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Liadi I, Singh H, Romain G, Rey-Villamizar N, Merouane A, Adolacion JRT, Kebriaei P, Huls H, Qiu P, Roysam B, Cooper LJN, Varadarajan N. Individual Motile CD4(+) T Cells Can Participate in Efficient Multikilling through Conjugation to Multiple Tumor Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:473-82. [PMID: 25711538 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
T cells genetically modified to express a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) for the investigational treatment of B-cell malignancies comprise a heterogeneous population, and their ability to persist and participate in serial killing of tumor cells is a predictor of therapeutic success. We implemented Timelapse Imaging Microscopy in Nanowell Grids (TIMING) to provide direct evidence that CD4(+)CAR(+) T cells (CAR4 cells) can engage in multikilling via simultaneous conjugation to multiple tumor cells. Comparisons of the CAR4 cells and CD8(+)CAR(+) T cells (CAR8 cells) demonstrate that, although CAR4 cells can participate in killing and multikilling, they do so at slower rates, likely due to the lower granzyme B content. Significantly, in both sets of T cells, a minor subpopulation of individual T cells identified by their high motility demonstrated efficient killing of single tumor cells. A comparison of the multikiller and single-killer CAR(+) T cells revealed that the propensity and kinetics of T-cell apoptosis were modulated by the number of functional conjugations. T cells underwent rapid apoptosis, and at higher frequencies, when conjugated to single tumor cells in isolation, and this effect was more pronounced on CAR8 cells. Our results suggest that the ability of CAR(+) T cells to participate in multikilling should be evaluated in the context of their ability to resist activation-induced cell death. We anticipate that TIMING may be used to rapidly determine the potency of T-cell populations and may facilitate the design and manufacture of next-generation CAR(+) T cells with improved efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Liadi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Harjeet Singh
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gabrielle Romain
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Amine Merouane
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jay R T Adolacion
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Partow Kebriaei
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Helen Huls
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Peng Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Badrinath Roysam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Laurence J N Cooper
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Navin Varadarajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.
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52
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O’Connor JE, Herrera G, Martínez-Romero A, de Oyanguren FS, Díaz L, Gomes A, Balaguer S, Callaghan RC. Systems Biology and immune aging. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:334-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Unprecedented access to the biology of single cells is now feasible, enabled by recent technological advancements that allow us to manipulate and measure sparse samples and achieve a new level of resolution in space and time. This review focuses on advances in tools to study single cells for specific areas of biology. We examine both mature and nascent techniques to study single cells at the genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics level. In addition, we provide an overview of tools that are well suited for following biological responses to defined perturbations with single-cell resolution. Techniques to analyze and manipulate single cells through soluble and chemical ligands, the microenvironment, and cell-cell interactions are provided. For each of these topics, we highlight the biological motivation, applications, methods, recent advances, and opportunities for improvement. The toolbox presented in this review can function as a starting point for the design of single-cell experiments.
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O'Connor JE, Herrera G, Martínez-Romero A, Oyanguren FSD, Díaz L, Gomes A, Balaguer S, Callaghan RC. WITHDRAWN: Systems Biology and Immune Aging. Immunol Lett 2014:S0165-2478(14)00197-7. [PMID: 25251659 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of anarticle that has already been published, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2014.09.009. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Enrique O'Connor
- Laboratory of Translational Cytomics, Joint Research Unit, The University of Valencia and Principe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain; Cytometry Laboratory, Incliva Foundation, Clinical University Hospital, The University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Guadalupe Herrera
- Laboratory of Translational Cytomics, Joint Research Unit, The University of Valencia and Principe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain; Cytometry Laboratory, Incliva Foundation, Clinical University Hospital, The University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Martínez-Romero
- Cytometry Technological Service, Principe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain; Cytometry Laboratory, Incliva Foundation, Clinical University Hospital, The University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Sala-de Oyanguren
- Laboratory of Translational Cytomics, Joint Research Unit, The University of Valencia and Principe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain; Cytometry Laboratory, Incliva Foundation, Clinical University Hospital, The University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Díaz
- Laboratory of Translational Cytomics, Joint Research Unit, The University of Valencia and Principe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain; Cytometry Laboratory, Incliva Foundation, Clinical University Hospital, The University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Angela Gomes
- Laboratory of Translational Cytomics, Joint Research Unit, The University of Valencia and Principe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain; Cytometry Laboratory, Incliva Foundation, Clinical University Hospital, The University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Susana Balaguer
- Laboratory of Translational Cytomics, Joint Research Unit, The University of Valencia and Principe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain; Cytometry Laboratory, Incliva Foundation, Clinical University Hospital, The University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Robert C Callaghan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Cytometry Laboratory, Incliva Foundation, Clinical University Hospital, The University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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55
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Antibody Fc engineering improves frequency and promotes kinetic boosting of serial killing mediated by NK cells. Blood 2014; 124:3241-9. [PMID: 25232058 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-04-569061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting tumor antigens results primarily from their ability to elicit potent cytotoxicity through effector-mediated functions. We have engineered the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) mAb, HuM195, targeting the leukemic antigen CD33, by introducing the triple mutation Ser293Asp/Ala330Leu/Ile332Glu (DLE), and developed Time-lapse Imaging Microscopy in Nanowell Grids to analyze antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity kinetics of thousands of individual natural killer (NK) cells and mAb-coated target cells. We demonstrate that the DLE-HuM195 antibody increases both the quality and the quantity of NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cytotoxicity by endowing more NK cells to participate in cytotoxicity via accrued CD16-mediated signaling and by increasing serial killing of target cells. NK cells encountering targets coated with DLE-HuM195 induce rapid target cell apoptosis by promoting simultaneous conjugates to multiple target cells and induce apoptosis in twice the number of target cells within the same period as the wild-type mAb. Enhanced target killing was also associated with increased frequency of NK cells undergoing apoptosis, but this effect was donor-dependent. Antibody-based therapies targeting tumor antigens will benefit from a better understanding of cell-mediated tumor elimination, and our work opens further opportunities for the therapeutic targeting of CD33 in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.
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Adutler-Lieber S, Zaretsky I, Platzman I, Deeg J, Friedman N, Spatz JP, Geiger B. Engineering of synthetic cellular microenvironments: implications for immunity. J Autoimmun 2014; 54:100-11. [PMID: 24951031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we discuss novel synthetic approaches for studying the interactions of cells with their microenvironment. Notably, critical cellular processes such as growth, differentiation, migration, and fate determination, are tightly regulated by interactions with neighboring cells, and the surrounding extracellular matrix. Given the huge complexity of natural cellular environments, and their rich molecular and physical diversity, the mission of understanding "environmental signaling" at a molecular-mechanistic level appears to be extremely challenging. To meet these challenges, attempts have been made in recent years to design synthetic matrices with defined chemical and physical properties, which, artificial though they may be, could reveal basic "design principles" underlying the physiological processes. Here, we summarize recent developments in the characterization of the chemical and physical properties of cell sensing and adhesion, as well as the design and use of engineered, micro- to nanoscale patterned and confined environments, for systematic, comprehensive modulation of the cells' environment. The power of these biomimetic surfaces to highlight environmental signaling events in cells, and in immune cells in particular, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimrit Adutler-Lieber
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Irina Zaretsky
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Ilia Platzman
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems & University of Heidelberg, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Janosch Deeg
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems & University of Heidelberg, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Nir Friedman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems & University of Heidelberg, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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Adalsteinsson VA, Tahirova N, Tallapragada N, Yao X, Campion L, Angelini A, Douce TB, Huang C, Bowman B, Williamson CA, Kwon DS, Wittrup KD, Love JC. Single cells from human primary colorectal tumors exhibit polyfunctional heterogeneity in secretions of ELR+ CXC chemokines. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 5:1272-81. [PMID: 23995780 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40059j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is an inflammatory disease of tissue that is largely influenced by the interactions between multiple cell types, secreted factors, and signal transduction pathways. While single-cell sequencing continues to refine our understanding of the clonotypic heterogeneity within tumors, the complex interplay between genetic variations and non-genetic factors ultimately affects therapeutic outcome. Much has been learned through bulk studies of secreted factors in the tumor microenvironment, but the secretory behavior of single cells has been largely uncharacterized. Here we directly profiled the secretions of ELR+ CXC chemokines from thousands of single colorectal tumor and stromal cells, using an array of subnanoliter wells and a technique called microengraving to characterize both the rates of secretion of several factors at once and the numbers of cells secreting each chemokine. The ELR+ CXC chemokines are highly redundant, pro-angiogenic cytokines that signal via the CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors, influencing tumor growth and progression. We find that human primary colorectal tumor and stromal cells exhibit polyfunctional heterogeneity in the combinations and magnitudes of secretions for these chemokines. In cell lines, we observe similar variance: phenotypes observed in bulk can be largely absent among the majority of single cells, and discordances exist between secretory states measured and gene expression for these chemokines among single cells. Together, these measures suggest secretory states among tumor cells are complex and can evolve dynamically. Most importantly, this study reveals new insight into the intratumoral phenotypic heterogeneity of human primary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor A Adalsteinsson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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58
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Junkin M, Tay S. Microfluidic single-cell analysis for systems immunology. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1246-60. [PMID: 24503696 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51182k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The immune system constantly battles infection and tissue damage, but exaggerated immune responses lead to allergies, autoimmunity and cancer. Discrimination of self from foreign and the fine-tuning of immunity are achieved by information processing pathways, whose regulatory mechanisms are little understood. Cell-to-cell variability and stochastic molecular interactions result in diverse cellular responses to identical signaling inputs, casting doubt on the reliability of traditional population-averaged analyses. Furthermore, dynamic molecular and cellular interactions create emergent properties that change over multiple time scales. Understanding immunity in the face of complexity and noisy dynamics requires time-dependent analysis of single-cells in a proper context. Microfluidic systems create precisely defined microenvironments by controlling fluidic and surface chemistries, feature sizes, geometries and signal input timing, and thus enable quantitative multi-parameter analysis of single cells. Such qualities allow observable dynamic environments approaching in vivo levels of biological complexity. Seamless parallelization of functional units in microfluidic devices allows high-throughput measurements, an essential feature for statistically meaningful analysis of naturally variable biological systems. These abilities recapitulate diverse scenarios such as cell-cell signaling, migration, differentiation, antibody and cytokine production, clonal selection, and cell lysis, thereby enabling accurate and meaningful study of immune behaviors in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Junkin
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
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59
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Olofsson PE, Forslund E, Vanherberghen B, Chechet K, Mickelin O, Ahlin AR, Everhorn T, Onfelt B. Distinct Migration and Contact Dynamics of Resting and IL-2-Activated Human Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:80. [PMID: 24639676 PMCID: PMC3945532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells serve as one of the first lines of defense against viral infections and transformed cells. NK cell cytotoxicity is not dependent on antigen presentation by target cells, but is dependent on integration of activating and inhibitory signals triggered by receptor–ligand interactions formed at a tight intercellular contact between the NK and target cell, i.e., the immune synapse. We have studied the single-cell migration behavior and target-cell contact dynamics of resting and interleukin (IL)-2-activated human peripheral blood NK cells. Small populations of NK cells and target cells were confined in microwells and imaged by fluorescence microscopy for >8 h. Only the IL-2-activated population of NK cells showed efficient cytotoxicity against the human embryonic kidney 293T target cells. We found that although the average migration speeds were comparable, activated NK cells showed significantly more dynamic migration behavior, with more frequent transitions between periods of low and high motility. Resting NK cells formed fewer and weaker contacts with target cells, which manifested as shorter conjugation times and in many cases a complete lack of post-conjugation attachment to target cells. Activated NK cells were approximately twice as big as the resting cells, displayed a more migratory phenotype, and were more likely to employ “motile scanning” of the target-cell surface during conjugation. Taken together, our experiments quantify, at the single-cell level, how activation by IL-2 leads to altered NK cell cytotoxicity, migration behavior, and contact dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per E Olofsson
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Elin Forslund
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Bruno Vanherberghen
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ksenia Chechet
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Oscar Mickelin
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Alexander Rivera Ahlin
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Tobias Everhorn
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Björn Onfelt
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm , Sweden ; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
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60
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Gao Y, Zhou Q, Matharu Z, Liu Y, Kwa T, Revzin A. A mathematical method for extracting cell secretion rate from affinity biosensors continuously monitoring cell activity. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:021501. [PMID: 24803956 PMCID: PMC4008758 DOI: 10.1063/1.4874216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Our laboratory has previously developed miniature aptasensors that may be integrated at the site of a small group of cells for continuous detection of cell secreted molecules such as inflammatory cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-γ). In a system such as this, the signal measured at the sensor surfaces is a complex function of transport, reaction, as well as of cellular activity. Herein, we report on the development of a mathematical framework for extracting cell production rates from binding curves generated with affinity biosensors. This framework consisted of a diffusion-reaction model coupled to a root finding algorithm for determining cell production rates values causing convergence of a predetermined criterion. To experimentally validate model predictions, we deployed a microfluidic device with an integrated biosensor for measuring the IFN-γ release from CD4 T cells. We found close agreement between secretion rate observed theoretically and those observed experimentally. After taking into account the differences in sensor geometry and reaction kinetics, the method for cell secretion rate determination described in this paper may be broadly applied to any biosensor continuously measuring cellular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandong Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Zimple Matharu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Timothy Kwa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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61
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Ultrasound-Induced Cell–Cell Interaction Studies in a Multi-Well Microplate. MICROMACHINES 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/mi5010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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62
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Chattopadhyay PK, Gierahn TM, Roederer M, Love JC. Single-cell technologies for monitoring immune systems. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:128-35. [PMID: 24448570 PMCID: PMC4040085 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The complex heterogeneity of cells, and their interconnectedness with each other, are major challenges to identifying clinically relevant measurements that reflect the state and capability of the immune system. Highly multiplexed, single-cell technologies may be critical for identifying correlates of disease or immunological interventions as well as for elucidating the underlying mechanisms of immunity. Here we review limitations of bulk measurements and explore advances in single-cell technologies that overcome these problems by expanding the depth and breadth of functional and phenotypic analysis in space and time. The geometric increases in complexity of data make formidable hurdles for exploring, analyzing and presenting results. We summarize recent approaches to making such computations tractable and discuss challenges for integrating heterogeneous data obtained using these single-cell technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratip K Chattopadhyay
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Todd M Gierahn
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - J Christopher Love
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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63
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Drake A, Joshi NS, Szeto GL, Zhu E, Eisen HN, Irvine DJ. Koch Institute Symposium on Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 1:217-222. [PMID: 24466562 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The 12th annual summer symposium of The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT was held in Cambridge, MA, on June 14th, 1023. The symposium entitled "Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy" focused on recent advances in preclinical research in basic immunology and biomedical engineering, and their clinical application in cancer therapies. The day-long gathering also provided a forum for discussion and potential collaborations between engineers and clinical investigators. The major topics presented include: (i) enhancement of adoptive cell therapy by engineering to improve the ability and functionality of T-cells against tumor cells; (ii) current therapies using protein and antibody therapeutics to modulate endogenous anti-tumor immunity; and (iii) new technologies to identify molecular targets and assess therapeutic efficacy, and devices to control and target drug delivery more effectively and efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Drake
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Nikhil S Joshi
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Gregory L Szeto
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Eric Zhu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 ; Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Herman N Eisen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 ; Dept. of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 ; Dept. of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 ; Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 ; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139 ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
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64
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Yu J, Zhou J, Sutherland A, Wei W, Shin YS, Xue M, Heath JR. Microfluidics-based single-cell functional proteomics for fundamental and applied biomedical applications. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2014; 7:275-95. [PMID: 24896308 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071213-020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We review an emerging microfluidics-based toolkit for single-cell functional proteomics. Functional proteins include, but are not limited to, the secreted signaling proteins that can reflect the biological behaviors of immune cells or the intracellular phosphoproteins associated with growth factor-stimulated signaling networks. Advantages of the microfluidics platforms are multiple. First, 20 or more functional proteins may be assayed simultaneously from statistical numbers of single cells. Second, cell behaviors (e.g., motility) may be correlated with protein assays. Third, extensions to quantized cell populations can permit measurements of cell-cell interactions. Fourth, rare cells can be functionally identified and then separated for further analysis or culturing. Finally, certain assay types can provide a conduit between biology and the physicochemical laws. We discuss the history and challenges of the field then review design concepts and uses of the microchip platforms that have been reported, with an eye toward biomedical applications. We then look to the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125;
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65
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Measurements of HIV burden have relied upon quantification of viral nucleic acids by real-time PCR (qPCR). To develop and test strategies for eradication, new methods are needed to better characterize residual cellular reservoirs in patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). This review summarizes recent advances that may lead to clinically useful tests with improved sensitivity, reproducibility and throughput. RECENT FINDINGS HIV DNA remains the most sensitive measure of residual infection, but its low levels are difficult to differentiate from assay noise by qPCR. Digital PCR has begun to improve the precision of existing real-time assays, but there remains a need to distinguish replication-competent proviruses. Rapid technological progress in single-cell analysis is beginning to offer new approaches, notably CyTOF and microengraving, which could provide vastly more information about the composition of the latent reservoir. SUMMARY To investigate and assess therapies directed towards eradication, improved assays that simultaneously offer high sensitivity, precision and information content will be needed.
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66
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Love KR, Bagh S, Choi J, Love JC. Microtools for single-cell analysis in biopharmaceutical development and manufacturing. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:280-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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67
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Christakou AE, Ohlin M, Vanherberghen B, Khorshidi MA, Kadri N, Frisk T, Wiklund M, Önfelt B. Live cell imaging in a micro-array of acoustic traps facilitates quantification of natural killer cell heterogeneity. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 5:712-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ib20253d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia E. Christakou
- Department of Applied Physics, Albanova University Center, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden. Tel: +46 8 55378793, +46 730 766146
| | - Mathias Ohlin
- Department of Applied Physics, Albanova University Center, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden. Tel: +46 8 55378793, +46 730 766146
| | - Bruno Vanherberghen
- Department of Applied Physics, Albanova University Center, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden. Tel: +46 8 55378793, +46 730 766146
| | - Mohammad Ali Khorshidi
- Department of Applied Physics, Albanova University Center, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden. Tel: +46 8 55378793, +46 730 766146
| | - Nadir Kadri
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Nobels Väg 16, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Frisk
- Department of Applied Physics, Albanova University Center, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden. Tel: +46 8 55378793, +46 730 766146
| | - Martin Wiklund
- Department of Applied Physics, Albanova University Center, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden. Tel: +46 8 55378793, +46 730 766146
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Department of Applied Physics, Albanova University Center, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden. Tel: +46 8 55378793, +46 730 766146
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Nobels Väg 16, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Tomtebodavägen 23A, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
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Classification of human natural killer cells based on migration behavior and cytotoxic response. Blood 2013; 121:1326-34. [PMID: 23287857 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-439851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intense scrutiny of the molecular interactions between natural killer (NK) and target cells, few studies have been devoted to dissection of the basic functional heterogeneity in individual NK cell behavior. Using a microchip-based, time-lapse imaging approach allowing the entire contact history of each NK cell to be recorded, in the present study, we were able to quantify how the cytotoxic response varied between individual NK cells. Strikingly, approximately half of the NK cells did not kill any target cells at all, whereas a minority of NK cells was responsible for a majority of the target cell deaths. These dynamic cytotoxicity data allowed categorization of NK cells into 5 distinct classes. A small but particularly active subclass of NK cells killed several target cells in a consecutive fashion. These "serial killers" delivered their lytic hits faster and induced faster target cell death than other NK cells. Fast, necrotic target cell death was correlated with the amount of perforin released by the NK cells. Our data are consistent with a model in which a small fraction of NK cells drives tumor elimination and inflammation.
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Forslund E, Guldevall K, Olofsson PE, Frisk T, Christakou AE, Wiklund M, Önfelt B. Novel Microchip-Based Tools Facilitating Live Cell Imaging and Assessment of Functional Heterogeneity within NK Cell Populations. Front Immunol 2012; 3:300. [PMID: 23060879 PMCID: PMC3464457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Each individual has a heterogeneous pool of NK cells consisting of cells that may be specialized towards specific functional responses such as secretion of cytokines or killing of tumor cells. Many conventional methods are not fit to characterize heterogeneous populations as they measure the average response of all cells. Thus, there is a need for experimental platforms that provide single cell resolution. In addition, there are transient and stochastic variations in functional responses at the single cell level, calling for methods that allow studies of many events over extended periods of time. This paper presents a versatile microchip platform enabling long-term microscopic studies of individual NK cells interacting with target cells. Each microchip contains an array of microwells, optimized for medium or high-resolution time-lapse imaging of single or multiple NK and target cells, or for screening of thousands of isolated NK-target cell interactions. Individual NK cells confined with target cells in small microwells is a suitable setup for high-content screening and rapid assessment of heterogeneity within populations, while microwells of larger dimensions are appropriate for studies of NK cell migration and sequential interactions with multiple target cells. By combining the chip technology with ultrasonic manipulation, NK and target cells can be forced to interact and positioned with high spatial accuracy within individual microwells. This setup effectively and synchronously creates NK-target conjugates at hundreds of parallel positions in the microchip. Thus, this facilitates assessment of temporal aspects of NK-target cell interactions, e.g., conjugation, immune synapse formation, and cytotoxic events. The microchip platform presented here can be used to effectively address questions related to fundamental functions of NK cells that can lead to better understanding of how the behavior of individual cells add up to give a functional response at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Forslund
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska InstituteStockholm, Sweden
| | - Karolin Guldevall
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH – Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholm, Sweden
| | - Per E. Olofsson
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH – Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Frisk
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH – Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Martin Wiklund
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH – Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska InstituteStockholm, Sweden
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH – Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholm, Sweden
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