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Porter MM, Ravikumar N. 3D-printing a 'family' of biomimetic models to explain armored grasping in syngnathid fishes. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2017; 12:066007. [PMID: 28749372 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/aa8294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Seahorses and pipehorses evolved at least two independent strategies for tail grasping, despite being armored with a heavy body plating. To help explain mechanical trade-offs associated with the different designs, we created a 'family' of 3D-printed models that mimic variations in the presence and size of their armored plates. We measured the performance of the biomimetic proxies across several mechanical metrics, representative of their protective and prehensile capacities. Our results show that the models mimicking the tails of seahorses are the best all-around performers, while those of the distal-most, prehensile region of pipehorses are more flexible, but less protected. The comparison also reveals that different adaptive strategies provide different task-specific performance advantages, which could be leveraged for the design of armored manipulators or other bio-inspired technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Porter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States of America. Zucker Family Graduate Education Center, Clemson University, North Charleston, SC 29405, United States of America
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Picker A, Nicoleau L, Burghard Z, Bill J, Zlotnikov I, Labbez C, Nonat A, Cölfen H. Mesocrystalline calcium silicate hydrate: A bioinspired route toward elastic concrete materials. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701216. [PMID: 29209660 PMCID: PMC5710188 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) is the binder in concrete, the most used synthetic material in the world. The main weakness of concrete is the lack of elasticity and poor flexural strength considerably limiting its potential, making reinforcing steel constructions necessary. Although the properties of C-S-H could be significantly improved in organic hybrids, the full potential of this approach could not be reached because of the random C-S-H nanoplatelet structure. Taking inspiration from a sea urchin spine with highly ordered nanoparticles in the biomineral mesocrystal, we report a bioinspired route toward a C-S-H mesocrystal with highly aligned C-S-H nanoplatelets interspaced with a polymeric binder. A material with a bending strength similar to nacre is obtained, outperforming all C-S-H-based materials known to date. This strategy could greatly benefit future construction processes because fracture toughness and elasticity of brittle cementitious materials can be largely enhanced on the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Picker
- Physical Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Luc Nicoleau
- BASF Construction Solutions GmbH, Advanced Materials and Systems Research, Albert Frank Straße 32, 83304 Trostberg, Germany
| | - Zaklina Burghard
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joachim Bill
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Igor Zlotnikov
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christophe Labbez
- ICB (Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne), UMR 6303 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - André Nonat
- ICB (Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne), UMR 6303 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Helmut Cölfen
- Physical Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Corresponding author.
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Mohammadi P, Toivonen MS, Ikkala O, Wagermaier W, Linder MB. Aligning cellulose nanofibril dispersions for tougher fibers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11860. [PMID: 28928371 PMCID: PMC5605715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocomposite materials made from cellulose show a great potential as future high-performance and sustainable materials. We show how high aspect ratio cellulose nanofibrils can be efficiently aligned in extrusion to fibers, leading to increased modulus of toughness (area under the stress-strain curve), Young’s modulus, and yield strength by increasing the extrusion capillary length, decreasing its diameter, and increasing the flow rate. The materials showed significant property combinations, manifesting as high modulus of toughness (~28–31 MJ/m3) vs. high stiffness (~19–20 GPa), and vs. high yield strength (~130–150 MPa). Wide angle X-ray scattering confirmed that the enhanced mechanical properties directly correlated with increased alignment. The achieved moduli of toughness are approximately double or more when compared to values reported in the literature for corresponding strength and stiffness. Our results highlight a possibly general pathway that can be integrated to gel-spinning process, suggesting the hypothesis that that high stiffness, strength and toughness can be achieved simultaneously, if the alignment is induced while the CNF are in the free-flowing state during the extrusion step by shear at relatively low concentration and in pure water, after which they can be coagulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pezhman Mohammadi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-16100, Espoo, Finland
| | - Matti S Toivonen
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-16100, Espoo, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-16100, Espoo, Finland.
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Seidel R, Blumer M, Pechriggl EJ, Lyons K, Hall BK, Fratzl P, Weaver JC, Dean MN. Calcified cartilage or bone? Collagens in the tessellated endoskeletons of cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays). J Struct Biol 2017; 200:54-71. [PMID: 28923317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The primary skeletal tissue in elasmobranchs -sharks, rays and relatives- is cartilage, forming both embryonic and adult endoskeletons. Only the skeletal surface calcifies, exhibiting mineralized tiles (tesserae) sandwiched between a cartilage core and overlying fibrous perichondrium. These two tissues are based on different collagens (Coll II and I, respectively), fueling a long-standing debate as to whether tesserae are more like calcified cartilage or bone (Coll 1-based) in their matrix composition. We demonstrate that stingray (Urobatis halleri) tesserae are bipartite, having an upper Coll I-based 'cap' that merges into a lower Coll II-based 'body' zone, although tesserae are surrounded by cartilage. We identify a 'supratesseral' unmineralized cartilage layer, between tesserae and perichondrium, distinguished from the cartilage core in containing Coll I and X (a common marker for mammalian mineralization), in addition to Coll II. Chondrocytes within tesserae appear intact and sit in lacunae filled with Coll II-based matrix, suggesting tesserae originate in cartilage, despite comprising a diversity of collagens. Intertesseral joints are also complex in their collagenous composition, being similar to supratesseral cartilage closer to the perichondrium, but containing unidentified fibrils nearer the cartilage core. Our results indicate a unique potential for tessellated cartilage in skeletal biology research, since it lacks features believed diagnostic for vertebrate cartilage mineralization (e.g. hypertrophic and apoptotic chondrocytes), while offering morphologies amenable for investigating the regulation of complex mineralized ultrastructure and tissues patterned on multiple collagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Seidel
- Department Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids & Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Michael Blumer
- Division of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Kady Lyons
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Brian K Hall
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS, Canada
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids & Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - James C Weaver
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mason N Dean
- Department Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids & Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
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56
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Hill EH, Hanske C, Johnson A, Yate L, Jelitto H, Schneider GA, Liz-Marzán LM. Metal Nanoparticle Growth within Clay-Polymer Nacre-Inspired Materials for Improved Catalysis and Plasmonic Detection in Complex Biofluids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8774-8783. [PMID: 28502180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that layered silicate clays can be used to form a nacre-like bioinspired layered structure with various polymer fillers, leading to composite films with good material strength, gas-barrier properties, and high loading capacity. We go one step further by in situ growing metal nanoparticles in nacre-like layered films based on layered silicate clays, which can be used for applications in plasmonic sensing and catalysis. The degree of anisotropy of the nanoparticles grown in the film can be controlled by adjusting the ratio of clay to polymer or gold to clay and reducing agent concentration, as well as silver overgrowth, which greatly enhances the surface enhanced Raman scattering activity of the composite. We show the performance of the films for SERS detection of bacterial quorum sensing molecules in culture medium, and catalytic properties are demonstrated through the reduction of 4-nitroaniline. These films serve as the first example of seedless, in situ nanoparticle growth within nacre-mimetic materials, and open the path to basic research on the influence of different building blocks and polymeric mortars on nanoparticle morphology and distribution, as well as applications in catalysis, sensing, and antimicrobial surfaces using such materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Hill
- Bionanoplasmonics Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE , 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Ciber-BBN , 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Christoph Hanske
- Bionanoplasmonics Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE , 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alexander Johnson
- Bionanoplasmonics Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE , 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Luis Yate
- Bionanoplasmonics Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE , 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Hans Jelitto
- Institute of Advanced Ceramics, Hamburg University of Technology , 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerold A Schneider
- Institute of Advanced Ceramics, Hamburg University of Technology , 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luis M Liz-Marzán
- Bionanoplasmonics Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE , 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science , 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Ciber-BBN , 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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Jayasankar A, Seidel R, Naumann J, Guiducci L, Hosny A, Fratzl P, Weaver J, Dunlop J, Dean M. Mechanical behavior of idealized, stingray-skeleton-inspired tiled composites as a function of geometry and material properties. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 73:86-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Porter MM, Ravikumar N, Barthelat F, Martini R. 3D-printing and mechanics of bio-inspired articulated and multi-material structures. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 73:114-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Schmelter D, Langry A, Koenig A, Keil P, Leroux F, Hintze-Bruening H. Inhibition of Steel Corrosion and Alkaline Zinc Oxide Dissolution by Dicarboxylate Bola-Amphiphiles: Self-Assembly Supersedes Host-Guest Conception. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2785. [PMID: 28584232 PMCID: PMC5459810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02769-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
For many decorative applications like industrial and architectural paints, prevention of metal substrates from corrosion is a primary function of organic coatings. Triggered release of inhibitor species is generally accepted as a remedy for starting corrosion in case of coatings damage. A polyurethane based coating, doped with bola-amphiphiles of varying molecular weight but with a common head group motif that stems from ring-opened alkenyl succinic anhydride, enables passivation of the defect and mitigates cathodic delamination, if applied on cold rolled steel. An antagonistic effect results from the intercalation of the bola-amphiphiles into layered double hydroxide Zn2Al(OH)6 and subsequent incorporation of the hybrid phase into the organic matrix. In particular higher molecular weight bola-amphiphiles get immobilized through alkaline degradation of the layered framework in the basic milieu at the cathode. By means of sediments from colloidal states it is demonstrated that in-situ formed zinc oxide encapsulates the hybrid phase, evidenced by impeded dissolution of the ZnO based shell into caustic soda. While inhibition of steel corrosion results from a Donnan barrier layer, impeded zinc oxide dissolution is rooted in zinc catalyzed bola-amphiphile hydrolysis and layered deposition of the crystalline spacer diol hydrogenated bisphenol-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schmelter
- BASF Coatings GmbH, Glasuritstrasse 1, D-48165, Muenster, Germany
| | - Arthur Langry
- Clermont University Blaise Pascal, Institute of Chemistry of Clermont-Ferrand, UMR-CNRS 6296, BP 80026, F-63171, Aubière, France
| | - Andrej Koenig
- BASF Coatings GmbH, Glasuritstrasse 1, D-48165, Muenster, Germany
| | - Patrick Keil
- BASF Coatings GmbH, Glasuritstrasse 1, D-48165, Muenster, Germany
| | - Fabrice Leroux
- Clermont University Blaise Pascal, Institute of Chemistry of Clermont-Ferrand, UMR-CNRS 6296, BP 80026, F-63171, Aubière, France
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Fischer F, Kolednik O, Predan J, Razi H, Fratzl P. Crack driving force in twisted plywood structures. Acta Biomater 2017; 55:349-359. [PMID: 28396291 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Twisted plywood architectures can be observed in many biological materials with high fracture toughness, such as in arthropod cuticles or in lamellar bone. Main purpose of this paper is to analyze the influence of the progressive rotation of the fiber direction on the spatial variation of the crack driving force and, thus, on the fracture toughness of plywood-like structures. The theory of fiber composites is used to describe the stiffness matrix of a twisted plywood structure in a specimen-fixed coordinate system. The driving force acting on a crack propagating orthogonally to the fiber-rotation plane is studied by methods of computational mechanics, coupled with the concept of configurational forces. The analysis unfolds a spatial variation of the crack driving force with minima that are beneficial for the fracture toughness of the material. It is shown that the estimation of the crack driving force can be simplified by replacing the complicated anisotropic twisted plywood structure by an isotropic material with appropriate periodic variations of Young's modulus, which can be constructed based either on the local stiffness or local strain energy density variations. As practical example, the concepts are discussed for a specimen with a stiffness anisotropy similar to lamellar bone. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Twisted plywood-like structures exist in many natural fiber composites, such as bone or insect carapaces, and are known to be very fracture resistant. The crack driving force in such materials is analyzed quantitatively for the first time, using the concept of configurational forces. This tool, well established in the mechanics of materials, is introduced to the modeling of biological material systems with inhomogeneous and anisotropic material behavior. Based on this analysis, it is shown that the system can be approximated by an appropriately chosen inhomogeneous but isotropic material for the calculation of the crack driving force. The spatial variation of the crack driving force and, especially, its local minima are essential to describe the fracture properties of twisted plywood structures.
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Yao S, Jin B, Liu Z, Shao C, Zhao R, Wang X, Tang R. Biomineralization: From Material Tactics to Biological Strategy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605903. [PMID: 28229486 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biomineralization is an important tactic by which biological organisms produce hierarchically structured minerals with marvellous functions. Biomineralization studies typically focus on the mediation function of organic matrices on inorganic minerals, which helps scientists to design and synthesize bioinspired functional materials. However, the presence of inorganic minerals may also alter the native behaviours of organic matrices and even biological organisms. This progress report discusses the latest achievements relating to biomineralization mechanisms, the manufacturing of biomimetic materials and relevant applications in biological and biomedical fields. In particular, biomineralized vaccines and algae with improved thermostability and photosynthesis, respectively, demonstrate that biomineralization is a strategy for organism evolution via the rational design of organism-material complexes. The successful modification of biological systems using materials is based on the regulatory effect of inorganic materials on organic organisms, which is another aspect of biomineralization control. Unlike previous studies, this study integrates materials and biological science to achieve a more comprehensive view of the mechanisms and applications of biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Biao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Zhaoming Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Changyu Shao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Ruibo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Ruikang Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
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Structure and mechanical implications of the pectoral fin skeleton in the Longnose Skate (Chondrichthyes, Batoidea). Acta Biomater 2017; 51:393-407. [PMID: 28069513 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Animal propulsion systems are believed to show high energy and mechanical efficiency in assisting movement compared to artificial designs. As an example, batoid fishes have very light cartilaginous skeletons that facilitate their elegant swimming via enlarged wing-like pectoral fins. The aim of this work is to illustrate the hierarchical structure of the pectoral fin of a representative batoid, the Longnose Skate (Raja rhina), and explain the mechanical implications of its structural design. At the macro level, the pectoral fins are comprised of radially oriented fin rays, formed by staggered mineralized skeletal elements stacked end-to-end. At the micro level, the midsection of each radial element is composed of three mineralized components, which consist of discrete segments (tesserae) that are mineralized cartilage and embedded in unmineralized cartilage. The radial elements are wrapped with aligned, unmineralized collagen fibers. This is the first report of the detailed structure of the ray elements, including the observation of a 3-chain mineralized tesserae. Structural analyses demonstrate that this configuration enhances stiffness in multiple directions. A two-dimensional numerical model based on the morphological analysis demonstrated that the tessera structure helps distributing shear, tensile and compressive stress more ideally, which can better support both lift and thrust forces when swimming without losing flexibility. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Batoid fishes have very light cartilaginous skeletons that facilitate their elegant swimming by applying their enlarged wing-like pectoral fins. Previous studies have shown structural features and mechanical properties of the mineralized cartilage skeleton in various batoid fishes. However, the details of the pectoral fin structure at different length scales, as well as the relationship between the mechanical properties and structural design remains unknown. The present work illustrates the hierarchical structure of the pectoral fin of the Longnose Skate (a representative batoid fish) and verifies the materials configuration and structural design increases the stiffness of fin skeleton without a loss in flexibility. These results have implications for the design of strong but flexible materials and bio-inspired autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs).
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63
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Zajączkowska U, Grabowska K, Kokot G, Kruk M. On the benefits of living in clumps: a case study on Polytrichastrum formosum. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:156-164. [PMID: 27991706 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study concerns the mechanics and water relationships of clumps of a species of endohydric moss, Polytrichastrum formosum. Anatomical and morphological studies were done using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Experiments on waterdrop capture and their distribution to adjacent shoots within a moss clump were performed with the experimental set-up for the droplet collision phenomena and ultra-high speed camera. The mechanical strength of the moss clump was tested on an electromechanical testing machine. During the process of moss clump wetting, the falling water drops were captured by the apical stem part or leaves, then flowed down while adhering to the gametophore and never lost their surface continuity. In places of contact with another leaf, the water drop stops there and joins the leaves, enabling their hydration. Mathematical analysis of anatomical images showed that moss stems have different zones with varying cell lumen and cell wall/cell radius ratios, suggesting the occurrence of a periodic component structure. Our study provides evidence that the reaction of mosses to mechanical forces depends on the size of the clump, and that small groups are clearly stronger than larger groups. The clump structure of mosses acts as a net for falling rain droplets. Clumps of Polytrichastrum having overlapping leaves, at the time of loading formed a structure similar to a lattice. The observed reaction of mosses to mechanical forces indicates that this phenomenon appears to be analogous to the 'size effect on structural strength' that is of great importance for various fields of engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Zajączkowska
- Department of Forest Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - K Grabowska
- Institute of Aeronautics and Applied Mechanics, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - G Kokot
- Institute of Computational Mechanics and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - M Kruk
- Department of Applied Informatics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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64
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Yang Q, Song F, Zou X, Liao L. Preparation and mineralization of a biocompatible double network hydrogel. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2017; 28:431-443. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2017.1279044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quanzhu Yang
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Fangfang Song
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xueqing Zou
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Liqiong Liao
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
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65
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Wang L, Chen D, Jiang K, Shen G. New insights and perspectives into biological materials for flexible electronics. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:6764-6815. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00278e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Materials based on biological materials are becoming increasingly competitive and are likely to be critical components in flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Di Chen
- School of Mathematics and Physics
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Institute & Hospital of Hepatobiliary Surgery
- Key Laboratory of Digital Hepatobiliary Surgery of Chinese PLA
- Chinese PLA Medical School
- Chinese PLA General Hospital
- Beijing 100853
| | - Guozhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures
- Institute of Semiconductors
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100083
- China
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66
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Reinecke A, Bertinetti L, Fratzl P, Harrington MJ. Cooperative behavior of a sacrificial bond network and elastic framework in providing self-healing capacity in mussel byssal threads. J Struct Biol 2016; 196:329-339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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67
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68
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Seidel R, Lyons K, Blumer M, Zaslansky P, Fratzl P, Weaver JC, Dean MN. Ultrastructural and developmental features of the tessellated endoskeleton of elasmobranchs (sharks and rays). J Anat 2016; 229:681-702. [PMID: 27557870 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoskeleton of elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) is comprised largely of unmineralized cartilage, differing fundamentally from the bony skeletons of other vertebrates. Elasmobranch skeletons are further distinguished by a tessellated surface mineralization, a layer of minute, polygonal, mineralized tiles called tesserae. This 'tessellation' has defined the elasmobranch group for more than 400 million years, yet the limited data on development and ultrastructure of elasmobranch skeletons (e.g. how tesserae change in shape and mineral density with age) have restricted our abilities to develop hypotheses for tessellated cartilage growth. Using high-resolution, two-dimensional and three-dimensional materials and structural characterization techniques, we investigate an ontogenetic series of tessellated cartilage from round stingray Urobatis halleri, allowing us to define a series of distinct phases for skeletal mineralization and previously unrecognized features of tesseral anatomy. We show that the distinct tiled morphology of elasmobranch calcified cartilage is established early in U. halleri development, with tesserae forming first in histotroph embryos as isolated, globular islets of mineralized tissue. By the sub-adult stage, tesserae have increased in size and grown into contact with one another. The intertesseral contact results in the formation of more geometric (straight-edged) tesseral shapes and the development of two important features of tesseral anatomy, which we describe here for the first time. The first, the intertesseral joint, where neighboring tesserae abut without appreciable overlapping or interlocking, is far more complex than previously realized, comprised of a convoluted bearing surface surrounded by areas of fibrous attachment. The second, tesseral spokes, are lamellated, high-mineral density features radiating outward, like spokes on a wheel, from the center of each tessera to its joints with its neighbors, likely acting as structural reinforcements of the articulations between tesserae. As tesserae increase in size during ontogeny, spokes are lengthened via the addition of new lamellae, resulting in a visually striking mineralization pattern in the larger tesserae of older adult skeletons when viewed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in backscatter mode. Backscatter SEM also revealed that the cell lacunae in the center of larger tesserae are often filled with high mineral density material, suggesting that when intratesseral cells die, cell-regulated inhibition of mineralization is interrupted. Many of the defining ultrastructural details we describe relate to local variation in tissue mineral density and support previously proposed accretive growth mechanisms for tesserae. High-resolution micro-computed tomography data indicate that some tesseral anatomical features we describe for U. halleri are common among species of all major elasmobranch groups despite large variation in tesseral shape and size. We discuss hypotheses about how these features develop, and compare them with other vertebrate skeletal tissue types and their growth mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Seidel
- Department Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Kady Lyons
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Michael Blumer
- Division of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul Zaslansky
- Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - James C Weaver
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mason N Dean
- Department Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
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Mao LB, Gao HL, Yao HB, Liu L, Colfen H, Liu G, Chen SM, Li SK, Yan YX, Liu YY, Yu SH. Synthetic nacre by predesigned matrix-directed mineralization. Science 2016; 354:107-110. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf8991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wilga CAD, Diniz SE, Steele PR, Sudario-Cook J, Dumont ER, Ferry LA. Ontogeny of Feeding Mechanics in Smoothhound Sharks: Morphology and Cartilage Stiffness. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:442-8. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Tritschler U, Zlotnikov I, Fratzl P, Schlaad H, Grüner S, Cölfen H. Gas barrier properties of bio-inspired LAPONITE®-LC polymer hybrid films. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2016; 11:035005. [PMID: 27225326 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/11/3/035005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bio-inspired LAPONITE® (clay)-liquid crystal (LC) polymer composite materials with high clay fractions (>80%) and a high level of orientation of the clay platelets, i.e. with structural features similar to the ones found in natural nacre, have been shown to exhibit a promising behavior in the context of reduced oxygen transmission. Key characteristics of these bio-inspired composite materials are their high inorganic content, high level of exfoliation and orientation of the clay platelets, and the use of a LC polymer forming the organic matrix in between the LAPONITE® particles. Each single feature may be beneficial to increase the materials gas barrier property rendering this composite a promising system with advantageous barrier capacities. In this detailed study, LAPONITE®/LC polymer composite coatings with different clay loadings were investigated regarding their oxygen transmission rate. The obtained gas barrier performance was linked to the quality, respective LAPONITE® content and the underlying composite micro- and nanostructure of the coatings. Most efficient oxygen barrier properties were observed for composite coatings with 83% LAPONITE® loading that exhibit a structure similar to sheet-like nacre. Further on, advantageous mechanical properties of these LAPONITE®/LC polymer composites reported previously give rise to a multifunctional composite system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Tritschler
- University of Konstanz, Physical Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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