51
|
Malaria parasite DNA-harbouring vesicles activate cytosolic immune sensors. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1985. [PMID: 29215015 PMCID: PMC5719353 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
STING is an innate immune cytosolic adaptor for DNA sensors that engage malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum) or other pathogen DNA. As P. falciparum infects red blood cells and not leukocytes, how parasite DNA reaches such host cytosolic DNA sensors in immune cells is unclear. Here we show that malaria parasites inside red blood cells can engage host cytosolic innate immune cell receptors from a distance by secreting extracellular vesicles (EV) containing parasitic small RNA and genomic DNA. Upon internalization of DNA-harboring EVs by human monocytes, P. falciparum DNA is released within the host cell cytosol, leading to STING-dependent DNA sensing. STING subsequently activates the kinase TBK1, which phosphorylates the transcription factor IRF3, causing IRF3 to translocate to the nucleus and induce STING-dependent gene expression. This DNA-sensing pathway may be an important decoy mechanism to promote P. falciparum virulence and thereby may affect future strategies to treat malaria. STING is an intracellular DNA sensor that can alter response to infection, but in the case of malaria it is unclear how parasite DNA in red blood cells (RBCs) reaches DNA sensors in immune cells. Here the authors show that STING in human monocytes can sense P. falciparum nucleic acids transported from infected RBCs via parasite extracellular vesicles.
Collapse
|
52
|
Abstract
Purpose of Review This review aims to evaluate research surrounding the utility of urinary biomarkers to detect bladder cancer and predict recurrence. Recent Findings Recent research has focussed on the evaluation of genetic markers found in urine to provide diagnostic and prognostic information. Furthermore, the isolation and characterisation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from the urine patients with bladder cancer provide an exciting new development in biomarker research that is set to expand in the coming years. Summary Current urinary biomarker research is a broad field that encompasses the evaluation of urinary proteins, DNA, RNA and EVs to detect signatures that can be used to predict the presence of bladder cancer and provide prognostic information. EVs in particular offer an exciting and novel perspective in the search for accurate bladder cancer biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Leiblich
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK. .,Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Headington, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Cobelli NJ, Leong DJ, Sun HB. Exosomes: biology, therapeutic potential, and emerging role in musculoskeletal repair and regeneration. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1410:57-67. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil J. Cobelli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center; Bronx New York
| | - Daniel J. Leong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center; Bronx New York
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center; Bronx New York
| | - Hui B. Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center; Bronx New York
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center; Bronx New York
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Soekmadji C, Corcoran NM, Oleinikova I, Jovanovic L, Ramm GA, Nelson CC, Jenster G, Russell PJ. Extracellular vesicles for personalized therapy decision support in advanced metastatic cancers and its potential impact for prostate cancer. Prostate 2017; 77:1416-1423. [PMID: 28856701 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The use of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, as liquid biopsy-derived biomarkers for cancers have been investigated. CTC enumeration using the CellSearch based platform provides an accurate insight on overall survival where higher CTC counts indicate poor prognosis for patients with advanced metastatic cancer. EVs provide information based on their lipid, protein, and nucleic acid content and can be isolated from biofluids and analyzed from a relatively small volume, providing a routine and non-invasive modality to monitor disease progression. Our pilot experiment by assessing the level of two subpopulations of small EVs, the CD9 positive and CD63 positive EVs, showed that the CD9 positive EV level is higher in plasma from patients with advanced metastatic prostate cancer with detectable CTCs. These data show the potential utility of a particular EV subpopulation to serve as biomarkers for advanced metastatic prostate cancer. EVs can potentially be utilized as biomarkers to provide accurate genotypic and phenotypic information for advanced prostate cancer, where new strategies to design a more personalized therapy is currently the focus of considerable investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Soekmadji
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Niall M Corcoran
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Epworth, and Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Irina Oleinikova
- Department of Urology, Queensland Health, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lidija Jovanovic
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Grant A Ramm
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Guido Jenster
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Centre, R,otterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela J Russell
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Huang R, Chen Z, He L, He N, Xi Z, Li Z, Deng Y, Zeng X. Mass spectrometry-assisted gel-based proteomics in cancer biomarker discovery: approaches and application. Theranostics 2017; 7:3559-3572. [PMID: 28912895 PMCID: PMC5596443 DOI: 10.7150/thno.20797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need for the discovery of novel biomarkers for early detection and targeted therapy of cancer, a major cause of deaths worldwide. In this respect, proteomic technologies, such as mass spectrometry (MS), enable the identification of pathologically significant proteins in various types of samples. MS is capable of high-throughput profiling of complex biological samples including blood, tissues, urine, milk, and cells. MS-assisted proteomics has contributed to the development of cancer biomarkers that may form the foundation for new clinical tests. It can also aid in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer. In this review, we discuss MS principles and instrumentation as well as approaches in MS-based proteomics, which have been employed in the development of potential biomarkers. Furthermore, the challenges in validation of MS biomarkers for their use in clinical practice are also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhongsi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lei He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Nongyue He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Economical Forest Cultivation and Utilization of 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center in Hunan Province, Hunan Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Application of Biological Nanotechnology; Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Zhijiang Xi
- School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Zhiyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Economical Forest Cultivation and Utilization of 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center in Hunan Province, Hunan Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Application of Biological Nanotechnology; Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Medical Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are a heterogeneous population of microparticles released by virtually all living cells which have been recently widely investigated in different biological fields. They are typically composed of two primary types (exosomes and microvesicles) and are recently commanding increasing attention as mediators of cellular signaling. Indeed, these vesicles can affect recipient cells by carrying and delivering complex cargos of biomolecules (including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids), protected from enzymatic degradation in the environment. Their importance has been demonstrated in the pathophysiology of several organs, in particular in kidney, where different cell types secrete extracellular vesicles that mediate their communication with downstream urinary tract cells. Over the past few years, evidence has been shown that vesicles participate in kidney development and normal physiology. Moreover, EVs are widely demonstrated to be implicated in cellular signaling during renal regenerative and pathological processes. Although many EV mechanisms are still poorly understood, in particular in kidney, the discovery of their role could help to shed light on renal biological processes which are so far elusive. Lastly, extracellular vesicles secreted by renal cells gather in urine, thus becoming a great resource for disease or recovery markers and a promising non-invasive diagnostic instrument for renal disease. In the present review, we discuss the most recent findings on the role of extracellular vesicles in renal physiopathology and their potential implication in diagnosis and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Gai
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Su K, Wang CF, Zhang Y, Cai YJ, Zhang YY, Zhao Q. miR-940 upregulation contributes to human cervical cancer progression through p27 and PTEN inhibition. Int J Oncol 2017; 50:1211-1220. [PMID: 28350106 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is considered as a gynecological malignancy accompanied with high rates of mortality across the world. Effective diagnostic, prognostic markers as well as therapeutic targets are necessary to be explored. The p27 and PTEN are known to modulate tumor cell growth and proliferation. However, the molecular mechanisms modulating these genes have not completely been elucidated. In our study, real-time (RT) quantitative PCR indicated that miR‑940 levels were upregulated in human cervical cancer tissue samples and cell lines. Overexpression of miR‑940 could reduce overall survival in patients. Ectopic miR‑940 accelerated cervical cancer cell growth, proliferation and cell cycle arrest in vitro as well as tumor formation in vivo. p27 and PTEN were evidenced as direct targets for miR‑940 and inhibition of p27 and PTEN recovered the suppressive function of miR‑940-silenced cell towards to proliferation and tumorigenicity in cervical cancer cells. In addition, miR‑940 expression was inversely associated with p27 and PTEN expression levels and actively with cyclin D1 in cervical cancer specimens. The results from our study demonstrated that miR‑940 regulated p27 and PTEN post-transcriptionally and might play a significant role in cervical cancer development and progression. Thus, miR‑940 might provide a potential value as therapeutic target for cervical cancer treatment in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Su
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Fang Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Jie Cai
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|