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Nithianandarajah-Jones GN, Wilm B, Goldring CEP, Müller J, Cross MJ. ERK5: structure, regulation and function. Cell Signal 2012; 24:2187-96. [PMID: 22800864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), also termed big mitogen-activated protein kinase-1 (BMK1), is the most recently identified member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family and consists of an amino-terminal kinase domain, with a relatively large carboxy-terminal of unique structure and function that makes it distinct from other MAPK members. It is ubiquitously expressed in numerous tissues and is activated by a variety of extracellular stimuli, such as cellular stresses and growth factors, to regulate processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation. Targeted deletion of Erk5 in mice has revealed that the ERK5 signalling cascade plays a critical role in cardiovascular development and vascular integrity. Recent data points to a potential role in pathological conditions such as cancer and tumour angiogenesis. This review focuses on the physiological and pathological role of ERK5, the regulation of this kinase and the recent development of small molecule inhibitors of the ERK5 signalling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika N Nithianandarajah-Jones
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Kim SM, Lee H, Park YS, Lee Y, Seo SW. ERK5 regulates invasiveness of osteosarcoma by inducing MMP-9. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:1040-4. [PMID: 22213073 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine the role of ERK5 in cellular invasion of osteosarcoma (OS). The human OS cell line (MG63, SaOS, and U2OS) and primary OS cells were used for the study. The expression of ERK5 and MMP-9 in each cell was examined by western blot or RT-PCR. To evaluate the biological role of ERK5, proliferation assay (MTT) and invasion assay (BD Matrigel™) were performed after silencing ERK5 using siRNA. MMPs expressions were analyzed using RT-PCR and zymography after silencing ERK5. ERK5 was distinctly overexpressed in U2OS and primary OS cell. Both of them also expressed MMP-9, which was not shown in MG63 and SaOS in RT-PCR. ERK5 silencing did not suppress the proliferation of OS cells. However, ERK5 silencing significantly reduced the number of invading cells in invasion assay. The expression of MMP-9 was specifically reduced after silencing ERK5. The zymography showed that the enzyme activity of MMP-9 was also reduced after ERK5 suppression. The expression of ERK5 regulates the invasion of OS cells by inducing MMP-9 expression. Therefore, ERK5 may be a new therapeutic target in invasive OS expressing MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-Dong, Seoul 135-710, Korea
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Hu B, Ren D, Su D, Lin H, Xian Z, Wan X, Zhang J, Fu X, Jiang L, Diao D, Fan X, Wang L, Wang J. Expression of the phosphorylated MEK5 protein is associated with TNM staging of colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:127. [PMID: 22458985 PMCID: PMC3337320 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of MEK5 in many cancers is associated with carcinogenesis through aberrant cell proliferation. In this study, we determined the level of phosphorylated MEK5 (pMEK5) expression in human colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues and correlated it with clinicopathologic data. METHODS pMEK5 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray (TMA) containing 335 clinicopathologic characterized CRC cases and 80 cases of nontumor colorectal tissues. pMEK5 expression of 19 cases of primary CRC lesions and paired with normal mucosa was examined by Western blotting. The relationship between pMEK5 expression in CRC and clinicopathologic parameters, and the association of pMEK5 expression with CRC survival were analyzed respectively. RESULTS pMEK5 expression was significantly higher in CRC tissues (185 out of 335, 55.2%) than in normal tissues (6 out of 80, 7.5%; P < 0.001). Western blotting demonstrated that pMEK5 expression was upregulated in 12 of 19 CRC tissues (62.1%) compared to the corresponding adjacent nontumor colorectal tissues. Overexpression of pMEK5 in CRC tissues was significantly correlated to the depth of invasion (P = 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001), distant metastasis (P < 0.001) and high preoperative CEA level (P < 0.001). Consistently, the pMEK5 level in CRC tissues was increased following stage progression of the disease (P < 0.001). Analysis of the survival curves showed a significantly worse 5-year disease-free (P = 0.002) and 5-year overall survival rate (P < 0.001) for patients whose tumors overexpressed pMEK5. However, in multivariate analysis, pMEK5 was not an independent prognostic factor for CRC (DFS: P = 0.139; OS: P = 0.071). CONCLUSIONS pMEK5 expression is correlated with the staging of CRC and its expression might be helpful to the TNM staging system of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang Hu
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
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MAP Kinases and Prostate Cancer. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2011; 2012:169170. [PMID: 22046506 PMCID: PMC3199183 DOI: 10.1155/2012/169170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The three major mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) p38, JNK, and ERK are signal transducers involved in a broad range of cell functions including survival, apoptosis, and cell differentiation. Whereas JNK and p38 have been generally linked to cell death and tumor suppression, ERK plays a prominent role in cell survival and tumor promotion, in response to a broad range of stimuli such as cytokines, growth factors, ultraviolet radiation, hypoxia, or pharmacological compounds. However, there is a growing body of evidence supporting that JNK and p38 also contribute to the development of a number of malignances. In this paper we focus on the involvement of the MAPK pathways in prostate cancer, including the less-known ERK5 pathway, as pro- or antitumor mediators, through their effects on apoptosis, survival, metastatic potential, and androgen-independent growth.
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Diao D, Wang L, Zhang JX, Chen D, Liu H, Wei Y, Lu J, Peng J, Wang J. Mitogen/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase-5 promoter region polymorphisms affect the risk of sporadic colorectal cancer in a southern Chinese population. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 31:342-9. [PMID: 21861603 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase-5 (MEK5), which belongs to a network of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, play a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether variants in the MEK5 gene promoter were involved in susceptivity of individuals to sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC). In the present hospital-based case-control study of 737 patients with sporadic CRC and 703 healthy control subjects in a southern Chinese population, the two polymorphisms of MEK5 promoter (i.e., rs7172582C>T and rs3743354T>C) were genotyped by TaqMan assay. There were significant differences between cases and controls in the genotype and allele distribution of the MEK5 gene rs3743354T>C polymorphism. The rs3743354 CC genotype was associated with a significantly decreased risk of CRC when compared with the TT genotype (adjusted odds ratios [ORs]=0.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24-0.77). Compared to the T allele, a significant correlation was detected between the presence of the C allele and decreased risk of CRC (adjusted OR=0.79; 95% CI, 0.61-0.94). The decreased risk of CRC associated with rs3743354 variant genotypes (i.e., CT+CC) was found in the smoker subgroup (adjusted OR=0.63; 95% CI=0.45-0.88). Further, environmental factors, including smoking and drinking, interacted with rs3743354C variant genotypes to reduce CRC risk. Western blot analysis showed that the levels of MEK5 protein in sporadic CRC neoplastic tissues and adjacent normal colorectal epithelium tissues were lower in the carriers of rs3743354 CC genotypes than that in those with rs3743354 TT genotypes or those with rs3743354 TC genotypes. However, no significant association was found between the rs7172582C>T polymorphism and risk of CRC. These data indicate that the rs3743354 polymorphism in the MEK5 promoter may affect the risk of developing CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechang Diao
- Guangdong Provincal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (the postdoctoral mobile research station of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangdong, China
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Barra V, Kuhn AM, von Knethen A, Weigert A, Brüne B. Apoptotic cell-derived factors induce arginase II expression in murine macrophages by activating ERK5/CREB. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:1815-27. [PMID: 20949368 PMCID: PMC11115119 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic cell (AC)-derived factors alter the physiology of macrophages (MΦs) towards a regulatory phenotype, characterized by reduced nitric oxide (NO) production. Impaired NO formation in response to AC-conditioned medium (CM) was facilitated by arginase II (ARG II) expression, which competes with inducible NO synthase for L-arginine. Here we explored signaling pathways allowing CM to upregulate ARG II in RAW264.7 MΦs. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) was required and acted synergistically with a so far unidentified factor to elicit high ARG II expression. S1P activated S1P(2), since S1P(2) knockdown prevented ARG II upregulation. Furthermore, ERK5 knockdown attenuated CM-mediated ARG II protein induction. CREB was implicated as shown by EMSA analysis and decoy-oligonucleotides scavenging CREB in RAW264.7 MΦs, which blocked ARG II expression. We conclude that AC-derived S1P binds to S1P(2) and acts synergistically with other factors to activate ERK5 and concomitantly CREB. This signaling cascade shapes an anti-inflammatory MΦ phenotype by ARG II induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Barra
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anne-Marie Kuhn
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas von Knethen
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Abstract
Background: Aberrant mitogen/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (MEK5)–extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 5 (ERK5)-mediated signalling has been implicated in a number of tumour types including prostate cancer (PCa). The molecular basis of ERK5-driven carcinogenesis and its clinical relevance remain to be fully characterised. Methods: Modulation of ERK5 expression or function in human PCa PC3 and PC3–ERK5 (stably transfected with ERK5) cells was performed using siRNA-mediated knockdown or the MEK inhibitor PD18435 respectively. In vitro significance of ERK5 signalling was assessed by assays for proliferation, motility, invasion and invadopodia. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases was determined by Q-RT–PCR. Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 5 expression in primary and metastatic PCa was examined using immunohistochemistry. Results: Reduction of ERK5 expression or signalling significantly inhibited the motility and invasive capability of PC3 cells. Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 5-mediated signalling significantly promoted formation of in vivo metastasis in an orthotopic PCa model (P<0.05). Invadopodia formation was also enhanced by forced ERK5 expression in PC3 cells. Furthermore, in metastatic PCa, nuclear ERK5 immunoreactivity was significantly upregulated when compared with benign prostatic hyperplasia and primary PCa (P=0.013 and P<0.0001, respectively). Conclusion: Our in vitro, in vivo and clinical data support an important role for the MEK5–ERK5 signalling pathway in invasive PCa, which represents a potential target for therapy in primary and metastatic PCa.
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Nardozzi JD, Lott K, Cingolani G. Phosphorylation meets nuclear import: a review. Cell Commun Signal 2010; 8:32. [PMID: 21182795 PMCID: PMC3022542 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-8-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is the most common and pleiotropic modification in biology, which plays a vital role in regulating and finely tuning a multitude of biological pathways. Transport across the nuclear envelope is also an essential cellular function and is intimately linked to many degeneration processes that lead to disease. It is therefore not surprising that phosphorylation of cargos trafficking between the cytoplasm and nucleus is emerging as an important step to regulate nuclear availability, which directly affects gene expression, cell growth and proliferation. However, the literature on phosphorylation of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking cargos is often confusing. Phosphorylation, and its mirror process dephosphorylation, has been shown to have opposite and often contradictory effects on the ability of cargos to be transported across the nuclear envelope. Without a clear connection between attachment of a phosphate moiety and biological response, it is difficult to fully understand and predict how phosphorylation regulates nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. In this review, we will recapitulate clue findings in the field and provide some general rules on how reversible phosphorylation can affect the nuclear-cytoplasmic localization of substrates. This is only now beginning to emerge as a key regulatory step in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Nardozzi
- Dept, of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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DÍaz-RodrÍguez E, Pandiella A. Multisite phosphorylation of Erk5 in mitosis. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:3146-56. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.070516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The MAP kinase Erk5 plays important roles in cellular proliferation, and has recently been implicated in the regulation of mitosis. The classic pathway of Erk5 activation involves dual phosphorylation at its TEY microdomain by the upstream regulating kinase MEK5. Here we describe a second pathway that controls Erk5 phosphorylation. This pathway is activated in mitotic cells and involves kinase activities distinct from MEK5. Studies aimed at identifying these kinases suggested that CDK1 activity is required to sustain Erk5 phosphorylation in mitosis, as treatment with RO3306, a CDK1 inhibitor, reversed mitotic phosphorylation of Erk5. Moreover, CDK1 co-precipitated with Erk5 in mitotic cells. The mitotic phosphorylation of Erk5 occurs at multiple sites located at its unique C-terminal region, within an Erk5 subdomain that has formerly been implicated in the control of the subcellular location of Erk5. Furthermore, molecular studies indicated that phosphorylation at these sites may participate in the control of the transit of Erk5 between the cytosol and the nucleus, in addition to regulating its transcriptional activity. Together, our results demonstrate the existence of a second Erk5 phosphorylation pathway, that is activated in mitosis, and that may participate in the regulation of Erk5 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena DÍaz-RodrÍguez
- Instituto de BiologÍa Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007-Salamanca, Spain
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- Instituto de BiologÍa Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007-Salamanca, Spain
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Docetaxel-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells Remain Sensitive to S-Trityl-l-Cysteine–Mediated Eg5 Inhibition. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:1730-9. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Charlson AT, Zeliadt NA, Wattenberg EV. Extracellular signal regulated kinase 5 mediates signals triggered by the novel tumor promoter palytoxin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 241:143-53. [PMID: 19716839 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Palytoxin is classified as a non-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-type skin tumor because it does not bind to or activate protein kinase C. Palytoxin is thus a novel tool for investigating alternative signaling pathways that may affect carcinogenesis. We previously showed that palytoxin activates three major members of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, extracellular signal regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. Here we report that palytoxin also activates another MAPK family member, called ERK5, in HeLa cells and in keratinocytes derived from initiated mouse skin (308 cells). By contrast, TPA does not activate ERK5 in these cell lines. The major cell surface receptor for palytoxin is the Na+,K+-ATPase. Accordingly, ouabain blocked the ability of palytoxin to activate ERK5. Ouabain alone did not activate ERK5. ERK5 thus represents a divergence in the signaling pathways activated by these two agents that bind to the Na+,K+-ATPase. Cycloheximide, okadaic acid, and sodium orthovanadate did not mimic the effect of palytoxin on ERK5. These results indicate that the stimulation of ERK5 by palytoxin is not simply due to inhibition of protein synthesis or inhibition of serine/threonine or tyrosine phosphatases. Therefore, the mechanism by which palytoxin activates ERK5 differs from that by which it activates ERK1/2, JNK, and p38. Finally, studies that used pharmacological inhibitors and shRNA to block ERK5 action indicate that ERK5 contributes to palytoxin-stimulated c-Fos gene expression. These results suggest that ERK5 can act as an alternative mediator for transmitting diverse tumor promoter-stimulated signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Charlson
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code #807, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Cazares LH, Troyer D, Mendrinos S, Lance RA, Nyalwidhe JO, Beydoun HA, Clements MA, Drake RR, Semmes OJ. Imaging mass spectrometry of a specific fragment of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase kinase 2 discriminates cancer from uninvolved prostate tissue. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5541-51. [PMID: 19690195 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Histopathology is the standard approach for tissue diagnostics and centerpiece of pathology. Although the current system provides prognostic information, there is need for molecular markers that enhance diagnosis and better predict clinical prognosis. The ability to localize disease-specific molecular changes in biopsy tissue would help improve critical pathology decision making. Direct profiling of proteins from tissue using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry has the potential to supplement morphology with underlying molecular detail. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A discovery set of 11 prostate cancer (PCa)-containing and 10 benign prostate tissue sections was evaluated for protein expression differences. A separate validation set of 54 tissue sections (23 PCa and 31 benign) was used to verify the results. Cryosectioning was done to yield tissue sections analyzed by a pathologist to determine tissue morphology and mirror sections for imaging mass spectrometry. Spectra were acquired and the intensity of signals was plotted as a function of the location within the tissue. RESULTS An expression profile was found that discriminates between PCa and normal tissue. The overexpression of a single ion at m/z 4,355 was able to discriminate cancer from uninvolved tissue. Tandem mass spectrometry identified this marker as a fragment of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase kinase 2 (MEKK2). The ability of MEKK2 to discriminate tumor from normal cells was orthogonally confirmed. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the potential of this approach to uncover molecular detail that can be correlated with pathology decision making. In addition, the identification of MEKK2 shows the ability to discover proteins of relevance to PCa biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Cazares
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507, USA
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Tatarov O, Mitchell TJ, Seywright M, Leung HY, Brunton VG, Edwards J. SRC family kinase activity is up-regulated in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:3540-9. [PMID: 19447874 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although Src family kinase (SFK) inhibitors are now in clinical trials for the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC), there are no studies relating SFK activation to patient survival. This study was designed to determine if SFK activation was up-regulated with the development of AIPC and if patients could be selected who were more likely to respond to therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A unique cohort of matched prostate tumor samples, taken before hormone deprivation therapy and following hormone relapse, was used to determine by immunohistochemistry on an individual patient basis if SFK activity changed with progression to AIPC and whether this related to patient outcome measures. Using matched, hormone-sensitive and hormone-refractory cell lines, we determined if hormone status affected the way prostate cancer cells respond to suppression of SFK activity by the small-molecule inhibitor dasatinib. RESULTS In the current study, 28% of patients with AIPC exhibited an increase in SFK activity in prostate cancer tissue, these patients had significantly shorter overall survival (P<0.0001), and activated SFK expression correlated with the presence of distant metastases. Dasatinib inhibited phosphorylation of Src and Lyn and the downstream substrate FAK in hormone-sensitive and hormone-refractory cell lines. Although migration was reduced by dasatinib in both cell lines, proliferation of hormone-refractory cells only was inhibited. CONCLUSION Appropriate patient selection may allow better targeting of prostate cancer patients who are likely to respond to the treatment with SFK inhibitors at the same time improving the outcome of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Tatarov
- Division of Cancer Sciences and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
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Zen K, Yasui K, Nakajima T, Zen Y, Zen K, Gen Y, Mitsuyoshi H, Minami M, Mitsufuji S, Tanaka S, Itoh Y, Nakanuma Y, Taniwaki M, Arii S, Okanoue T, Yoshikawa T. ERK5 is a target for gene amplification at 17p11 and promotes cell growth in hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating mitotic entry. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2009; 48:109-20. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Boutros T, Chevet E, Metrakos P. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase/MAP kinase phosphatase regulation: roles in cell growth, death, and cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 60:261-310. [PMID: 18922965 DOI: 10.1124/pr.107.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase dual-specificity phosphatase-1 (also called MKP-1, DUSP1, ERP, CL100, HVH1, PTPN10, and 3CH134) is a member of the threonine-tyrosine dual-specificity phosphatases, one of more than 100 protein tyrosine phosphatases. It was first identified approximately 20 years ago, and since that time extensive investigations into both mkp-1 mRNA and protein regulation and function in different cells, tissues, and organs have been conducted. However, no general review on the topic of MKP-1 exists. As the subject matter pertaining to MKP-1 encompasses many branches of the biomedical field, we focus on the role of this protein in cancer development and progression, highlighting the potential role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. Section II of this article elucidates the MAPK family cross-talk. Section III reviews the structure of the mkp-1 encoding gene, and the known mechanisms regulating the expression and activity of the protein. Section IV is an overview of the MAPK-specific dual-specificity phosphatases and their role in cancer. In sections V and VI, mkp-1 mRNA and protein are examined in relation to cancer biology, therapeutics, and clinical studies, including a discussion of the potential role of the MAPK family. We conclude by proposing an integrated scheme for MKP-1 and MAPK in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Boutros
- Department of Surgery, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, 687 Pine Ave. W., Montreal, QC H3A1A1, Canada.
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Tatake RJ, O’Neill MM, Kennedy CA, Wayne AL, Jakes S, Wu D, Kugler SZ, Kashem MA, Kaplita P, Snow RJ. Identification of pharmacological inhibitors of the MEK5/ERK5 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:120-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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