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX
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61
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Zhou Z, Wang S, Song C, Hu Z. Paeoniflorin prevents hypoxia-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human breast cancer cells. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:2511-8. [PMID: 27175085 PMCID: PMC4854234 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s102422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Paeoniflorin (PF) is a monoterpene glycoside extracted from the root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Previous studies have demonstrated that PF inhibits the growth, invasion, and metastasis of tumors in vivo and in vitro. However, the effect of PF on hypoxia-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer cells remains unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of PF on hypoxia-induced EMT in breast cancer cells, as well as characterize the underlying mechanism. The results presented in this study demonstrate that PF blocks the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells by repressing EMT under hypoxic conditions. PF also significantly attenuated the hypoxia-induced increase in HIF-1α level. Furthermore, PF prevented hypoxia-induced expression of phosphorylated PI3K and Akt in MDA-MB-231 cells. In conclusion, PF prevented hypoxia-induced EMT in breast cancer cells by inhibiting HIF-1α expression via modulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. This finding provides evidence that PF can serve as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhou
- Department of Thyroid and Breast, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunchang Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China
| | - Caijuan Song
- Department of Immunization Program, Zhengzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Hu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
The bone marrow microenvironment plays a critical role in the development, progression, and relapse of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Similar to normal hematopoietic stem cells, AML blasts express receptors on their surface, allowing them to interact with specific components of the marrow microenvironment. These interactions contribute to both chemotherapy resistance and disease relapse. Preclinical studies and early phase clinical trials have demonstrated the potential for targeting the tumor-microenvironment interactions in AML. Agents currently under investigation include hypoxia-inducible agents and inhibitors of CXCR4 and adhesion molecules such as VLA-4 and E-selectin.
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Abstract
There is an important and strong, but complex influence of the tumor microenvironment on tumor cells' phenotype, aggressiveness, and treatment sensitivity. One of the most frequent and best-studied aspects of the tumor microenvironment is hypoxia. Low oxygen tension often occurs in tumor cells by several mechanisms, for example, poor angiogenesis and increased oxygen consumption. Hypoxia is a heterogeneous concept with oxygen tensions ranging from <0.01% (anoxia) to 5%, and can be chronic, acute, or cycling, all with differential effects on tumor cells. Quantification of tumor hypoxia can be performed directly or indirectly, and with exogenous or endogenous markers. Tumor cells launch different intracellular signaling pathways to survive hypoxia, such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1-mediated gene expression, the unfolded protein response, and AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. These pathways induce aggressive, metastatic, and treatment-insensitive tumors and are considered potential targets for (additive) therapy. Hypoxia leads to important, yet currently not well-understood changes in microRNA expression, epigenetics, and metabolism. Further, treatment-insensitive tumors arise through hypoxia-induced Darwinian selection of apoptosis-deficient, p53-mutated tumor cells. In conclusion, hypoxia has profound and largely still poorly understood effects on tumor cells with a major effect on the tumor's biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Span
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Bussink
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Sammak S, Zinzalla G. Targeting protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of transcription factors: Challenges of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and regions (IDRs). PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 119:41-6. [PMID: 26126425 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this review we discuss recent progress in targeting the protein-protein interactions made by oncogenic transcription factors. We particularly focus on the challenges posed by the prevalence of intrinsically disordered regions in this class of protein and the strategies being used to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Sammak
- Department of Microbiology, Cell and Tumour Biology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23A, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden
| | - Giovanna Zinzalla
- Department of Microbiology, Cell and Tumour Biology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23A, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden.
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Xiao J, Jin C, Liu Z, Guo S, Zhang X, Zhou X, Wu X. The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel YC-1 derivatives as potent anti-hepatic fibrosis agents. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:7257-64. [PMID: 26055070 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00710k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
1-Benzyl-3-(substituted aryl)-5-methylfuro[3,2-c]pyrazole (YC-1) is a well-known synthetic compound with various satisfactory pharmacological activities, such as the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and the inhibition of hypoxia-induced factor-1α (HIF-1α). Recently, YC-1 has been demonstrated to have a potent activity on anti-fibrotic activity. However, the mechanism underlying its anti-fibrotic activity is still largely unknown. To this end, we presented here the design and synthesis of YC-1 and its novel derivatives, as well as the evaluation of their anti-fibrotic effects on activated human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) LX-2. Moreover, the possible underlying mechanism of anti-fibrotic activity was also investigated for the first time by means of a CCK-8 assay, cell apoptosis analysis, and western blot analysis. Our study revealed that YC-1 and its derivatives suppressed activated LX-2 cell viability and induced cell apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Western blot data demonstrated that these derivatives not only decreased the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), but also increased the expression of caspase-3, resulting in cell apoptosis. These findings strongly indicated that YC-1 and its derivatives, especially AC, could significantly inhibit LX-2 cell activation and induce LX-2 cell apoptosis by inhibiting α-SMA protein expression and promoting caspase-3 expression, respectively. In summary, our findings suggested that YC-1 derivatives might be potential agents for hepatic fibrosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xiao
- Research Centre for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, P. R. China.
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66
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Kumar H, Lim JH, Kim IS, Choi DK. Differential regulation of HIF-3α in LPS-induced BV-2 microglial cells: Comparison and characterization with HIF-1α. Brain Res 2015; 1610:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Interplay between receptor tyrosine kinases and hypoxia signaling in cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 62:101-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Xue M, Li X, Chen W. Hypoxia regulates the expression and localization of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α by hypoxia inducible factor-1α in bladder transitional carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2121-7. [PMID: 25824695 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is overexpressed in various types of solid tumor in humans, including bladder cancer. HIF-1α regulates the expression of a series of genes, which are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, migration and invasion and represents a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of human cancer. Despite extensive investigation of the effects of HIF-1α in the progression and metastasis of bladder cancer, the possible regulatory mechanisms underlying the effects of HIF-1α on bladder cancer cell proliferation and differentiation remain to be elucidated. It has been suggested that the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) acts as a tumor suppressor in several types of cancer cell, which are involved in regulating cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. The present study confirmed that, in bladder cancer cells, the expression and localization of C/EBPα was regulated by hypoxia through an HIF-1α -dependent mechanism, which may be significant in bladder cancer cell proliferation and differentiation. The 5637 and T24 bladder cancer cell lines were incubated under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The expression levels of HIF-1α and C/EBPα were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis. The results revealed that, under hypoxic conditions, the protein expression levels of HIF-1α were markedly upregulated, but the mRNA levels were not altered. However, the mRNA and protein levels of C/EBPα were significantly reduced. The present study further analyzed the subcellular localization of C/EBPα, which was markedly decreased in the nuclei under hypoxic conditions. Following HIF-1α small interference RNA silencing of HIF-1α, downregulation of C/EBPα was prevented in the bladder cancer cells cultured under hypoxic conditions. In addition, groups of cells treated with 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole, which inhibits the expression of HIF-1α in hypoxia, contributed to the inhibited expression of HIF-1α and enhanced expression of C/EBPα in hypoxic bladder cancer cells. These results suggested that C/EBPα was a downstream effector regulated by HIF-1α in hypoxic bladder cancer cells and that this regulatory pathway may represent a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xue
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xu Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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CHO ILRAE, KAOWINN SIRICHAT, MOON JEONG, SOH JIWON, KANG HOYOUNG, JUNG CHOROK, OH SANGTAEK, SONG HAYNE, KOH SANGSEOK, CHUNG YOUNGHWA. Oncotropic H-1 parvovirus infection degrades HIF-1α protein in human pancreatic cancer cells independently of VHL and RACK1. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:2076-82. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Zhang JY, Zhang F, Hong CQ, Giuliano AE, Cui XJ, Zhou GJ, Zhang GJ, Cui YK. Critical protein GAPDH and its regulatory mechanisms in cancer cells. Cancer Biol Med 2015; 12:10-22. [PMID: 25859407 PMCID: PMC4383849 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2014.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), initially identified as a glycolytic enzyme and considered as a housekeeping gene, is widely used as an internal control in experiments on proteins, mRNA, and DNA. However, emerging evidence indicates that GAPDH is implicated in diverse functions independent of its role in energy metabolism; the expression status of GAPDH is also deregulated in various cancer cells. One of the most common effects of GAPDH is its inconsistent role in the determination of cancer cell fate. Furthermore, studies have described GAPDH as a regulator of cell death; other studies have suggested that GAPDH participates in tumor progression and serves as a new therapeutic target. However, related regulatory mechanisms of its numerous cellular functions and deregulated expression levels remain unclear. GAPDH is tightly regulated at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, which are involved in the regulation of diverse GAPDH functions. Several cancer-related factors, such as insulin, hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), p53, nitric oxide (NO), and acetylated histone, not only modulate GAPDH gene expression but also affect protein functions via common pathways. Moreover, posttranslational modifications (PTMs) occurring in GAPDH in cancer cells result in new activities unrelated to the original glycolytic function of GAPDH. In this review, recent findings related to GAPDH transcriptional regulation and PTMs are summarized. Mechanisms and pathways involved in GAPDH regulation and its different roles in cancer cells are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ying Zhang
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Chao-Qun Hong
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Armando E Giuliano
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Xiao-Jiang Cui
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Guang-Ji Zhou
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yu-Kun Cui
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Park SY, Lee SW, Kim HY, Lee WS, Hong KW, Kim CD. HMGB1 induces angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis via HIF-1α activation. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1216-27. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- So Youn Park
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration; Pusan National University; Gyeongnam Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine; College of Medicine; Dong-A University; Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration; Pusan National University; Gyeongnam Republic of Korea
| | - Won Suk Lee
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration; Pusan National University; Gyeongnam Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Pusan National University; Gyeongnam Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Whan Hong
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration; Pusan National University; Gyeongnam Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Dae Kim
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration; Pusan National University; Gyeongnam Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Pusan National University; Gyeongnam Republic of Korea
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Shenoy N, Shrivastava M, Sukrithan V, Papaspyridi D, Darbinyan K. The Regulation and Interactions of the Hypoxia Inducible Factor Pathway in Carcinogenesis and Potential Cancer Therapeutic Strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2015.66055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lee B, Kwon E, Kim Y, Kim JH, Son SW, Lee JK, Kim DW, Sohn J, Kim TH, Ji JD. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 upregulates HIF-1 and TREM-1 via mTOR signaling. Immunol Lett 2014; 163:14-21. [PMID: 25448705 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) is induced by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) in human monocytes/macrophages and epithelial cells. However, little information is available regarding the mechanism of 1,25(OH)2D3-induced TREM-1 expression in human monocytes/macrophages. In this study, 1,25(OH)2D3 was shown to strongly upregulate hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF) in PMA-differentiated U937 cells. However, HIF was not mainly involved in 1,25(OH)2D3-induced TREM-1 expression. Instead, 1,25(OH)2D3-induced expression of TREM-1 was inhibited by rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, indicating the involvement of mTOR. Induction of HIF proteins by 1,25(OH)2D3 was also inhibited by rapamycin. In addition, 1,25(OH)2D3 induced the phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase, a target of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1). Our results suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 induces the expression of TREM-1 through the mTOR signaling pathway in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bitnara Lee
- Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Kwon
- Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Wook Son
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kyu Lee
- Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwon Sohn
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Dae Ji
- Rheumatology, College of Medicine, Korea University, 126-1, Anam-Dong 5-Ga, Sungbuk-Ku, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea.
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74
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de Sousa Cavalcante L, Monteiro G. Gemcitabine: metabolism and molecular mechanisms of action, sensitivity and chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 741:8-16. [PMID: 25084222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine is the first-line treatment for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, but is increasingly used to treat breast, bladder, and non-small cell lung cancers. Despite such broad use, intrinsic and acquired chemoresistance is common. In general, the underlying mechanisms of chemoresistance are poorly understood. Here, current knowledge of gemcitabine metabolism, mechanisms of action, sensitivity and chemoresistance reported over the past two decades are reviewed; and we also offer new perspectives to improve gemcitabine efficacy with particular reference to the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Sousa Cavalcante
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Monteiro
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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75
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Apelin-APJ effects of ginsenoside-Rb1 depending on hypoxia-induced factor 1α in hypoxia neonatal cardiomyocytes. Chin J Integr Med 2014; 21:139-46. [PMID: 24893658 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-014-1774-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether ginsenoside-Rb1 (Gs-Rb1) inhibits the apoptosis of hypoxia cardiomyocytes by up-regulating apelin-APJ system and whether the system is affected by hypoxia-induced factor 1α (Hif-1α). METHODS Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were randomly divided into 6 groups: a control group, a simple CoCl group, a simple Gs-Rb1 group, a CoCl and Gs-Rb1 hypoxia group, a CoCl and 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole (YC-1) group, a CoCl and YC-1 group and a Gs-Rb1 group, in which YC-1 inhibits the synthesis and accelerates the degradation of Hif-1a. The concentration of CoCl, Gs-Rb1 and YC-1 was 500 μmol/L, 200 μmol/L and 5 μmol/L, respectively; the apoptosis ratio was analyzed with a flow cytometer; and apelin, APJ and Hif-1α were assayed with immunocytochemistry, Western blot assays and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS (1) The anti-apoptosis effect of Gs-Rb1 on hypoxia cardiomyocytes was significantly inhibited by YC-1; (2) Hypoxia significantly up-graded the expression of mRNA and protein of apelin; this effect was further reinforced by Gs-Rb1 and significantly inhibited by YC-1; (3) Gs-Rb1 further strengthened the expression of APJ mRNA and APJ proteins once hypoxia occurred, which was significantly inhibited by YC-1; (4) Gs-Rb1 significantly increased the expression of Hif-1α, which was completely abolished by YC-1; (5) There was a negative relationship between AR and apelin (or APJ, including mRNA and protein), a positive correlation between apelin (or APJ) protein and Hif-1a protein, in hypoxia cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION The apelin-APJ system plays an important role in the anti-apoptosis effect of Gs-Rb1 on hypoxia neonatal cardiomyocytes, which was partly adjusted by Hif-1α.
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76
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Zhang Z, Yan J, Taheri S, Liu KJ, Shi H. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 contributes to N-acetylcysteine's protection in stroke. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 68:8-21. [PMID: 24296245 PMCID: PMC3943875 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of adult morbidity and mortality with very limited treatment options. Evidence from preclinical models of ischemic stroke has demonstrated that the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) effectively protects the brain from ischemic injury. Here, we evaluated a new pathway through which NAC exerted its neuroprotection in a transient cerebral ischemia animal model. Our results demonstrated that pretreatment with NAC increased protein levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), the regulatable subunit of HIF-1, and its target proteins erythropoietin (EPO) and glucose transporter (GLUT)-3, in the ipsilateral hemispheres of rodents subjected to 90min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 24h reperfusion. Interestingly, after NAC pretreatment and stroke, the contralateral hemisphere also demonstrated increased levels of HIF-1α, EPO, and GLUT-3, but to a lesser extent. Suppressing HIF-1 activity with two widely used pharmacological inhibitors, YC-1 and 2ME2, and specific knockout of neuronal HIF-1α abolished NAC's neuroprotective effects. The results also showed that YC-1 and 2ME2 massively enlarged infarcts, indicating that their toxic effect was larger than just abolishing NAC's neuroprotective effects. Furthermore, we determined the mechanism of NAC-mediated HIF-1α induction. We observed that NAC pretreatment upregulated heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) expression and increased the interaction of Hsp90 with HIF-1α in ischemic brains. The enhanced association of Hsp90 with HIF-1α increased HIF-1α stability. Moreover, Hsp90 inhibition attenuated NAC-induced HIF-1α protein accumulation and diminished NAC-induced neuroprotection in the MCAO model. These results strongly indicate that HIF-1 plays an important role in NAC-mediated neuroprotection and provide a new molecular mechanism involved in the antioxidant's neuroprotection in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Jingqi Yan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Saeid Taheri
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Honglian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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Brocato J, Chervona Y, Costa M. Molecular responses to hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and beyond. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 85:651-7. [PMID: 24569087 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.089623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular response to changes in oxygen tension during normal development or pathologic processes is, in part, regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor. HIF activity is primarily controlled through post-translational modifications and stabilization of HIF-1α and HIF-2α proteins and is regulated by a number of cellular pathways involving both oxygen-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Stabilization of HIF-1α activates transcription of genes that participate in key pathways in carcinogenesis, such as angiogenesis, dedifferentiation, and invasion. Since its discovery more than two decades ago, HIF-1α has become a hot topic in molecular research and has been implicated not only in disease pathology but also in prognosis. In this review, we will focus on recent insights into HIF-1α regulation, function, and gene expression. We will also discuss emerging data on the involvement of HIF in cancer prognosis and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Brocato
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, Tuxedo, New York
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of nitric oxide-donating analogues of sulindac for prostate cancer treatment. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:756-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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79
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Yang S, Yu M, Sun L, Xiao W, Yang X, Sun L, Zhang C, Ma Y, Yang H, Liu Y, Lu D, Teitelbaum DH, Yang H. Interferon-γ-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by NF-κB/HIF-1α pathway. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 34:195-203. [PMID: 24237301 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) plays an important role in intestinal barrier dysfunction. However, the mechanisms are not fully understood. As hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a critical determinant response to hypoxia and inflammation, which has been shown to be deleterious to intestinal barrier function, we hypothesized that IFN-γ induces loss of barrier function through the regulation of HIF-1α activation and function. In this study, we detected the expressions of HIF-1α and tight junction proteins in IFN-γ-treated T84 intestinal epithelial cell line. IFN-γ led to an increase of HIF-1α expression in time- and dose-dependent manners but did not change the expression of HIF-1β. The IFN-γ-induced increase in HIF-1α was associated with an activation of NF-κB. Treatment with the NF-κB inhibitor, pyrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC), significantly suppressed the activation of NF-κB and the expression of HIF-1α. In addition, IFN-γ also increased intestinal epithelial permeability and depletion of tight junction proteins; inhibition of NF-κB or HIF-1α prevented the increase in intestinal permeability and alteration in tight junction protein expressions. Interestingly, we demonstrated that a significant portion of IFN-γ activation NF-kB and modulation tight junction expression is mediated through HIF-1α. Taken together, this study suggested that IFN-γ induced the loss of epithelial barrier function and disruption of tight junction proteins, by upregulation of HIF-1α expression through NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songwei Yang
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
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Wiesner D, Merdian I, Lewerenz J, Ludolph AC, Dupuis L, Witting A. Fumaric acid esters stimulate astrocytic VEGF expression through HIF-1α and Nrf2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76670. [PMID: 24098549 PMCID: PMC3789659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumaric acid esters (FAE) are oral analogs of fumarate that have recently been shown to decrease relapse rate and disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS), prompting to investigate their protective potential in other neurological diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Despite efficacy in MS, mechanisms of action of FAEs are still largely unknown. FAEs are known to activate the transcription factor Nrf2 and downstream anti-oxidant responses through the succination of Nrf2 inhibitor KEAP1. However, fumarate is also a known inhibitor of prolyl-hydroxylases domain enzymes (PhD), and PhD inhibition might lead to stabilization of the HIF-1α transcription factor under normoxic conditions and subsequent activation of a pseudo hypoxic response. Whether Nrf2 activation is associated with HIF-1α stabilization in response to FAEs in cell types relevant to MS or ALS remains unknown. Here, we show that FAEs elicit HIF-1α accumulation, and VEGF release as its expected consequence, in astrocytes but not in other cell types of the central nervous system. Reporter assays demonstrated that increased astrocytic VEGF release in response to FAEs was dependent upon both HIF-1α and Nrf2 activation. Last, astrocytes of transgenic mice expressing SOD1(G93A), an animal model of ALS, displayed reduced VEGF release in response to FAEs. These studies show that FAEs elicit different signaling pathways in cell types from the central nervous system, in particular a pseudo-hypoxic response in astrocytes. Disease relevant mutations might affect this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Wiesner
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Irma Merdian
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Lewerenz
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Luc Dupuis
- U1118 Mécanismes centraux et périphériques de la neurodégénérescence, Inserm, Strasbourg, France
- UMRS1118, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de médecine translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail: (LD); (AW)
| | - Anke Witting
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail: (LD); (AW)
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Chen CYC, Chen GW, Chen WYC. Molecular Simulation of HER2/neu Degradation by Inhibiting HSP90. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200800044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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82
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PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 enhances apoptotic effects of BH-3 mimetic ABT-737 in AML cells in the hypoxic bone marrow microenvironment. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:1383-97. [PMID: 23955073 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Both phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members are critical for survival of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Here, we demonstrate the antileukemic effects of simultaneous inhibition of PI3K by the selective class I PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 and of Bcl-2 family members by the BH3 mimetic ABT-737 in the context of the bone marrow microenvironment, where hypoxia and interactions with bone marrow stromal cells promote AML cell survival and chemoresistance. The combination of GDC-0941 and ABT-737 profoundly downregulated antiapoptotic Mcl-1 expression levels, activated BAX, and induced mitochondrial apoptosis in AML cells co-cultured with bone marrow stromal cells under hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia caused degradation of Mcl-1 and rendered Mcl-1-overexpressing OCI-AML3 cells sensitive to ABT-737. Our findings suggest that pharmacologic PI3K inhibition by GDC-0941 enhances ABT-737-induced leukemia cell death even under the protective conditions afforded by the bone marrow microenvironment. KEY MESSAGE Combined blockade of PI3K and Bcl-2 pathways down-regulates anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 expression PI3K and Bcl-2 induced Mcl-1 down-regulation activates BAX PI3K and Bcl-2 blockage induces apoptosis in AML under hypoxic BM microenvironment.
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Liu GS, Peshavariya HM, Higuchi M, Chan EC, Dusting GJ, Jiang F. Pharmacological priming of adipose-derived stem cells for paracrine VEGF production with deferoxamine. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:E167-76. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guei-Sheung Liu
- O'Brien Institute; Fitzroy Victoria Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia and Department of Ophthalmology; University of Melbourne; East Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Hitesh M. Peshavariya
- O'Brien Institute; Fitzroy Victoria Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia and Department of Ophthalmology; University of Melbourne; East Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | | | - Elsa C. Chan
- O'Brien Institute; Fitzroy Victoria Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia and Department of Ophthalmology; University of Melbourne; East Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Gregory J. Dusting
- O'Brien Institute; Fitzroy Victoria Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia and Department of Ophthalmology; University of Melbourne; East Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Fan Jiang
- O'Brien Institute; Fitzroy Victoria Australia
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong Province China
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84
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Hu Y, Liu J, Huang H. Recent agents targeting HIF-1α for cancer therapy. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:498-509. [PMID: 22961911 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) has led to an increasing understanding of the mechanism of tumor hypoxia in the past two decades. As a key transcriptional regulator, HIF-1 plays a central role in the adaptation of tumor cells to hypoxia by activating the transcription of targeting genes, which regulate several biological processes including angiogenesis, cell proliferation, survival, glucose metabolism and migration. The inhibitors of HIF-1 in cancer have provided us a new clue for the targeting cancer therapy. This review will introduce the general knowledge of the biology characteristic of HIF-1 and mechanism of O(2)-dependent regulation. Moreover, a number of chemical inhibitors plus protein and nucleic acid inhibitors are included and classified mainly based on their different mechanism of inhibiting action. We also prefer to discuss the advantages of protein and nucleic acid inhibitors compared with chemical inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhong Hu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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85
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Arora S, Bhardwaj A, Singh S, Srivastava SK, McClellan S, Nirodi CS, Piazza GA, Grizzle WE, Owen LB, Singh AP. An undesired effect of chemotherapy: gemcitabine promotes pancreatic cancer cell invasiveness through reactive oxygen species-dependent, nuclear factor κB- and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-mediated up-regulation of CXCR4. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21197-21207. [PMID: 23740244 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.484576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have shown that CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling plays an important role in gemcitabine resistance of pancreatic cancer (PC) cells. Here, we explored the effect of gemcitabine on this resistance mechanism. Our data demonstrate that gemcitabine induces CXCR4 expression in two PC cell lines (MiaPaCa and Colo357) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Gemcitabine-induced CXCR4 expression is dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation because it is abrogated by pretreatment of PC cells with the free radical scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine. CXCR4 up-regulation by gemcitabine correlates with time-dependent accumulation of NF-κB and HIF-1α in the nucleus. Enhanced binding of NF-κB and HIF-1α to the CXCR4 promoter is observed in gemcitabine-treated PC cells, whereas their silencing by RNA interference causes suppression of gemcitabine-induced CXCR4 expression. ROS induction upon gemcitabine treatment precedes the nuclear accumulation of NF-κB and HIF-1α, and suppression of ROS diminishes these effects. The effect of ROS on NF-κB and HIF-1α is mediated through activation of ERK1/2 and Akt, and their pharmacological inhibition also suppresses gemcitabine-induced CXCR4 up-regulation. Interestingly, our data demonstrate that nuclear accumulation of NF-κB results from phosphorylation-induced degradation of IκBα, whereas HIF-1α up-regulation is NF-κB-dependent. Lastly, our data demonstrate that gemcitabine-treated PC cells are more motile and exhibit significantly greater invasiveness against a CXCL12 gradient. Together, these findings reinforce the role of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling in gemcitabine resistance and point toward an unintended and undesired effect of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Arora
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604
| | - Arun Bhardwaj
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604
| | - Seema Singh
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604
| | - Sanjeev K Srivastava
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604
| | - Steven McClellan
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604
| | - Chaitanya S Nirodi
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604
| | - Gary A Piazza
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604
| | - William E Grizzle
- the Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, and
| | - Laurie B Owen
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604
| | - Ajay P Singh
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604,; the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688.
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86
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Dong Y, Li Y, Feng D, Wang J, Wen H, Liu D, Zhao D, Liu H, Gao G, Yin Z, Qin H. Protective effect of HIF-1α against hippocampal apoptosis and cognitive dysfunction in an experimental rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Brain Res 2013; 1517:114-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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87
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Meijer TWH, Kaanders JHAM, Span PN, Bussink J. Targeting hypoxia, HIF-1, and tumor glucose metabolism to improve radiotherapy efficacy. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 18:5585-94. [PMID: 23071360 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy, an important treatment modality in oncology, kills cells through induction of oxidative stress. However, malignant tumors vary in their response to irradiation as a consequence of resistance mechanisms taking place at the molecular level. It is important to understand these mechanisms of radioresistance, as counteracting them may improve the efficacy of radiotherapy. In this review, we describe how the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) pathway has a profound effect on the response to radiotherapy. The main focus will be on HIF-1-controlled protection of the vasculature postirradiation and on HIF-1 regulation of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. This aberrant cellular metabolism increases the antioxidant capacity of tumors, thereby countering the oxidative stress caused by irradiation. From the results of translational studies and the first clinical phase I/II trials, it can be concluded that targeting HIF-1 and tumor glucose metabolism at several levels reduces the antioxidant capacity of tumors, affects the tumor microenvironment, and sensitizes various solid tumors to irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke W H Meijer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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88
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Wu B, Teng H, Yang G, Wu L, Wang R. Hydrogen sulfide inhibits the translational expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1492-505. [PMID: 22831549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is under the influence of hydrogen sulfide (H(2) S), which regulates hypoxia responses. The regulation of HIF-1α accumulation by H(2) S has been shown, but the mechanisms for this effect are largely elusive and controversial. This study aimed at addressing the controversial mechanisms for and the functional importance of the interaction of H(2) S and HIF-1α protein. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH HIF-1α protein levels and HIF-1α transcriptional activity were detected by Western blotting and luciferase assay. The mechanisms for H(2) S-regulated HIF-1α protein levels were determined using short interfering RNA transfection, co-immunoprecipitation and 7-methyl-GTP sepharose 4B pull-down assay. Angiogenic activity was evaluated using tube formation assay in EA.hy926 cells. KEY RESULTS The accumulation of HIF-1α protein under hypoxia (1% O(2) ) or hypoxia-mimetic conditions was reversed by sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS). This effect of NaHS was not altered after blocking the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway for HIF-1α degradation; however, blockade of protein translation with cycloheximide abolished the effect of NaHS on the half-life of HIF-1α protein. Knockdown of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) suppressed the effect of NaHS on HIF-1α protein accumulation under hypoxia. NaHS inhibited the expression of VEGF under hypoxia. It also decreased in vitro capillary tube formation and cell proliferation of EA.hy926 cells under hypoxia, but stimulated the tube formation under normoxia. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS H(2) S suppresses HIF-1α translation by enhancing eIF2α phosphorylation under hypoxia. The interaction of H(2) S and HIF-1α inhibits the angiogenic activity of vascular endothelial cells under hypoxia through the down-regulation of VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
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89
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Doeppner TR, Mlynarczuk-Bialy I, Kuckelkorn U, Kaltwasser B, Herz J, Hasan MR, Hermann DM, Bähr M. The novel proteasome inhibitor BSc2118 protects against cerebral ischaemia through HIF1A accumulation and enhanced angioneurogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 135:3282-97. [PMID: 23169919 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Only a minority of stroke patients receive thrombolytic therapy. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies focusing on neuroprotection are under review, among which, inhibition of the proteasome is attractive, as it affects multiple cellular pathways. As proteasome inhibitors like bortezomib have severe side effects, we applied the novel proteasome inhibitor BSc2118, which is putatively better tolerated, and analysed its therapeutic potential in a mouse model of cerebral ischaemia. Stroke was induced in male C57BL/6 mice using the intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion model. BSc2118 was intrastriatally injected 12 h post-stroke in mice that had received normal saline or recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator injections during early reperfusion. Brain injury, behavioural tests, western blotting, MMP9 zymography and analysis of angioneurogenesis were performed for up to 3 months post-stroke. Single injections of BSc2118 induced long-term neuroprotection, reduced functional impairment, stabilized blood-brain barrier through decreased MMP9 activity and enhanced angioneurogenesis when given no later than 12 h post-stroke. On the contrary, recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator enhanced brain injury, which was reversed by BSc2118. Protein expression of the transcription factor HIF1A was significantly increased in saline-treated and recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator-treated mice after BSc2118 application. In contrast, knock-down of HIF1A using small interfering RNA constructs or application of the HIF1A inhibitor YC1 (now known as RNA-binding motif, single-stranded-interacting protein 1 (RBMS1)) reversed BSc2118-induced neuroprotection. Noteworthy, loss of neuroprotection after combined treatment with BSc2118 and YC1 in recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator-treated animals was in the same order as in saline-treated mice, i.e. reduction of recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator toxicity through BSc2118 did not solely depend on HIF1A. Thus, the proteasome inhibitor BSc2118 is a promising new candidate for stroke therapy, which may in addition alleviate recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator-induced brain toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany.
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90
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Bao B, Azmi AS, Ali S, Ahmad A, Li Y, Banerjee S, Kong D, Sarkar FH. The biological kinship of hypoxia with CSC and EMT and their relationship with deregulated expression of miRNAs and tumor aggressiveness. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1826:272-96. [PMID: 22579961 PMCID: PMC3788359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the fundamental biological phenomena that are intricately associated with the development and aggressiveness of a variety of solid tumors. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) function as a master transcription factor, which regulates hypoxia responsive genes and has been recognized to play critical roles in tumor invasion, metastasis, and chemo-radiation resistance, and contributes to increased cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis and metastasis. Therefore, tumor hypoxia with deregulated expression of HIF and its biological consequence lead to poor prognosis of patients diagnosed with solid tumors, resulting in higher mortality, suggesting that understanding of the molecular relationship of hypoxia with other cellular features of tumor aggressiveness would be invaluable for developing newer targeted therapy for solid tumors. It has been well recognized that cancer stem cells (CSCs) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotypic cells are associated with therapeutic resistance and contribute to aggressive tumor growth, invasion, metastasis and believed to be the cause of tumor recurrence. Interestingly, hypoxia and HIF signaling pathway are known to play an important role in the regulation and sustenance of CSCs and EMT phenotype. However, the molecular relationship between HIF signaling pathway with the biology of CSCs and EMT remains unclear although NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, and Hedgehog signaling pathways have been recognized as important regulators of CSCs and EMT. In this article, we will discuss the state of our knowledge on the role of HIF-hypoxia signaling pathway and its kinship with CSCs and EMT within the tumor microenvironment. We will also discuss the potential role of hypoxia-induced microRNAs (miRNAs) in tumor development and aggressiveness, and finally discuss the potential effects of nutraceuticals on the biology of CSCs and EMT in the context of tumor hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Bao
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Asfar S. Azmi
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shadan Ali
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yiwei Li
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sanjeev Banerjee
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Dejuan Kong
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fazlul H. Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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91
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M3-mAChR Stimulation Exerts Anti-apoptotic Effect Via Activating the HIF-1α/HO-1/VEGF Signaling Pathway in H9c2 Rat Ventricular Cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 60:474-82. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31826c1c13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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92
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Jin L, Tabe Y, Lu H, Borthakur G, Miida T, Kantarjian H, Andreeff M, Konopleva M. Mechanisms of apoptosis induction by simultaneous inhibition of PI3K and FLT3-ITD in AML cells in the hypoxic bone marrow microenvironment. Cancer Lett 2012; 329:45-58. [PMID: 23036488 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the antileukemia effects and molecular mechanisms of apoptosis induction by simultaneous blockade of PI3K and mutant FLT3 in AML cells grown under hypoxia in co-cultures with bone marrow stromal cells. Combined treatment with selective class I PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 and sorafenib reversed the protective effects of bone marrow stromal cells on FLT3-mutant AML cells in hypoxia, which was associated with downregulation of Pim-1 and Mcl-1 expression levels. These findings suggest that combined inhibition of PI3K and FLT3-ITD may constitute a targeted approach to eradicating chemoresistant AML cells sequestered in hypoxic bone marrow niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhua Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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93
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Kwon HS, Kim DR, Yang EG, Park YK, Ahn HC, Min SJ, Ahn DR. Inhibition of VEGF transcription through blockade of the hypoxia inducible factor-1α–p300 interaction by a small molecule. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5249-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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94
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Meng S, Cao J, Wang L, Zhou Q, Li Y, Shen C, Zhang X, Wang C. MicroRNA 107 partly inhibits endothelial progenitor cells differentiation via HIF-1β. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40323. [PMID: 22792280 PMCID: PMC3391260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play an important role in tissue repair after ischemic heart disease. In particular, the recovery of endothelial function is reliant on the ability and rate of EPCs differentiate into mature endothelial cells. The present study evaluated the effect of microRNA 107 (miR-107) on the mechanism of EPCs differentiation. EPCs were isolated from rats' bone marrow and miR-107 expression of EPCs in hypoxic and normoxic conditions were measured by real-time qualitative PCR. CD31 was analyzed by flow cytometry and eNOS was examined by real-time qualitative PCR and western blotting and these were used as markers of EPC differentiation. In order to reveal the mechanism, we used miR107 inhibitor and lentiviral vector expressing a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) that targets miR-107 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 β (HIF-1β) to alter miR107 and HIF-1β expression. MiR-107 expression were increased in EPCs under hypoxic conditions. Up-regulation of miR-107 partly suppressed the EPCs differentiation induced in hypoxia, while down-regulation of miR-107 promoted EPC differentiation. HIF-1β was the target. This study indicated that miR-107 was up-regulated in hypoxia to prevent EPCs differentiation via its target HIF-1β. The physiological mechanisms of miR-107 must be evaluated if it is to be used as a potential anti-ischemia therapeutic regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Meng
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-tong University, Xin-hua Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - JiaTian Cao
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-tong University, No. 9 People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - LianSheng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-tong University, No.9 People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-tong University, Xin-hua Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - YiGang Li
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-tong University, Xin-hua Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - ChengXing Shen
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-tong University, Xin-hua Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - XiaoPing Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shangha, China
| | - ChangQian Wang
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-tong University, No. 9 People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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95
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Ghoshal P, Teng Y, Lesoon LA, Cowell JK. HIF1A induces expression of the WASF3 metastasis-associated gene under hypoxic conditions. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:E905-15. [PMID: 22581642 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The WASF3 (WAVE3) gene is an important mediator of cell motility, invasion and metastasis and is expressed at high levels in some advanced stage tumors. In our survey of breast cancer cells, we now demonstrate that exposure to hypoxic conditions increases WASF3 expression levels in MDA231, SKBR3 and MCF7 cells. The WASF3 promoter region contains HIF1A response elements (HRE). ChIP assays demonstrate that HIF1A binds to these HRE elements in the promoter region, and luciferase reporter assays using the WASF3 gene minimal promoter shows that hypoxia results in its upregulation. Phosphorylation of WASF3 is required for its ability to affect invasion and increased phosphoactivation of WASF3 is also seen in cells challenged with hypoxia. These cells also show increased motility in the scratch wound assay. Cells in which WASF3 has been knocked down show no response to hypoxia as expected, implicating the specificity of the hypoxic response to WASF3. Overall, these experiments demonstrate WASF3 is a HIF1A-regulated gene and suggests a mechanism to explain the observation of elevated expression of WASF3 in advanced stage tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpankur Ghoshal
- Georgia Health Sciences University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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96
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Lin S, Wan S, Sun L, Hu J, Fang D, Zhao R, Yuan S, Zhang L. Chemokine C-C motif receptor 5 and C-C motif ligand 5 promote cancer cell migration under hypoxia. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:904-12. [PMID: 22380870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CC motif receptor 5 (CCR5) and its ligands have been reported to be associated with cancer progression and metastasis. Although recent researches have demonstrated a fundamental role of hypoxia in cancer, the effect of hypoxia on the expression and function of CCR5 and its ligands in cancer cells is unknown. Here, we investigated the status of CCR5 and its ligands in cancer cells under hypoxic conditions. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining showed that hypoxia induced a strong increase of CCR5 expression. Dual luciferase assay and mRNA stability analysis indicated that hypoxia-induced CCR5 mRNA expression relied on both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. We detected the expression of CCR5 ligands and found that chemokine CC motif ligand 5 (CCL5) was induced under hypoxia. Recombinant human CCL5 stimulated cell migration rather than cell proliferation under hypoxia, and neutralization of CCL5 inhibited hypoxia-induced migration of cancer cells. Similarly, overexpression of CCR5 increased cell migration, and knockdown of CCR5 attenuated hypoxia-mediated cell migration. We further showed that hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was involved in CCR5 and CCL5 regulation under hypoxia. HIF-1α mRNA levels were highly correlated with CCR5 mRNA and CCL5 mRNA levels in clinical samples. CCR5 and CCL5 were highly expressed in breast cancer lymph nodes metastases. Taken together, our data suggest that CCR5-CCL5 interaction promotes cancer cell migration under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sensen Lin
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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97
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Semenza GL. Hypoxia-inducible factors: mediators of cancer progression and targets for cancer therapy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:207-14. [PMID: 22398146 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1102] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) mediate adaptive physiological responses to hypoxia. In human cancers that are accessible for O(2) electrode measurements, intratumoral hypoxia is common and severe hypoxia is associated with increased risk of mortality. HIF activity in regions of intratumoral hypoxia mediates angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stem-cell maintenance, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to radiation therapy and chemotherapy. A growing number of drugs have been identified that inhibit HIF activity by a variety of molecular mechanisms. Because many of these drugs are already FDA-approved for other indications, clinical trials can (and should) be initiated to test the hypothesis that incorporation of HIF inhibitors into current standard-of-care therapy will increase the survival of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg L Semenza
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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98
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Kang SG, Lee WH, Lee YH, Lee YS, Kim SG. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α inhibition by a pyrrolopyrazine metabolite of oltipraz as a consequence of microRNAs 199a-5p and 20a induction. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:661-669. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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99
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Doublier S, Belisario DC, Polimeni M, Annaratone L, Riganti C, Allia E, Ghigo D, Bosia A, Sapino A. HIF-1 activation induces doxorubicin resistance in MCF7 3-D spheroids via P-glycoprotein expression: a potential model of the chemo-resistance of invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:4. [PMID: 22217342 PMCID: PMC3262753 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) of the breast is a distinct and aggressive variant of luminal type B breast cancer that does not respond to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. It is characterized by small pseudopapillary clusters of cancer cells with inverted cell polarity. To investigate whether hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) activation may be related to the drug resistance described in this tumor, we used MCF7 cancer cells cultured as 3-D spheroids, which morphologically simulate IMPC cell clusters. Methods HIF-1 activation was measured by EMSA and ELISA in MCF7 3-D spheroids and MCF7 monolayers. Binding of HIF-1α to MDR-1 gene promoter and modulation of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) expression was evaluated by ChIP assay and FACS analysis, respectively. Intracellular doxorubicin retention was measured by spectrofluorimetric assay and drug cytotoxicity by annexin V-FITC measurement and caspase activity assay. Results In MCF7 3-D spheroids HIF-1 was activated and recruited to participate to the transcriptional activity of MDR-1 gene, coding for Pgp. In addition, Pgp expression on the surface of cells obtained from 3-D spheroids was increased. MCF7 3-D spheroids accumulate less doxorubicin and are less sensitive to its cytotoxic effects than MCF7 cells cultured as monolayer. Finally, HIF-1α inhibition either by incubating cells with 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole (a widely used HIF-1α inhibitor) or by transfecting cells with specific siRNA for HIF-1α significantly decreased the expression of Pgp on the surface of cells and increased the intracellular doxorubicin accumulation in MCF7 3-D spheroids. Conclusions MCF7 breast cancer cells cultured as 3-D spheroids are resistant to doxorubicin and this resistance is associated with an increased Pgp expression in the plasma membrane via activation of HIF-1. The same mechanism may be suggested for IMPC drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Doublier
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Via Santena, 5/bis, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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Yan J, Zhang Z, Shi H. HIF-1 is involved in high glucose-induced paracellular permeability of brain endothelial cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:115-28. [PMID: 21617913 PMCID: PMC11115066 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0731-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Experimental evidence from human patients and animal models of diabetes has demonstrated that hyperglycemia increases blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, which is associated with increased risk of neurological dysfunction. However, the mechanism underlying high glucose-induced BBB disruption is not understood. Here we investigated the role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) in high glucose-induced endothelial permeability in vitro using mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (b.End3). Our results demonstrated that high glucose (30 mM) upregulated the protein level of HIF-1α, the regulatable subunit of HIF-1, and increased the transcriptional activity of HIF-1 in the endothelial cells. At the same time, high glucose increased the paracellular permeability associated with diminished expression and disrupted continuity of tight junction proteins occludin and zona occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) of the endothelial cells. Upregulating HIF-1 activity by cobalt chloride increased the paracellular permeability of the endothelial cells exposed to normal glucose (5.5 mM). In contrast, downregulating HIF-1 activity by HIF-1α inhibitors and HIF-1α specific siRNA ameliorated the increased paracellular permeability and the alterations of distribution pattern of occludin and ZO-1 induced by high glucose. In addition, high glucose increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a downstream gene of HIF-1. Inhibiting VEGF improved the expression pattern of occludin and ZO-1, and attenuated the endothelial leakage. Furthermore, key results were confirmed in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. These results strongly indicate that HIF-1 plays an important role in high glucose-induced BBB dysfunction. The results will help us understand the molecular mechanisms involved in hyperglycemia-induced BBB dysfunction and neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 5044, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Ziyan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 5044, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Honglian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 5044, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
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