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Grove JI, Stephens C, Lucena MI, Andrade RJ, Weber S, Gerbes A, Bjornsson ES, Stirnimann G, Daly AK, Hackl M, Khamina-Kotisch K, Marin JJG, Monte MJ, Paciga SA, Lingaya M, Forootan SS, Goldring CEP, Poetz O, Lombaard R, Stege A, Bjorrnsson HK, Robles-Diaz M, Li D, Tran TDB, Ramaiah SK, Samodelov SL, Kullak-Ublick GA, Aithal GP. Study design for development of novel safety biomarkers of drug-induced liver injury by the translational safety biomarker pipeline (TransBioLine) consortium: a study protocol for a nested case-control study. Diagn Progn Res 2023; 7:18. [PMID: 37697410 PMCID: PMC10496294 DOI: 10.1186/s41512-023-00155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A lack of biomarkers that detect drug-induced liver injury (DILI) accurately continues to hinder early- and late-stage drug development and remains a challenge in clinical practice. The Innovative Medicines Initiative's TransBioLine consortium comprising academic and industry partners is developing a prospective repository of deeply phenotyped cases and controls with biological samples during liver injury progression to facilitate biomarker discovery, evaluation, validation and qualification.In a nested case-control design, patients who meet one of these criteria, alanine transaminase (ALT) ≥ 5 × the upper limit of normal (ULN), alkaline phosphatase ≥ 2 × ULN or ALT ≥ 3 ULN with total bilirubin > 2 × ULN, are enrolled. After completed clinical investigations, Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment and expert panel review are used to adjudicate episodes as DILI or alternative liver diseases (acute non-DILI controls). Two blood samples are taken: at recruitment and follow-up. Sample size is as follows: 300 cases of DILI and 130 acute non-DILI controls. Additional cross-sectional cohorts (1 visit) are as follows: Healthy volunteers (n = 120), controls with chronic alcohol-related or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (n = 100 each) and patients with psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis (n = 100, 50 treated with methotrexate) are enrolled. Candidate biomarkers prioritised for evaluation include osteopontin, glutamate dehydrogenase, cytokeratin-18 (full length and caspase cleaved), macrophage-colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor and high mobility group protein B1 as well as bile acids, sphingolipids and microRNAs. The TransBioLine project is enabling biomarker discovery and validation that could improve detection, diagnostic accuracy and prognostication of DILI in premarketing clinical trials and for clinical healthcare application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane I Grove
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Camilla Stephens
- Servicios de Aparato Digestivo Y Farmacologia Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, Hospital Universitario Virgen de La Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas Y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Isabel Lucena
- Servicios de Aparato Digestivo Y Farmacologia Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, Hospital Universitario Virgen de La Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas Y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl J Andrade
- Servicios de Aparato Digestivo Y Farmacologia Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, Hospital Universitario Virgen de La Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas Y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabine Weber
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Gerbes
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Einar S Bjornsson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Landspitali University Hospital Reykjavik, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Guido Stirnimann
- University Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University Hospital Inselspital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ann K Daly
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | | | - Jose J G Marin
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas Y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria J Monte
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas Y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sara A Paciga
- Worldwide Research Development and Medical, Pfizer, NY, USA
| | - Melanie Lingaya
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Shiva S Forootan
- Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Rudolf Lombaard
- ABX-CRO Advanced Pharmaceutical Services, Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Cape Town, 7441, South Africa
| | - Alexandra Stege
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Central Biobank Charité (ZeBanC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Helgi K Bjorrnsson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mercedes Robles-Diaz
- Servicios de Aparato Digestivo Y Farmacologia Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, Hospital Universitario Virgen de La Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas Y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dingzhou Li
- Worldwide Research Development and Medical, Pfizer, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Sophia L Samodelov
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerd A Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
- Mechanistic Safety, CMO & Patient Safety, Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharma, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guruprasad P Aithal
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Mondru AK, Aljasir MA, Alrumayh A, Nithianandarajah GN, Ahmed K, Muller J, Goldring CEP, Wilm B, Cross MJ. VEGF Stimulates Activation of ERK5 in the Absence of C-Terminal Phosphorylation Preventing Nuclear Localization and Facilitating AKT Activation in Endothelial Cells. Cells 2023; 12:967. [PMID: 36980305 PMCID: PMC10047687 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) is critical for normal cardiovascular development. Previous studies have defined a canonical pathway for ERK5 activation, showing that ligand stimulation leads to MEK5 activation resulting in dual phosphorylation of ERK5 on Thr218/Tyr220 residues within the activation loop. ERK5 then undergoes a conformational change, facilitating phosphorylation on residues in the C-terminal domain and translocation to the nucleus where it regulates MEF2 transcriptional activity. Our previous research into the importance of ERK5 in endothelial cells highlighted its role in VEGF-mediated tubular morphogenesis and cell survival, suggesting that ERK5 played a unique role in endothelial cells. Our current data show that in contrast to EGF-stimulated HeLa cells, VEGF-mediated ERK5 activation in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) does not result in C-terminal phosphorylation of ERK5 and translocation to the nucleus, but instead to a more plasma membrane/cytoplasmic localisation. Furthermore, the use of small-molecule inhibitors to MEK5 and ERK5 shows that instead of regulating MEF2 activity, VEGF-mediated ERK5 is important for regulating AKT activity. Our data define a novel pathway for ERK5 activation in endothelial cells leading to cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Mondru
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Mohammad A. Aljasir
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Ahmed Alrumayh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Gopika N. Nithianandarajah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Katie Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Jurgen Muller
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Christopher E. P. Goldring
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Bettina Wilm
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Michael J. Cross
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
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3
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Bell CC, Hendriks DFG, Moro SML, Ellis E, Walsh J, Renblom A, Fredriksson Puigvert L, Dankers ACA, Jacobs F, Snoeys J, Sison-Young RL, Jenkins RE, Nordling Å, Mkrtchian S, Park BK, Kitteringham NR, Goldring CEP, Lauschke VM, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Characterization of primary human hepatocyte spheroids as a model system for drug-induced liver injury, liver function and disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25187. [PMID: 27143246 PMCID: PMC4855186 DOI: 10.1038/srep25187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver biology and function, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and liver diseases are difficult to study using current in vitro models such as primary human hepatocyte (PHH) monolayer cultures, as their rapid de-differentiation restricts their usefulness substantially. Thus, we have developed and extensively characterized an easily scalable 3D PHH spheroid system in chemically-defined, serum-free conditions. Using whole proteome analyses, we found that PHH spheroids cultured this way were similar to the liver in vivo and even retained their inter-individual variability. Furthermore, PHH spheroids remained phenotypically stable and retained morphology, viability, and hepatocyte-specific functions for culture periods of at least 5 weeks. We show that under chronic exposure, the sensitivity of the hepatocytes drastically increased and toxicity of a set of hepatotoxins was detected at clinically relevant concentrations. An interesting example was the chronic toxicity of fialuridine for which hepatotoxicity was mimicked after repeated-dosing in the PHH spheroid model, not possible to detect using previous in vitro systems. Additionally, we provide proof-of-principle that PHH spheroids can reflect liver pathologies such as cholestasis, steatosis and viral hepatitis. Combined, our results demonstrate that the PHH spheroid system presented here constitutes a versatile and promising in vitro system to study liver function, liver diseases, drug targets and long-term DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Bell
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Delilah F G Hendriks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabrina M L Moro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewa Ellis
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joanne Walsh
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Anna Renblom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa Fredriksson Puigvert
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anita C A Dankers
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson &Johnson, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frank Jacobs
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson &Johnson, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jan Snoeys
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson &Johnson, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Rowena L Sison-Young
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Rosalind E Jenkins
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Åsa Nordling
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Souren Mkrtchian
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Neil R Kitteringham
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher E P Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Sison-Young RLC, Mitsa D, Jenkins RE, Mottram D, Alexandre E, Richert L, Aerts H, Weaver RJ, Jones RP, Johann E, Hewitt PG, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Goldring CEP, Kitteringham NR, Park BK. Comparative Proteomic Characterization of 4 Human Liver-Derived Single Cell Culture Models Reveals Significant Variation in the Capacity for Drug Disposition, Bioactivation, and Detoxication. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:412-24. [PMID: 26160117 PMCID: PMC4583060 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro preclinical models for the assessment of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) are usually based on cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes (cPHH) or human hepatic tumor-derived cell lines; however, it is unclear how well such cell models reflect the normal function of liver cells. The physiological, pharmacological, and toxicological phenotyping of available cell-based systems is necessary in order to decide the testing purpose for which they are fit. We have therefore undertaken a global proteomic analysis of 3 human-derived hepatic cell lines (HepG2, Upcyte, and HepaRG) in comparison with cPHH with a focus on drug metabolizing enzymes and transport proteins (DMETs), as well as Nrf2-regulated proteins. In total, 4946 proteins were identified, of which 2722 proteins were common across all cell models, including 128 DMETs. Approximately 90% reduction in expression of cytochromes P450 was observed in HepG2 and Upcyte cells, and approximately 60% in HepaRG cells relative to cPHH. Drug transporter expression was also lower compared with cPHH with the exception of MRP3 and P-gp (MDR1) which appeared to be significantly expressed in HepaRG cells. In contrast, a high proportion of Nrf2-regulated proteins were more highly expressed in the cell lines compared with cPHH. The proteomic database derived here will provide a rational basis for the context-specific selection of the most appropriate ‘hepatocyte-like’ cell for the evaluation of particular cellular functions associated with DILI and, at the same time, assist in the construction of a testing paradigm which takes into account the in vivo disposition of a new drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena L C Sison-Young
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Dimitra Mitsa
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Rosalind E Jenkins
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - David Mottram
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | | | | | - Hélène Aerts
- Biologie Servier, 905 Route de Saran, 45520, Gidy, France
| | | | - Robert P Jones
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Esther Johann
- North Western Hepatobiliary Unit, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
| | - Philip G Hewitt
- Merck KGaA, Merck Serono, Non-Clinical Safety, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany; and
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher E P Goldring
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Neil R Kitteringham
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK;
| | - B Kevin Park
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
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5
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Stachulski AV, Baillie TA, Kevin Park B, Scott Obach R, Dalvie DK, Williams DP, Srivastava A, Regan SL, Antoine DJ, Goldring CEP, Chia AJL, Kitteringham NR, Randle LE, Callan H, Castrejon JL, Farrell J, Naisbitt DJ, Lennard MS. The Generation, Detection, and Effects of Reactive Drug Metabolites. Med Res Rev 2012; 33:985-1080. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V. Stachulski
- Department of Chemistry, Robert Robinson Laboratories; University of Liverpool; Liverpool; L69 7ZD; UK
| | - Thomas A. Baillie
- School of Pharmacy; University of Washington; Box 357631; Seattle; Washington; 98195-7631
| | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - R. Scott Obach
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development; Groton; Connecticut 06340
| | - Deepak K. Dalvie
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development; La Jolla; California 94121
| | - Dominic P. Williams
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Abhishek Srivastava
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Sophie L. Regan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Daniel J. Antoine
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Christopher E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Alvin J. L. Chia
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Neil R. Kitteringham
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Laura E. Randle
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science; Liverpool John Moores University; James Parsons Building, Byrom Street; Liverpool L3 3AF; UK
| | - Hayley Callan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - J. Luis Castrejon
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - John Farrell
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Martin S. Lennard
- Academic Unit of Medical Education; University of Sheffield; 85 Wilkinson Street; Sheffield S10 2GJ; UK
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6
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Nithianandarajah-Jones GN, Wilm B, Goldring CEP, Müller J, Cross MJ. ERK5: structure, regulation and function. Cell Signal 2012; 24:2187-96. [PMID: 22800864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), also termed big mitogen-activated protein kinase-1 (BMK1), is the most recently identified member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family and consists of an amino-terminal kinase domain, with a relatively large carboxy-terminal of unique structure and function that makes it distinct from other MAPK members. It is ubiquitously expressed in numerous tissues and is activated by a variety of extracellular stimuli, such as cellular stresses and growth factors, to regulate processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation. Targeted deletion of Erk5 in mice has revealed that the ERK5 signalling cascade plays a critical role in cardiovascular development and vascular integrity. Recent data points to a potential role in pathological conditions such as cancer and tumour angiogenesis. This review focuses on the physiological and pathological role of ERK5, the regulation of this kinase and the recent development of small molecule inhibitors of the ERK5 signalling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika N Nithianandarajah-Jones
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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7
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Sison-Young RLC, Kia R, Heslop J, Kelly L, Rowe C, Cross MJ, Kitteringham NR, Hanley N, Park BK, Goldring CEP. Human pluripotent stem cells for modeling toxicity. Adv Pharmacol 2012; 63:207-256. [PMID: 22776643 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398339-8.00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of xenobiotics, driven by the demand for therapeutic, domestic and industrial uses continues to grow. However, along with this increasing demand is the risk of xenobiotic-induced toxicity. Currently, safety screening of xenobiotics uses a plethora of animal and in vitro model systems which have over the decades proven useful during compound development and for application in mechanistic studies of xenobiotic-induced toxicity. However, these assessments have proven to be animal-intensive and costly. More importantly, the prevalence of xenobiotic-induced toxicity is still significantly high, causing patient morbidity and mortality, and a costly impediment during drug development. This suggests that the current models for drug safety screening are not reliable in toxicity prediction, and the results not easily translatable to the clinic due to insensitive assays that do not recapitulate fully the complex phenotype of a functional cell type in vivo. Recent advances in the field of stem cell research have potentially allowed for a readily available source of metabolically competent cells for toxicity studies, derived using human pluripotent stem cells harnessed from embryos or reprogrammed from mature somatic cells. Pluripotent stem cell-derived cell types also allow for potential disease modeling in vitro for the purposes of drug toxicology and safety pharmacology, making this model possibly more predictive of drug toxicity compared with existing models. This article will review the advances and challenges of using human pluripotent stem cells for modeling metabolism and toxicity, and offer some perspectives as to where its future may lie.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L C Sison-Young
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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8
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Rowe C, Goldring CEP, Kitteringham NR, Jenkins RE, Lane BS, Sanderson C, Elliott V, Platt V, Metcalfe P, Park BK. Network analysis of primary hepatocyte dedifferentiation using a shotgun proteomics approach. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:2658-68. [PMID: 20373825 DOI: 10.1021/pr1001687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the major site of xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification. Primary cultures of hepatocytes are a vital tool in the development of new therapeutic agents but their utility is hindered by the rapid loss of phenotype. Hepatocytes cultured in a sandwich of extracellular matrix protein maintain better hepatic function compared with cells cultured as a monolayer but a wide-ranging proteomics study of the differences in cultures has never been performed. We characterize the changing phenotype of rat hepatocytes in primary culture using iTRAQ proteomics and systems biology network analysis of the identified, significantly regulated, proteins. A total of 754 unique proteins were identified from 4 independent experiments. Of these, 413 proteins were common to at least 3 experiments and 328 proteins were identified in all experiments. Both culture systems displayed altered expression of many common proteins. Network analysis showed that the primary functions of these proteins were in metabolic pathways, immune responses and cytoskeleton remodelling. Monolayer cultures uniquely regulate proteins mapping to pathways of oxidative stress and cell migration, whereas sandwich culture affected translation regulation and apoptosis pathways. These experiments provide a detailed proteomics data set to direct further work into maintaining hepatic phenotype using cultured primary hepatocytes and stem cell derived hepatocyte-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliff Rowe
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
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Rowe C, Goldring CEP, Kitteringham NR, Jenkins RE, Lane BS, Sanderson C, Elliott V, Platt V, Metcalfe P, Park BK. Network Analysis of Primary Hepatocyte Dedifferentiation Using a Shotgun Proteomics Approach. J Proteome Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/pr100603e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kitteringham NR, Abdullah A, Walsh J, Randle L, Jenkins RE, Sison R, Goldring CEP, Powell H, Sanderson C, Williams S, Higgins L, Yamamoto M, Hayes J, Park BK. Proteomic analysis of Nrf2 deficient transgenic mice reveals cellular defence and lipid metabolism as primary Nrf2-dependent pathways in the liver. J Proteomics 2010; 73:1612-31. [PMID: 20399915 PMCID: PMC2891861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 regulates expression of multiple cellular defence proteins through the antioxidant response element (ARE). Nrf2-deficient mice (Nrf2−/−) are highly susceptible to xenobiotic-mediated toxicity, but the precise molecular basis of enhanced toxicity is unknown. Oligonucleotide array studies suggest that a wide range of gene products is altered constitutively, however no equivalent proteomics analyses have been conducted. To define the range of Nrf2-regulated proteins at the constitutive level, protein expression profiling of livers from Nrf2−/− and wild type mice was conducted using both stable isotope labelling (iTRAQ) and gel electrophoresis methods. To establish a robust reproducible list of Nrf2-dependent proteins, three independent groups of mice were analysed. Correlative network analysis (MetaCore) identified two predominant groups of Nrf2-regulated proteins. As expected, one group comprised proteins involved in phase II drug metabolism, which were down-regulated in the absence of Nrf2. Surprisingly, the most profound changes were observed amongst proteins involved in the synthesis and metabolism of fatty acids and other lipids. Importantly, we show here for the first time, that the enzyme ATP-citrate lyase, responsible for acetyl-CoA production, is negatively regulated by Nrf2. This latter finding suggests that Nrf2 is a major regulator of cellular lipid disposition in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Kitteringham
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom.
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Liu XP, Luan JJ, Goldring CEP. Comparison of the antioxidant activity amongst Gingko biloba extract and its main components. Zhong Yao Cai 2009; 32:736-740. [PMID: 19771849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the antioxidant activity amongst the extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) and its main components, flavonoids and terpenoids. METHODS The induction of EGb, flavonoids and terpenoids on a typical antioxidant enzyme, glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), in cell lines was detected by Western-blot. The effects of EGb, flavonoids and terpenoids on superoxide anion radical (O2*(-)), hydroxyl radical (OH*), rat erythrocyte hemolysis and lipid peroxidation of rat liver homogenate were determined by respective activity methods. RESULTS EGb and flavonoids but not terpenoids were demonstrated significantly to induce the antioxidant enzyme (GCLC), directly scavenge O2*(-), OH* and inhibit rat erythrocyte hemolysis and lipid peroxidation of rat liver homogenate. Compared these antioxidant activities between EGb and flavonoids, the activities of flavonoids were weaker than those of EGb, which contains similar dose of flavonoids. CONCLUSION EGb has stronger antioxidant activities than flavonoids, but terpenoids did not show antioxidant activity in this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Therapeutics,Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China.
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Liu XP, Goldring CEP, Wang HY, Copple IM, Kitteringham NR, Park BK. Extract of Ginkgo biloba induces glutathione-S-transferase subunit-P1 in vitro. Phytomedicine 2009; 16:451-455. [PMID: 19131229 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb), containing 24% flavone glycosides and 6% terpenoids, is widely used to treat early-stage Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, peripheral claudication and vascular tinnitus. Its remarkable antioxidant activity has recently been demonstrated in both cell lines and animals. Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) are a class of important detoxification enzymes in the antioxidant system and GST-P1 is the major GST isoform highly expressed in human tissues. Over expression of GST-P1 protected prostate cells from cytotoxicity and DNA damage by the heterocyclic amine carcinogen, while inhibition of expression of GST-P1 by transfecting GST-P1 antisense cDNA or targeted deletion of GST-P1 has been found to sensitize cells to cytotoxic chemicals. It is obvious that induction of GST-P1 expression should be a promising alternative for chemoprevention. The present study aimed to investigate the induction effect of EGb on GST-P1 in HepG2 and Hep1c1c7 cell lines and found that GST-P1 was increased both at the expression and enzyme activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, PR China.
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Liu XP, Goldring CEP, Wang HY, Copple IM, Kitteringham NR, Park BK, Wei W. Extract of Ginkgo biloba induces glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC). Phytother Res 2008; 22:367-71. [PMID: 18167050 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb), containing 24% flavone glycosides and 6% terpenoids, is widely used to treat early-stage Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, peripheral claudication and vascular tinnitus. Its marked antioxidant activity has recently been demonstrated in both cell lines and animals. Glutathione (GSH) plays an important role in the antioxidant system by conjugating to xenobiotics to facilitate their export from cells. Glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) is the rate-limiting enzyme for GSH synthesis and its catalytic subunit (GCLC) determines this de novo synthesis. Thus, induction of GCLC is a strategy to enhance the antioxidant capability in cells. The present study aimed to investigate the induction effect of EGb on GCLC in HepG2 and Hep1c1c7 cell lines. Real-time PCR, Western blot and enzyme activity assay were used to detect induction and it was found that GCLC was induced by EGb in these two cell lines. It is suggested that the antioxidant activity of EGb is (or is partly) through the induction of GCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
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Jenkins RE, Kitteringham NR, Goldring CEP, Dowdall SMJ, Hamlett J, Lane CS, Boerma JS, Vermeulen NPE, Park BK. Glutathione-S-transferase pi as a model protein for the characterisation of chemically reactive metabolites. Proteomics 2008; 8:301-15. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Liu XP, Goldring CEP, Copple IM, Wang HY, Wei W, Kitteringham NR, Park BK. Extract of Ginkgo biloba induces phase 2 genes through Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. Life Sci 2007; 80:1586-91. [PMID: 17316704 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 01/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The standard extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) has been demonstrated to possess remarkable antioxidant activity in both cell lines and animals. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this effect is not fully understood. Phase 2 enzymes play important roles in the antioxidant system by reducing electrophiles and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We demonstrated that EGb induced typical phase 2 genes: glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and glutathione-S-transferase subunit-P1 (GST-P1), by real-time PCR. To investigate the molecular mechanism of this induction, we used quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) -- Antioxidant response element (ARE) reporter assay and found that EGb activated the activity of the wild type but not the one with ARE mutated. It indicated that EGb induced these genes through ARE, a cis-acting motif located in the promoter region of nearly all phase 2 genes. Since nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) binds ARE to enhance the expression of phase 2 genes, we detected the Nrf2 content in nucleus and found an accumulation of Nrf2 stimulated by EGb. In a further test of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), the repression protein of Nrf2 in the cytosol under resting condition, we found that Keap1 content was inhibited by EGb and then more Nrf2 would be released to translocate into nucleus. Thus, EGb was testified for the first time to induce the phase 2 genes through the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway, which is (or part of) the antioxidant mechanism of EGb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology in Anhui, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road 81, Hefei Anhui 230032, PR China
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Goldring CEP, Kitteringham NR, Elsby R, Randle LE, Clement YN, Williams DP, McMahon M, Hayes JD, Itoh K, Yamamoto M, Park BK. Activation of hepatic Nrf2 in vivo by acetaminophen in CD-1 mice. Hepatology 2004; 39:1267-76. [PMID: 15122755 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays an essential role in the mammalian response to chemical and oxidative stress through induction of hepatic phase II detoxification enzymes and regulation of glutathione (GSH). Enhanced liver damage in Nrf2-deficient mice treated with acetaminophen suggests a critical role for Nrf2; however, direct evidence for Nrf2 activation following acetaminophen exposure was previously lacking. We show that acetaminophen can initiate nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in vivo, with maximum levels reached after 1 hour, in a dose dependent manner, at doses below those causing overt liver damage. Furthermore, Nrf2 was shown to be functionally active, as assessed by the induction of epoxide hydrolase, heme oxygenase-1, and glutamate cysteine ligase gene expression. Increased nuclear Nrf2 was found to be associated with depletion of hepatic GSH. Activation of Nrf2 is considered to involve dissociation from a cytoplasmic inhibitor, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), through a redox-sensitive mechanism involving either GSH depletion or direct chemical interaction through Michael addition. To investigate acetaminophen-induced Nrf2 activation we compared the actions of 2 other GSH depleters, diethyl maleate (DEM) and buthionine sulphoximine (BSO), only 1 of which (DEM) can function as a Michael acceptor. For each compound, greater than 60% depletion of GSH was achieved; however, in the case of BSO, this depletion did not cause nuclear translocation of Nrf2. In conclusion, GSH depletion alone is insufficient for Nrf2 activation: a more direct interaction is required, possibly involving chemical modification of Nrf2 or Keap1, which is facilitated by the prior loss of GSH.
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