51
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Chen F, Lai SQ, Zhu FF, Meng Q, Jiang Y, Yu W, Han B. Cu-Catalyzed Radical Cascade Annulations of Alkyne-Tethered N-Alkoxyamides with Air: Facile Access to Isoxazolidine/1,2-Oxazinane-Fused Isoquinolin-1(2H)-ones. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Qiang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei-Fei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
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52
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Xu F, Shuler SA, Watson DA. Synthesis of N−H Bearing Imidazolidinones and Dihydroimidazolones Using Aza‐Heck Cyclizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Delaware Newark DE 19716 USA
| | - Scott A. Shuler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Delaware Newark DE 19716 USA
| | - Donald A. Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Delaware Newark DE 19716 USA
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53
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Liu RH, Wang ZQ, Wei BY, Zhang JW, Zhou B, Han B. Cu-Catalyzed Aminoacyloxylation of Unactivated Alkenes of Unsaturated Hydrazones with Manifold Carboxylic Acids toward Ester-Functionalized Pyrazolines. Org Lett 2018; 20:4183-4186. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Zi-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Bang-Yi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Jian-Wu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
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54
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Peterson LJ, Kirsch JK, Wolfe JP. Pd-Catalyzed Alkene Diamination Reactions of Nitrogen Electrophiles: Synthesis of Cyclic Guanidines and Ureas Bearing Dialkylaminomethyl Groups. Org Lett 2018; 20:3513-3517. [PMID: 29874081 PMCID: PMC6375693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Pd-catalyzed coupling of N-allylguanidines or N-allylureas with O-benzoylhydroxylamine derivatives affords cyclic guanidines or cyclic ureas bearing dialkylaminomethyl groups. The desired products are obtained in good yield, and substrates bearing substituents at the allylic position are transformed with moderate diastereoselectivity. The mechanism of these reactions appears to involve anti-aminopalladation of the alkene, followed by a rare sp3C-sp3N bond-forming reductive elimination from an alkylpalladium complex that contains β-hydrogen atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055, United States
| | - Janelle K. Kirsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055, United States
| | - John P. Wolfe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055, United States
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55
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Wang H, Zhang D, Bolm C. Sulfoximidations of Benzylic C−H bonds by Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Duo Zhang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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56
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Wang H, Zhang D, Bolm C. Sulfoximidations of Benzylic C−H bonds by Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5863-5866. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Duo Zhang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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57
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Li Y, Zhang R, Bi X, Fu J. Multifunctionalization of Unactivated Cyclic Ketones via Synergistic Catalysis of Copper and Diarylamine: Access to Cyclic α-Enaminone. Org Lett 2018; 20:1207-1211. [PMID: 29420046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A multifunctionalization of unactivated cyclic ketones via synergistic catalysis of copper and diarylamine for the direct synthesis of cyclic α-enaminone is reported for the first time. This reaction goes through oxidative α-amination, followed by a desaturation, and features mild reaction conditions, a broad substrate scope, and great functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130024, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xihe Bi
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130024, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Junkai Fu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130024, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055, China
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58
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Feige P, de Haro T, Rusconi G, Merino E, Nevado C. Gold-catalyzed oxidative aminoesterification of unactivated alkenes. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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59
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Fukami Y, Wada T, Meguro T, Chida N, Sato T. Copper-catalyzed electrophilic amination using N-methoxyamines. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:5486-9. [PMID: 26548700 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02167g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper-catalyzed electrophilic amination of a triarylboroxin using an N-methoxyamine to give quick access to a variety of anilines was reported. The reaction was especially useful for syntheses of functionalized anilines when combined with our previously reported nucleophilic addition to N-methoxyamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Fukami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Takamasa Wada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Tatsuhiko Meguro
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Noritaka Chida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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60
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Chen M, Wang LJ, Ren PX, Hou XY, Fang Z, Han MN, Li W. Copper-Catalyzed Diamination of Alkenes of Unsaturated Ketohydrazones with Amines. Org Lett 2018; 20:510-513. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manman Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, HeBei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Li-Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, HeBei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Xing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, HeBei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ying Hou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, HeBei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Zhang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, HeBei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Nan Han
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, HeBei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, HeBei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
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61
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Conway JH, Rovis T. Regiodivergent Iridium(III)-Catalyzed Diamination of Alkenyl Amides with Secondary Amines: Complementary Access to γ- or δ-Lactams. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:135-138. [PMID: 29278330 PMCID: PMC5973537 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alkenyl N-pivaloylhydroxamates undergo an Ir(III)-catalyzed diamination of the alkene with simple exogenous secondary amines under extraordinarily mild reaction conditions. The regioselectivity of the diamination is controlled by the solvent and the electronics of the cyclopentadienyl (Cpx) ligand on Ir. On the basis of a set of mechanistic experiments, we propose that the relative rates of Ir(V)-nitrenoid formation versus attack on the amido-Ir-coordinated alkene by the exogenous amine determine the outcome of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H. Conway
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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62
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Shen MH, Ren XT, Pan YP, Xu HD. Iridium catalyzed fragmentation/cyclization of N-butynyl 4,4-dimethylisoxazolidine-3,5-diones: a unique access to multiply substituted pyrroles. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00698e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel protocol for the synthesis of multiply substituted pyrroles has been developed through the iridium catalyzed fragmentation/cyclization of N-butynyl 4,4-dimethylisoxazolidine-3,5-diones in hot ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hua Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
- China
| | - Xin-Tao Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
- China
| | - Ying-Peng Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
- China
| | - Hua-Dong Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
- China
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63
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Wang FL, Dong XY, Lin JS, Zeng Y, Jiao GY, Gu QS, Guo XQ, Ma CL, Liu XY. Catalytic Asymmetric Radical Diamination of Alkenes. Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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64
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Shen K, Wang Q. Copper-catalyzed aminoalkynylation of alkenes with hypervalent iodine reagents. Chem Sci 2017; 8:8265-8270. [PMID: 29568474 PMCID: PMC5857935 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03420b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed aminoalkynylation of alkenes is achieved with ethynylbenziodoxolone (EBX) reagents under mild conditions with only 1 mol% copper catalyst. This transformation allows for rapid construction of diverse important azahetereocycles and installation of valuable alkyne groups in one step. The developed method features remarkable substrate scope for both terminal and internal alkenes as well as different alkynyl groups, presenting great potential for broad applications in synthesis, bioconjugation, and molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Shen
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , NC 27708-0346 , USA .
| | - Qiu Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , NC 27708-0346 , USA .
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65
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Shen K, Wang Q. Copper-Catalyzed Alkene Aminoazidation as a Rapid Entry to 1,2-Diamines and Installation of an Azide Reporter onto Azahetereocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13110-13116. [PMID: 28825822 PMCID: PMC5685496 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed aminoazidation of unactivated alkenes is achieved for the synthesis of versatile unsymmetrical 1,2-diamine derivatives. This transformation offers an effective approach to installing an amide and an azide from two diffenent amino precursors onto both terminal and internal alkenes, with remarkable regio- and stereoselectivity. Mechanistic studies show that this diamination reaction proceeds via a nucleophilic amino cyclization followed by an intermolecular C-N bond formation using electrophilic azidoiodinane. This pathway differs from previous azidoiodinane-initiated alkene functionalization, suggesting new reactivity of azidoiodinane. Furthermore, this aminoazidation reaction provides an efficient strategy to introduce azide, one of the most useful chemical reporters, onto a broad range of bioactive azaheterocycles, offering new opportunities in bioorthogonal chemistry and biological studies. Rapid syntheses of 5-HT2C agonist, (-)-enduracididine and azido-cholesterol derivatives demonstrate broad applications of this method in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Qiu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
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66
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Hendrick CE, Bitting KJ, Cho S, Wang Q. Site-Selective Copper-Catalyzed Amination and Azidation of Arenes and Heteroarenes via Deprotonative Zincation. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11622-11628. [PMID: 28753007 PMCID: PMC5685551 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Arene amination is achieved by site-selective C-H zincation followed by copper-catalyzed coupling with O-benzoylhydroxylamines under mild conditions. Key to this success is ortho-zincation mediated by lithium amidodiethylzincate base that is effective for a wide range of arenes, including nonactivated arenes bearing simple functionalities such as fluoride, chloride, ester, amide, ether, nitrile, and trifluoromethyl groups as well as heteroarenes including indole, thiophene, pyridine, and isoquinoline. An analogous C-H azidation is also accomplished using azidoiodinane for direct introduction of a useful azide group onto a broad scope of arenes and heteroarenes. These new transformations offer rapid access to valuable and diverse chemical space of aminoarenes. Their broad applications in organic synthesis and drug discovery are demonstrated in the synthesis of novel analogues of natural product (-)-nicotine and antidepressant sertraline by late-stage amination and azidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Hendrick
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Katie J. Bitting
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Seoyoung Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Qiu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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67
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Okamura Y, Sato D, Yoshimura A, Zhdankin VV, Saito A. Iodine(III)‐Mediated/Catalyzed Cycloisomerization–Amination Sequence of
N
‐Propargyl Carboxamides. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Okamura
- Division of Applied Chemistry Institute of Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Daisuke Sato
- Division of Applied Chemistry Institute of Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Akira Yoshimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Minnesota Duluth Duluth, MN 55812 United States
- The Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk 634050 Russia
| | - Viktor V. Zhdankin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Minnesota Duluth Duluth, MN 55812 United States
| | - Akio Saito
- Division of Applied Chemistry Institute of Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
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68
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Khoder ZM, Wong CE, Chemler SR. Stereoselective Synthesis of Isoxazolidines via Copper-Catalyzed Alkene Diamination. ACS Catal 2017; 7:4775-4779. [PMID: 29755827 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A convenient copper-catalyzed intramolecular/intermolecular alkene diamination reaction to synthesize 3-aminomethyl-functionalized isoxazolidines under mild reaction conditions and with generally high levels of diastereoselectivity was achieved. This reaction demonstrates that previously underutilized unsaturated carbamates are good [Cu]-catalyzed diamination substrates. Sulfonamides, anilines, benzamide, morpholine, and piperidine can serve as the external amine source. This relatively broad amine range is attributed to the mild reaction conditions. Reduction of the N-O bond could also be achieved, revealing the corresponding 3,4-diamino-1-alcohols efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab M. Khoder
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Christina E. Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Sherry R. Chemler
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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69
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Qin Q, Han YY, Jiao YY, He Y, Yu S. Photoredox-Catalyzed Diamidation and Oxidative Amidation of Alkenes: Solvent-Enabled Synthesis of 1,2-Diamides and α-Amino Ketones. Org Lett 2017; 19:2909-2912. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qixue Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic
Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yue-Yue Han
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic
Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan-Yan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic
Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yanyan He
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic
Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shouyun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic
Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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70
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Xie J, Wang YW, Qi LW, Zhang B. Access to Aminated Saturated Oxygen Heterocycles via Copper-Catalyzed Aminooxygenation of Alkenes. Org Lett 2017; 19:1148-1151. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yue-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lian-Wen Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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71
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Bai HY, Ma ZG, Yi M, Lin JB, Zhang SY. Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Intermolecular Amination of Unactivated Methylene C(sp3)–H Bonds with Azodiformates via Bidentate-Chelation Assistance. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He-Yuan Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gang Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Yi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Bing Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Yu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
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72
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Mailyan AK, Young K, Chen JL, Reid BT, Zakarian A. Stereoselective Synthesis of Cyclic Guanidines by Directed Diamination of Unactivated Alkenes. Org Lett 2016; 18:5532-5535. [PMID: 27778502 PMCID: PMC5598158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A method for a directed stereoselective guanidinylation of alkenes is described. The guanidine unit can be delivered as an intact fragment by a hydroxy or carboxy group, usually with a high level of stereocontrol. After the guanidine delivery, the directing group can be cleaved under exceptionally mild conditions, typically by alcoholysis in the presence of acetic acid. Broad functional group tolerance and mild reaction conditions for the cycloguanidilation suggest applications in medicinal chemistry and natural products synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur K. Mailyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemsitry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93110, United States
| | - Kyle Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemsitry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93110, United States
| | - Joanna L. Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemsitry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93110, United States
| | - Bradley T. Reid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemsitry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93110, United States
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemsitry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93110, United States
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73
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Zhang M, Duan Y, Li W, Xu P, Cheng J, Yu S, Zhu C. A Single Electron Transfer (SET) Approach to C–H Amidation of Hydrazones via Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis. Org Lett 2016; 18:5356-5359. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muliang Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yingqian Duan
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Weipeng Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Pan Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jian Cheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shouyun Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
- Shanghai
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
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74
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Liu RH, Wei D, Han B, Yu W. Copper-Catalyzed Oxidative Oxyamination/Diamination of Internal Alkenes of Unsaturated Oximes with Simple Amines. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied
Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Dian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied
Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied
Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied
Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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75
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Zhou Y, Bao X. DFT Study of Pd(0)-Promoted Intermolecular C-H Amination with O-Benzoyl Hydroxylamines. Org Lett 2016; 18:4506-9. [PMID: 27573977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Computational studies were carried out to explore the mechanism of Pd-catalyzed intermolecular C-H amination with O-benzoyl hydroxylamines in which both Pd(0) and Pd(II) catalysts are effective. For the Pd(0)-catalyzed reaction, the generally assumed Pd(0)/Pd(II) catalytic cycle might not be feasible. Instead, Pd(0), being essentially a catalyst precursor, could be oxidized to Pd(II), and the C-H amination proceeds through the Pd(II)/Pd(IV) catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiaoguang Bao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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76
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Dong X, Liu Q, Dong Y, Liu H. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Electrophilic Amination: Application of O-Benzoylhydroxylamines in the Construction of the C-N Bond. Chemistry 2016; 23:2481-2511. [PMID: 27457353 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed electrophilic amination has been developed into a powerful tool for C-N bond construction. So far, O-benzoylhydroxylamines are the most widely used electrophilic aminating reagents. Herein, we summarize the recent advances of O-benzoylhydroxylamines involved in electrophilic amination catalyzed by transition metals. Several pioneering studies and some of the relevant mechanisms are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo, 255049, P. R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo, 255049, P. R. China
| | - Yunhui Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo, 255049, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Textile Chemicals, Dyeing and Finishing of Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, P. R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo, 255049, P. R. China.,College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China.,Engineering Research Center of Textile Chemicals, Dyeing and Finishing of Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, P. R. China
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77
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Li SQ, Xiong P, Zhu L, Qian XY, Xu HC. A General CuCl2-Promoted Alkene Aminochlorination Reaction. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Department of Chemistry; Xiamen University; 361005 Xiamen China
| | - Peng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Department of Chemistry; Xiamen University; 361005 Xiamen China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Department of Chemistry; Xiamen University; 361005 Xiamen China
| | - Xiang-Yang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Department of Chemistry; Xiamen University; 361005 Xiamen China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Department of Chemistry; Xiamen University; 361005 Xiamen China
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78
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Ciesielski J, Dequirez G, Retailleau P, Gandon V, Dauban P. Rhodium-Catalyzed Alkene Difunctionalization with Nitrenes. Chemistry 2016; 22:9338-47. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ciesielski
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301; Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1; av. de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Geoffroy Dequirez
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301; Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1; av. de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301; Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1; av. de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Vincent Gandon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301; Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1; av. de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8182; Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay; bâtiment 420 91405 Orsay CEDEX France
| | - Philippe Dauban
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301; Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1; av. de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
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79
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Hemric BN, Shen K, Wang Q. Copper-Catalyzed Amino Lactonization and Amino Oxygenation of Alkenes Using O-Benzoylhydroxylamines. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:5813-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett N. Hemric
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Kun Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Qiu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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80
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Xiong P, Xu F, Qian XY, Yohannes Y, Song J, Lu X, Xu HC. Copper-Catalyzed Intramolecular Oxidative Amination of Unactivated Internal Alkenes. Chemistry 2016; 22:4379-83. [PMID: 26878987 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed oxidative amination of unactivated internal alkenes has been developed. The Wacker-type oxidative alkene amination reaction is traditionally catalyzed by a palladium through a mechanism involving aminopalladation and β-hydride elimination. Replacing the precious and scarce palladium with a cheap and abundant copper for this transformation has been challenging because of the difficulty associated with the aminocupration of internal alkenes. The combination of a simple copper salt, without additional ligand, as the catalyst and Dess-Martin periodinane as the oxidant, promotes efficiently the oxidative amination of allylic carbamates and ureas bearing di- and trisubstituted alkenes leading to oxazolidinones and imidazolidinones. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggested a hybrid radical-organometallic mechanism involving an amidyl radical cyclization to form the key C-N bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xiong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Fan Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Yang Qian
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yared Yohannes
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- Fujian Institute of Research on Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China.
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China.
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81
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Hemric BN, Wang Q. Copper-catalyzed intermolecular oxyamination of olefins using carboxylic acids and O-benzoylhydroxylamines. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:22-8. [PMID: 26877805 PMCID: PMC4734347 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reports a novel approach for the direct and facile synthesis of 1,2-oxyamino moieties via an intermolecular copper-catalyzed oxyamination of olefins. This strategy utilizes O-benzoylhydroxylamines as an electrophilic amine source and carboxylic acids as a nucleophilic oxygen source to achieve a modular difunctionalization of olefins. The reaction proceeded in a regioselective manner with moderate to good yields, exhibiting a broad scope of carboxylic acid, amine, and olefin substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett N Hemric
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Qiu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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82
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Shen K, Wang Q. Copper-catalyzed aminotrifluoromethylation of alkenes: a facile synthesis of CF3-containing lactams. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00353a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper-catalyzed aminotrifluoromethylation of alkenes has been achieved using amides as nucleophiles to provide valuable CF3-containing lactams in good yields under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Shen
- Department of Chemistry
- Duke University
- Durham
- USA
| | - Qiu Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Duke University
- Durham
- USA
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83
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Zhu X, Chiba S. Copper-catalyzed oxidative carbon–heteroatom bond formation: a recent update. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4504-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00882d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review updates recent advances in Cu-catalyzed (anaerobic) oxidative carbon–heteroatom bond formation on sp3- and sp2-C–H bonds as well as alkenes, classified according to the types of stoichiometric oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
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84
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Chen Z, Wang Q. Synthesis of o-Aminophenols via a Formal Insertion Reaction of Arynes into Hydroxyindolinones. Org Lett 2015; 17:6130-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Qiu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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85
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Rao WH, Yin XS, Shi BF. Catalyst-Controlled Amino- versus Oxy-Acetoxylation of Urea-Tethered Alkenes: Efficient Synthesis of Cyclic Ureas and Isoureas. Org Lett 2015; 17:3758-61. [PMID: 26166021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A catalyst-controlled vicinal amino- versus oxy-acetoxylation of alkenes with PhI(OAc)2 as the oxidant is described. The divergent synthesis of cyclic ureas and isoureas was achieved in good yields under mild conditions employing ambident urea nucleophiles. Both terminal and internal alkenes are compatible with this reaction protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hao Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xue-Song Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bing-Feng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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