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Ning H, Zhang Y, Zhu H, Ingham A, Huang G, Mei Y, Solovev AA. Geometry Design, Principles and Assembly of Micromotors. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E75. [PMID: 30393351 PMCID: PMC6187850 DOI: 10.3390/mi9020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of bio-inspired, self-propelled and externally-powered nano-/micro-motors, rotors and engines (micromachines) is considered a potentially revolutionary paradigm in nanoscience. Nature knows how to combine different elements together in a fluidic state for intelligent design of nano-/micro-machines, which operate by pumping, stirring, and diffusion of their internal components. Taking inspirations from nature, scientists endeavor to develop the best materials, geometries, and conditions for self-propelled motion, and to better understand their mechanisms of motion and interactions. Today, microfluidic technology offers considerable advantages for the next generation of biomimetic particles, droplets and capsules. This review summarizes recent achievements in the field of nano-/micromotors, and methods of their external control and collective behaviors, which may stimulate new ideas for a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanpo Ning
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Andreas Ingham
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 5 Ole Maaløes Vej, DK-2200, 1165 København, Denmark.
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Alexander A Solovev
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
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Liu C, Xu T, Xu LP, Zhang X. Controllable Swarming and Assembly of Micro/Nanomachines. MICROMACHINES 2017; 9:E10. [PMID: 30393287 PMCID: PMC6187724 DOI: 10.3390/mi9010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Motion is a common phenomenon in biological processes. Major advances have been made in designing various self-propelled micromachines that harvest different types of energies into mechanical movement to achieve biomedicine and biological applications. Inspired by fascinating self-organization motion of natural creatures, the swarming or assembly of synthetic micro/nanomachines (often referred to micro/nanoswimmers, micro/nanorobots, micro/nanomachines, or micro/nanomotors), are able to mimic these amazing natural systems to help humanity accomplishing complex biological tasks. This review described the fuel induced methods (enzyme, hydrogen peroxide, hydrazine, et al.) and fuel-free induced approaches (electric, ultrasound, light, and magnetic) that led to control the assembly and swarming of synthetic micro/nanomachines. Such behavior is of fundamental importance in improving our understanding of self-assembly processes that are occurring on molecular to macroscopic length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conghui Liu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Tailin Xu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Li-Ping Xu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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53
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Ye Z, Sun Y, Zhang H, Song B, Dong B. A phototactic micromotor based on platinum nanoparticle decorated carbon nitride. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:18516-18522. [PMID: 29164207 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05896a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a unique phototactic (both positive and negative) micromotor based on platinum nanoparticle decorated carbon nitride. The phototaxis relies on the self-diffusiophoretic mechanism and different surface modifications. The micromotor reported in the current study does not require the addition of any external fuels and shows versatile motion behaviour, i.e. start, stop, directional and programmable motion, which is controlled by light. In addition, since the actuation of the precipitated micromotors at the bottom of a solution using light results in the opacity changes from transparent to translucent, we anticipate that the current micromotor may have potential application in the field of smart windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrong Ye
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
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Ren L, Zhou D, Mao Z, Xu P, Huang TJ, Mallouk TE. Rheotaxis of Bimetallic Micromotors Driven by Chemical-Acoustic Hybrid Power. ACS NANO 2017; 11:10591-10598. [PMID: 28902492 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Rheotaxis is a common phenomenon in nature that refers to the directed movement of micro-organisms as a result of shear flow. The ability to mimic natural rheotaxis using synthetic micro/nanomotors adds functionality to enable their applications in biomedicine and chemistry. Here, we present a hybrid strategy that can achieve both positive and negative rheotaxis of synthetic bimetallic micromotors by employing a combination of chemical fuel and acoustic force. An acoustofluidic device is developed for the integration of the two propulsion mechanisms. Using acoustic force alone, bimetallic microrods are propelled along the bottom surface in the center of a fluid channel. The leading end of the microrod is always the less dense end, as established in earlier experiments. With chemical fuel (H2O2) alone, the microrods orient themselves with their anode end against the flow when shear flow is present. Numerical simulations confirm that this orientation results from tilting of the microrods relative to the bottom surface of the channel, which is caused by catalytically driven electro-osmotic flow. By combining this catalytic orientation effect with more powerful, density-dependent acoustic propulsion, both positive and negative rheotaxis can be achieved. The ability to respond to flow stimuli and collectively propel synthetic microswimmers in a directed manner indicates an important step toward practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dekai Zhou
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, China
| | | | | | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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55
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The Evolution of Active Particles: Toward Externally Powered Self-Propelling and Self-Reconfiguring Particle Systems. Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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56
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Tu Y, Peng F, Wilson DA. Motion Manipulation of Micro- and Nanomotors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28841755 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the self-migration of microorganisms in nature, artificial micro- and nanomotors can mimic this fantastic behavior by converting chemical fuel or external energy into mechanical motion. These self-propelled micro- and nanomotors, designed either by top-down or bottom-up approaches, are able to achieve different applications, such as environmental remediation, sensing, cargo/sperm transportation, drug delivery, and even precision micro-/nanosurgery. For these various applications, especially biomedical applications, regulating on-demand the motion of micro- and nanomotors is quite essential. However, it remains a continuing challenge to increase the controllability over motors themselves. Here, we will discuss the recent advancements regarding the motion manipulation of micro- and nanomotors by different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Tu
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fei Peng
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela A Wilson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Altemose A, Sánchez‐Farrán MA, Duan W, Schulz S, Borhan A, Crespi VH, Sen A. Chemically Controlled Spatiotemporal Oscillations of Colloidal Assemblies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7817-7821. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Altemose
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | | | - Wentao Duan
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Steve Schulz
- Manheim Township High School Lancaster PA 17606 USA
| | - Ali Borhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Vincent H. Crespi
- Departments of Physics, Chemistry, and Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
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58
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Altemose A, Sánchez‐Farrán MA, Duan W, Schulz S, Borhan A, Crespi VH, Sen A. Chemically Controlled Spatiotemporal Oscillations of Colloidal Assemblies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Altemose
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | | | - Wentao Duan
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Steve Schulz
- Manheim Township High School Lancaster PA 17606 USA
| | - Ali Borhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Vincent H. Crespi
- Departments of Physics, Chemistry, and Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
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59
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kanti Dey
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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60
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Xu T, Gao W, Xu LP, Zhang X, Wang S. Fuel-Free Synthetic Micro-/Nanomachines. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603250. [PMID: 28026067 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the swimming of natural microorganisms, synthetic micro-/nanomachines, which convert energy into movement, are able to mimic the function of these amazing natural systems and help humanity by completing environmental and biological tasks. While offering autonomous propulsion, conventional micro-/nanomachines usually rely on the decomposition of external chemical fuels (e.g., H2 O2 ), which greatly hinders their applications in biologically relevant media. Recent developments have resulted in various micro-/nanomotors that can be powered by biocompatible fuels. Fuel-free synthetic micro-/nanomotors, which can move without external chemical fuels, represent another attractive solution for practical applications owing to their biocompatibility and sustainability. Here, recent developments on fuel-free micro-/nanomotors (powered by various external stimuli such as light, magnetic, electric, or ultrasonic fields) are summarized, ranging from fabrication to propulsion mechanisms. The applications of these fuel-free micro-/nanomotors are also discussed, including nanopatterning, targeted drug/gene delivery, cell manipulation, and precision nanosurgery. With continuous innovation, future autonomous, intelligent and multifunctional fuel-free micro-/nanomachines are expected to have a profound impact upon diverse biomedical applications, providing unlimited opportunities beyond one's imagination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tailin Xu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Li-Ping Xu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Shutao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interface Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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61
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Kaynak M, Ozcelik A, Nourhani A, Lammert PE, Crespi VH, Huang TJ. Acoustic actuation of bioinspired microswimmers. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:395-400. [PMID: 27991641 PMCID: PMC5465869 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01272h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic actuation of bioinspired microswimmers is experimentally demonstrated. Microswimmers are fabricated in situ in a microchannel. Upon acoustic excitation, the flagellum of the microswimmer oscillates, which in turn generates linear or rotary movement depending on the swimmer design. The speed of these bioinspired microswimmers is tuned by adjusting the voltage amplitude applied to the acoustic transducer. Simple microfabrication and remote actuation are promising for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Kaynak
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Adem Ozcelik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Amir Nourhani
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
| | - Paul E Lammert
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
| | - Vincent H Crespi
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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62
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Abstract
As we progress towards employing self-propelled micro-/nanomotors in envisioned applications such as cargo delivery, environmental remediation, and therapeutic treatments, precise control of the micro-/nanomotors direction and their speed is essential. In this Review, major emerging approaches utilized for the motion control of micro-/nanomotors have been discussed, together with the lastest publications describing these approaches. Future studies could incorporate investigations on micro-/nanomotors motion control in a real-world environment in which matrix complexity might disrupt successful manipulation of these small-scale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhe Teo
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
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63
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Ahmed S, Wang W, Bai L, Gentekos DT, Hoyos M, Mallouk TE. Density and Shape Effects in the Acoustic Propulsion of Bimetallic Nanorod Motors. ACS NANO 2016; 10:4763-9. [PMID: 26991933 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic nanorods are propelled without chemical fuels in megahertz (MHz) acoustic fields, and exhibit similar behaviors to single-metal rods, including autonomous axial propulsion and organization into spinning chains. Shape asymmetry determines the direction of axial movement of bimetallic rods when there is a small difference in density between the two metals. Movement toward the concave end of these rods is inconsistent with a scattering mechanism that we proposed earlier for acoustic propulsion, but is consistent with an acoustic streaming model developed more recently by Nadal and Lauga ( Phys. Fluids 2014 , 26 , 082001 ). Longer rods were slower at constant power, and their speed was proportional to the square of the power density, in agreement with the acoustic streaming model. The streaming model was further supported by a correlation between the disassembly of spinning chains of rods and a sharp decrease in the axial speed of autonomously moving motors within the levitation plane of the cylindrical acoustic cell. However, with bimetallic rods containing metals of different densities, a consistent polarity of motion was observed with the lighter metal end leading. Speed comparisons between single-metal rods of different densities showed that those of lower density are propelled faster. So far, these density effects are not explained in the streaming model. The directionality of bimetallic rods in acoustic fields is intriguing and offers some new possibilities for designing motors in which shape, material, and chemical asymmetry might be combined for enhanced functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Ahmed
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lanjun Bai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dillon T Gentekos
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Mauricio Hoyos
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, UMR7636 CNRS , UMPC, ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thomas E Mallouk
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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64
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Dong Y, Liu M, Zhang H, Dong B. Reconfigurable OR and XOR logic gates based on dual responsive on-off-on micromotors. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:8378-8383. [PMID: 27045624 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00752j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report a hemisphere-like micromotor. Intriguingly, the micromotor exhibits controllable on-off-on motion, which can be actuated by two different external stimuli (UV and NH3). Moreover, the moving direction of the micromotor can be manipulated by the direction in which UV and NH3 are applied. As a result, the motion accelerates when both stimuli are applied in the same direction and decelerates when the application directions are opposite to each other. More interestingly, the dual stimuli responsive micromotor can be utilized as a reconfigurable logic gate with UV and NH3 as the inputs and the motion of the micromotor as the output. By controlling the direction of the external stimuli, OR and XOR dual logic functions can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Dong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Mei Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Dong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
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Chałupniak A, Morales-Narváez E, Merkoçi A. Micro and nanomotors in diagnostics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 95:104-16. [PMID: 26408790 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic micro/nanomotors are tiny devices than can be self-propelled or externally powered in the liquid phase by different types of energy source including but not limited to: catalytic, magnetic or acoustic. Showing a myriad of mechanical movements, building block materials, sizes, shapes and propulsion mechanisms micro/nanomotors are amenable to diagnostics and therapeutics. Herein we describe the most relevant micro/nanomotors, their fabrication pathways, propulsion strategies as well as in vivo and in vitro applications related with oligonucleotides, proteins, cells and tissues. We also discuss the main challenges in these applications such as the influence of complex media and toxicity issues as well as future perspectives.
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67
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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68
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Wang W, Duan W, Ahmed S, Sen A, Mallouk TE. From one to many: dynamic assembly and collective behavior of self-propelled colloidal motors. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:1938-46. [PMID: 26057233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The assembly of complex structures from simpler, individual units is a hallmark of biology. Examples include the pairing of DNA strands, the assembly of protein chains into quaternary structures, the formation of tissues and organs from cells, and the self-organization of bacterial colonies, flocks of birds, and human beings in cities. While the individual behaviors of biomolecules, bacteria, birds, and humans are governed by relatively simple rules, groups assembled from many individuals exhibit complex collective behaviors and functions that do not exist in the absence of the hierarchically organized structure. Self-assembly is a familiar concept to chemists who study the formation and properties of monolayers, crystals, and supramolecular structures. In chemical self-assembly, disorder evolves to order as the system approaches equilibrium. In contrast, living assemblies are typically characterized by two additional features: (1) the system constantly dissipates energy and is not at thermodynamic equilibrium; (2) the structure is dynamic and can transform or disassemble in response to stimuli or changing conditions. To distinguish them from equilibrium self-assembled structures, living (or nonliving) assemblies of objects with these characteristics are referred to as active matter. In this Account, we focus on the powered assembly and collective behavior of self-propelled colloids. These nano- and microparticles, also called nano- and micromotors or microswimmers, autonomously convert energy available in the environment (in the form of chemical, electromagnetic, acoustic, or thermal energy) into mechanical motion. Collections of these colloids are a form of synthetic active matter. Because of the analogy to living swimmers of similar size such as bacteria, the dynamic interactions and collective behavior of self-propelled colloids are interesting in the context of understanding biological active matter and in the development of new applications. The progression from individual particle motion to pairwise interactions, and then to multiparticle behavior, can be studied systematically with colloidal particles. Colloidal particles are also amenable to designs (in terms of materials, shapes, and sizes) that are not readily available in, for example, microbial systems. We review here our efforts and those of other groups in studying these fundamental interactions and the collective behavior that emerges from them. Although this field is still very new, there are already unique and interesting applications in analysis, diagnostics, separations, and materials science that derive from our understanding of how powered colloids interact and assemble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wentao Duan
- Department of Chemistry, and §Departments of Chemistry, Physics,
and Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Suzanne Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, and §Departments of Chemistry, Physics,
and Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry, and §Departments of Chemistry, Physics,
and Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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69
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Choudhury U, Soler L, Gibbs JG, Sanchez S, Fischer P. Surface roughness-induced speed increase for active Janus micromotors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:8660-3. [PMID: 25905919 PMCID: PMC4425194 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01607j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication protocol and surface morphology.
We demonstrate a simple physical fabrication method to control surface roughness of Janus micromotors and fabricate self-propelled active Janus microparticles with rough catalytic platinum surfaces that show a four-fold increase in their propulsion speed compared to conventional Janus particles coated with a smooth Pt layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udit Choudhury
- Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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70
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Li J, Li T, Xu T, Kiristi M, Liu W, Wu Z, Wang J. Magneto-Acoustic Hybrid Nanomotor. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:4814-21. [PMID: 26077325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and controlled nanoscale propulsion in harsh environments requires careful design and manufacturing of nanomachines, which can harvest and translate the propelling forces with high spatial and time resolution. Here we report a new class of artificial nanomachine, named magneto-acoustic hybrid nanomotor, which displays efficient propulsion in the presence of either magnetic or acoustic fields without adding any chemical fuel. These fuel-free hybrid nanomotors, which comprise a magnetic helical structure and a concave nanorod end, are synthesized using a template-assisted electrochemical deposition process followed by segment-selective chemical etching. Dynamic switching of the propulsion mode with reversal of the movement direction and digital speed regulation are demonstrated on a single nanovehicle. These hybrid nanomotors exhibit a diverse biomimetic collective behavior, including stable aggregation, swarm motion, and swarm vortex, triggered in response to different field inputs. Such adaptive hybrid operation and controlled collective behavior hold considerable promise for designing smart nanovehicles that autonomously reconfigure their operation mode according to their mission or in response to changes in their surrounding environment or in their own performance, thus holding considerable promise for diverse practical biomedical applications of fuel-free nanomachines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Li
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tianlong Li
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tailin Xu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Melek Kiristi
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Rao KJ, Li F, Meng L, Zheng H, Cai F, Wang W. A Force to Be Reckoned With: A Review of Synthetic Microswimmers Powered by Ultrasound. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:2836-46. [PMID: 25851515 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201403621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic microswimmers are a class of artificial nano- or microscale particle capable of converting external energy into motion. They are similar to natural microswimmers such as bacteria in behavior and are, therefore, of great interest to the study of active matter. Additionally, microswimmers show promise in applications ranging from bioanalytics and environmental monitoring to particle separation and drug delivery. However, since their sizes are on the nano-/microscale and their speeds are in the μm s(-1) range, they fall into a low Reynolds number regime where viscosity dominates. Therefore, new propulsion schemes are needed for these microswimmers to be able to efficiently move. Furthermore, many of the hotly pursued applications call for innovations in the next phase of development of biocompatible microswimmers. In this review, the latest developments of microswimmers powered by ultrasound are presented. Ultrasound, especially at MHz frequencies, does little harm to biological samples and provides an advantageous and well-controlled means to efficiently power microswimmers. By critically reviewing the recent progress in this research field, an introduction of how ultrasound propels colloidal particles into autonomous motion is presented, as well as how this propulsion can be used to achieve preliminary but promising applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jagajjanani Rao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
- Interfaces and Nanomaterials Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela-, 769 008, Orissa, India
| | - Fei Li
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Long Meng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Feiyan Cai
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
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