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IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 Cytokines in Skin and Joint Inflammation: A Comprehensive Review of Their Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061257. [PMID: 30871134 PMCID: PMC6470667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-1 family of cytokines is composed of 11 members, including the most recently discovered IL-36α, β, γ, IL-37, and IL-38. Similar to IL-1, IL-36 cytokines are initiators and amplifiers of inflammation, whereas both IL-37 and IL-38 display anti-inflammatory activities. A few studies have outlined the role played by these cytokines in several inflammatory diseases. For instance, IL-36 agonists seem to be relevant for the pathogenesis of skin psoriasis whereas, despite being expressed within the synovial tissue, their silencing or overexpression do not critically influence the course of arthritis in mice. In this review, we will focus on the state of the art of the molecular features and biological roles of IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 in representative skin- and joint-related inflammatory diseases, namely psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriatic arthritis. We will then offer an overview of the therapeutic potential of targeting the IL-36 axis in these diseases, either by blocking the proinflammatory agonists or enhancing the physiologic inhibitory feedback on the inflammation mediated by the antagonists IL-37 and IL-38.
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Shao S, Fang H, Zhang J, Jiang M, Xue K, Ma J, Zhang J, Lei J, Zhang Y, Li B, Yuan X, Dang E, Wang G. Neutrophil exosomes enhance the skin autoinflammation in generalized pustular psoriasis via activating keratinocytes. FASEB J 2019; 33:6813-6828. [PMID: 30811955 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802090rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a rare and severe inflammatory skin disease that can be life-threatening. Gene mutations are found in some cases, but its immune pathogenesis is largely unknown. Here, we observed that the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio in patients with GPP was higher than that in healthy controls and decreased after effective treatment. Neutrophils isolated from patients with GPP induced higher expressions of inflammatory genes including IL-1β, IL-36G, IL-18, TNF-α, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligands in keratinocytes than normal neutrophils did. Moreover, neutrophils from patients with GPP secreted more exosomes than controls, which were then rapidly internalized by keratinocytes, increasing the expression of these inflammatory molecules via activating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. The proteomic profiles in neutrophil exosomes further characterized functional proteins and identified olfactomedin 4 as the critical differentially expressed protein that mediates the autoimmune inflammatory responses of GPP. These results demonstrate that neutrophil exosomes have an immune-regulatory effect on keratinocytes, which modulates immune cell migration and autoinflammation in GPP.-Shao, S., Fang, H., Zhang, J., Jiang, M., Xue, K., Ma, J., Zhang, J., Lei, J., Zhang, Y., Li, B., Yuan, X., Dang, E., Wang, G. Neutrophil exosomes enhance the skin autoinflammation in generalized pustular psoriasis via activating keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Shao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Fang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingliang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Man Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ke Xue
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingyi Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jieyu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xu Yuan
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Erle Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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53
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Bassoy EY, Towne JE, Gabay C. Regulation and function of interleukin-36 cytokines. Immunol Rev 2018; 281:169-178. [PMID: 29247994 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-36 cytokines include 3 agonists, IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ that bind to a common receptor composed of IL-36R and IL-1RAcP to stimulate inflammatory responses. IL-36Ra is a natural antagonist that binds to IL-36R, but does not recruit the co-receptor IL-1RAcP and does not stimulate any intracellular responses. The IL-36 cytokines are expressed predominantly by epithelial cells and act on a number of cells including immune cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. Processing of the N-terminus is required for full agonist or antagonist activity for all IL-36 members. The role of IL-36 has been extensively demonstrated in the skin where it can act on keratinocytes and immune cells to induce a robust inflammatory response that has been implicated in psoriatic disorders. Emerging data also suggest a role for this cytokine family in pulmonary and intestinal physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esen Yonca Bassoy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties & Department of Pathology-Immunology, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer E Towne
- Immunology Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cem Gabay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties & Department of Pathology-Immunology, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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54
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Muñoz-Wolf N, Lavelle EC. A Guide to IL-1 family cytokines in adjuvanticity. FEBS J 2018; 285:2377-2401. [PMID: 29656546 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Growing awareness of the multiplicity of roles for the IL-1 family in immune regulation has prompted research exploring these cytokines in the context of vaccine-induced immunity. While tightly regulated, cytokines of the IL-1 family are normally released in response to cellular stress and in combination with other danger-/damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), triggering potent local and systemic immune responses. In the context of infection or autoimmunity, engagement of IL-1 family receptors links robust innate responses to adaptive immunity. Clinical and experimental evidence has revealed that many vaccine adjuvants induce the release of one or multiple IL-1 family cytokines. The coordinated release of IL-1 family members in response to adjuvant-induced damage or cell death may be a determining factor in the transition from local inflammation to the induction of an adaptive response. Here, we analyse the effects of IL-1 family cytokines on innate and adaptive immunity with a particular emphasis on activation of antigen-presenting cells and induction of T cell-mediated immunity, and we address in detail the contribution of these cytokines to the modes of action of vaccine adjuvants including those currently approved for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Muñoz-Wolf
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.,Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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55
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Wang H, Li ZY, Jiang WX, Liao B, Zhai GT, Wang N, Zhen Z, Ruan JW, Long XB, Wang H, Liu WH, Liang GT, Xu WM, Kato A, Liu Z. The activation and function of IL-36γ in neutrophilic inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:1646-1658. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.12.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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56
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Sullivan GP, Davidovich PB, Sura-Trueba S, Belotcerkovskaya E, Henry CM, Clancy DM, Zinoveva A, Mametnabiev T, Garabadzhiu AV, Martin SJ. Identification of small-molecule elastase inhibitors as antagonists of IL-36 cytokine activation. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:751-763. [PMID: 29744290 PMCID: PMC5929933 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
IL‐1 family cytokines act as apical initiators of inflammation in many settings and can promote the production of a battery of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and other inflammatory mediators in diverse cell types. IL‐36α, IL‐36β and IL‐36γ, which belong to the extended IL‐1 family, have been implicated as key initiators of skin inflammation in psoriasis. IL‐36γ is highly upregulated in lesional skin from psoriatic individuals, and heritable mutations in the natural IL‐36 receptor antagonist result in a severe form of psoriasis. IL‐36 family cytokines are initially expressed as inactive precursors that require proteolytic processing for activation. The neutrophil granule‐derived protease elastase proteolytically processes and activates IL‐36α and IL‐36γ, increasing their biological activity ~ 500‐fold, and also robustly activates IL‐1α and IL‐33 through limited proteolytic processing. Consequently, inhibitors of elastase activity may have potential as anti‐inflammatory agents through antagonizing the activation of multiple IL‐1 family cytokines. Using in silico screening approaches, we have identified small‐molecule inhibitors of elastase that can antagonize activation of IL‐36γ by the latter protease. The compounds reported herein may have utility as lead compounds for the development of inhibitors of elastase‐mediated activation of IL‐36 and other IL‐1 family cytokines in inflammatory conditions, such as psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme P Sullivan
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory Department of Genetics The Smurfit Institute Trinity College Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Pavel B Davidovich
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory Department of Genetics The Smurfit Institute Trinity College Dublin 2 Ireland.,Cellular Biotechnology Laboratory Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology Russia
| | - Sylvia Sura-Trueba
- Cellular Biotechnology Laboratory Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology Russia
| | | | - Conor M Henry
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory Department of Genetics The Smurfit Institute Trinity College Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Danielle M Clancy
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory Department of Genetics The Smurfit Institute Trinity College Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Anna Zinoveva
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory Department of Genetics The Smurfit Institute Trinity College Dublin 2 Ireland.,Cellular Biotechnology Laboratory Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology Russia
| | - Tazhir Mametnabiev
- Cellular Biotechnology Laboratory Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology Russia
| | | | - Seamus J Martin
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory Department of Genetics The Smurfit Institute Trinity College Dublin 2 Ireland.,Cellular Biotechnology Laboratory Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology Russia
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57
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Sullivan GP, Henry CM, Clancy DM, Mametnabiev T, Belotcerkovskaya E, Davidovich P, Sura-Trueba S, Garabadzhiu AV, Martin SJ. Suppressing IL-36-driven inflammation using peptide pseudosubstrates for neutrophil proteases. Cell Death Dis 2018. [PMID: 29515113 PMCID: PMC5841435 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sterile inflammation is initiated by molecules released from necrotic cells, called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Members of the extended IL-1 cytokine family are important DAMPs, are typically only released through necrosis, and require limited proteolytic processing for activation. The IL-1 family cytokines, IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ, are expressed as inactive precursors and have been implicated as key initiators of psoriatic-type skin inflammation. We have recently found that IL-36 family cytokines are proteolytically processed and activated by the neutrophil granule-derived proteases, elastase, and cathepsin G. Inhibitors of IL-36 processing may therefore have utility as anti-inflammatory agents through suppressing activation of the latter cytokines. We have identified peptide-based pseudosubstrates for cathepsin G and elastase, based on optimal substrate cleavage motifs, which can antagonize activation of all three IL-36 family cytokines by the latter proteases. Human psoriatic skin plaques displayed elevated IL-36β processing activity that could be antagonized by peptide pseudosubstrates specific for cathepsin G. Thus, antagonists of neutrophil-derived proteases may have therapeutic potential for blocking activation of IL-36 family cytokines in inflammatory conditions such as psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme P Sullivan
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Conor M Henry
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Danielle M Clancy
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Tazhir Mametnabiev
- Cellular Biotechnology Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg Technical University, Moskovskii Prospekt, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Belotcerkovskaya
- Cellular Biotechnology Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg Technical University, Moskovskii Prospekt, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel Davidovich
- Cellular Biotechnology Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg Technical University, Moskovskii Prospekt, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sylvia Sura-Trueba
- Cellular Biotechnology Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg Technical University, Moskovskii Prospekt, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander V Garabadzhiu
- Cellular Biotechnology Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg Technical University, Moskovskii Prospekt, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Seamus J Martin
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Cellular Biotechnology Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg Technical University, Moskovskii Prospekt, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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58
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Bridgewood C, Fearnley GW, Berekmeri A, Laws P, Macleod T, Ponnambalam S, Stacey M, Graham A, Wittmann M. IL-36γ Is a Strong Inducer of IL-23 in Psoriatic Cells and Activates Angiogenesis. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29535706 PMCID: PMC5834930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The IL-1 family member cytokine IL-36γ is recognised as key mediator in the immunopathology of psoriasis, hallmarks of which involve the activation of both resident and infiltrating inflammatory myeloid cells and aberrant angiogenesis. This research demonstrates a role for IL-36γ in both myeloid activation and angiogenesis. We show that IL-36γ induces the production of psoriasis-associated cytokines from macrophages (IL-23 and TNFα) and that this response is enhanced in macrophages from psoriasis patients. This effect is specific for IL-36γ and could not be mimicked by other IL-1 family cytokines such as IL-1α. IL-36γ was also demonstrated to induce endothelial tube formation and branching, in a VEGF-A-dependent manner. Furthermore, IL-36γ-stimulated macrophages potently activated endothelial cells and led to increased adherence of monocytes, effects that were markedly more pronounced for psoriatic macrophages. Interestingly, regardless of stimulus, psoriasis monocytes showed increased adherence to both the stimulated and unstimulated endothelium when compared with monocytes from healthy individuals. Collectively, these findings show that IL-36γ has the potential to enhance endothelium directed leucocyte infiltration into the skin and strengthen the IL-23/IL-17 pathway adding to the growing evidence of pathogenetic roles for IL-36γ in psoriatic responses. Our findings also point to a cellular response, which could potentially explain cardiovascular comorbidities in psoriasis in the form of endothelial activation and increased monocyte adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Bridgewood
- Centre of Skin Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth W Fearnley
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Berekmeri
- Department of Dermatology, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Laws
- Department of Dermatology, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.,National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), Leeds Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Macleod
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sreenivasan Ponnambalam
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Stacey
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Graham
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Wittmann
- Centre of Skin Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom.,National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), Leeds Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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59
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Evaluation of a range of mammalian and mosquito cell lines for use in Chikungunya virus research. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14641. [PMID: 29116243 PMCID: PMC5677012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15269-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is becoming an increasing global health issue which has spread across the globe and as far north as southern Europe. There is currently no vaccine or anti-viral treatment available. Although there has been a recent increase in CHIKV research, many of these in vitro studies have used a wide range of cell lines which are not physiologically relevant to CHIKV infection in vivo. In this study, we aimed to evaluate a panel of cell lines to identify a subset that would be both representative of the infectious cycle of CHIKV in vivo, and amenable to in vitro applications such as transfection, luciferase assays, immunofluorescence, western blotting and virus infection. Based on these parameters we selected four mammalian and two mosquito cell lines, and further characterised these as potential tools in CHIKV research.
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60
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Bal E, Lim AC, Shen M, Douangpanya J, Madrange M, Gazah R, Tauber M, Beghdadi W, Casanova JL, Bourrat E, Bachelez H, Towne JE, Smahi A. Mutation in IL36RN impairs the processing and regulatory function of the interleukin-36-receptor antagonist and is associated with DITRA syndrome. Exp Dermatol 2017; 28:1114-1117. [PMID: 28603914 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The identification of loss-of-function mutations of the IL36RN gene encoding the interleukin-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra) in generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) emphasized the key role of this pathway in skin innate immunity and systemic inflammation. It has been previously shown in vitro that removal of the N-terminal amino acid IL36Ra (M1) is critical to its biological activity, but the in vivo contribution of this processing remains unknown. We report herein a new homozygous (c4G>T, pV2F) missense IL36RN mutation segregating in a family with three GPP-affected patients. The V2F mutation does not alter IL-36Ra protein expression but was devoid of any antagonist activity. Mass spectrometry showed that the V2F IL-36Ra mutant retains its first N-terminal methionine. These results provide the first in vivo demonstration that removal of N-terminal methionine of native IL-36Ra is a mandatory step to reach optimal antagonist activity and to prevent sustained skin and systemic inflammation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Bal
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, IMAGINE Institute, Necker Hospital, Enfants-Malades, UMR 1163, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Ai Ching Lim
- Inflammation Research and Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Min Shen
- Inflammation Research and Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason Douangpanya
- Inflammation Research and Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marine Madrange
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, IMAGINE Institute, Necker Hospital, Enfants-Malades, UMR 1163, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Rihab Gazah
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, IMAGINE Institute, Necker Hospital, Enfants-Malades, UMR 1163, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Marie Tauber
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, IMAGINE Institute, Necker Hospital, Enfants-Malades, UMR 1163, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Walid Beghdadi
- Clinical Research Unit, APHP Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jean Laurent Casanova
- Rockefeller Branch, St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Necker Branch, Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IMAGINE Institute, Necker Hospital, Enfants-Malades, UMR 1163, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France.,Pediatric Hematology-Immunology-Rheumatology Unit, AP-HP, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Bourrat
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France.,Department of Pediatrics, APHP Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Bachelez
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, IMAGINE Institute, Necker Hospital, Enfants-Malades, UMR 1163, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France.,Department of Dermatology, APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer E Towne
- Inflammation Research and Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA, USA.,Moved to Janssen Research & Development LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Asma Smahi
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, IMAGINE Institute, Necker Hospital, Enfants-Malades, UMR 1163, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
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61
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Jensen LE. Interleukin-36 cytokines may overcome microbial immune evasion strategies that inhibit interleukin-1 family signaling. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/492/eaan3589. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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62
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Interleukin-36β provides protection against HSV-1 infection, but does not modulate initiation of adaptive immune responses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5799. [PMID: 28724920 PMCID: PMC5517484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-36 (IL-36) represents three cytokines, IL-36α, IL-36β and IL-36γ, which bind to the same receptor, IL-1RL2; however, their physiological function(s) remain poorly understood. Here, the role of IL-36 in immunity against HSV-1 was examined using the flank skin infection mouse model. Expression analyses revealed increased levels of IL-36α and IL-36β mRNA in infected skin, while constitutive IL-36γ levels remained largely unchanged. In human keratinocytes, IL-36α mRNA was induced by HSV-1, while IL-1β and TNFα increased all three IL-36 mRNAs. The dominant alternative splice variant of human IL-36β mRNA was isoform 2, which is the ortholog of the known mouse IL-36β mRNA. Mice deficient in IL-36β, but not IL-36α or IL-36γ, succumbed more frequently to HSV-1 infection than wild type mice. Furthermore, IL-36β−/− mice developed larger zosteriform skin lesions along infected neurons. Levels of HSV-1 specific antibodies, CD8+ cells and IFNγ-producing CD4+ cells were statistically equal in wild type and IL-36β−/− mice, suggesting similar initiation of adaptive immunity in the two strains. This correlated with the time at which HSV-1 genome and mRNA levels in primary skin lesions started to decline in both wild type and IL-36β−/− mice. Our data indicate that IL-36β has previously unrecognized functions protective against HSV-1 infection.
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63
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Johnston A, Xing X, Wolterink L, Barnes DH, Yin Z, Reingold L, Kahlenberg JM, Harms PW, Gudjonsson JE. IL-1 and IL-36 are dominant cytokines in generalized pustular psoriasis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:109-120. [PMID: 28043870 PMCID: PMC5494022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a rare, debilitating, and often life-threatening inflammatory disease characterized by episodic infiltration of neutrophils into the skin, pustule development, and systemic inflammation, which can manifest in the presence or absence of chronic plaque psoriasis (PV). Current treatments are unsatisfactory and warrant a better understanding of GPP pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE We sought to understand better the disease mechanism of GPP to allow improved targeted therapies. METHODS We performed a gene expression study on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded GPP (n = 28) and PV (n = 12) lesional biopsies and healthy control (n = 20) skin. Differential gene expression was analyzed using gene ontology and enrichment analysis. Gene expression was validated with quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, and a potential disease mechanism was investigated using primary human cell culture. RESULTS Compared with healthy skin, GPP lesions yielded 479 and PV 854 differentially expressed genes, respectively, with 184 upregulated in both diseases. We detected significant contributions of IL-17A, TNF, IL-1, IL-36, and interferons in both diseases; although GPP lesions furnished higher IL-1 and IL-36 and lower IL-17A and IFN-γ mRNA expression than PV lesions did. We detected prominent IL-36 expression by keratinocytes proximal to neutrophilic pustules, and we show that both neutrophils and neutrophil proteases activate IL-36. Suggesting another mechanism regulating IL-36 activity, the protease inhibitors serpin A1 and A3, which inhibit elastase and cathepsin G, respectively, were upregulated in both diseases and inhibited activation of IL-36. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate sustained activation of IL-1 and IL-36 in GPP, inducing neutrophil chemokine expression, infiltration, and pustule formation, suggesting that the IL-1/IL-36 inflammatory axis is a potent driver of disease pathology in GPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Johnston
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
| | - Xianying Xing
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Liza Wolterink
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Drew H Barnes
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - ZhiQiang Yin
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Laura Reingold
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | | | - Paul W Harms
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
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Fella E, Sokratous K, Papacharalambous R, Kyriacou K, Phillips J, Sanderson S, Panayiotou E, Kyriakides T. Pharmacological Stimulation of Phagocytosis Enhances Amyloid Plaque Clearance; Evidence from a Transgenic Mouse Model of ATTR Neuropathy. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:138. [PMID: 28539873 PMCID: PMC5423984 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary ATTR V30M amyloidosis is a lethal autosomal dominant sensorimotor and autonomic neuropathy caused by deposition of aberrant transthyretin (TTR). Immunohistochemical examination of sural nerve biopsies in patients with amyloidotic neuropathy show co-aggregation of TTR with several proteins; including apolipoprotein E, serum amyloid P and components of the complement cascade. Complement activation and macrophages are increasingly recognized to play a crucial role in amyloidogenesis at the tissue bed level. In the current study we test the effect of two C5a receptor agonists and a C5a receptor antagonist (PMX53) on disease phenotype in ATTR V30M mice. Our results indicate that amyloid deposition was significantly reduced following treatment with the C5a receptor agonists, while treatment with the antagonist resulted in a significant increase of amyloid load. Administration of the C5a receptor agonists triggered increased recruitment of phagocytic cells resulting in clearance of amyloid deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Fella
- Neurology Clinic A, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and GeneticsNicosia, Cyprus.,Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kleitos Sokratous
- Electron Microscopy and Molecular Pathology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and GeneticsNicosia, Cyprus.,Bioinformatics Group, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and GeneticsNicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Kyriacos Kyriacou
- Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosia, Cyprus.,Electron Microscopy and Molecular Pathology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and GeneticsNicosia, Cyprus
| | - Joy Phillips
- Donald P. Shiley Bioscience Center, San Diego State UniversitySan Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sam Sanderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha, NE, USA
| | - Elena Panayiotou
- Neurology Clinic A, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and GeneticsNicosia, Cyprus
| | - Theodoros Kyriakides
- Neurology Clinic A, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and GeneticsNicosia, Cyprus.,Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosia, Cyprus
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65
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Correlation between IL36α and IL17 and Activity of the Disease in Selected Autoimmune Blistering Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:8980534. [PMID: 28611508 PMCID: PMC5458385 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8980534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), bullous pemphigoid (BP), and pemphigus vulgaris (PV) are autoimmune bullous skin conditions with eosinophilic and neutrophilic infiltrations. While cytokines are crucial for the affinity and activation of different leukocyte cells in the inflammation and blister formation, there are no studies concerning a role of IL-36. The goal of the study was to analyze whether interleukin 36 is involved in pathogenesis of DH, BP, and PV. And the second aim of the study was the estimation of correlation between Il-36 and IL-17 and titers of specific antibodies in these diseases. Expression of IL-36 and IL-17 was detected in serum in all DH, BP, and PV samples. Serum levels of IL-36 and IL-17α were statistically higher in DH, BP, and PV groups as compared to the control group. IL-36α levels were statistically higher in DH patients, as compared to patients with PV and BP. Our results showed that IL-36 may be helpful in the diagnostic and monitoring of the activity of the disease. IL 36 may play a relevant role of enrolling eosinophils and neutrophils in DH, BP, and PV and finally provoke tissue injury.
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66
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Cathepsin S is the major activator of the psoriasis-associated proinflammatory cytokine IL-36γ. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2748-E2757. [PMID: 28289191 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620954114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine IL-36γ is highly expressed in epithelial cells and is a pivotal mediator of epithelial inflammation. In particular, IL-36γ is strongly associated with the inflammatory skin disease psoriasis. As with other IL-1 cytokines, IL-36γ is expressed as an inactive precursor and must be processed by specific proteases to become bioactive. Our aim therefore was to identify protease/s capable of IL-36γ activation and explore the importance of this activation in psoriasis. Using a keratinocyte-based activity assay in conjunction with small-molecule inhibitors and siRNA gene silencing, cathepsin S was identified as the major IL-36γ-activating protease expressed by epithelial cells. Interestingly, cathepsin S activity was strongly up-regulated in samples extracted from psoriasis patients relative to healthy controls. In addition, IL-36γ-Ser18, identified as the main product of cathepsin S-dependent IL-36γ cleavage, induced psoriasiform changes in human skin-equivalent models. Together, these data provide important mechanistic insights into the activation of IL-36γ and highlight that cathepsin S-mediated activation of IL-36γ may be important in the development of numerous IL-36γ-driven pathologies, in addition to psoriasis.
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67
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Bridgewood C, Stacey M, Alase A, Lagos D, Graham A, Wittmann M. IL-36γ has proinflammatory effects on human endothelial cells. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:402-408. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Bridgewood
- Centre for Skin Sciences; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Bradford; Bradford UK
| | - Martin Stacey
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Faculty of Biological Sciences; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
| | - Adewonuola Alase
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM); University of Leeds; Leeds UK
| | - Dimitris Lagos
- Centre for Immunology and Infection; Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology; University of York UK
| | - Anne Graham
- School of Medical Sciences; University of Bradford; Bradford UK
| | - Miriam Wittmann
- Centre for Skin Sciences; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Bradford; Bradford UK
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM); University of Leeds; Leeds UK
- National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) LMBRU; Chapel Allerton Hospital; Leeds UK
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68
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69
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Marshall NC, Finlay BB, Overall CM. Sharpening Host Defenses during Infection: Proteases Cut to the Chase. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:S161-S171. [PMID: 28179412 PMCID: PMC5393396 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.o116.066456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immune system consists of an intricate network of tightly controlled pathways, where proteases are essential instigators and executioners at multiple levels. Invading microbial pathogens also encode proteases that have evolved to manipulate and dysregulate host proteins, including host proteases during the course of disease. The identification of pathogen proteases as well as their substrates and mechanisms of action have empowered significant developments in therapeutics for infectious diseases. Yet for many pathogens, there remains a great deal to be discovered. Recently, proteomic techniques have been developed that can identify proteolytically processed proteins across the proteome. These “degradomics” approaches can identify human substrates of microbial proteases during infection in vivo and expose the molecular-level changes that occur in the human proteome during infection as an operational network to develop hypotheses for further research as well as new therapeutics. This Perspective Article reviews how proteases are utilized during infection by both the human host and invading bacterial pathogens, including archetypal virulence-associated microbial proteases, such as the Clostridia spp. botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins. We highlight the potential knowledge that degradomics studies of host–pathogen interactions would uncover, as well as how degradomics has been successfully applied in similar contexts, including use with a viral protease. We review how microbial proteases have been targeted in current therapeutic approaches and how microbial proteases have shaped and even contributed to human therapeutics beyond infectious disease. Finally, we discuss how, moving forward, degradomics research can greatly contribute to our understanding of how microbial pathogens cause disease in vivo and lead to the identification of novel substrates in vivo, and the development of improved therapeutics to counter these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Marshall
- From the ‡Department of Microbiology & Immunology.,§Michael Smith Laboratories
| | - B Brett Finlay
- From the ‡Department of Microbiology & Immunology.,§Michael Smith Laboratories.,¶Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
| | - Christopher M Overall
- ¶Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, .,**Department of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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70
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Margaroli C, Tirouvanziam R. Neutrophil plasticity enables the development of pathological microenvironments: implications for cystic fibrosis airway disease. Mol Cell Pediatr 2016; 3:38. [PMID: 27868161 PMCID: PMC5136534 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-016-0066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pathological course of several chronic inflammatory diseases, including cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and rheumatoid arthritis, features an aberrant innate immune response dominated by neutrophils. In cystic fibrosis, neutrophil burden and activity of neutrophil elastase in the extracellular fluid have been identified as strong predictors of lung disease severity. REVIEW Although neutrophils are generally considered to be rigid, pre-programmed effector leukocytes, recent studies suggest extensive plasticity in how neutrophil functions unfold upon recruitment to peripheral tissues, and how they choose their ultimate fate. Indeed, upon migration to cystic fibrosis airways, neutrophils display dysregulated lifespan, metabolic activation, and altered effector and regulatory functions, consistent with profound adaptation and phenotypic reprogramming. Licensed by signals present in cystic fibrosis airway microenvironment to survive and develop these novel functions, neutrophils orchestrate, in partnership with the epithelium and with the resident microbiota, the evolution of a pathological microenvironment. This microenvironment is defined by altered proteolytic, redox, and metabolic balance and the presence of stable luminal structures in which neutrophils and microbes coexist. CONCLUSIONS The elucidation of molecular mechanisms driving neutrophil plasticity in vivo will open new treatment opportunities designed to modulate, rather than block, the crucial adaptive functions fulfilled by neutrophils. This review aims to outline emerging mechanisms of neutrophil plasticity and their participation in the building of pathological microenvironments in the context of cystic fibrosis and other diseases with similar features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Margaroli
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for CF and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Emory + Children's Center, 2015 Uppergate Dr NE, Rm 344, Atlanta, GA, 30322-1014, USA
| | - Rabindra Tirouvanziam
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Center for CF and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Emory + Children's Center, 2015 Uppergate Dr NE, Rm 344, Atlanta, GA, 30322-1014, USA.
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71
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Satoh TK, Mellett M, Contassot E, French LE. Are neutrophilic dermatoses autoinflammatory disorders? Br J Dermatol 2016; 178:603-613. [PMID: 27905098 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils constitute essential players in inflammatory responses and are the first line of defence against harmful stimuli. However, dysregulation of neutrophil homeostasis can result in excessive inflammation and subsequent tissue damage. Neutrophilic dermatoses are a spectrum of inflammatory disorders characterized by skin lesions resulting from a neutrophil-rich inflammatory infiltrate in the absence of infection. The exact molecular pathophysiology of neutrophilic dermatoses has long been poorly understood. Interestingly, neutrophil-rich cutaneous inflammation is also a cardinal feature of several autoinflammatory diseases with skin involvement, the latter being caused by aberrant innate immune responses. Overactivation of the innate immune system leading to increased production of interleukin-1 family members and 'sterile' neutrophil-rich cutaneous inflammation are features of both inherited autoinflammatory syndromes with skin involvement and an increasing number of neutrophilic dermatoses. Therefore, we propose that autoinflammation may be a cause of neutrophilic dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Satoh
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastraße 31, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - M Mellett
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastraße 31, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - E Contassot
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastraße 31, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - L E French
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastraße 31, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
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72
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Walsh PT, Fallon PG. The emergence of the IL-36 cytokine family as novel targets for inflammatory diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1417:23-34. [PMID: 27783881 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The recently discovered interleukin (IL)-36 family of cytokines form part of the broader IL-1 family and are emerging as important mediators of inflammatory disease. The IL-36 subfamily consists of three ligands-IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ-and the natural antagonist IL-36Ra. The cytokines exert their effects through a specific IL-36 receptor consisting of IL-36R and IL-1RAcP chains. IL-36 cytokines can direct both innate and adaptive immune responses by acting on parenchymal, stromal, and specific immune cell subsets. In humans, inactivating mutations in the gene encoding the IL-36R antagonist, which lead to unregulated IL-36R signaling, lead to an autoinflammatory condition termed deficiency of the IL-36R antagonist, which primarily manifests as a severe form of pustular psoriasis. While such discoveries have prompted deeper mechanistic studies highlighting the important role of IL-36 cytokines in psoriatic skin inflammation, it is now evident that IL-36 cytokines can also play important roles in inflammatory disorders in other organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract and the lungs. Given these emerging roles, strategies to specifically target the expression and activity of the IL-36 family have the potential to uncover novel therapeutic approaches aimed at treating inflammatory diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Walsh
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Padraic G Fallon
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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73
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Murrieta-Coxca JM, Gómez-Chávez F, Baeza-Martínez DA, Cancino-Diaz ME, Cancino-Diaz JC, Pérez-Tapia SM, Reyes-Maldonado E, Rodríguez-Martínez S. Estrous Cycle and Gestational Age-Dependent Expression of Members of the Interleukin-36 Subfamily in a Semi-Allogeneic Model of Infected and Non-Infected Murine Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2016; 7:376. [PMID: 27713746 PMCID: PMC5031771 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The IL-36 subfamily is a recently described group of cytokines with pro-inflammatory behavior, comprising three agonists (α, β, and γ), its receptor (R), and one antagonist (Ra). The expression and function of IL-36 subfamily members in the estrous cycle in healthy and infected pregnancy has not been described. We evaluated mRNA and protein expression of IL-36 family members during the estrous cycle, implantation, fetal development, and post-labor periods in a model of allogenic pregnancy in mice. We also explored the ability of Listeria monocytogenes to modulate the expression of IL-36 subfamily members during pregnancy. Expression of IL-36 subfamily members showed different expression during the estrous cycle and pregnancy but was induced at estrous, 16.5 days post coitum (dpc), 18.5 dpc, and labor. IL-36 subfamily members showed a characteristic distribution in the glandular epithelium, perimetrium, myometrium, and stratum vasculare. Infection with L. monocytogenes during pregnancy induced strong production of IL-36 subfamily members, an observation that correlated with an increasing prevalence of fetal loss. In conclusion, IL-36 agonists showed specific patterns of mRNA and protein expression that might suggest functional specialization or specific target cells. Infection with L. monocytogenes during pregnancy induced strong production of IL-36 subfamily members.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Martin Murrieta-Coxca
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Fernando Gómez-Chávez
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, SSA, Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Cátedra CONACyT , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Damariz Adriana Baeza-Martínez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Mexico City, Mexico; Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Mexico City, Mexico; Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, UNAM, Los Reyes Iztacala Tlalnepantla, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Eugenio Cancino-Diaz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Cancino-Diaz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Sonia Mayra Pérez-Tapia
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Elba Reyes-Maldonado
- Departamento de Morfología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Sandra Rodríguez-Martínez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas , Mexico City , Mexico
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74
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Malachowa N, Kobayashi SD, Quinn MT, DeLeo FR. NET Confusion. Front Immunol 2016; 7:259. [PMID: 27446089 PMCID: PMC4923183 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are arguably the most important white blood cell for defense against bacterial and fungal infections. These leukocytes are produced in high numbers on a daily basis in humans and are recruited rapidly to injured/infected tissues. Phagocytosis and subsequent intraphagosomal killing and digestion of microbes have historically been the accepted means by which neutrophils carry out their role in innate host defense. Indeed, neutrophils contain and produce numerous cytotoxic molecules, including antimicrobial peptides, proteases, and reactive oxygen species, that are highly effective at killing the vast majority of ingested microbes. On the other hand, it is these characteristics - high numbers and toxicity - that endow neutrophils with the potential to injure and destroy host tissues. This potential is borne out by many inflammatory processes and diseases. Therefore, it is not surprising that host mechanisms exist to control virtually all steps in the neutrophil activation process and to prevent unintended neutrophil activation and/or lysis during the resolution of inflammatory responses or during steady-state turnover. The notion that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) form by cytolysis as a standard host defense mechanism seems inconsistent with these aforementioned neutrophil "containment" processes. It is with this caveat in mind that we provide perspective on the role of NETs in human host defense and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Malachowa
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Hamilton, MT , USA
| | - Scott D Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Hamilton, MT , USA
| | - Mark T Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA
| | - Frank R DeLeo
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Hamilton, MT , USA
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