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New Paradigm for a Targeted Cancer Therapeutic Approach: A Short Review on Potential Synergy of Gold Nanoparticles and Cold Atmospheric Plasma. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5030038. [PMID: 28671579 PMCID: PMC5618296 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of Gold nanoparticles and Cold Atmospheric plasma as a targeted therapeutic adjunct has been widely investigated separately in cancer therapy. Gold nanoparticles, with their biocompatibility, lower cytotoxicity and superior efficacy, are becoming substantially more significant in modern cancer therapy. Likewise, cold atmospheric plasma, with rich reactive species including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), is being explored to selectively target and kill cancer cells, making them a promising anticancer agent. Recent scientific studies have shown that there is a potential synergy between these two aspects. Induction of apoptosis/necrosis due to oxidative stress may be a probable mechanism of their cytotoxic effect. The synergetic effect of the two therapeutic approaches could be tantamount to maximized targeted efficacy on the treatment of diseases like cancer.
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Ni Z, Tao L, Xiaohui X, Zelin Z, Jiangang L, Zhao S, Weikang H, Hongchao X, Qiujing W, Xin L. Polydatin impairs mitochondria fitness and ameliorates podocyte injury by suppressing Drp1 expression. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2776-2787. [PMID: 28383775 PMCID: PMC5518182 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polydatin (PD), a resveratrol glycoside, has been shown to protect renal function in diabetic nephropathy (DN), but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. This study demonstrates that PD stabilize the mitochondrial morphology and attenuate mitochondrial malfunction in both KKAy mice and in hyperglycemia (HG)‐induced MPC5 cells. We use Western blot analysis to demonstrate that PD reversed podocyte apoptosis induced by HG via suppressing dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1). This effect may depend on the ability of PD to inhibit the generation of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In conclusion, we demonstrate that PD may be therapeutically useful in DN, and that, podocyte apoptosis induced by HG can be reversed by PD through suppressing Drp1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ni
- Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Liang Tao
- College of Stomatology of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Xu Xiaohui
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Zhao Zelin
- Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Liu Jiangang
- Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Song Zhao
- Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Huo Weikang
- Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xu Hongchao
- Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wang Qiujing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li Xin
- Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
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Zhu H, Lai Z, Fang Y, Zhen X, Tan C, Qi X, Ding D, Chen P, Zhang H, Pu K. Ternary Chalcogenide Nanosheets with Ultrahigh Photothermal Conversion Efficiency for Photoacoustic Theranostics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1604139. [PMID: 28186370 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201604139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
2D materials (TDMs) have been explored for photonic theranostics. To achieve deep-tissue penetration, near-infrared (NIR) light is essential for photoacoustic (PA) theranostics. However, because the absorption profiles of existing TDMs are generally featureless with no obvious NIR absorption peaks, their PA signals and therapeutic efficacies are limited. This paper herein reports the synthesis and application of ternary chalcogenide nanosheets (Ta2 NiS5 -P) for PA theranostics. In contrast to the current TDMs for such application, Ta2 NiS5 -P has a ternary instead of binary composition. This difference brings in the strong and featured NIR for Ta2 NiS5 -P. To the best of the knowledge, this is the first example using ternary chalcogenide nanosheets for such application; moreover, the photothermal conversion efficiency of Ta2 NiS5 -P is the highest (35%) among all the reported TDMs based on the same calculation method. These advantages allow Ta2 NiS5 -P to passively target, effectively delineate, and completely eradicate the tumor of living mice after systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houjuan Zhu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Zhuangchai Lai
- Center for Programmable Materials, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xu Zhen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Chaoliang Tan
- Center for Programmable Materials, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaoying Qi
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), 71 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 638075, Singapore
| | - Dan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Hua Zhang
- Center for Programmable Materials, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
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Gum Arabic-encapsulated gold nanoparticles for a non-invasive photothermal ablation of lung tumor in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:1045-1054. [PMID: 28298068 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In our previous work, we have extensively evaluated the physiochemical characteristics of Gum Arabic-encapsulated gold nanoparticles (GA-AuNPs; 15-18nm) and reported their effectiveness in stopping the tumor initiation via inhibiting the pre-neoplastic lesions in liver. OBJECTIVE The rationale of this study is to detect the efficiency of using GA-AuNPs in photothermal application as a non-invasive technique against lung tumor. We investigated the cytotoxicity of GA-AuNPs on A549 cells, and then studied their apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, lipid peroxidation and anti-neovascular effect in in vivo model using a chemically-induced lung cancer in mice. The histopathological changes due to GA-AuNPs were investigated. RESULTS In the presence of laser irradiation, GA-AuNPs had a considerable cytotoxicity against A549 cells. The treatment of lung tumor-bearing mice with GA-AuNPs followed by laser exposure enhanced the apoptotic pathway and this was obvious from the histopathological investigations and the elevations in cytochrome-c, death receptor 5 and the subsequent upregulation of caspase-3, we also reported a significant reduction in the levels of the inflammatory mediator TNF-α and the angiogenesis inducer VEGF. An induction of lipid peroxidation was also reported upon treatment with either GA or GA-AuNPs. CONCLUSION GA-AuNPs showed no cytotoxicity in the absence of light, however the combination of GA-AuNPs with laser induced cell death in lung tumor tissues with a reduction in the inflammation and angiogenesis together with an elevation in lipid peroxidation, suggesting the potential use of these functionalized nanoparticles as a promising photothermal non-invasive treatment modality.
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He Y, Del Valle A, Qian Y, Huang YF. Near infrared light-mediated enhancement of reactive oxygen species generation through electron transfer from graphene oxide to iron hydroxide/oxide. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:1559-1566. [PMID: 28067928 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr08784a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical applications of current photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents are often restricted to be activated only by UV and visible light, which have very poor tissue penetration depths. In this study, a new near infrared (NIR)-absorbing nanoagent based on graphene oxide decorated with iron hydroxide/oxide (GO-FeOxH) was developed for light-activated nanomaterial-mediated PDT. This nanocomposite, GO-FeOxH was prepared via the one-step electrooxidation of iron nails in an aqueous GO solution. The as-prepared GO-FeOxH showed a much higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity under NIR light irradiation than GO. Through a variety of spectroscopic analyses, the mechanism involved in the enhancement of ROS activity of GO by FeOxH was systematically investigated. We observed that NIR light irradiation promotes electron transfer from GO to the Fe(iii) of FeOxH and accelerates their reaction with O2, forming superoxide anion radicals, which then undergo a disproportionation reaction to produce H2O2. H2O2 then reacts with Fe(ii) in FeOxH to mediate Fenton reactions, producing amplified hydroxyl radicals. Using in vitro studies, we demonstrated that GO-FeOxH can be used as a NIR activatable PDT nanoagent, providing efficient cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China. and Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Andrea Del Valle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Fen Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Aioub M, Panikkanvalappil SR, El-Sayed MA. Platinum-Coated Gold Nanorods: Efficient Reactive Oxygen Scavengers That Prevent Oxidative Damage toward Healthy, Untreated Cells during Plasmonic Photothermal Therapy. ACS NANO 2017; 11:579-586. [PMID: 28029783 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As a minimally invasive therapeutic strategy, gold nanorod (AuNR)-based plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPT) has shown significant promise for the selective ablation of cancer cells. However, the heat stress experienced by cells during the PPT treatment produces significant amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could harm healthy, untreated tissue near the point of care by inducing irreversible damage to DNA, lipids, and proteins, potentially causing cellular dysfunction or mutation. In this study, we utilized biocompatible Pt-coated AuNRs (PtAuNRs) with different platinum shell thicknesses as an alternative to AuNRs often used for the treatment. We show that the PtAuNRs maintain the efficacy of traditional AuNRs for inducing cell death while scavenging the ROS formed as a byproduct during PPT treatment, thereby protecting healthy, untreated cells from indirect death resulting from ROS formation. The synergistic effect of PtAuNRs in effectively killing cancer cells through hyperthermia with the simultaneous removal of heat stress induced ROS during PPT was validated in vitro using cell viability and fluorescence assays. Our results suggest that the high photothermal efficiency and ROS-scavenging activity of PtAuNRs makes them ideal candidates to improve the therapeutic efficacy of PPT treatment while reducing the risk of undesired side effects due to heat-stress-induced ROS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mena Aioub
- Laser Dynamics Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Sajanlal R Panikkanvalappil
- Laser Dynamics Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Mostafa A El-Sayed
- Laser Dynamics Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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57
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Attia M, Al-Radadi NS. Progress of pancreatitis disease biomarker alpha amylase enzyme by new nano optical sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:413-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Ovais M, Khalil AT, Raza A, Khan MA, Ahmad I, Islam NU, Saravanan M, Ubaid MF, Ali M, Shinwari ZK. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via plant extracts: beginning a new era in cancer theranostics. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:3157-3177. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of the latest technologies, scientists are looking to design novel strategies for the treatment and diagnosis of cancer. Advances in medicinal plant research and nanotechnology have attracted many researchers to the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles due to its several advantages over conventional synthesis (simple, fast, energy efficient, one pot processes, safer, economical and biocompatibility). Medicinally active plants have proven to be the best reservoirs of diverse phytochemicals for the synthesis of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). In this review, we discuss mechanistic advances in the synthesis and optimization of AgNPs from plant extracts. Moreover, we have thoroughly discussed the recent developments and milestones achieved in the use of biogenic AgNPs as cancer theranostic agents and their proposed mechanism of action. Anticipating all of the challenges, we hope that biogenic AgNPs may become a potential cancer theranostic agent in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ovais
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Talha Khalil
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abida Raza
- National Institute for Lasers & Optronics, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adeeb Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Life sciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazar Ul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muthupandian Saravanan
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zabta Khan Shinwari
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
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59
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Zhang N, Li S, Hua H, Liu D, Song L, Sun P, Huang W, Tang Y, Zhao Y. Low density lipoprotein receptor targeted doxorubicin/DNA-Gold Nanorods as a chemo- and thermo-dual therapy for prostate cancer. Int J Pharm 2016; 513:376-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Dubey P, Gopinath P. Functionalized Graphene Oxide Based Nanocarrier for Tumor-Targeted Combination Therapy to Elicit Enhanced Cytotoxicity against Breast Cancer CellsIn Vitro. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Dubey
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Centre for Nanotechnology; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee Uttarakhand- 247667 India
| | - P. Gopinath
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Centre for Nanotechnology; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee Uttarakhand- 247667 India
- Department of Biotechnology; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee Uttarakhand- 247667 India
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Braniste T, Tiginyanu I, Horvath T, Raevschi S, Cebotari S, Lux M, Haverich A, Hilfiker A. Viability and proliferation of endothelial cells upon exposure to GaN nanoparticles. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:1330-1337. [PMID: 27826507 PMCID: PMC5082458 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing and promising field of interest in medicine; however, nanoparticle-cell interactions are not yet fully understood. The goal of this work was to examine the interaction between endothelial cells and gallium nitride (GaN) semiconductor nanoparticles. Cellular viability, adhesion, proliferation, and uptake of nanoparticles by endothelial cells were investigated. The effect of free GaN nanoparticles versus the effect of growing endothelial cells on GaN functionalized surfaces was examined. To functionalize surfaces with GaN, GaN nanoparticles were synthesized on a sacrificial layer of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using hydride vapor phase epitaxy. The uptake of GaN nanoparticles by porcine endothelial cells was strongly dependent upon whether they were fixed to the substrate surface or free floating in the medium. The endothelial cells grown on surfaces functionalized with GaN nanoparticles demonstrated excellent adhesion and proliferation, suggesting good biocompatibility of the nanostructured GaN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudor Braniste
- National Center for Materials Study and Testing, Technical University of Moldova, bv. Stefan cel Mare 168, MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ion Tiginyanu
- National Center for Materials Study and Testing, Technical University of Moldova, bv. Stefan cel Mare 168, MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Tibor Horvath
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Simion Raevschi
- Department of Physics and Engineering, State University of Moldova, str. Alexe Mateevici 60, MD-2009 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Serghei Cebotari
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marco Lux
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Haverich
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andres Hilfiker
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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Minai L, Zeidan A, Yeheskely-Hayon D, Yudovich S, Kviatkovsky I, Yelin D. Experimental Proof for the Role of Nonlinear Photoionization in Plasmonic Phototherapy. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:4601-7. [PMID: 27266996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Targeting individual cells within a heterogeneous tissue is a key challenge in cancer therapy, encouraging new approaches for cancer treatment that complement the shortcomings of conventional therapies. The highly localized interactions triggered by focused laser beams promise great potential for targeting single cells or small cell clusters; however, most laser-tissue interactions often involve macroscopic processes that may harm healthy nearby tissue and reduce specificity. Specific targeting of living cells using femtosecond pulses and nanoparticles has been demonstrated promising for various potential therapeutic applications including drug delivery via optoporation, drug release, and selective cell death. Here, using an intense resonant femtosecond pulse and cell-specific gold nanorods, we show that at certain irradiation parameters cell death is triggered by nonlinear plasmonic photoionization and not by thermally driven processes. The experimental results are supported by a physical model for the pulse-particle-medium interactions. A good correlation is found between the calculated total number and energy of the generated free electrons and the observed cell death, suggesting that femtosecond photoionization plays the dominant role in cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limor Minai
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology , Technion City, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Adel Zeidan
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology , Technion City, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Daniella Yeheskely-Hayon
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology , Technion City, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Shimon Yudovich
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology , Technion City, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Inna Kviatkovsky
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology , Technion City, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Dvir Yelin
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology , Technion City, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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63
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Krawinkel J, Torres-Mapa ML, Werelius K, Heisterkamp A, Rüttermann S, Romanos GE, Gerhardt-Szép S. Gold Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Molecules into Primary Human Gingival Fibroblasts Using ns-Laser Pulses: A Pilot Study. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9050397. [PMID: 28773519 PMCID: PMC5503001 DOI: 10.3390/ma9050397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the vicinity of cells’ membrane with a pulsed laser (λ = 532 nm, τ = 1 ns) leads to perforation of the cell membrane, thereby allowing extracellular molecules to diffuse into the cell. The objective of this study was to develop an experimental setting to deliver molecules into primary human gingival fibroblasts (pHFIB-G) by using ns-laser pulses interacting with AuNPs (study group). To compare the parameters required for manipulation of pHFIB-G with those needed for cell lines, a canine pleomorphic adenoma cell line (ZMTH3) was used (control group). Non-laser-treated cells incubated with AuNPs and the delivery molecules served as negative control. Laser irradiation (up to 35 mJ/cm2) resulted in a significant proportion of manipulated fibroblasts (up to 85%, compared to non-irradiated cells: p < 0.05), while cell viability (97%) was not reduced significantly. pHFIB-G were perforated as efficiently as ZMTH3. No significant decrease of metabolic cell activity was observed up to 72 h after laser treatment. The fibroblasts took up dextrans with molecular weights up to 500 kDa. Interaction of AuNPs and a pulsed laser beam yields a spatially selective technique for manipulation of even primary cells such as pHFIB-G in high throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Krawinkel
- Institute of Applied Optics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Fröbelstieg 1, Jena 07743, Germany.
| | - Maria Leilani Torres-Mapa
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, Hannover 30167, Germany.
| | - Kristian Werelius
- Department of Postgraduate Education, J.W. Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany.
| | - Alexander Heisterkamp
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, Hannover 30167, Germany.
| | - Stefan Rüttermann
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Carolinum Dental University-Institute GmbH, J.W. Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany.
| | - Georgios E Romanos
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, Carolinum Dental University-Institute GmbH, J.W. Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany.
| | - Susanne Gerhardt-Szép
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Carolinum Dental University-Institute GmbH, J.W. Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany.
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Andries M, Pricop D, Oprica L, Creanga DE, Iacomi F. The effect of visible light on gold nanoparticles and some bioeffects on environmental fungi. Int J Pharm 2016; 505:255-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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65
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Safdari Y, Ahmadzadeh V, Farajnia S. CD20-targeting in B-cell malignancies: novel prospects for antibodies and combination therapies. Invest New Drugs 2016; 34:497-512. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-016-0349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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66
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Hu B, Cao X, Ahmadov MTO, Ding R, Tang H, Zhang P. Light-Harvesting Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Inactivation of Bacteria under Both Visible and Near-Infrared Excitations. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:1092-7. [PMID: 26892611 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report a hybrid singlet oxygen production system, where strong resonance coupling between plasmonic nanoparticles and photosensitizing molecules results in exceptionally high singlet oxygen production under both visible light and near-infrared light excitation, even for the photosensitizing molecules without near-infrared absorption. The light-harvesting property of the plasmon-photosensitizer hybrids leads to an enhanced, broad-spectrum photodynamic inactivation of bacteria under a wide range of excitations, including that with near-infrared light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA.,School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, China
| | - Xian Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | | | - Rui Ding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Hong Tang
- Drug Discovery Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA.
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Optical and electron microscopy study of laser-based intracellular molecule delivery using peptide-conjugated photodispersible gold nanoparticle agglomerates. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:2. [PMID: 26745990 PMCID: PMC4706709 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) can act as carriers for therapeutic molecules such as drugs and genetic constructs for medical applications. The triggered release of the molecule into the cytoplasm can be crucial to its effective delivery. Hence, we implemented and characterized laser interaction with defined gold nanoparticle agglomerates conjugated to CPPs which enables efficient endosomal rupture and intracellular release of molecules transported. Results Gold nanoparticles generated by pulsed laser ablation in liquid were conjugated with CPPs forming agglomerates and the intracellular release of molecules was triggered via pulsed laser irradiation (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\tau _{pulse}$$\end{document}τpulse = 1 ns). The CPPs enhance the uptake of the agglomerates along with the cargo which can be co-incubated with the agglomerates. The interaction of incident laser light with gold nanoparticle agglomerates leads to heat deposition and field enhancement in the vicinity of the particles. This highly precise effect deagglomerates the nanoparticles and disrupts the enclosing endosomal membrane. Transmission electron microscopy images confirmed this rupture for radiant exposures of 25 mJ/cm\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$^{2}$$\end{document}2 and above. Successful intracellular release was shown using the fluorescent dye calcein. For a radiant exposure of 35 mJ/cm\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$^{2}$$\end{document}2 we found calcein delivery in 81 % of the treated cells while maintaining a high percentage of cell viability. Furthermore, cell proliferation and metabolic activity were not reduced 72 h after the treatment. Conclusion CPPs trigger the uptake of the gold nanoparticle agglomerates via endocytosis and co-resident molecules in the endosomes are released by applying laser irradiation, preventing their intraendosomal degradation. Due to the highly localized effect, the cell membrane integrity is not affected. Therefore, this technique can be an efficient tool for spatially and temporally confined intracellular release. The utilization of specifically designed photodispersible gold nanoparticle agglomerates (65 nm) can open novel avenues in imaging and molecule delivery. Due to the induced deagglomeration the primary, small particles (~5 nm) are more likely to be removed from the body. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-015-0155-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Corbo C, Molinaro R, Parodi A, Toledano Furman NE, Salvatore F, Tasciotti E. The impact of nanoparticle protein corona on cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity and target drug delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:81-100. [PMID: 26653875 PMCID: PMC4910943 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In a perfect sequence of events, nanoparticles (NPs) are injected into the bloodstream where they circulate until they reach the target tissue. The ligand on the NP surface recognizes its specific receptor expressed on the target tissue and the drug is released in a controlled manner. However, once injected in a physiological environment, NPs interact with biological components and are surrounded by a protein corona (PC). This can trigger an immune response and affect NP toxicity and targeting capabilities. In this review, we provide a survey of recent findings on the NP-PC interactions and discuss how the PC can be used to modulate both cytotoxicity and the immune response as well as to improve the efficacy of targeted delivery of nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Corbo
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, 77030 Houston, TX, USA
- Fondazione SDN, Via Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Molinaro
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, 77030 Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, 77030 Houston, TX, USA
- Fondazione SDN, Via Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Naama E Toledano Furman
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, 77030 Houston, TX, USA
| | - Francesco Salvatore
- CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnology s.c.a.r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, 77030 Houston, TX, USA
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69
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Green Chemistry Approach for Synthesis of Effective Anticancer Palladium Nanoparticles. Molecules 2015; 20:22476-98. [PMID: 26694334 PMCID: PMC6332282 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to design and synthesize Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) using an environmentally friendly approach and evaluate the in vitro efficacy of PdNPs in human ovarian cancer A2780 cells. Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy was used to monitor the conversion of Pd(II) ions to Pd(0)NPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the crystallinity of the as-synthesized PdNPs and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) further confirmed the role of the leaf extract of Evolvulus alsinoides as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of PdNPs. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the average size of the NPs was 5 nm. After a 24-h exposure to PdNPs, cell viability and light microscopy assays revealed the dose-dependent toxicity of the PdNPs. Furthermore, the dose-dependent cytotoxicity of the PdNPs was confirmed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, activation of PdNPs-induced autophagy, impairment of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), enhanced caspase-3 activity, and detection of TUNEL-positive cells. Our study demonstrates a single, simple, dependable and green approach for the synthesis of PdNPs using leaf extracts of Evolvulus alsinoides. Furthermore, the in vitro efficacy of PdNPs in human ovarian cancer cells suggests that it could be an effective therapeutic agent for cancer therapy.
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70
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Kalies S, Keil S, Sender S, Hammer SC, Antonopoulos GC, Schomaker M, Ripken T, Murua Escobar H, Meyer H, Heinemann D. Characterization of the cellular response triggered by gold nanoparticle-mediated laser manipulation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:115005. [PMID: 26562032 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.11.115005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Laser-based transfection techniques have proven high applicability in several cell biologic applications. The delivery of different molecules using these techniques has been extensively investigated. In particular, new high-throughput approaches such as gold nanoparticle–mediated laser transfection allow efficient delivery of antisense molecules or proteins into cells preserving high cell viabilities. However, the cellular response to the perforation procedure is not well understood. We herein analyzed the perforation kinetics of single cells during resonant gold nanoparticle–mediated laser manipulation with an 850-ps laser system at a wavelength of 532 nm. Inflow velocity of propidium iodide into manipulated cells reached a maximum within a few seconds. Experiments based on the inflow of FM4-64 indicated that the membrane remains permeable for a few minutes for small molecules. To further characterize the cellular response postmanipulation, we analyzed levels of oxidative heat or general stress. Although we observed an increased formation of reactive oxygen species by an increase of dichlorofluorescein fluorescence, heat shock protein 70 was not upregulated in laser-treated cells. Additionally, no evidence of stress granule formation was visible by immunofluorescence staining. The data provided in this study help to identify the cellular reactions to gold nanoparticle–mediated laser manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kalies
- Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Department of Biomedical Optics, Hollerithallee 8, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Sebastian Keil
- Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Department of Biomedical Optics, Hollerithallee 8, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Sina Sender
- Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Department of Biomedical Optics, Hollerithallee 8, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Susanne C Hammer
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Clinic, Bünteweg 9, Hannover 30599, GermanycUniversity of Rostock, Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Palliative Medicine, Ernst-Heydemann-Street 6, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Georgios C Antonopoulos
- Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Department of Biomedical Optics, Hollerithallee 8, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Markus Schomaker
- Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Department of Biomedical Optics, Hollerithallee 8, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Tammo Ripken
- Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Department of Biomedical Optics, Hollerithallee 8, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Hugo Murua Escobar
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Clinic, Bünteweg 9, Hannover 30599, GermanycUniversity of Rostock, Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Palliative Medicine, Ernst-Heydemann-Street 6, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Heiko Meyer
- Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Department of Biomedical Optics, Hollerithallee 8, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Dag Heinemann
- Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Department of Biomedical Optics, Hollerithallee 8, Hannover 30419, Germany
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71
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Liu G, Li Q, Ni W, Zhang N, Zheng X, Wang Y, Shao D, Tai G. Cytotoxicity of various types of gold-mesoporous silica nanoparticles in human breast cancer cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:6075-87. [PMID: 26491285 PMCID: PMC4598223 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s90887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have shown promising biological applications due to their unique electronic and optical properties. However, the potential toxicity of AuNPs remains a major hurdle that impedes their use in clinical settings. Mesoporous silica is very suitable for the use as a coating material for AuNPs and might not only reduce the cytotoxicity of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-coated AuNPs but might also facilitate the loading and delivery of drugs. Herein, three types of rod-like gold-mesoporous silica nanoparticles (termed bare AuNPs, core-shell Au@mSiO2NPs, and Janus Au@mSiO2NPs) were specially designed, and the effects of these AuNPs on cellular uptake, toxic behavior, and mechanism were then systematically studied. Our results indicate that bare AuNPs exerted higher toxicity than the Au@mSiO2NPs and that Janus Au@mSiO2NPs exhibited the lowest toxicity in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, consistent with the endocytosis capacity of the nanoparticles, which followed the order, bare AuNPs > core-shell Au@mSiO2NPs > Janus Au@mSiO2NPs. More importantly, the AuNPs-induced apoptosis of MCF-7 cells exhibited features that were characteristic of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, activation of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation, an enhanced Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio, and loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Simultaneously, cytochrome c was released from mitochondria, and the caspase-3/9 cascade was activated. Moreover, both ROS scavenger (N-acetylcysteine) and JNK inhibitor (SP600125) partly blocked the induction of apoptosis in all AuNPs-treated cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that all AuNPs induce apoptosis through the ROS-/JNK-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Thus, Janus Au@mSiO2NPs exhibit the potential for applications in biomedicine, thus aiding the clinical translation of AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomu Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiongshu Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Beike Cell Engineering Research Institute, Yuanxing Science and Technology Building, Nanshan, Shenzhe, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihua Ni
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanomedicine Engineering Laboratory of Jilin Province, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingshuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanomedicine Engineering Laboratory of Jilin Province, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guixiang Tai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
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Labouret T, Audibert JF, Pansu RB, Palpant B. Plasmon-Assisted Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by Single Gold Nanorods. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:4475-4479. [PMID: 26097141 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Labouret
- Laboratoire de Photonique Quantique et Moléculaire, CentraleSupélec, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, CNRS UMR 8537, Grande Voie des Vignes, F-92295, Châtenay-Malabry, Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Frédéric Audibert
- Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, CNRS UMR 8531, 61 av. du Président Wilson, 94230, Cachan, France
| | - Robert B Pansu
- Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, CNRS UMR 8531, 61 av. du Président Wilson, 94230, Cachan, France
| | - Bruno Palpant
- Laboratoire de Photonique Quantique et Moléculaire, CentraleSupélec, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, CNRS UMR 8537, Grande Voie des Vignes, F-92295, Châtenay-Malabry, Cedex, France
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73
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El-Hussein A, Mfouo-Tynga I, Abdel-Harith M, Abrahamse H. Comparative study between the photodynamic ability of gold and silver nanoparticles in mediating cell death in breast and lung cancer cell lines. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 153:67-75. [PMID: 26398813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the dreadest diseases once diagnosed and has severe impacts on health, social and economic global aspects. Nanomedicine is considered an emerging approach for early cancer diagnosis and treatment. The multifunctional effects of silver and gold nanoparticles (Ag and Au NPs) have rendered them to be potent candidates for biomedical applications. The current work presents a comparative study between Au NPs and Ag NPs as possible potent photosensitizers (PS) in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to identify and characterize the shape, size, and cellular localization of Au NPs; the absorption properties of Au NPs were determined using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and zeta potential was used to identify surface charge. Inverted light microscopy (LM), Trypan blue exclusion assay, adenosine triphosphate luminescence (ATP), and lactate dehydrogenase membrane integrity assays (LDH) were used for investigating the photodynamic ability of these nanostructures on breast (MCF-7) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines. Flow cytometry using Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) dyes was used to determine the cell death pathway induced. The average size of the synthesized Au NPs was 50 nm, having an absorption peak at 540 nm with -7.85 mV surface net charge. MCF-7 and A549 cells were able to absorb the Au NPs. The latter, when irradiated with laser light in the phototherapeutic window, promoted cytotoxicity and a significant reduction in cell viability and proliferation were observed. The photodynamic activity that was observed in both cancer cell lines was found to be less eminent than that observed in case of the Ag NPs when compared to Au NPs. The present study is the first that compares the photodynamic ability of two different nanoparticles, silver and gold, as photosensitizers without any further functionalization. This study extends the possibilities of using such nanostructures in PDT within the therapeutic window wavelength, yet through the conjugation of Au NPs with other photosensitizers to synergize its effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Hussein
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa; National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ivan Mfouo-Tynga
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | | | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
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Kumar P, Srivastava R. IR 820 dye encapsulated in polycaprolactone glycol chitosan: Poloxamer blend nanoparticles for photo immunotherapy for breast cancer. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 57:321-7. [PMID: 26354271 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have fabricated biocompatible and biodegradable monodisperse IR 820 encapsulated polycaprolactone (PCL) glycol chitosan (GC): Poloxamer blend nanoparticles (PP-IR NPs) for imaging and effective photo-immunotherapy. IR 820 has been used as an imaging and photothermal agent whereas glycol chitosan (GC) as an immunostimulatory agent. The combination of IR 820, poloxamer, and GC can be used effectively for photoimmunotherapy for cancer, drug-resistant and TNF-α resistant estrogen positive breast cancer. PP-IR NPs are stable in aqueous solution. The uniform size of 100-220 nm with a high zeta value of +38 ± 2 mV led them to accumulate in cancer cells. Laser treatment did not affect the morphology of PP-IR NPs as observed under the transmission electron microscope (TEM). In vitro cytotoxicity studies on MCF-7 cells showed enhanced toxicity upon laser treatment. Further, we validated the cell death by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Our studies thus showed that PP-IR NPs are effective in suppressing metastatic cancer as the combinational therapy leads to the formation of apoptotic bodies in MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
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75
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Kalies S, Antonopoulos GC, Rakoski MS, Heinemann D, Schomaker M, Ripken T, Meyer H. Investigation of biophysical mechanisms in gold nanoparticle mediated laser manipulation of cells using a multimodal holographic and fluorescence imaging setup. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124052. [PMID: 25909631 PMCID: PMC4409398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser based cell manipulation has proven to be a versatile tool in biomedical applications. In this context, combining weakly focused laser pulses and nanostructures, e.g. gold nanoparticles, promises to be useful for high throughput cell manipulation, such as transfection and photothermal therapy. Interactions between laser pulses and gold nanoparticles are well understood. However, it is still necessary to study cell behavior in gold nanoparticle mediated laser manipulation. While parameters like cell viability or perforation efficiency are commonly addressed, the influence of the manipulation process on other essential cell parameters is not sufficiently investigated yet. Thus, we set out to study four relevant cell properties: cell volume and area, ion exchange and cytoskeleton structure after gold nanoparticle based laser manipulation. For this, we designed a multimodal imaging and manipulation setup. 200 nm gold nanoparticles were attached unspecifically to canine cells and irradiated by weakly focused 850 ps laser pulses. Volume and area change in the first minute post laser manipulation was monitored using digital holography. Calcium imaging and cells expressing a marker for filamentous actin (F-actin) served to analyze the ion exchange and the cytoskeleton, respectively. High radiant exposures led to cells exhibiting a tendency to shrink in volume and area, possibly due to outflow of cytoplasm. An intracellular raise in calcium was observed and accompanied by an intercellular calcium wave. This multimodal approach enabled for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the cell behavior in gold nanoparticle mediated cell manipulation. Additionally, this work can pave the way for a better understanding and the evaluation of new applications in the context of cell transfection or photothermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kalies
- Biomedical Optics Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hanover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Mirko S. Rakoski
- Biomedical Optics Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hanover, Germany
| | - Dag Heinemann
- Biomedical Optics Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hanover, Germany
| | - Markus Schomaker
- Biomedical Optics Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hanover, Germany
| | - Tammo Ripken
- Biomedical Optics Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hanover, Germany
| | - Heiko Meyer
- Biomedical Optics Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hanover, Germany
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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76
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Supokawej A, Nimsanor N, Sanvoranart T, Kaewsaneha C, Hongeng S, Tangboriboonrat P, Jangpatarapongsa K. Mesenchymal stem cell in vitro labeling by hybrid fluorescent magnetic polymeric particles for application in cell tracking. Med Mol Morphol 2015; 48:204-13. [PMID: 25893425 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-015-0102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of adult stem cell that contains multi-differentiation and proliferative properties and that shows high treatment implications for many clinical problems. The outcome of stem cell transplantation is still limited due to many factors, especially their survival and their interaction with the microenvironment after transplantation. Molecular imaging is a challenging technique that has been used to overcome this limitation and is based on the concept of labeling cells with tractable, visible, and non-toxic materials to track the cells after transplantation. In this study, magnetic polymeric nanoparticles (MPNPs) were used to directly label Wharton's jelly-derived MSCs (WJ-MSCs). After labeling, the growth rate and the viability of the MSCs as well as the time of exposure were determined. The 3D images of WJ-MSCs labeled with MPNPs for 24 h were created using confocal microscopy. The results showed that, after incubation with fluorescent MPNPs for over 8 h, the growth rate and cell viability of the WJ-MSCs was similar to those of the control. Three-dimensional imaging revealed that the fluorescent MPNPs could infiltrate into the cells and spread into the cytoplasm, which suggests that the synthesized fluorescent MPNPs could possibly label MSCs for cell tracking study and be further developed for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aungkura Supokawej
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Natakarn Nimsanor
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Tanwarat Sanvoranart
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Chariya Kaewsaneha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phyathai, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Pramuan Tangboriboonrat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phyathai, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Kulachart Jangpatarapongsa
- Center for Innovation Development and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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77
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Eguchi H, Umemura M, Kurotani R, Fukumura H, Sato I, Kim JH, Hoshino Y, Lee J, Amemiya N, Sato M, Hirata K, Singh DJ, Masuda T, Yamamoto M, Urano T, Yoshida K, Tanigaki K, Yamamoto M, Sato M, Inoue S, Aoki I, Ishikawa Y. A magnetic anti-cancer compound for magnet-guided delivery and magnetic resonance imaging. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9194. [PMID: 25779357 PMCID: PMC4361848 DOI: 10.1038/srep09194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on controlled drug delivery for cancer chemotherapy has focused mainly on ways to deliver existing anti-cancer drug compounds to specified targets, e.g., by conjugating them with magnetic particles or encapsulating them in micelles. Here, we show that an iron-salen, i.e., μ-oxo N,N'- bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine iron (Fe(Salen)), but not other metal salen derivatives, intrinsically exhibits both magnetic character and anti-cancer activity. X-Ray crystallographic analysis and first principles calculations based on the measured structure support this. It promoted apoptosis of various cancer cell lines, likely, via production of reactive oxygen species. In mouse leg tumor and tail melanoma models, Fe(Salen) delivery with magnet caused a robust decrease in tumor size, and the accumulation of Fe(Salen) was visualized by magnetic resonance imaging. Fe(Salen) is an anti-cancer compound with magnetic property, which is suitable for drug delivery and imaging. We believe such magnetic anti-cancer drugs have the potential to greatly advance cancer chemotherapy for new theranostics and drug-delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan,Advanced Applied Science Department, Research Laboratory, IHI Corporation, Yokohama, Japan,
| | - Masanari Umemura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Reiko Kurotani
- Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan
| | | | - Itaru Sato
- Department of Oral Surgery, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jeong-Hwan Kim
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan,Nanoparticles by Design Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Japan
| | - Yujiro Hoshino
- Department of Environment and Natural Sciences, Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jin Lee
- Department of Radiology, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Amemiya
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motohiko Sato
- Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kunio Hirata
- RIKEN, Research Infrastructure Group, SR Life Science Instrumentation Unit, Hyogo, Japan
| | - David J. Singh
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, USA
| | - Takatsugu Masuda
- Tokyo Neutron Science Laboratory, Institute for Solid State Physics, the University of Tokyo, Shirakata, Tokai, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry of Functional Molecules, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Urano
- Yokohama City University, Graduate School, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Yoshida
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Katsumi Tanigaki
- WPI-AIMR & Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamamoto
- RIKEN, Research Infrastructure Group, SR Life Science Instrumentation Unit, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Sato
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Seiichi Inoue
- Department of Environment and Natural Sciences, Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ishikawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan,
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78
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Wang L, Sun Q, Wang X, Wen T, Yin JJ, Wang P, Bai R, Zhang XQ, Zhang LH, Lu AH, Chen C. Using hollow carbon nanospheres as a light-induced free radical generator to overcome chemotherapy resistance. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:1947-55. [PMID: 25597855 DOI: 10.1021/ja511560b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Under evolutionary pressure from chemotherapy, cancer cells develop resistance characteristics such as a low redox state, which eventually leads to treatment failures. An attractive option for combatting resistance is producing a high concentration of produced free radicals in situ. Here, we report the production and use of dispersible hollow carbon nanospheres (HCSs) as a novel platform for delivering the drug doxorubicine (DOX) and generating additional cellular reactive oxygen species using near-infrared laser irradiation. These irradiated HCSs catalyzed sufficiently persistent free radicals to produce a large number of heat shock factor-1 protein homotrimers, thereby suppressing the activation and function of resistance-related genes. Laser irradiation also promoted the release of DOX from lysosomal DOX@HCSs into the cytoplasm so that it could enter cell nuclei. As a result, DOX@HCSs reduced the resistance of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7/ADR) to DOX through the synergy among photothermal effects, increased generation of free radicals, and chemotherapy with the aid of laser irradiation. HCSs can provide a unique and versatile platform for combatting chemotherapy-resistant cancer cells. These findings provide new clinical strategies and insights for the treatment of resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China and Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing China
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79
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Kankala RK, Kuthati Y, Liu CL, Lee CH. Hierarchical coated metal hydroxide nanoconstructs as potential controlled release carriers of photosensitizer for skin melanoma. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16957c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic nanostructured ensembles containing an anionic clay matrix with layered double hydroxide (LDH) were designed in nanooncology for photosensitizer delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology
- National Dong Hwa University
- Hualien
- Taiwan
| | - Yaswanth Kuthati
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology
- National Dong Hwa University
- Hualien
- Taiwan
| | - Chen-Lun Liu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology
- National Dong Hwa University
- Hualien
- Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Lee
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology
- National Dong Hwa University
- Hualien
- Taiwan
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80
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Kumar A, Kumar S, Rhim WK, Kim GH, Nam JM. Oxidative Nanopeeling Chemistry-Based Synthesis and Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapeutic Applications of Plasmonic Core-Petal Nanostructures. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:16317-25. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5085699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Won-Kyu Rhim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Gyeong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Jwa-Min Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
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81
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Hajipour MJ, Akhavan O, Meidanchi A, Laurent S, Mahmoudi M. Hyperthermia-induced protein corona improves the therapeutic effects of zinc ferrite spinel-graphene sheets against cancer. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10862k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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82
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Sun T, Zhang YS, Pang B, Hyun DC, Yang M, Xia Y. Engineered nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:12320-64. [PMID: 25294565 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 720] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In medicine, nanotechnology has sparked a rapidly growing interest as it promises to solve a number of issues associated with conventional therapeutic agents, including their poor water solubility (at least, for most anticancer drugs), lack of targeting capability, nonspecific distribution, systemic toxicity, and low therapeutic index. Over the past several decades, remarkable progress has been made in the development and application of engineered nanoparticles to treat cancer more effectively. For example, therapeutic agents have been integrated with nanoparticles engineered with optimal sizes, shapes, and surface properties to increase their solubility, prolong their circulation half-life, improve their biodistribution, and reduce their immunogenicity. Nanoparticles and their payloads have also been favorably delivered into tumors by taking advantage of the pathophysiological conditions, such as the enhanced permeability and retention effect, and the spatial variations in the pH value. Additionally, targeting ligands (e.g., small organic molecules, peptides, antibodies, and nucleic acids) have been added to the surface of nanoparticles to specifically target cancerous cells through selective binding to the receptors overexpressed on their surface. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that multiple types of therapeutic drugs and/or diagnostic agents (e.g., contrast agents) could be delivered through the same carrier to enable combination therapy with a potential to overcome multidrug resistance, and real-time readout on the treatment efficacy. It is anticipated that precisely engineered nanoparticles will emerge as the next-generation platform for cancer therapy and many other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmeng Sun
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332 (USA)
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83
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Sun T, Zhang YS, Pang B, Hyun DC, Yang M, Xia Y. Maßgeschneiderte Nanopartikel für den Wirkstofftransport in der Krebstherapie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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84
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Han JW, Gurunathan S, Jeong JK, Choi YJ, Kwon DN, Park JK, Kim JH. Oxidative stress mediated cytotoxicity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles in human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cell line. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:459. [PMID: 25242904 PMCID: PMC4167841 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to investigate the toxicity of biologically prepared small size of silver nanoparticles in human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cells A549. Herein, we describe a facile method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by treating the supernatant from a culture of Escherichia coli with silver nitrate. The formation of silver nanoparticles was characterized using various analytical techniques. The results from UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis show a characteristic strong resonance centered at 420 nm and a single crystalline nature, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the possible bio-molecules responsible for the reduction of silver from silver nitrate into nanoparticles. The particle size analyzer and transmission electron microscopy results suggest that silver nanoparticles are spherical in shape with an average diameter of 15 nm. The results derived from in vitro studies showed a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability when A549 cells were exposed to silver nanoparticles. This decrease in cell viability corresponded to increased leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), increased intracellular reactive oxygen species generation (ROS), and decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP). Furthermore, uptake and intracellular localization of silver nanoparticles were observed and were accompanied by accumulation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes in A549 cells. The results indicate that silver nanoparticles play a significant role in apoptosis. Interestingly, biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles showed more potent cytotoxicity at the concentrations tested compared to that shown by chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles. Therefore, our results demonstrated that human lung epithelial A549 cells could provide a valuable model to assess the cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woong Han
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu Seoul 143-701, Korea
- GS Institute of Bio and Nanotechnology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 641024, India
| | - Jae-Kyo Jeong
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Yun-Jung Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Deug-Nam Kwon
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Jin-Ki Park
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Suwon 441-350, Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu Seoul 143-701, Korea
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85
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Baumann P, Spulber M, Dinu IA, Palivan CG. Cellular Trojan horse based polymer nanoreactors with light-sensitive activity. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:9361-70. [PMID: 25045828 DOI: 10.1021/jp505152u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stimulus-sensitive systems at the nanoscale represent ideal candidates for improving therapeutic and diagnostic approaches by producing rapid responses to the presence of specific molecules or conditions either by changing properties or by acting "on demand". Here we introduce an optimized light-sensitive nanoreactor based on encapsulation of a photosensitizer inside polymer vesicles to serve as an efficient source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) "on demand". Two types of amphiphilic block copolymers, poly(2-methyloxazoline)-block-poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-poly(2-methyloxazoline), PMOXA-PDMS-PMOXA, and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-block-poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), PNVP-PDMS-PNVP, were used to encapsulate Rose Bengal-bovine serum albumin (RB-BSA) inside the cavity of vesicles. The difference of copolymers molecular properties (hydrophobic to hydrophilic ratio, different chemical nature of the hydrophilic block) influenced the encapsulation ability, and uptake by cells, allowing therefore a selection of the most efficient polymer system. Nanoreactors were optimized in terms of (i) size, (ii) stability, and (iii) encapsulation efficiency based on a combination of light scattering, TEM, and UV-vis spectroscopy. By illumination, encapsulated RB-BSA conjugates generated in situ ROS, which diffused through the polymer membrane to the environment of the vesicles, as proved by electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR). Optimum illumination conditions were obtained based on the effect of the illumination time on the amount of ROS produced in situ by the encapsulated RB-BSA conjugates. ROS diffusion monitored by ESR was dependent on the molecular weight of copolymer that influences the thickness of the polymer membrane. Upon uptake into HeLa cells our nontoxic nanoreactors acted as a Trojan horse: they produced illumination-controlled ROS in sufficient amounts to induce cell death under photodynamic therapy (PDT) conditions. Straightforward production, stability, and Trojan horse activity inside cells support our light-sensitive nanoreactors for medical applications which require ROS to be generated with precise time and space control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patric Baumann
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, Basel, Switzerland
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86
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Oh JY, Ko JH, Lee HJ, Yu JM, Choi H, Kim MK, Wee WR, Prockop DJ. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Inhibit the NLRP3 Inflammasome by Decreasing Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species. Stem Cells 2014; 32:1553-63. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joo Youn Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology; Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology; Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Ko
- Department of Ophthalmology; Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology; Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology; Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology; Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - Ji Min Yu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine at Scott & White; Module C, Temple Texas USA
| | - Hosoon Choi
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine at Scott & White; Module C, Temple Texas USA
| | - Mee Kum Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology; Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology; Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - Won Ryang Wee
- Department of Ophthalmology; Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology; Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - Darwin J. Prockop
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine at Scott & White; Module C, Temple Texas USA
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87
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Cieśla M, Dulak J, Józkowicz A. MicroRNAs and epigenetic mechanisms of rhabdomyosarcoma development. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:482-92. [PMID: 24831881 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common type of soft tissue sarcoma in children. Two main subtypes of rhabdomyosarcoma with different molecular pattern and distinct clinical behaviour may be identified - embryonal and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. All types of rhabdomyosarcoma are believed to be of myogenic origin as they express high levels of myogenesis-related factors. They all, however, fail to undergo a terminal differentiation which results in tumour formation. In the aberrant regulation of myogenesis in rhabdomyosarcoma, microRNAs and epigenetic factors are particularly involved. Indeed, these mediators seem to be even more significant for the development of rhabdomyosarcoma than canonical myogenic transcription factors like MyoD, a master regulatory switch for myogenesis. Therefore, in this review we focus on the regulation of rhabdomyosarcoma progression by microRNAs, and especially on microRNAs of the myo-miRNAs family (miR-1, -133a/b and -206), other well-known myogenic regulators like miR-29, and on microRNAs recently recognized to play a role in the differentiation of rhabdomyosarcoma, such as miR-450b-5p or miR-203. We also review changes in epigenetic modifiers associated with rhabdomyosarcoma, namely histone deacetylases and methyltransferases, especially from the Polycomp Group, like Yin Yang1 and Enhancer of Zeste Homolog2. Finally, we summarize how the functioning of these molecules can be affected by oxidative stress and how antioxidative enzymes can influence the development of this tumour. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Rare Cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Cieśla
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Józef Dulak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Alicja Józkowicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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88
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Vankayala R, Huang YK, Kalluru P, Chiang CS, Hwang KC. First demonstration of gold nanorods-mediated photodynamic therapeutic destruction of tumors via near infra-red light activation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:1612-1622. [PMID: 24339243 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201302719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Previously, a large volume of papers reports that gold nanorods (Au NRs) are able to effectively kill cancer cells upon high laser doses (usually 808 nm, 1-48 W/cm²) irradiation, leading to hyperthermia-induced destruction of cancer cells, i.e, photothermal therapy (PTT) effects. Combination of Au NRs-mediated PTT and organic photosensitizers-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) were also reported to achieve synergistic PTT and PDT effects on killing cancer cells. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time that Au NRs alone can sensitize formation of singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and exert dramatic PDT effects on complete destrcution of tumors in mice under very low LED/laser doses of single photon NIR (915 nm, <130 mW/cm²) light excitation. By changing the NIR light excitation wavelengths, Au NRs-mediated phototherapeutic effects can be switched from PDT to PTT or combination of both. Both PDT and PTT effects were confirmed by measurements of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and heat shock protein (HSP 70), singlet oxygen sensor green (SOSG) sensing, and sodium azide quenching in cellular experiments. In vivo mice experiments further show that the PDT effect via irradiation of Au NRs by 915 nm can destruct the B16F0 melanoma tumor in mice far more effectively than doxorubicin (a clinically used anti-cancer drug) as well as the PTT effect (via irradiation of Au NRs by 780 nm light). In addition, we show that Au NRs can emit single photon-induced fluorescence to illustrate their in vivo locations/distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raviraj Vankayala
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan ROC
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89
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He W, Liu Y, Wamer WG, Yin JJ. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy for the study of nanomaterial-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species. J Food Drug Anal 2014; 22:49-63. [PMID: 24673903 PMCID: PMC9359146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the biological applications and effects of nanomaterials are attributed to their ability to facilitate the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a direct and reliable method to identify and quantify free radicals in both chemical and biological environments. In this review, we discuss the use of ESR spectroscopy to study ROS generation mediated by nanomaterials, which have various applications in biological, chemical, and materials science. In addition to introducing the theory of ESR, we present some modifications of the method such as spin trapping and spin labeling, which ultimately aid in the detection of short-lived free radicals. The capability of metal nanoparticles in mediating ROS generation and the related mechanisms are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei He
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion of Henan Province, Institute of Surface Micro and Nano Materials, Xuchang University, Xuchang, Henan, China; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Yitong Liu
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Wayne G Wamer
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Jun-Jie Yin
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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90
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Mukherjee S, Chowdhury D, Kotcherlakota R, Patra S, B V, Bhadra MP, Sreedhar B, Patra CR. Potential theranostics application of bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles (4-in-1 system). Theranostics 2014; 4:316-35. [PMID: 24505239 PMCID: PMC3915094 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we have designed a simple and efficient green chemistry approach for the synthesis of colloidal silver nanoparticles (b-AgNPs) that is formed by the reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution using Olax scandens leaf extract. The colloidal b-AgNPs, characterized by various physico-chemical techniques exhibit multifunctional biological activities (4-in-1 system). Firstly, bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles (b-AgNPs) shows enhanced antibacterial activity compared to chemically synthesize silver nanoparticles (c-AgNPs). Secondly, b-AgNPs show anti-cancer activities to different cancer cells (A549: human lung cancer cell lines, B16: mouse melanoma cell line & MCF7: human breast cancer cells) (anti-cancer). Thirdly, these nanoparticles are biocompatible to rat cardiomyoblast normal cell line (H9C2), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) which indicates the future application of b-AgNPs as drug delivery vehicle. Finally, the bio-synthesized AgNPs show bright red fluorescence inside the cells that could be utilized to detect the localization of drug molecules inside the cancer cells (a diagnostic approach). All results together demonstrate the multifunctional biological activities of bio-synthesized AgNPs (4-in-1 system) that could be applied as (i) anti-bacterial & (ii) anti-cancer agent, (iii) drug delivery vehicle, and (iv) imaging facilitator. To the best of our knowledge, there is not a single report of biosynthesized AgNPs that demonstrates the versatile applications (4-in-1 system) towards various biomedical applications. Additionally, a plausible mechanistic approach has been explored for the synthesis of b-AgNPs and its anti-bacterial as well as anti-cancer activity. We strongly believe that bio-synthesized AgNPs will open a new direction towards various biomedical applications in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Mukherjee
- 1. Biomaterials Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad - 500007, AP, India
| | - Debabrata Chowdhury
- 2. Centre for Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad - 500007, AP, India
| | - Rajesh Kotcherlakota
- 1. Biomaterials Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad - 500007, AP, India
| | - Sujata Patra
- 1. Biomaterials Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad - 500007, AP, India
| | - Vinothkumar B
- 1. Biomaterials Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad - 500007, AP, India
| | - Manika Pal Bhadra
- 2. Centre for Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad - 500007, AP, India
| | - Bojja Sreedhar
- 3. Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad - 500007, AP, India
| | - Chitta Ranjan Patra
- 1. Biomaterials Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad - 500007, AP, India
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91
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Parida UK, Biswal SK, Bindhani BK. Green Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles: Study of Its Biological Mechanism in Human SUDHL-4 Cell Line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/abc.2014.46041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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92
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Chen X, Stewart E, Shelat AA, Qu C, Bahrami A, Hatley M, Wu G, Bradley C, McEvoy J, Pappo A, Spunt S, Valentine MB, Valentine V, Krafcik F, Lang WH, Wierdl M, Tsurkan L, Tolleman V, Federico SM, Morton C, Lu C, Ding L, Easton J, Rusch M, Nagahawatte P, Wang J, Parker M, Wei L, Hedlund E, Finkelstein D, Edmonson M, Shurtleff S, Boggs K, Mulder H, Yergeau D, Skapek S, Hawkins DS, Ramirez N, Potter PM, Sandoval JA, Davidoff AM, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Zhang J, Downing JR, Dyer MA. Targeting oxidative stress in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:710-24. [PMID: 24332040 PMCID: PMC3904731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a soft-tissue sarcoma with molecular and cellular features of developing skeletal muscle. Rhabdomyosarcoma has two major histologic subtypes, embryonal and alveolar, each with distinct clinical, molecular, and genetic features. Genomic analysis shows that embryonal tumors have more structural and copy number variations than alveolar tumors. Mutations in the RAS/NF1 pathway are significantly associated with intermediate- and high-risk embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas (ERMS). In contrast, alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas (ARMS) have fewer genetic lesions overall and no known recurrently mutated cancer consensus genes. To identify therapeutics for ERMS, we developed and characterized orthotopic xenografts of tumors that were sequenced in our study. High-throughput screening of primary cultures derived from those xenografts identified oxidative stress as a pathway of therapeutic relevance for ERMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Elizabeth Stewart
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Anang A Shelat
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Chunxu Qu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Armita Bahrami
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Mark Hatley
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Cori Bradley
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Justina McEvoy
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Alberto Pappo
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sheri Spunt
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Marcus B Valentine
- Cytogenetics Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Virginia Valentine
- Cytogenetics Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Fred Krafcik
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Walter H Lang
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Monika Wierdl
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Lyudmila Tsurkan
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Viktor Tolleman
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sara M Federico
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Chris Morton
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Charles Lu
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Li Ding
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Michael Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Panduka Nagahawatte
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Matthew Parker
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Erin Hedlund
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Michael Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sheila Shurtleff
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kristy Boggs
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Heather Mulder
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Donald Yergeau
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Steve Skapek
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Douglas S Hawkins
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Nilsa Ramirez
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Philip M Potter
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Andrew M Davidoff
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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