51
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Guo W, Yuan J, Wang E. Organic-soluble fluorescent Au8 clusters generated from heterophase ligand-exchange induced etching of gold nanoparticles and their electrochemiluminescence. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:3076-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc17155d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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52
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Schnuriger M, Tague E, Richter MM. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence properties of bisalicylideneethylenediamino (salen) metal complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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53
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Schnuriger M, Richter MM, Carlson B. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence from osmium(II) polypyridine carbonyl chloride systems. Inorganica Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2011.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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54
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Joshi T, Barbante GJ, Francis PS, Hogan CF, Bond AM, Spiccia L. Electrochemiluminescent peptide nucleic acid-like monomers containing Ru(II)-dipyridoquinoxaline and Ru(II)-dipyridophenazine complexes. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:12172-83. [PMID: 22040143 DOI: 10.1021/ic201911f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A series of Ru(II)-peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-like monomers, [Ru(bpy)(2)(dpq-L-PNA-OH)](2+) (M1), [Ru(phen)(2)(dpq-L-PNA-OH)](2+) (M2), [Ru(bpy)(2)(dppz-L-PNA-OH)](2+) (M3), and [Ru(phen)(2)(dppz-L-PNA-OH)](2+) (M4) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, dpq-L-PNA-OH = 2-(N-(2-(((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonylamino)ethyl)-6-(dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine-11-carboxamido)hexanamido)acetic acid, dppz-L-PNA-OH = 2-(N-(2-(((9H-fluoren-9-yl) methoxy)carbonylamino)ethyl)-6-(dipyrido[3,2-f:2',3'-h]quinoxaline-2-carboxamido)acetic acid) have been synthesized and characterized by IR and (1)H NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. As is typical for Ru(II)-tris(diimine) complexes, acetonitrile solutions of these complexes (M1-M4) show MLCT transitions in the 443-455 nm region and emission maxima at 618, 613, 658, and 660 nm, respectively, upon photoexcitation at 450 nm. Changes in the ligand environment around the Ru(II) center are reflected in the luminescence and electrochemical response obtained from these monomers. The emission intensity and quantum yield for M1 and M2 were found to be higher than for M3 and M4. Electrochemical studies in acetonitrile show the Ru(II)-PNA monomers to undergo a one-electron redox process associated with Ru(II) to Ru(III) oxidation. A positive shift was observed in the reversible redox potentials for M1-M4 (962, 951, 936, and 938 mV, respectively, vs Fc(0/+) (Fc = ferrocene)) in comparison with [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) (888 mV vs Fc(0/+)). The ability of the Ru(II)-PNA monomers to generate electrochemiluminescence (ECL) was assessed in acetonitrile solutions containing tripropylamine (TPA) as a coreactant. Intense ECL signals were observed with emission maxima for M1-M4 at 622, 616, 673, and 675 nm, respectively. At an applied potential sufficiently positive to oxidize the ruthenium center, the integrated intensity for ECL from the PNA monomers was found to vary in the order M1 (62%) > M3 (60%) > M4 (46%) > M2 (44%) with respect to [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) (100%). These findings indicate that such Ru(II)-PNA bioconjugates could be investigated as multimodal labels for biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmaya Joshi
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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55
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Analytical applications of the electrochemiluminescence of tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) coupled to capillary/microchip electrophoresis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 704:16-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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56
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Qi W, Yuan H, Song Q, Liu Y, Ran G, Ding Y. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Detection of Ammonium Ion Based on a Novel Iridium Complex Modified Electrode. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2011.551857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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57
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Roop J, Nothnagel M, Schnuriger M, Richter MM, Baker GA. Ionic liquid adsorbate enhanced electrogenerated chemiluminescence of ruthenium, osmium, and iridium complexes in water. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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58
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Zhao Y, He XW, Yin XB. Analyte-induced formation of partial duplexes for the preparation of a label-free electrochemiluminescent aptasensor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:6419-21. [PMID: 21556396 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11529d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Analyte-induced formation of partial duplexes was used for biosensor development with cocaine as a model. The cocaine-aptamer interaction resulted in formation of a partial double strand section in the aptamer, where Ru(phen)(3)(2+) was intercalated for electrochemiluminescent analysis of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR. China
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59
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Venkatanarayanan A, O'Connell BS, Keyes ADTE, Forster RJ. Potential modulated electrochemiluminescence of ruthenium containing metallopolymer films. Electrochem commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2011.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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60
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Wei H, Wang E. Electrochemiluminescence of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium and its applications in bioanalysis: a review. LUMINESCENCE 2011; 26:77-85. [PMID: 21400654 DOI: 10.1002/bio.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) [Ru(bpy)(3) (2+)] is an active research area and includes the synthesis of ECL-active materials, mechanistic studies and broad applications. Extensive research has been focused on this area, due to its scientific and practical importance. In this mini-review we focus on the bio-related applications of ECL. After a brief introduction to Ru(bpy)(3) (2+) ECL and its mechanisms, its application in constructing an effective bioassay is discussed in detail. Three types of ECL assay are covered: DNA, immunoassay and functional nucleic acid sensors. Finally, future directions for these assays are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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61
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Liu DY, Xin YY, He XW, Yin XB. The electrochemiluminescence of ruthenium complex/tripropylamine systems at DNA-modified gold electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:2703-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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62
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Swanick KN, Dodd DW, Price JT, Brazeau AL, Jones ND, Hudson RHE, Ding Z. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of triazole-modified deoxycytidine analogues in N,N-dimethylformamide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:17405-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22116g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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63
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Long Y, Zhou X, Xing D. Sensitive and isothermal electrochemiluminescence gene-sensing of Listeria monocytogenes with hyperbranching rolling circle amplification technology. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:2897-904. [PMID: 21183330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is one of the most problematic human pathogens, as it is mainly transmitted through the food chain and cause listeriosis. Thus, specific and sensitive detection of L. monocytogenes is required to ensure food safety. In this study, we proposed a method using hyperbranching rolling circle amplification (HRCA) combined with magnetic beads based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) to offer an isothermal, highly sensitive and specific assay for the detection of L. monocytogenes. At first, a linear padlock probe was designed to target a specific sequence in the hly gene which is specific to L. monocytogenes and then ligated by Taq DNA ligase. After ligation and digestion, further amplification by HRCA with a biotiny labeled primer and a tris (bipyridine) ruthenium (TBR) labeled primer was performed. The resulting HRCA products were then captured onto streptavidin-coated paramagnetic beads and were analyzed by magnetic beads based ECL platform to confirm the presence of targets. Through this approach, as low as 10 aM synthetic hly gene targets and about 0.0002 ng/μl of genomic DNA from L. monocytogenes can be detected, the ability to detect at such ultratrace levels could be attributed to the powerful amplification of HRCA and the high sensitivity of current magnetic bead based ECL detection platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Long
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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64
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Liu DY, Xin YY, He XW, Yin XB. A sensitive, non-damaging electrochemiluminescent aptasensor via a low potential approach at DNA-modified gold electrodes. Analyst 2010; 136:479-85. [PMID: 20938512 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00607f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-based biosensors are often used in the field of DNA- and protein-assay. Although ruthenium complex-based ECL is sensitive, its high exciting potential may lead to oxidation damage to biomolecules. For the first time, a non-damaging, low potential ECL aptasensor was constructed for bioassay with lysozyme as a model. After a single-stranded anti-lysozyme aptamer was attached to a gold electrode, a double stranded (ds)-DNA formed with its complementary strand. Ru(phen)(3)(2+), as an ECL probe, was intercalated into the ds-DNA. The hybridization of lysozyme with its aptamer led to the dissociation of ds-DNA because of the high stability of the aptamer-lysozyme and therefore the Ru(phen)(3)(2+) intercalated into ds-DNA was released. A low potential ECL was observed at the ds-DNA-modified electrode because ds-DNA was able to preconcentrate tripropylamine (TPA) and acted as the acceptor of the protons released from protonated TPAH(+). While the DNA sequence (anti-lysozyme aptamer) was used as the special recognition element for lysozyme, the formed ds-DNA also provided a micro-environment for low potential ECL. The low potential ECL aptasensor achieved the determination of lysozyme with a detection limit of 0.45 pM. The day-to-day precision (RSDs, n = 5) for the determination of lysozyme was lower than 5%, showing the reliability of the aptasensor. The regeneration of the aptasensor confirmed that the low potential for ECL could decrease oxidation damage to biomolecules. Further, the proposed method was successfully used to analyze diluted egg white sample directly. The protocol exhibited a promising platform for sensitive bioassay and could be further applied for the development of other low potential ECL sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yuan Liu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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65
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Su M, Liu S. Solid-state electrochemiluminescence analysis with coreactant of the immobilized tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium. Anal Biochem 2010; 402:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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66
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Li H, Shi L, Liu X, Niu W, Xu G. Determination of isocyanates by capillary electrophoresis with tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) electrochemiluminescence. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:3926-31. [PMID: 19885882 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CE with tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)(3) (2+)) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection for the quantitative determination of isocyanates was first reported. Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and hexyl isocyanate (HI) were used as the model analytes. Commercially available N,N-diethyl-N'-methylethylenediamine was used as the derivatization reagent. It has both a secondary amine group and a tertiary amine group. The secondary amine group can quantitatively react with isocyanate group, and the tertiary amine group can react with Ru(bpy)(3) (2+) to produce strong ECL signal for sensitive detection. The derivatization reaction was almost instantaneous and is much faster than other reported derivative reactions using other derivative reagents. The urea formed was stable. Linear calibration curve was obtained in the range from 0.01 to 10 microM for HDI, and 0.02 to 20 microM for hexyl isocyanate (HI). The detection limit is 0.01 microM for HDI and 0.02 microM for HI. The method is more sensitive than UV-detection and electrochemical detection. For practical application, recovery higher than 90% for HDI and HI was obtained for foam sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
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67
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Yin XB, Guo JM, Wei W. Dual-cloud point extraction and tertiary amine labeling for selective and sensitive capillary electrophoresis-electrochemiluminescent detection of auxins. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1399-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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68
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Tang CX, Zhao Y, He XW, Yin XB. A “turn-on” electrochemiluminescent biosensor for detecting Hg2+ at femtomole level based on the intercalation of Ru(phen)32+ into ds-DNA. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:9022-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03495a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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69
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70
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Progress in Ru(bpy)32+ Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(08)60139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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71
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Sun Y, Zhang Z, Xi Z, Shi Z. Determination of naproxen in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with direct electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection. Talanta 2009; 79:676-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2009.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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72
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Sun Y, Zhang Z, Xi Z, Shi Z, Tian W. Determination of itopride hydrochloride by high-performance liquid chromatography with Ru(bpy)32+ electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 648:174-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 06/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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73
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Xing B, Yin XB. Novel poly-dopamine adhesive for a halloysite nanotube-Ru(bpy)(3)2+ electrochemiluminescent sensor. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6451. [PMID: 19649294 PMCID: PMC2714183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, for the first time, the electrochemiluminescent sensor based on Ru(bpy)32+-modified electrode using dopamine as an adhesive was successfully developed. After halloysite nanotube slurry was cast on a glassy carbon electrode and dried, an alkaline dopamine solution was added on the electrode surface. Initially, polydopamine belts with dimensions of tens to hundreds of nanometers formed via oxidization of the dopamine by ambient oxygen. As the incubation time increased, the nanobelts became broader and then united with each other to form a polydopamine film. The halloysite nanotubes were embedded within the polydopamine film. The above electrode was soaked in Ru(bpy)32+ aqueous solution to adsorb Ru(bpy)32+ into the active sites of the halloysite nanotubes via cation-exchange procedure. Through this simple procedure, a Ru(bpy)32+-modified electrode was obtained using only 6.25 µg Ru(bpy)32+, 15.0 µg dopamine, and 9.0 µg halloysite nanotubes. The electrochemistry and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of the modified electrode was investigated using tripropylamine (TPA) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) as co-reactants. The different ECL behaviors of the modified electrode using NTA and TPA as well as the contact angle measurements reflected the hydrophilic character of the electrode. The results indicate that halloysite nanotubes have a high loading capacity for Ru(bpy)32+ and that dopamine is suitable for the preparation of modified electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xing
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Bo Yin
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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74
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Angulo G, Kapturkiewicz A, Chang SY, Chi Y. Electrochemiluminescence studies of phosphine chelated osmium(II) complexes. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2009.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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75
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Dong Y, Chi Y, zheng L, Zhang L, Chen L, Chen G. Spectroelectrochemistry for studying electrochemiluminescence mechanism. Electrochem commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2009.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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76
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Xing B, Yin XB. Electrochemiluminescence from hydrophilic thin film Ru(bpy)32+-modified electrode prepared using natural halloysite nanotubes and polyacrylamide gel. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:2939-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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77
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Synthesis and properties of electrochemiluminescent dinuclear Ru(II) complexes assembled with ester-bridged bis(bipyridine) ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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78
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Applications of nanomaterials in electrogenerated chemiluminescence biosensors. SENSORS 2009; 9:674-95. [PMID: 22389624 PMCID: PMC3280770 DOI: 10.3390/s90100674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (also called electrochemiluminescence and abbreviated ECL) involves the generation of species at electrode surfaces that then undergo electron-transfer reactions to form excited states that emit light. ECL biosensor, combining advantages offered by the selectivity of the biological recognition elements and the sensitivity of ECL technique, is a powerful device for ultrasensitive biomolecule detection and quantification. Nanomaterials are of considerable interest in the biosensor field owing to their unique physical and chemical properties, which have led to novel biosensors that have exhibited high sensitivity and stability. Nanomaterials including nanoparticles and nanotubes, prepared from metals, semiconductor, carbon or polymeric species, have been widely investigated for their ability to enhance the efficiencies of ECL biosensors, such as taking as modification electrode materials, or as carrier of ECL labels and ECL-emitting species. Particularly useful application of nanomaterials in ECL biosensors with emphasis on the years 2004-2008 is reviewed. Remarks on application of nanomaterials in ECL biosensors are also surveyed.
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79
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Forster RJ, Bertoncello P, Keyes TE. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2009; 2:359-385. [PMID: 20636067 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-060908-155305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In electrogenerated chemiluminescence, also known as electrochemiluminescence (ECL), electrochemically generated intermediates undergo a highly exergonic reaction to produce an electronically excited state that then emits light. These electron-transfer reactions are sufficiently exergonic to allow the excited states of luminophores, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metal complexes, to be created without photoexcitation. For example, oxidation of [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) in the presence of tripropylamine results in light emission that is analogous to the emission produced by photoexcitation. This review highlights some of the most exciting recent developments in this field, including novel ECL-generating transition metal complexes, especially ruthenium and osmium polypyridine systems; ECL-generating monolayers and thin films; the use of nanomaterials; and analytical, especially clinical, applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Forster
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, National Center for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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80
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Sun SQ, Song QJ, Yuan HF, Ding YQ. Solid-state electrochemiluminescence of a novel iridium(III) complex. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2008.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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81
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Li H, Liu X, Niu W, Zhu S, Fan L, Shi L, Xu G. CEC with tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) electrochemiluminescent detection. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:4475-81. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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82
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Glucose biosensor based on gold nanoparticle-catalyzed luminol electrochemiluminescence on a three-dimensional sol–gel network. Electrochem commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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83
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Direct electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection in high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of ofloxacin. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 623:96-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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84
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Zanarini S, Della Ciana L, Marcaccio M, Marzocchi E, Paolucci F, Prodi L. Electrochemistry and electrochemiluminescence of [Ru(II)-tris(bathophenanthroline-disulfonate)]4- in aprotic conditions and aqueous buffers. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:10188-93. [PMID: 18652506 DOI: 10.1021/jp803757y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the electrochemical and ECL properties of tris[1,10-phenanthrolinediyl-4,7-di(benzenesulfonate)]Ru(II) ([Ru(BPS)3]4-) have been addressed in both strictly aprotic conditions and aqueous buffers. A combined theoretical and experimental approach is presented to focus thermodynamics and kinetic effects of electro-generated species possessing highly negative charge. The complex, prepared as the sodium salt by using a newly developed procedure, was subsequently converted to the tetrabutylammonium salt by ion exchange, thus making it soluble in organic media and allowing, for the first time, its thorough electrochemical investigation in ultra-dry aprotic media. The electrochemically induced luminescence (ECL) of Na 4[Ru(BPS)3] in phosphate buffer, using the co-reactant method (tripropylamine), was investigated as a function of the electrode material and halide addition, and ECL intensities six times higher than that of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ were found. In addition, the ECL behavior of this promising dye for biomolecule recognition was investigated in aprotic media and, for the first time, the direct radical anion-radical cation annihilation ECL was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Zanarini
- Dipartimento di Chimica G. Ciamician, Universita' di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Wei H, Liu J, Zhou L, Li J, Jiang X, Kang J, Yang X, Dong S, Wang E. [Ru(bpy)3]2+-doped silica nanoparticles within layer-by-layer biomolecular coatings and their application as a biocompatible electrochemiluminescent tag material. Chemistry 2008; 14:3687-93. [PMID: 18306266 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
[Ru(bpy)3]2+-doped silica (RuSi) nanoparticles were synthesized by using a water/oil microemulsion method. Stable electrochemiluminescence (ECL) was obtained when the RuSi nanoparticles were immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode by using tripropylamine (TPA) as a coreactant. Furthermore, the ECL of the RuSi nanoparticles with layer-by-layer biomolecular coatings was investigated. Squential self-assembly of the polyelectrolytes and biomolecules on the RuSi nanoparticles gave nanocomposite suspensions, the ECL of which decreased on increasing the number of bilayers. Moreover, factors that affected the assembly and ECL signals were investigated. The decrease in ECL could be assigned to steric hindrance and limited diffusion of the coreactant molecules in the silica matrix after they were attached to the biomolecules. Since surface modification of the RuSi nanoparticles can improve their biocompatibility and prevent leaking of the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ ions, the RuSi nanoparticles can be readily used as efficient and stable ECL tag materials in immunoassay and DNA detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
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86
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Wei H, Yin J, Wang E. Bis(2,2'-bipyridine)(5,6-epoxy-5,6-dihydro-[1,10]phenanthroline)ruthenium: synthesis and electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence characterization. Anal Chem 2008; 80:5635-9. [PMID: 18557630 DOI: 10.1021/ac8001462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) reagent bis(2,2'-bipyridine)(5,6-epoxy-5,6-dihydro-[1,10]phenanthroline)ruthenium complex (Ru-1) was synthesized, and its electrochemical and ECL properties were characterized. The synthesis of Ru-1 was confirmed by IR spectra, element analysis, and (1)H NMR spectra. For further study, its UV-vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectra were investigated. Ru-1 also exhibited quasi-reversible Ru (II)/Ru (III) redox waves in acetonitrile solution. The aqueous ECL behaviors of Ru-1 were also studied in the absence and in the presence of tripropylamine. The complex was fabricated on a gamma-(aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) pretreated indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate via aminolysis reaction between the 5,6-epoxy-5,6-dihydro-[1,10]phenanthroline ligand and APTES. The resulting Ru-1 modified ITO substrate exhibited a broad absorption band in the visible region (350-600 nm) and its fluorescence emission spectrum was centered at 622 nm. The Ru-1 modified ITO electrode showed relative low ECL response. To improve the solid-state ECL response, a gold nanoparticles (GNP)/Ru-1 modified ITO electrode was constructed. The mixing of GNP and Ru-1 could produce the aggregates, which were further immobilized onto a 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxy-silane (3-MPTMS) pretreated ITO substrate via Au-S interactions to construct the GNP/Ru-1 modified electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujian Miao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA.
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88
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Yin XB, Sha BB, Zhang XH, He XW, Xie H. The Factors Affecting the Electrochemiluminescence of Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)Ruthenium(II)/Tertiary Amines. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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90
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Wei H, Zhou L, Li J, Liu J, Wang E. Electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence study of Ru(bpy)2+3-doped silica nanoparticles with covalently grafted biomacromolecules. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 321:310-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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91
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Guo W, Yuan J, Li B, Du Y, Ying E, Wang E. Nanoscale-enhanced Ru(bpy)32+ electrochemiluminescence labels and related aptamer-based biosensing system. Analyst 2008; 133:1209-13. [DOI: 10.1039/b806301j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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