51
|
Gold B, Batsomboon P, Dudley GB, Alabugin IV. Alkynyl Crown Ethers as a Scaffold for Hyperconjugative Assistance in Noncatalyzed Azide–Alkyne Click Reactions: Ion Sensing through Enhanced Transition-State Stabilization. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6221-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500958n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Gold
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Paratchata Batsomboon
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Gregory B. Dudley
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
A platform for designing hyperpolarized magnetic resonance chemical probes. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2411. [PMID: 24022444 PMCID: PMC3778512 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarization is a highly promising technique for improving the sensitivity of magnetic resonance chemical probes. Here we report [15N, D9]trimethylphenylammonium as a platform for designing a variety of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance chemical probes. The platform structure shows a remarkably long 15N spin–lattice relaxation value (816 s, 14.1 T) for retaining its hyperpolarized spin state. The extended lifetime enables the detection of the hyperpolarized 15N signal of the platform for several tens of minutes and thus overcomes the intrinsic short analysis time of hyperpolarized probes. Versatility of the platform is demonstrated by applying it to three types of hyperpolarized chemical probes: one each for sensing calcium ions, reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide) and enzyme activity (carboxyl esterase). All of the designed probes achieve high sensitivity with rapid reactions and chemical shift changes, which are sufficient to allow sensitive and real-time monitoring of target molecules by 15N magnetic resonance. Hyperpolarization of chemical nuclei is known to greatly increase sensitivity to characterization by magnetic resonance imaging. Here a new platform that allows for the design of a number of hyperpolarized probes for chemical sensing applications is demonstrated.
Collapse
|
53
|
Yin J, Kwon Y, Kim D, Lee D, Kim G, Hu Y, Ryu JH, Yoon J. Cyanine-based fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of glutathione in cell cultures and live mouse tissues. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:5351-8. [PMID: 24649915 DOI: 10.1021/ja412628z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) plays a crucial role in human pathologies. Near-infrared fluorescence-based sensors capable of detecting intracellular GSH in vivo would be useful tools to understand the mechanisms of diseases. In this work, two cyanine-based fluorescent probes, 1 and 2, containing sulfonamide groups were prepared. Evaluation of the fluorescence changes displayed by probe 1, which contains a 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide group, shows that it is cell-membrane-permeable and can selectively detect thiols such as GSH, cysteine (Cys), and homocysteine (Hcy) in living cells. The response of 1 to thiols can be reversed by treatment with N-methylmaleimide (NMM). Probe 2, which possesses a 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalenesulfonamide group, displays high selectivity for GSH over Cys and Hcy, and its response can be reversed using NMM. The potential biological utility of 2 was shown by its use in fluorescence imaging of GSH in living cells. Furthermore, probe 2 can determine changes in the intracellular levels of GSH modualated by H2O2. The properties of 2 enable its use in monitoring GSH in vivo in a mouse model. The results showed that intravenous injection of 2 into a mouse generates a dramatic image in which strong fluorescence is emitted from various tissues, including the liver, kidney, lung, and spleen. Importantly, 2 can be utilized to monitor the depletion of GSH in mouse tissue cells promoted by excessive administration of the painkiller acetaminophen. The combined results coming from this effort suggest that the new probe will serve as an efficient tool for detecting cellular GSH in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Global Top 5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Patterson DM, Nazarova LA, Prescher JA. Finding the right (bioorthogonal) chemistry. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:592-605. [PMID: 24437719 DOI: 10.1021/cb400828a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistries can be used to tag diverse classes of biomolecules in cells and other complex environments. With over 20 unique transformations now available, though, selecting an appropriate reaction for a given experiment is challenging. In this article, we compare and contrast the most common classes of bioorthogonal chemistries and provide a framework for matching the reactions with downstream applications. We also discuss ongoing efforts to identify novel biocompatible reactions and methods to control their reactivity. The continued expansion of the bioorthogonal toolkit will provide new insights into biomolecule networks and functions and thus refine our understanding of living systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Patterson
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, and §Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Lidia A. Nazarova
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, and §Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Prescher
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, and §Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Neef AB, Luedtke NW. An azide-modified nucleoside for metabolic labeling of DNA. Chembiochem 2014; 15:789-93. [PMID: 24644275 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201400037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic incorporation of azido nucleoside analogues into living cells can enable sensitive detection of DNA replication through copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) and strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) "click" reactions. One major limitation to this approach is the poor chemical stability of nucleoside derivatives containing an aryl azide group. For example, 5-azido-2'-deoxyuridine (AdU) exhibits a 4 h half-life in water, and it gives little or no detectable labeling of cellular DNA. In contrast, the benzylic azide 5-(azidomethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (AmdU) is stable in solution at 37 °C, and it gives robust labeling of cellular DNA upon addition of fluorescent alkyne derivatives. In addition to providing the first examples of metabolic incorporation into and imaging of azide groups in cellular DNA, these results highlight the general importance of assessing azide group stability in bioorthogonal chemical reporter strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Neef
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich (Switzerland) http://www.bioorganic-chemistry.com
| | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Peyrot SM, Nachtergaele S, Luchetti G, Mydock-McGrane LK, Fujiwara H, Scherrer D, Jallouk A, Schlesinger PH, Ory DS, Covey DF, Rohatgi R. Tracking the subcellular fate of 20(s)-hydroxycholesterol with click chemistry reveals a transport pathway to the Golgi. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11095-11110. [PMID: 24596093 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.540351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols, oxidized metabolites of cholesterol, are endogenous small molecules that regulate lipid metabolism, immune function, and developmental signaling. Although the cell biology of cholesterol has been intensively studied, fundamental questions about oxysterols, such as their subcellular distribution and trafficking pathways, remain unanswered. We have therefore developed a useful method to image intracellular 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol with both high sensitivity and spatial resolution using click chemistry and fluorescence microscopy. The metabolic labeling of cells with an alkynyl derivative of 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol has allowed us to directly visualize this oxysterol by attaching an azide fluorophore through cyclo-addition. Unexpectedly, we found that this oxysterol selectively accumulates in the Golgi membrane using a pathway that is sensitive to ATP levels, temperature, and lysosome function. Although previous models have proposed nonvesicular pathways for the rapid equilibration of oxysterols between membranes, direct imaging of oxysterols suggests that a vesicular pathway is responsible for differential accumulation of oxysterols in organelle membranes. More broadly, clickable alkynyl sterols may represent useful tools for sterol cell biology, both to investigate the functions of these important lipids and to decipher the pathways that determine their cellular itineraries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Peyrot
- Departments of Medicine and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Sigrid Nachtergaele
- Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, and
| | - Giovanni Luchetti
- Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, and
| | - Laurel K Mydock-McGrane
- Departments of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Hideji Fujiwara
- The Diabetic Cardiovascular Research Center, and Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - David Scherrer
- The Diabetic Cardiovascular Research Center, and Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Andrew Jallouk
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Paul H Schlesinger
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Daniel S Ory
- The Diabetic Cardiovascular Research Center, and Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Departments of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110; Departments ofAnesthesiology, and Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110; Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110; The Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Medicine and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305; Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, and.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Mas Pons J, Dumont A, Sautejeau G, Fugier E, Baron A, Dukan S, Vauzeilles B. Identification of LivingLegionella pneumophilaUsing Species-Specific Metabolic Lipopolysaccharide Labeling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:1275-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
58
|
Mas Pons J, Dumont A, Sautejeau G, Fugier E, Baron A, Dukan S, Vauzeilles B. Identification of LivingLegionella pneumophilaUsing Species-Specific Metabolic Lipopolysaccharide Labeling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201309072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
59
|
Hudak JE, Bertozzi CR. Glycotherapy: new advances inspire a reemergence of glycans in medicine. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2014; 21:16-37. [PMID: 24269151 PMCID: PMC4111574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The beginning of the 20(th) century marked the dawn of modern medicine with glycan-based therapies at the forefront. However, glycans quickly became overshadowed as DNA- and protein-focused treatments became readily accessible. The recent development of new tools and techniques to study and produce structurally defined carbohydrates has spurred renewed interest in the therapeutic applications of glycans. This review focuses on advances within the past decade that are bringing glycan-based treatments back to the forefront of medicine and the technologies that are driving these efforts. These include the use of glycans themselves as therapeutic molecules as well as engineering protein and cell surface glycans to suit clinical applications. Glycan therapeutics offer a rich and promising frontier for developments in the academic, biopharmaceutical, and medical fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Hudak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Wainman YA, Neves AA, Stairs S, Stöckmann H, Ireland-Zecchini H, Brindle KM, Leeper FJ. Dual-sugar imaging using isonitrile and azido-based click chemistries. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:7297-300. [PMID: 24065211 PMCID: PMC4246059 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41805g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the first account of metabolically labelling N-acetylglucosamine, in conjunction with either N-acetylgalactosamine or N-acetylmannosamine using a combination of isonitrile- and azide-based chemistries. With the appropriately labelled fluorescent probe molecules, that react with either the azido or isonitrile groups, the method enabled co-visualisation of cancer cell glycoproteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yéléna A Wainman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Vrabel M, Kölle P, Brunner KM, Gattner MJ, López-Carrillo V, de Vivie-Riedle R, Carell T. Norbornenes in Inverse Electron-Demand Diels-Alder Reactions. Chemistry 2013; 19:13309-12. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
62
|
Sletmoen M, Stokke BT. Structure-Function Relationships in Glycopolymers: Effects of Residue Sequences, Duplex, and Triplex Organization. Biopolymers 2013; 99:757-71. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marit Sletmoen
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim; Norway
| | - Bjørn Torger Stokke
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim; Norway
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Holzhauser C, Wagenknecht HA. DNA and RNA “Traffic Lights”: Synthetic Wavelength-Shifting Fluorescent Probes Based on Nucleic Acid Base Substitutes for Molecular Imaging. J Org Chem 2013; 78:7373-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Holzhauser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe,
Germany
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe,
Germany
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Bortolozzi R, Ihmels H, Thomas L, Tian M, Viola G. 9-(4-Dimethylaminophenyl)benzo[b]quinolizinium: a near-infrared fluorophore for the multicolor analysis of proteins and nucleic acids in living cells. Chemistry 2013; 19:8736-41. [PMID: 23703698 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bortolozzi
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Laboratorio di Oncoematologia, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 3, I-35128 Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Gautam S, Gniadek TJ, Kim T, Spiegel DA. Exterior design: strategies for redecorating the bacterial surface with small molecules. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:258-67. [PMID: 23490213 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant techniques for expressing heterologous proteins and sugars on the surface of bacteria have been known since the 1980s, and have proven useful in a variety of settings from biocatalysis to vaccinology. The past decade has also seen the emergence of novel methods that allow modification of bacterial surfaces with small non-biological compounds. Such technologies enable researchers to harness the unique properties of synthetic materials on a live bacterial platform, opening the door to an exciting new set of applications. Here we review strategies for bacterial surface display and describe how they have been applied thus far. We believe that chemical surface display holds great potential for advancing research in basic bacteriology and applied fields of biotechnology and biomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Gautam
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Weinberger M, Berndt F, Mahrwald R, Ernsting NP, Wagenknecht HA. Synthesis of 4-Aminophthalimide and 2,4-Diaminopyrimidine C-Nucleosides as Isosteric Fluorescent DNA Base Substitutes. J Org Chem 2013; 78:2589-99. [DOI: 10.1021/jo302768f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weinberger
- Department of Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg
6, Campus Süd, Geb. 30.42, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Falko Berndt
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2,
12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Mahrwald
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2,
12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus P. Ernsting
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2,
12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Department of Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg
6, Campus Süd, Geb. 30.42, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Van de Bittner GC, Bertozzi CR, Chang CJ. Strategy for dual-analyte luciferin imaging: in vivo bioluminescence detection of hydrogen peroxide and caspase activity in a murine model of acute inflammation. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:1783-95. [PMID: 23347279 PMCID: PMC3583381 DOI: 10.1021/ja309078t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In vivo molecular imaging holds promise for understanding the underlying mechanisms of health, injury, aging, and disease, as it can detect distinct biochemical processes such as enzymatic activity, reactive small-molecule fluxes, or post-translational modifications. Current imaging techniques often detect only a single biochemical process, but, within whole organisms, multiple types of biochemical events contribute to physiological and pathological phenotypes. In this report, we present a general strategy for dual-analyte detection in living animals that employs in situ formation of firefly luciferin from two complementary caged precursors that can be unmasked by different biochemical processes. To establish this approach, we have developed Peroxy Caged Luciferin-2 (PCL-2), a H(2)O(2)-responsive boronic acid probe that releases 6-hydroxy-2-cyanobenzothiazole (HCBT) upon reacting with this reactive oxygen species, as well as a peptide-based probe, z-Ile-Glu-ThrAsp-D-Cys (IETDC), which releases D-cysteine in the presence of active caspase 8. Once released, HCBT and D-cysteine form firefly luciferin in situ, giving rise to a bioluminescent signal if and only if both chemical triggers proceed. This system thus constitutes an AND-type molecular logic gate that reports on the simultaneous presence of H(2)O(2) and caspase 8 activity. Using these probes, chemoselective imaging of either H(2)O(2) or caspase 8 activity was performed in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, concomitant use of PCL-2 and IETDC in vivo establishes a concurrent increase in both H(2)O(2) and caspase 8 activity during acute inflammation in living mice. Taken together, this method offers a potentially powerful new chemical tool for studying simultaneous oxidative stress and inflammation processes in living animals during injury, aging, and disease, as well as a versatile approach for concurrent monitoring of multiple analytes using luciferin-based bioluminescence imaging technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Radford RJ, Chyan W, Lippard SJ. Peptide-based Targeting of Fluorescent Zinc Sensors to the Plasma Membrane of Live Cells. Chem Sci 2013; 4:3080-3084. [PMID: 23878718 DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50974e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining fluorescent zinc sensors with the facile syntheses and biological targeting capabilities of peptides, we created green- and blue-emitting probes that, (i) are readily prepared on the solid-phase, (ii) retain the photophysical and zinc-binding properties of the parent sensor, and (iii) can be directed to the extracellular side of plasma membranes in live cells for detection of mobile zinc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Radford
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | | | | |
Collapse
|