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Poggi A, Varesano S, Zocchi MR. How to Hit Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Make the Tumor Microenvironment Immunostimulant Rather Than Immunosuppressive. Front Immunol 2018; 9:262. [PMID: 29515580 PMCID: PMC5825917 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence indicates that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) may regulate tumor microenvironment (TME). It is conceivable that the interaction with MSC can influence neoplastic cell functional behavior, remodeling TME and generating a tumor cell niche that supports tissue neovascularization, tumor invasion and metastasization. In addition, MSC can release transforming growth factor-beta that is involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of carcinoma cells; this transition is essential to give rise to aggressive tumor cells and favor cancer progression. Also, MSC can both affect the anti-tumor immune response and limit drug availability surrounding tumor cells, thus creating a sort of barrier. This mechanism, in principle, should limit tumor expansion but, on the contrary, often leads to the impairment of the immune system-mediated recognition of tumor cells. Furthermore, the cross-talk between MSC and anti-tumor lymphocytes of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system strongly drives TME to become immunosuppressive. Indeed, MSC can trigger the generation of several types of regulatory cells which block immune response and eventually impair the elimination of tumor cells. Based on these considerations, it should be possible to favor the anti-tumor immune response acting on TME. First, we will review the molecular mechanisms involved in MSC-mediated regulation of immune response. Second, we will focus on the experimental data supporting that it is possible to convert TME from immunosuppressive to immunostimulant, specifically targeting MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Poggi
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Serena Varesano
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Zocchi
- Division of Immunology, Transplants and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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TGF- α Overexpression in Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis and Primary Lesions and TGF- α Enhancement of Expression of Procancer Metastasis Cytokines in Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6565393. [PMID: 29581982 PMCID: PMC5822790 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6565393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastasis (BM) is the advanced complication of breast cancer, while bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in the microenvironment unclearly contribute to cancer metastasis. This study investigated potential roles of transforming growth factor- (TGF-) α in the interaction between breast cancer and BMSCs in BM. Clinical cases of breast cancer with bone metastasis (BMBC), breast cancer without bone metastasis (Non-BM-BC), and benign fibroadenoma (Benign) were enlisted in a retrospective study. TGF-α was found obviously overexpressed in BM lesion of BMBC compared to primary lesion of both BMBC and Non-BM-BC (P < 0.01), and TGF-α was higher in primary lesion of both BMBC and Non-BM-BC (P < 0.01) than Benign group. Interestingly, TGF-α in nontumor tissues of both BMBC and Non-BM-BC was at a higher level than Benign group (P < 0.01), and numbers of macrophages in nontumor tissues of both BMBC and Non-BM-BC (P < 0.01) were higher than Benign group. Furthermore, in cultured human BMSCs, TGF-α stimulated production of procancer cytokines including IL-6, VEGF, FGF10, FGF17, and TGF-β1 in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, TGF-α in BC could potentially be an important signal of carcinogenesis and metastasis. Macrophages in the nontumor tissue of BC may not be protective but could promote cancer metastasis.
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53
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Luo D, Hu S, Tang C, Liu G. Mesenchymal stem cells promote cell invasion and migration and autophagy-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2018; 36:88-94. [PMID: 29372557 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are recruited into the tumour microenvironment and promote tumour growth and metastasis. Tumour microenvironment-induced autophagy is considered to suppress primary tumour formation by impairing migration and invasion. Whether these recruited MSCs regulate tumour autophagy and whether autophagy affects tumour growth are controversial. Our data showed that MSCs promote autophagy activation, reactive oxygen species production, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as well as increased migration and invasion in A549 cells. Decreased expression of E-cadherin and increased expression of vimentin and Snail were observed in A549 cells cocultured with MSCs. Conversely, MSC coculture-mediated autophagy positively promoted tumour EMT. Autophagy inhibition suppressed MSC coculture-mediated EMT and reduced A549 cell migration and invasion slightly. Furthermore, the migratory and invasive abilities of A549 cells were additional increased when autophagy was further enhanced by rapamycin treatment. Taken together, this work suggests that microenvironments containing MSCs can promote autophagy activation for enhancing EMT; MSCs also increase the migratory and invasive abilities of A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. Mesenchymal stem cell-containing microenvironments and MSC-induced autophagy signalling may be potential targets for blocking lung cancer cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- Quality Control Section, The First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyuan Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunlan Tang
- Quality Control Section, The First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoxiang Liu
- Department of Respiration, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Ghosh D, Dawson MR. Microenvironment Influences Cancer Cell Mechanics from Tumor Growth to Metastasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1092:69-90. [PMID: 30368749 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-95294-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment in a solid tumor includes a multitude of cell types, matrix proteins, and growth factors that profoundly influence cancer cell mechanics by providing both physical and chemical stimulation. This tumor microenvironment, which is both dynamic and heterogeneous in nature, plays a critical role in cancer progression from the growth of the primary tumor to the development of metastatic and drug-resistant tumors. This chapter provides an overview of the biophysical tools used to study cancer cell mechanics and mechanical changes in the tumor microenvironment at different stages of cancer progression, including growth of the primary tumor, local invasion, and metastasis. Quantitative single cell biophysical analysis of intracellular mechanics, cell traction forces, and cell motility can easily be combined with analysis of critical cell fate processes, including adhesion, proliferation, and drug resistance, to determine how changes in mechanics contribute to cancer progression. This biophysical approach can be used to systematically investigate the parameters in the tumor that control cancer cell interactions with the stroma and to identify specific conditions that induce tumor-promoting behavior, along with strategies for inhibiting these conditions to treat cancer. Increased understanding of the underlying biophysical mechanisms that drive cancer progression may provide insight into novel therapeutic approaches in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepraj Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Michelle R Dawson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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55
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Papaccio F, Paino F, Regad T, Papaccio G, Desiderio V, Tirino V. Concise Review: Cancer Cells, Cancer Stem Cells, and Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Influence in Cancer Development. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:2115-2125. [PMID: 29072369 PMCID: PMC5702541 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are composed of different types of cancer cells that contribute to tumor heterogeneity. Among these populations of cells, cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an important role in cancer initiation and progression. Like their stem cells counterpart, CSCs are also characterized by self-renewal and the capacity to differentiate. A particular population of CSCs is constituted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that differentiate into cells of mesodermal characteristics. Several studies have reported the potential pro-or anti-tumorigenic influence of MSCs on tumor initiation and progression. In fact, MSCs are recruited to the site of wound healing to repair damaged tissues, an event that is also associated with tumorigenesis. In other cases, resident or migrating MSCs can favor tumor angiogenesis and increase tumor aggressiveness. This interplay between MSCs and cancer cells is fundamental for cancerogenesis, progression, and metastasis. Therefore, an interesting topic is the relationship between cancer cells, CSCs, and MSCs, since contrasting reports about their respective influences have been reported. In this review, we discuss recent findings related to conflicting results on the influence of normal and CSCs in cancer development. The understanding of the role of MSCs in cancer is also important in cancer management. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:2115-2125.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Papaccio
- Dipartimento Medico‐Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale “F. Magrassi”, Università degli Studi della Campania ‘L. Vanvitelli’NaplesItaly
| | - Francesca Paino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Sezione di BiotecnologieIstologia Medica e Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi della Campania ‘L. Vanvitelli’NaplesItaly
| | - Tarik Regad
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and TechnologyNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUnited Kingdom
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica, e Patologia GeneraleUniversità degli Studi della Campania ‘L. Vanvitelli’NaplesItaly
| | - Gianpaolo Papaccio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Sezione di BiotecnologieIstologia Medica e Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi della Campania ‘L. Vanvitelli’NaplesItaly
| | - Vincenzo Desiderio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Sezione di BiotecnologieIstologia Medica e Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi della Campania ‘L. Vanvitelli’NaplesItaly
| | - Virginia Tirino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Sezione di BiotecnologieIstologia Medica e Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi della Campania ‘L. Vanvitelli’NaplesItaly
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56
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Shumakovich MA, Mencio CP, Siglin JS, Moriarty RA, Geller HM, Stroka KM. Astrocytes from the brain microenvironment alter migration and morphology of metastatic breast cancer cells. FASEB J 2017; 31:5049-5067. [PMID: 32083386 PMCID: PMC5636694 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700254r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cell metastasis to the brain involves cell migration through biochemically and physically complex microenvironments at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The current understanding of tumor cell migration across the BBB is limited. We hypothesize that an interplay between biochemical cues and physical cues at the BBB affects the mechanisms of brain metastasis. We found that astrocyte conditioned medium(ACM) applied directly to tumor cells increased tumor cell velocity, induced elongation, and promoted actin stress fiber organization. Notably, treatment of the extracellular matrix with ACM led to even more significant increases in tumor cell velocity in comparison with ACM treatment of cells directly. Furthermore, inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases in ACM reversed ACM's effect on tumor cells. The effects of ACM on tumor cell morphology and migration also depended on astrocytes' activation state. Finally, using a microfluidic device, we found that the effects of ACM were abrogated in confinement. Overall, our work demonstrates that astrocyte-secreted factors alter migration and morphology of metastatic breast tumor cells, and this effect depends on the cells' mechanical microenvironment.-Shumakovich, M. A., Mencio, C. P., Siglin, J. S., Moriarty, R. A., Geller, H. M., Stroka, K. M. Astrocytes from the brain microenvironment alter migration and morphology of metastatic breast cancer cells. FASEB J. 31, 5049-5067 (2017). www.fasebj.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Shumakovich
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Caitlin P. Mencio
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Siglin
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Moriarty
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Herbert M. Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberly M. Stroka
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and
- Marlene and Stewart Greenbaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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57
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Runa F, Hamalian S, Meade K, Shisgal P, Gray PC, Kelber JA. Tumor microenvironment heterogeneity: challenges and opportunities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:218-229. [PMID: 29430386 DOI: 10.1007/s40610-017-0073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) has been recognized as an integral component of malignancies in breast and prostate tissues, contributing in confounding ways to tumor progression, metastasis, therapy resistance and disease recurrence. Major components of the TME are immune cells, fibroblasts, pericytes, endothelial cells, mesenchymal stroma/stem cells (MSCs), and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Herein, we discuss the molecular and cellular heterogeneity within the TME and how this presents unique challenges and opportunities for treating breast and prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Runa
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA
| | - S Hamalian
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA
| | - K Meade
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA
| | - P Shisgal
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA
| | - P C Gray
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - J A Kelber
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA
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58
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Lindoso RS, Collino F, Vieyra A. Extracellular vesicles as regulators of tumor fate: crosstalk among cancer stem cells, tumor cells and mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Investig 2017; 4:75. [PMID: 29057247 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2017.08.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment comprises a heterogeneous population of tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic cells. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are components of this microenvironment and have been described as key regulators of different aspects of tumor physiology. They act differently on the tumor: CSCs are described as tumor initiators and are associated with tumor growth, drug resistance and metastasis; MSCs can integrate the tumor microenvironment after recruitment and interact with cancer cells to promote tumor modifications. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as an important mechanism of cell communication under the physiological and pathological conditions. In cancer, secretion of EVs seems to be one of the main mechanisms by which stem cells interact with other tumor and non-tumor cells. The transfer of bioactive molecules (lipids, proteins and RNAs) compartmentalized into EVs triggers different responses in the target cells, regulating several processes in the tumor as angiogenesis, tumor invasiveness and immune escape. This review focuses on the role of CSCs and MSCs in modulating the tumor microenvironment through secretion of EVs, addressing different aspects of the multidirectional interactions among stem cells, tumor and tumor-associated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Soares Lindoso
- Carlos Chagas Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging-CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine-REGENERA, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Federica Collino
- Carlos Chagas Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging-CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine-REGENERA, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Vieyra
- Carlos Chagas Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging-CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine-REGENERA, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Graduate Program of Translational Biomedicine, Grande Rio University, 25071-202 Duque de Caxias, Brazil
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59
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Ferreira LP, Gaspar VM, Henrique R, Jerónimo C, Mano JF. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Relevance in Multicellular Bioengineered 3D In Vitro Tumor Models. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luís P. Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO; University of Aveiro; Campus Universitário de Santiago; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Vítor M. Gaspar
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO; University of Aveiro; Campus Universitário de Santiago; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP); Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto); Porto Portugal
- Department of Pathology; Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto); Porto Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS); University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP); Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto); Porto Portugal
| | - João F. Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO; University of Aveiro; Campus Universitário de Santiago; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
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60
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Hill BS, Pelagalli A, Passaro N, Zannetti A. Tumor-educated mesenchymal stem cells promote pro-metastatic phenotype. Oncotarget 2017; 8:73296-73311. [PMID: 29069870 PMCID: PMC5641213 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are recruited into tumor microenvironment in response to multiple signals produced by cancer cells. Molecules involved in their homing to tumors are the same inflammatory mediators produced by injured tissues: chemokines, cytokines and growth factors. When MSCs arrive into the tumor microenvironment these are “educated” to have pro-metastatic behaviour. Firstly, they promote cancer immunosuppression modulating both innate and adaptive immune systems. Moreover, tumor associated-MSCs trans-differentiating into cancer-associated fibroblasts can induce epithelial-mesenchymal-transition program in tumor cells. This process determinates a more aggressive phenotype of cancer cells by increasing their motility and invasiveness and favoring their dissemination to distant sites. In addition, MSCs are involved in the formation and modelling of pre-metastatic niches creating a supportive environment for colonization of circulating tumor cells. The development of novel therapeutic approaches targeting the different functions of MSCs in promoting tumor progression as well as the mechanisms underlying their activities could enhance the efficacy of conventional and immune anti-cancer therapies. Furthermore, many studies report the use of MSCs engineered to express different genes or as vehicle to specifically deliver novel drugs to tumors exploiting their strong tropism. Importantly, this approach can enhance local therapeutic efficacy and reduce the risk of systemic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Samuel Hill
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pelagalli
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.,Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzia Passaro
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Zannetti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
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61
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Stem cell therapy for abrogating stroke-induced neuroinflammation and relevant secondary cell death mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 158:94-131. [PMID: 28743464 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide. A key secondary cell death mechanism mediating neurological damage following the initial episode of ischemic stroke is the upregulation of endogenous neuroinflammatory processes to levels that destroy hypoxic tissue local to the area of insult, induce apoptosis, and initiate a feedback loop of inflammatory cascades that can expand the region of damage. Stem cell therapy has emerged as an experimental treatment for stroke, and accumulating evidence supports the therapeutic efficacy of stem cells to abrogate stroke-induced inflammation. In this review, we investigate clinically relevant stem cell types, such as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs), neural stem cells (NSCs), extraembryonic stem cells, adipose tissue-derived stem cells, breast milk-derived stem cells, menstrual blood-derived stem cells, dental tissue-derived stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), teratocarcinoma-derived Ntera2/D1 neuron-like cells (NT2N), c-mycER(TAM) modified NSCs (CTX0E03), and notch-transfected mesenchymal stromal cells (SB623), comparing their potential efficacy to sequester stroke-induced neuroinflammation and their feasibility as translational clinical cell sources. To this end, we highlight that MSCs, with a proven track record of safety and efficacy as a transplantable cell for hematologic diseases, stand as an attractive cell type that confers superior anti-inflammatory effects in stroke both in vitro and in vivo. That stem cells can mount a robust anti-inflammatory action against stroke complements the regenerative processes of cell replacement and neurotrophic factor secretion conventionally ascribed to cell-based therapy in neurological disorders.
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62
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Samavedi S, Joy N. 3D printing for the development of in vitro cancer models. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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63
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Challenging a Misnomer? The Role of Inflammatory Pathways in Inflammatory Breast Cancer. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:4754827. [PMID: 28607534 PMCID: PMC5457777 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4754827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer is a rare, yet highly aggressive form of breast cancer, which accounts for less than 5% of all locally advanced presentations. The clinical presentation of inflammatory breast cancer often differs significantly from that of noninflammatory breast cancer; however, immunohistochemistry reveals few, if any, distinguishing features. The more aggressive triple-negative and HER2-positive breast cancer subtypes are overrepresented in inflammatory breast cancer compared with noninflammatory breast cancer, with a poorer prognosis in response to conventional therapies. Despite its name, there remains some controversy regarding the role of inflammation in inflammatory breast cancer. This review summarises the current molecular evidence suggesting that inflammatory signaling pathways are upregulated in this disease, including NF-κB activation and excessive IL-6 production among others, which may provide an avenue for novel therapeutics. The role of the tumor microenvironment, through tumor-associated macrophages, infiltrating lymphocytes, and cancer stem cells is also discussed, suggesting that these tumor extrinsic factors may help account for the differences in behavior between inflammatory breast cancer and noninflammatory breast cancer. While there are various novel treatment strategies already underway in clinical trials, the need for further development of preclinical models of this rare but aggressive disease is paramount.
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Yang T, Aimaiti M, Su D, Miao W, Zhou B, Maimaitiyiming D, Yusup A, Upur H, Aikemu A. Enhanced efficacy with reduced toxicity of chemotherapy drug 5-fluorouracil by synergistic treatment with Abnormal Savda Munziq from Uyghur medicine. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:201. [PMID: 28388901 PMCID: PMC5383980 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1685-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Abnormal Savda Munziq (ASMq) is a traditional prescription in Uyghur Medicine, and its treatment of complex diseases such as tumors and asthma has been proven to be effective in Uyghur medical clinical practice. The efficacy-enhancing and toxicity-reducing properties of ASMq were studied on mice with transplanted cervical cancer (U27) tumors, which were treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in this work. Methods To investigate the synergistic effect of ASMq and 5-FU on U27 cells, inhibitory effects on cell proliferation were determined through a MTT assay. 48 Kunming mice which were randomly divided in to 6 groups: control group, model group, 5-FU group, 5-FU combine with ASMq low-dose group, 5-FU combine with ASMq medium-dose group, and 5-FU combine with ASMq high- dose group, the inhibition rate of the tumor, the viscera indexes, and the content of serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined. The expression levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and human papillomavirus type 16 E2 (HPV16 E2) protein were assessed by Western blot. Pathological changes in the liver were observed. Result The inhibition rates of tumors, the 5-FU + ASMq.H group(80.64%), 5-FU + ASMq.M group (90.67%), 5-FU + ASMq.L group (72.03%) and 5-FU group (66.89%), clearly indicated that the effects of tumor inhibition. The thymus index and spleen index were increased, and the serum concentration of TNF-α increased while ALT and AST concentrations were decreased, and TNF-α protein expression were increased while TGF-β1 and HPV16 E2 were decreased. ASMq might can improve livers central vein hyperemia and interstitial edema, and preserve the radial structure of the hepatic cords. Conclusions The results suggested that ASMq might reduce toxicity and enhance the efficacy of the chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of cervical carcinoma.
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65
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Castro-Manrreza ME. Participation of mesenchymal stem cells in the regulation of immune response and cancer development. BOLETIN MEDICO DEL HOSPITAL INFANTIL DE MEXICO 2016; 73:380-387. [PMID: 29421282 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmhimx.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The relevance of the microenvironment in the initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer has been postulated. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been identified as important components of the tumor stroma, which are capable of affecting the development of cancer through various mechanisms. In particular, MSCs immunosuppressive properties play an important role. It has been shown that bone marrow-derived and other healthy tissues-derived MSCs are capable of regulating the immune response by affecting the activation, maturation, proliferation, differentiation, and effector function of cells of the immune system, such as neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells (NK) and T-lymphocytes. Similar mechanisms have been identified in MSCs associated with different types of tumors, where they generate an immunosuppressive microenvironment by decreasing the cytotoxic activity of T-lymphocytes and NK cells, skew macrophage differentiation towards an M2 phenotype, and decrease the secretion of Th1-type cytokines. Also, the cytokines, chemokines, and factors secreted by the transformed cells or other cells from the tumor stroma are capable of modulating the functions of MSCs.
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66
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Lazennec G, Lam PY. Recent discoveries concerning the tumor - mesenchymal stem cell interactions. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:290-299. [PMID: 27750042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in coordination with cancer cells in the establishment, growth and dissemination of the tumor. Among cells of the microenvironment, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their ability to evolve into cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have recently generated a major interest in the field. Numerous studies have described the potential pro- or anti-tumorigenic action of MSCs. The goal of this review is to synthesize recent and emerging discoveries concerning the mechanisms by which MSCs can be attracted to tumor sites, how they can generate CAFs and by which way MSCs are able to modulate the growth, response to treatments, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis of tumors. The understanding of the role of MSCs in tumor development has potential and clinical applications in terms of cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendal Lazennec
- CNRS, SYS2DIAG, Cap delta, 1682 rue de la Valsière, Montpellier F-34184, France; CNRS, GDR 3697 "Microenvrionment of tumor niches", Micronit, France.
| | - Paula Y Lam
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Cancer and Stem Cells Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
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67
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Transforming growth factor β as regulator of cancer stemness and metastasis. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:761-9. [PMID: 27537386 PMCID: PMC5046208 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Key elements of cancer progression towards metastasis are the biological actions of cancer stem cells and stromal cells in the tumour microenvironment. Cross-communication between tumour and stromal cells is mediated by secreted cytokines, one of which, the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), regulates essentially every cell within the malignant tissue. In this article, we focus on the actions of TGFβ on cancer stem cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells that assist the overall process of metastatic dissemination. We aim at illustrating intricate connections made by various cells in the tumour tissue and which depend on the action of TGFβ.
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