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Holton CM, Hanley N, Shanks E, Oxley P, McCarthy A, Eastwood BJ, Murray TK, Nickerson A, Wafford KA. Longitudinal changes in EEG power, sleep cycles and behaviour in a tau model of neurodegeneration. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:84. [PMID: 32669112 PMCID: PMC7364634 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Disturbed sleep is associated with cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The progressive sequence of how neurodegeneration affects aspects of sleep architecture in conjunction with behavioural changes is not well understood. Methods We investigated changes in sleep architecture, spectral power and circadian rhythmicity in the tet-off rTg4510 mouse overexpressing human P301L tau within the same subjects over time. Doxycycline-induced transgene-suppressed rTg4510 mice, tTa carriers and wild-type mice were used as comparators. Spectral power and sleep stages were measured from within the home cage environment using EEG electrodes. In addition, locomotor activity and performance during a T-maze task were measured. Results Spectral power in the delta and theta bands showed a time-dependent decrease in rTg4510 mice compared to all other groups. After the initial changes in spectral power, wake during the dark period increased whereas NREM and number of REM sleep bouts decreased in rTg4510 compared to wild-type mice. Home cage locomotor activity in the dark phase significantly increased in rTg4510 compared to wild-type mice by 40 weeks of age. Peak-to-peak circadian rhythm amplitude and performance in the T-maze was impaired throughout the experiment independent of time. At 46 weeks, rTG4510 mice had significant degeneration in the hippocampus and cortex whereas doxycycline-treated rTG4510 mice were protected. Pathology significantly correlated with sleep and EEG outcomes, in addition to locomotor and cognitive measures. Conclusions We show that reduced EEG spectral power precedes reductions in sleep and home cage locomotor activity in a mouse model of tauopathy. The data shows increasing mutant tau changes sleep architecture, EEG properties, behaviour and cognition, which suggest tau-related effects on sleep architecture in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Holton
- Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - N Hanley
- Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - E Shanks
- Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - P Oxley
- Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - A McCarthy
- Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - B J Eastwood
- Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - T K Murray
- Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - A Nickerson
- Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - K A Wafford
- Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK.
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Graham H, de Bell S, Hanley N, Jarvis S, White PCL. Re: Letter to the Editor of Public Health in response to 'Willingness to pay for policies to reduce future deaths from climate change: evidence from a British survey'. Public Health 2020; 179:197. [PMID: 31902445 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Graham
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - S de Bell
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall, TR1 3HD, UK
| | - N Hanley
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - S Jarvis
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - P C L White
- Environment and Geography Department, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5NG, UK
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Graham H, de Bell S, Hanley N, Jarvis S, White PCL. Willingness to pay for policies to reduce future deaths from climate change: evidence from a British survey. Public Health 2019; 174:110-117. [PMID: 31326760 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Without urgent action, climate change will put the health of future populations at risk. Policies to reduce these risks require support from today's populations; however, there are few studies assessing public support for such policies. Willingness to pay (WtP), a measure of the maximum a person is prepared to pay for a defined benefit, is widely used to assess public support for policies. We used WtP to investigate whether there is public support to reduce future health risks from climate change and if individual and contextual factors affect WtP, including perceptions of the seriousness of the impacts of climate change. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional British survey. METHODS Questions about people's WtP for policies to reduce future climate change-related deaths and their perceptions of the seriousness of climate change impacts were included in a British survey of adults aged 16 years and over (n=1859). We used contingent valuation, a survey-based method for eliciting WtP for outcomes like health which do not have a direct market value. RESULTS The majority (61%) were willing to pay to reduce future increases in climate change-related deaths in Britain. Those regarding climate change impacts as not at all serious were less willing to pay than those regarding the impacts as extremely serious (OR 0.04, 95% CI 0.02-0.09). Income was also related to WtP; the highest-income group were twice as likely to be willing to pay as the lowest-income group (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.40-3.29). CONCLUSIONS There was public support for policies to address future health impacts of climate change; the level of support varied with people's perceptions of the seriousness of these impacts and their financial circumstances. Our study adds to evidence that health, including the health of future populations, is an outcome that people value and suggests that framing climate change around such values may help to accelerate action.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Graham
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - S de Bell
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall, TR1 3HD, UK
| | - N Hanley
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - S Jarvis
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - P C L White
- Environment and Geography Department, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5NG, UK
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Chauhan A, Lalor T, Watson S, Adams D, Farrah TE, Anand A, Kimmitt R, Mills NL, Webb DJ, Dhaun N, Kalla R, Adams A, Vatn S, Bonfliglio F, Nimmo E, Kennedy N, Ventham N, Vatn M, Ricanek P, Halfvarson J, Soderhollm J, Pierik M, Torkvist L, Gomollon F, Gut I, Jahnsen J, Satsangi J, Body R, Almashali M, McDowell G, Taylor P, Lacey A, Rees A, Dayan C, Lazarus J, Nelson S, Okosieme O, Corcoran D, Young R, Ciadella P, McCartney P, Bajrangee A, Hennigan B, Collison D, Carrick D, Shaukat A, Good R, Watkins S, McEntegart M, Watt J, Welsh P, Sattar N, McConnachie A, Oldroyd K, Berry C, Parks T, Auckland K, Mentzer AJ, Kado J, Mirabel MM, Kauwe JK, Robson KJ, Mittal B, Steer AC, Hill AVS, Akbar M, Forrester M, Virlan AT, Gilmour A, Wallace C, Paterson C, Reid D, Siebert S, Porter D, Liversidge J, McInnes I, Goodyear C, Athwal V, Pritchett J, Zaitoun A, Irving W, Guha IN, Hanley NA, Hanley KP, Briggs T, Reynolds J, Rice G, Bondet V, Bruce E, Crow Y, Duffy D, Parker B, Bruce I, Martin K, Pritchett J, Aoibheann Mullan M, Llewellyn J, Athwal V, Zeef L, Farrow S, Streuli C, Henderson N, Friedman S, Hanley N, Hanley KP. Scientific Business Abstracts of the 112th Annual Meeting of the Association of Physicians of Great Britain and Ireland. QJM 2018; 111:920-924. [PMID: 31222346 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcy193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - T Lalor
- From the University of Birmingham
| | - S Watson
- From the University of Birmingham
| | - D Adams
- From the University of Birmingham
| | - T E Farrah
- From the University/British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Edinburgh
| | - A Anand
- From the University/British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Edinburgh
| | - R Kimmitt
- From the University/British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Edinburgh
| | - N L Mills
- From the University/British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Edinburgh
| | - D J Webb
- From the University/British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Edinburgh
| | - N Dhaun
- From the University/British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Edinburgh
| | - R Kalla
- From the University of Edinburgh
| | - A Adams
- From the University of Edinburgh
| | - S Vatn
- Akerhshus University Hospital
| | | | - E Nimmo
- From the University of Edinburgh
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - M Pierik
- Maastricht University Medical Centre
| | | | | | | | | | | | - R Body
- From the University of Manchester
| | - M Almashali
- Manchester University Hospitals Foundation NHS Trust
| | | | | | | | - A Rees
- From the Cardiff University
| | | | | | | | | | - D Corcoran
- From the British Heart Foundation (BHF), Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - R Young
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow
| | - P Ciadella
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | - P McCartney
- From the British Heart Foundation (BHF), Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - A Bajrangee
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | - B Hennigan
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | - D Collison
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | - D Carrick
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | - A Shaukat
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | - R Good
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | - S Watkins
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | - M McEntegart
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | - J Watt
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | - P Welsh
- From the British Heart Foundation (BHF), Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - N Sattar
- From the British Heart Foundation (BHF), Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - A McConnachie
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow
| | - K Oldroyd
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital
| | - C Berry
- From the British Heart Foundation (BHF), Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - T Parks
- From the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
- University of Oxford
| | | | | | - J Kado
- Fiji Islands Ministry of Health and Medical Services
| | - M M Mirabel
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research
| | | | | | - B Mittal
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
| | - A C Steer
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute
| | | | - M Akbar
- From the Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow
| | - M Forrester
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen
| | - A T Virlan
- From the Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow
| | - A Gilmour
- From the Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow
| | - C Wallace
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen
| | - C Paterson
- From the Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow
| | - D Reid
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen
| | - S Siebert
- From the Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow
| | - D Porter
- From the Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow
| | - J Liversidge
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen
| | - I McInnes
- From the Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow
| | - C Goodyear
- From the Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow
| | - V Athwal
- From the Manchester University Foundation NHS Trust
- University of Manchester
| | | | | | | | | | - N A Hanley
- From the Manchester University Foundation NHS Trust
- University of Manchester
| | | | - T Briggs
- From the Manchester Centre of Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester
| | - J Reynolds
- Division of Musculoskeletal & Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester
| | - G Rice
- From the Manchester Centre of Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester
| | - V Bondet
- Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells, Institut Pasteur
| | - E Bruce
- Division of Musculoskeletal & Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester
| | - Y Crow
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, INSERM UMR1163, Institut Imagine
| | - D Duffy
- Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells, Institut Pasteur
| | - B Parker
- Division of Musculoskeletal & Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester
| | - I Bruce
- Division of Musculoskeletal & Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester
| | - K Martin
- From the University of Manchester
| | | | | | | | - V Athwal
- From the University of Manchester
| | - L Zeef
- From the University of Manchester
| | - S Farrow
- From the University of Manchester
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline
| | | | | | | | - N Hanley
- From the University of Manchester
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Dangerfield CE, Whalley AE, Hanley N, Gilligan CA. What a Difference a Stochastic Process Makes: Epidemiological-Based Real Options Models of Optimal Treatment of Disease. Environ Resour Econ (Dordr) 2017; 70:691-711. [PMID: 30996520 PMCID: PMC6435106 DOI: 10.1007/s10640-017-0168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The real options approach has been used within environmental economics to investigate the impact of uncertainty on the optimal timing of control measures to minimise the impacts of invasive species, including pests and diseases. Previous studies typically model the growth in infected area using geometric Brownian motion (GBM). The advantage of this simple approach is that it allows for closed form solutions. However, such a process does not capture the mechanisms underlying the spread of infection. In particular the GBM assumption does not respect the natural upper boundary of the system, which is determined by the maximum size of the host species, nor the deceleration in the rate of infection as this boundary is approached. We show how the stochastic process describing the growth in infected area can be derived from the characteristics of the spread of infection. If the model used does not appropriately capture uncertainty in infection dynamics, then the excessive delay before treatment implies that the full value of the option to treat is not realised. Indeed, when uncertainty is high or the disease is fast spreading, ignoring the mechanisms of infection spread can lead to control never being deployed. Thus the results presented here have important implications for the way in which the real options approach is applied to determine optimal timing of disease control given uncertainty in future disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. E. Dangerfield
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA UK
| | - A. E. Whalley
- Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - N. Hanley
- School of Geography and Geosciences, Irvine Building, University of St Andrews, North Street, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AL UK
| | - C. A. Gilligan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA UK
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Moro M, Fischer A, Milner-Gulland EJ, Lowassa A, Naiman LC, Hanley N. A stated preference investigation of household demand for illegally hunted bushmeat in the Serengeti, Tanzania. Anim Conserv 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Moro
- Economics Division; University of Stirling; Stirling UK
| | - A. Fischer
- Social, Economic and Geographical Sciences Group; James Hutton Institute; Aberdeen UK
- Frankfurt Zoological Society; Arusha Tanzania
| | | | - A. Lowassa
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute; Arusha Tanzania
| | | | - N. Hanley
- Economics Division; University of Stirling; Stirling UK
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Sison-Young RLC, Kia R, Heslop J, Kelly L, Rowe C, Cross MJ, Kitteringham NR, Hanley N, Park BK, Goldring CEP. Human pluripotent stem cells for modeling toxicity. Adv Pharmacol 2012; 63:207-256. [PMID: 22776643 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398339-8.00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of xenobiotics, driven by the demand for therapeutic, domestic and industrial uses continues to grow. However, along with this increasing demand is the risk of xenobiotic-induced toxicity. Currently, safety screening of xenobiotics uses a plethora of animal and in vitro model systems which have over the decades proven useful during compound development and for application in mechanistic studies of xenobiotic-induced toxicity. However, these assessments have proven to be animal-intensive and costly. More importantly, the prevalence of xenobiotic-induced toxicity is still significantly high, causing patient morbidity and mortality, and a costly impediment during drug development. This suggests that the current models for drug safety screening are not reliable in toxicity prediction, and the results not easily translatable to the clinic due to insensitive assays that do not recapitulate fully the complex phenotype of a functional cell type in vivo. Recent advances in the field of stem cell research have potentially allowed for a readily available source of metabolically competent cells for toxicity studies, derived using human pluripotent stem cells harnessed from embryos or reprogrammed from mature somatic cells. Pluripotent stem cell-derived cell types also allow for potential disease modeling in vitro for the purposes of drug toxicology and safety pharmacology, making this model possibly more predictive of drug toxicity compared with existing models. This article will review the advances and challenges of using human pluripotent stem cells for modeling metabolism and toxicity, and offer some perspectives as to where its future may lie.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L C Sison-Young
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Linnell JDC, Rondeau D, Reed DH, Williams R, Altwegg R, Raxworthy CJ, Austin JD, Hanley N, Fritz H, Evans DM, Gordon IJ, Reyers B, Redpath S, Pettorelli N. Confronting the costs and conflicts associated with biodiversity. Anim Conserv 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Madden MC, Friedman M, Hanley N, Siegler E, Quay J, Becker S, Devlin R, Koren HS. Chemical nature and immunotoxicological properties of arachidonic acid degradation products formed by exposure to ozone. Environ Health Perspect 1993; 101:154-64. [PMID: 8354202 PMCID: PMC1519747 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.93101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) exposure in vivo has been reported to degrade arachidonic acid (AA) in the lungs of rodents. The O3-degraded AA products may play a role in the responses to this toxicant. To study the chemical nature and biological activity of O3-exposed AA, we exposed AA in a cell-free, aqueous environment to air, 0.1 ppm O3, or 1.0 ppm O3 for 30-120 min. AA exposed to air was not degraded. All O3 exposures degraded > 98% of the AA to more polar products, which were predominantly aldehydic substances (as determined by reactivity with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and subsequent separation by HPLC) and hydrogen peroxide. The type and amount of aldehydic substances formed depended on the O3 concentration and exposure duration. A human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B, S6 subclone) exposed in vitro to either 0.1 ppm or 1.0 ppm O3 for 1 hr produced AA-derived aldehydic substances, some of which eluted with similar retention times as the aldehydic substances derived from O3 degradation of AA in the cell-free system. In vitro, O3-degraded AA induced an increase in human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) polarization, decreased human peripheral blood T-lymphocyte proliferation in response to mitogens, and decreased human peripheral blood natural killer cell lysis of K562 target cells. The aldehydic substances, but not hydrogen peroxide, appeared to be the principal active agents responsible for the observed effects. O3-degraded AA may play a role in the PMN influx into lungs and in decreased T-lymphocyte mitogenesis and natural killer cell activity observed in humans and rodents exposed to O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Madden
- Center for Environmental Medicine and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599
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Abstract
Using tritiated-thymidine incorporation as a measure of cell growth, interleukin-1 beta stimulated the growth of bovine zona fasciculata/reticularis adrenocortical cells after 72 h in primary culture. Within the range of 10-1000 pg/ml, interleukin-1 beta produced over 40% of angiotensin II-stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation (P less than 0.005 compared with basal for 10 pg/ml and 1000 pg/ml; P less than 0.05 for 100 pg/ml; two-tailed unpaired Student's t-test). Interleukin-1 beta did not directly stimulate cortisol secretion. By stimulating adrenocortical growth, the increase in interleukin-1 during fever provides a potential mechanism for chronically raising glucocorticoid output. This study is the first demonstration of a long-term effect involving interleukin-1 beta on the adrenal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hanley
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, U.K
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