51
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Kitamura H, Otake Y, Sugisawa N, Sugisawa H, Ida T, Nakamura H, Fuse S. Sequential Nucleophilic Substitution of Phosphorus Trichloride with Alcohols in a Continuous‐Flow Reactor and Consideration of a Mechanism for Reduced Over‐reaction through the Addition of Imidazole. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200932. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kitamura
- School of Life Science and Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Yuma Otake
- School of Life Science and Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Naoto Sugisawa
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Hiroki Sugisawa
- Division of Material Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Tomonori Ida
- Division of Material Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- School of Life Science and Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
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52
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Kochmann S, Ivanov NA, Le Blanc JCY, Gorin BI, Krylov SN. Circular Geometry in Molecular Stream Separation to Facilitate Nonorthogonal Field-to-Flow Orientation. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9519-9524. [PMID: 35767324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular stream separation (MSS) is a promising complement for continuous-flow synthesis. MSS is driven by forces exerted on molecules by a field applied at an angle to the stream-carrying flow. MSS has only been performed with a 90° field-to-flow angle because of a rectangular geometry of canonic MSS; the second-order rotational symmetry of a rectangle prevents any other angle. Here, we propose a noncanonic circular geometry for MSS, which better aligns with the polar nature of MSS and allows changing the field-to-flow. We conducted in silico and experimental studies of circular geometry for continuous-flow electrophoresis (CFE, an MSS method). We proved two advantages of circular CFE over its rectangular counterpart. First, circular CFE can support better flow and electric-field uniformity than rectangular CFE. Second, the nonorthogonal field-to-flow orientation, achievable in circular CFE, can result in a higher stream resolution than the orthogonal one. Considering that circular CFE devices are not more complex in fabrication than rectangular ones, we foresee that circular CFE will serve as a new standard and a testbed for the investigation and creation of new CFE modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kochmann
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Nikita A Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | | | - Boris I Gorin
- Eurofins CDMO Alphora, 2395 Speakman Drive #2001, Mississauga, Ontario L5K 1B3, Canada
| | - Sergey N Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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53
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Nambiar AK, Breen CP, Hart T, Kulesza T, Jamison TF, Jensen KF. Bayesian Optimization of Computer-Proposed Multistep Synthetic Routes on an Automated Robotic Flow Platform. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:825-836. [PMID: 35756374 PMCID: PMC9228554 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Computer-aided synthesis planning (CASP) tools can propose retrosynthetic pathways and forward reaction conditions for the synthesis of organic compounds, but the limited availability of context-specific data currently necessitates experimental development to fully specify process details. We plan and optimize a CASP-proposed and human-refined multistep synthesis route toward an exemplary small molecule, sonidegib, on a modular, robotic flow synthesis platform with integrated process analytical technology (PAT) for data-rich experimentation. Human insights address catalyst deactivation and improve yield by strategic choices of order of addition. Multi-objective Bayesian optimization identifies optimal values for categorical and continuous process variables in the multistep route involving 3 reactions (including heterogeneous hydrogenation) and 1 separation. The platform's modularity, robotic reconfigurability, and flexibility for convergent synthesis are shown to be essential for allowing variation of downstream residence time in multistep flow processes and controlling the order of addition to minimize undesired reactivity. Overall, the work demonstrates how automation, machine learning, and robotics enhance manual experimentation through assistance with idea generation, experimental design, execution, and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh
M. K. Nambiar
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology,77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher P. Breen
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology,77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Travis Hart
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology,77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy Kulesza
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology,77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy F. Jamison
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology,77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology,77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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54
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Brandão P, Pineiro M, M.V.D. Pinho e Melo T. Flow Chemistry: Sequential Flow Processes for the Synthesis of Heterocycles. HETEROCYCLES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527832002.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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55
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Herbrik F, Sanz M, Puglisi A, Rossi S, Benaglia M. Enantioselective Organophotocatalytic Telescoped Synthesis of a Chiral Privileged Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200164. [PMID: 35239197 PMCID: PMC9325444 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The continuous flow, enantioselective, organophotoredox catalytic asymmetric alkylation of aldehydes was studied, by using a homemade, custom‐designed photoreactor for reactions under cryogenic conditions. Going from microfluidic conditions up to a 10 mL mesofluidic reactor, an increase of productivity by almost 18000 % compared to the batch reaction was demonstrated. Finally, for the first time, a stereoselective photoredox organocatalytic continuous flow reaction in a fully telescoped process for an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)synthesis was successfully achieved. The final process consists of four units of operation: visible light‐driven asymmetric catalytic benzylation under continuous flow, inline continuous work‐up, neutralisation and a final oxidative amidation step afforded the pharmaceutically active molecule in 95 % e.e.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herbrik
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Miguel Sanz
- Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG, Emil-Figge-Strasse 76 A, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Benaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
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56
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Li W, Jiang M, Liu M, Ling X, Xia Y, Wan L, Chen F. Development of a Fully Continuous-Flow Approach Towards Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Tetrahydroprotoberberine Natural Alkaloids. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200700. [PMID: 35357730 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow synthetic technologies had been widely applied in the total synthesis in the past few decades. Fully continuous flow synthesis is still extremely focused on multi-step synthesis of complex natural pharmaceutical molecules. Thus, the development of fully continuous flow total synthesis of natural products is in demand but challenging. Herein, we demonstrated the first fully continuous flow approach towards asymmetric total synthesis of natural tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloids, (-)-isocanadine, (-)-tetrahydropseudocoptisine, (-)-stylopine and (-)-nandinine. This method features a concise linear sequence involving four chemical transformations and three on-line work-up processing in an integrated flow platform, without any intermediate purification. The overall yield and enantioselectivity of this four-step continuous flow chemistry were up to 50 % and 92 %ee, respectively, in a total residence time of 32.5 min, corresponding to a throughput of 145 mg/h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Li
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Meifen Jiang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Minjie Liu
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xu Ling
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yingqi Xia
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Wan
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fener Chen
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, 200433, China
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57
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Masui H, Fuse S. Recent Advances in the Solid- and Solution-Phase Synthesis of Peptides and Proteins Using Microflow Technology. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Masui
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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58
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Rodríguez-Carrillo C, Torres García J, Benítez M, El Haskouri J, Amorós P, Ros-Lis JV. Batch and Flow Synthesis of CeO2 Nanomaterials Using Solid-state Microwave Generators. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092712. [PMID: 35566060 PMCID: PMC9101767 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microwave-assisted synthesis in combination with flow synthesis offers an interesting approach to develop faster and more sustainable procedures for the preparation of homogeneous nanomaterials. Recently, solid-state generators of microwaves appeared as a tool with improved control over power and frequency. Cerium oxide, despite its excellent catalytic activity, has not been prepared before using solid-state generators or microwave-assisted flow chemistry. We report a procedure for the preparation of nanoparticulated CeO2 (around 4 nm) under 2.45 GHz microwaves in only 30 s. The materials are further calcined at 800 °C to increase particle size, with a better defined particle size and crystallinity. The procedure was tested in batch at pH 11 and 12 and diverse potencies, and the products were characterized by TEM, XRD, DLS, and N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms. The materials were similar at the diverse pH values and potencies. XRD confirms the crystallinity of the CeO2 material with a fluorite-like structure. They are composed of particles around 40 nm that aggregate as structures of around 100 nm. The procedure was successfully adapted to flow synthesis, obtaining materials with structure and properties equivalent to batch synthesis. The batch and flow materials offer peroxidase properties, opening the door for their use as ROS scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez-Carrillo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, P.O. Box 73, 46100 Butjassot, Spain; (C.R.-C.); (J.T.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Juan Torres García
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, P.O. Box 73, 46100 Butjassot, Spain; (C.R.-C.); (J.T.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Miriam Benítez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, P.O. Box 73, 46100 Butjassot, Spain; (C.R.-C.); (J.T.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Jamal El Haskouri
- Institut de Ciència dels Materials, Universitat de València, P.O. Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain; (J.E.H.); (P.A.)
| | - Pedro Amorós
- Institut de Ciència dels Materials, Universitat de València, P.O. Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain; (J.E.H.); (P.A.)
| | - Jose V. Ros-Lis
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, P.O. Box 73, 46100 Butjassot, Spain; (C.R.-C.); (J.T.G.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963544856
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59
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Okabe R, Sugisawa N, Fuse S. A micro-flow rapid dual activation approach for urethane-protected α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydride synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3303-3310. [PMID: 35229099 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00167e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrated the rapid dual activation (10 s, 20 °C) of a combination of an α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydride and alkyl chloroformate in the synthesis of a urethane-protected α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydride in a micro-flow reactor. The key to success was the combined use of two amines that activated both substrates with proper timing. Three amines, i-Pr2NEt, Me2NBn, or N-ethylmorpholine, were used with pyridine in accordance with the steric bulkiness of a side chain in the α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydride. A variety of 16 urethane-protected α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides were synthesized in high yields. The role of amines was investigated based on the measurement of the time-dependent (0.5 to 10 s) decrease of α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides and alkyl chloroformates in the presence of amines via flash mixing technology using a micro-flow reactor. It was suggested that the in situ generated acylpyridinium cation was highly active and less prone to causing undesired decomposition compared with the acylammonium cation examined in this study. Thus, even at a very low concentration, the acylpyridinium cation facilitated the desired coupling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Okabe
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Naoto Sugisawa
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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60
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Rosatella AA, Afonso CAM. One-Pot Transformation of Salicylaldehydes to Spiroepoxydienones via the Adler-Becker Reaction in a Continuous Flow. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:11570-11577. [PMID: 35449962 PMCID: PMC9017099 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Adler-Becker reaction is a useful approach for the oxidative dearomatization of salicylic alcohols to spiroepoxydienones and has been applied in the total synthesis of several natural products. Despite the advantages, the substrate and product instability under the reaction conditions can decrease the reaction efficiency, leading to lower yields. Herein, we report the Adler-Becker reaction in a continuous flow for the transformation of reduced salicylaldehydes into spiroepoxydienones in a one-pot approach. For that, a heterogeneous oxidant based on periodate is developed, leading to an efficient continuous flow process, with higher productivity and shorter reaction times, when compared with batch conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia A. Rosatella
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- CBIOS—Universidade
Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health
Technologies, Campo Grande,
376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos A. M. Afonso
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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61
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Sagmeister P, Ort FF, Jusner CE, Hebrault D, Tampone T, Buono FG, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Autonomous Multi-Step and Multi-Objective Optimization Facilitated by Real-Time Process Analytics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105547. [PMID: 35106974 PMCID: PMC8981902 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous flow reactors are becoming increasingly utilized in the synthesis of organic compounds, yet the complexity of the chemical reactions and analytical methods remains limited. The development of a modular platform which uses rapid flow NMR and FTIR measurements, combined with chemometric modeling, is presented for efficient and timely analysis of reaction outcomes. This platform is tested with a four variable single-step reaction (nucleophilic aromatic substitution), to determine the most effective optimization methodology. The self-optimization approach with minimal background knowledge proves to provide the optimal reaction parameters within the shortest operational time. The chosen approach is then applied to a seven variable two-step optimization problem (imine formation and cyclization), for the synthesis of the active pharmaceutical ingredient edaravone. Despite the exponentially increased complexity of this optimization problem, the platform achieves excellent results in a relatively small number of iterations, leading to >95% solution yield of the intermediate and up to 5.42 kg L-1 h-1 space-time yield for this pharmaceutically relevant product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
| | - Florian F. Ort
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
| | - Clemens E. Jusner
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
| | - Dominique Hebrault
- Chemical Development USBoehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.900 Ridgebury RoadRidgefieldConnecticut06877USA
| | - Thomas Tampone
- Chemical Development USBoehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.900 Ridgebury RoadRidgefieldConnecticut06877USA
| | - Frederic G. Buono
- Chemical Development USBoehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.900 Ridgebury RoadRidgefieldConnecticut06877USA
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
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62
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Lehmann H, Ruppen T, Knoepfel T. Scale-Up of Diazonium Salts and Azides in a Three-Step Continuous Flow Sequence. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hansjoerg Lehmann
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Ruppen
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Knoepfel
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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63
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Ferlin F, Anastasiou I, Salameh N, Miyakoshi T, Baudoin O, Vaccaro L. C(sp 3 )-H Arylation Promoted by a Heterogeneous Palladium-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complex in Batch and Continuous Flow. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102736. [PMID: 35098689 PMCID: PMC9303704 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A heterogeneous reusable palladium(II)-bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) catalyst was prepared and shown to catalyze the intramolecular C(sp3 )-H activation/cyclization of N-alkyl-2-bromoanilines furnishing indolines. This new catalytic system was based on a bis-imidazolium ligand immobilized on a spaced cross-linked polystyrene support. The iodide ligands on the catalyst played a central role in the efficiency of the process occurring through a "release and catch" mechanism. The heterogeneous nature of the catalyst was further exploited in the design of a continuous-flow protocol that allowed a more efficient recovery and reuse of the catalyst, as well as a very fast and safe procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferlin
- Laboratory of Green SOCDipartimento di ChimicaBiologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
| | - Ioannis Anastasiou
- Laboratory of Green SOCDipartimento di ChimicaBiologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
| | - Nihad Salameh
- Laboratory of Green SOCDipartimento di ChimicaBiologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
| | - Takeru Miyakoshi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 19CH-4056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Olivier Baudoin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 19CH-4056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Luigi Vaccaro
- Laboratory of Green SOCDipartimento di ChimicaBiologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)6 Miklukho-Maklaya StMoscow117198Russia
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64
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Liu C, Li K, Shang R. Arenethiolate as a Dual Function Catalyst for Photocatalytic Defluoroalkylation and Hydrodefluorination of Trifluoromethyls. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Can Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Rui Shang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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65
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Burange AS, Osman SM, Luque R. Understanding flow chemistry for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients. iScience 2022; 25:103892. [PMID: 35243250 PMCID: PMC8867129 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-step organic syntheses of various drugs, active pharmaceutical ingredients, and other pharmaceutically and agriculturally important compounds have already been reported using flow synthesis. Compared to batch, hazardous and reactive reagents can be handled safely in flow. This review discusses the pros and cons of flow chemistry in today’s scenario and recent developments in flow devices. The review majorly emphasizes on the recent developments in the flow synthesis of pharmaceutically important products in last five years including flibanserin, imatinib, buclizine, cinnarizine, cyclizine, meclizine, ribociclib, celecoxib, SC-560 and mavacoxib, efavirenz, fluconazole, melitracen HCl, rasagiline, tamsulosin, valsartan, and hydroxychloroquine. Critical steps and new development in the flow synthesis of selected compounds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand S. Burange
- Department of Chemistry, Wilson College, Chowpatty, Mumbai 400007, India
- Corresponding author
| | - Sameh M. Osman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Universidad de Cordoba, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra Nnal IV-A, Km 396, E14014 Cordoba, Spain
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho Maklaya str., 107198 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Corresponding author
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66
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"Green Is the Color": An Update on Ecofriendly Aspects of Organoselenium Chemistry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051597. [PMID: 35268698 PMCID: PMC8911681 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Organoselenium compounds have been successfully applied in biological, medicinal and material sciences, as well as a powerful tool for modern organic synthesis, attracting the attention of the scientific community. This great success is mainly due to the breaking of paradigm demonstrated by innumerous works, that the selenium compounds were toxic and would have a potential impact on the environment. In this update review, we highlight the relevance of these compounds in several fields of research as well as the possibility to synthesize them through more environmentally sustainable methodologies, involving catalytic processes, flow chemistry, electrosynthesis, as well as by the use of alternative energy sources, including mechanochemical, photochemistry, sonochemical and microwave irradiation.
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67
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Sha Z, Fan J, Lu J, He H, Hong B, Fei X, Zhu M. In‐Situ
Stabilizing Nano‐Ag onto Nonwoven Fabrics via a Mussel‐Inspired Approach for Continuous‐Flow Catalysis Reduction of Organic Dyes. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Sha
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Jiahui Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Huan He
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Bo Hong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Xiang Fei
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai 201620 China
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68
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Tavakoli J, Shrestha J, Bazaz SR, Rad MA, Warkiani ME, Raston CL, Tipper JL, Tang Y. Developing Novel Fabrication and Optimisation Strategies on Aggregation-Induced Emission Nanoprobe/Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogels for Bio-Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27031002. [PMID: 35164268 PMCID: PMC8840180 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study describes a new technology, effective for readily preparing a fluorescent (FL) nanoprobe-based on hyperbranched polymer (HB) and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorogen with high brightness to ultimately develop FL hydrogels. We prepared the AIE nanoprobe using a microfluidic platform to mix hyperbranched polymers (HB, generations 2, 3, and 4) with AIE (TPE-2BA) under shear stress and different rotation speeds (0-5 K RPM) and explored the FL properties of the AIE nanoprobe. Our results reveal that the use of HB generation 4 exhibits 30-times higher FL intensity compared to the AIE alone and is significantly brighter and more stable compared to those that are prepared using HB generations 3 and 2. In contrast to traditional methods, which are expensive and time-consuming and involve polymerization and post-functionalization to develop FL hyperbranched molecules, our proposed method offers a one-step method to prepare an AIE-HB nanoprobe with excellent FL characteristics. We employed the nanoprobe to fabricate fluorescent injectable bioadhesive gel and a hydrogel microchip based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The addition of borax (50 mM) to the PVA + AIE nanoprobe results in the development of an injectable bioadhesive fluorescent gel with the ability to control AIEgen release for 300 min. When borax concentration increases two times (100 mM), the adhesion stress is more than two times bigger (7.1 mN/mm2) compared to that of gel alone (3.4 mN/mm2). Excellent dimensional stability and cell viability of the fluorescent microchip, along with its enhanced mechanical properties, proposes its potential applications in mechanobiology and understanding the impact of microstructure in cell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Tavakoli
- Centre for Health Technologies, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.T.); (J.S.); (S.R.B.); (M.A.R.); (M.E.W.)
| | - Jesus Shrestha
- Centre for Health Technologies, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.T.); (J.S.); (S.R.B.); (M.A.R.); (M.E.W.)
| | - Sajad R. Bazaz
- Centre for Health Technologies, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.T.); (J.S.); (S.R.B.); (M.A.R.); (M.E.W.)
| | - Maryam A. Rad
- Centre for Health Technologies, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.T.); (J.S.); (S.R.B.); (M.A.R.); (M.E.W.)
| | - Majid E. Warkiani
- Centre for Health Technologies, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.T.); (J.S.); (S.R.B.); (M.A.R.); (M.E.W.)
| | - Colin L. Raston
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia;
| | - Joanne L. Tipper
- Centre for Health Technologies, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.T.); (J.S.); (S.R.B.); (M.A.R.); (M.E.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - Youhong Tang
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia;
- Medical Device Research Institute, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.L.T.); (Y.T.)
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69
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Yamada T, Park K, Furugen C, Jiang J, Shimizu E, Ito N, Sajiki H. Highly Selective Hydrogenative Conversion of Nitriles into Tertiary, Secondary, and Primary Amines under Flow Reaction Conditions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102138. [PMID: 34779573 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flow reaction methods have been developed to selectively synthesize tertiary, secondary, and primary amines depending on heterogeneous platinum-group metal species under catalytic hydrogenation conditions using nitriles as starting materials. A 10 % Pd/C-packed catalyst cartridge affords symmetrically substituted tertiary amines in good to excellent yields. A 10 % Rh/C-packed catalyst cartridge enables the divergent synthesis of secondary and primary amines, with either cyclohexane or acetic acid as a solvent, respectively. Reaction parameters, such as the metal catalyst, solvent, and reaction temperature, and continuous-flow conditions, such as flow direction and second support of the catalyst in a catalyst cartridge, are quite important for controlling the reaction between the hydrogenation of nitriles and nucleophilic attack of in situ-generated amines to imine intermediates. A wide variety of aliphatic and aromatic nitriles could be highly selectively transformed into the corresponding tertiary, secondary, and primary amines by simply changing the metal species of the catalyst or flow parameters. Furthermore, the selective continuous-flow methodologies are applied over at least 72 h to afford three different types of amines in 80-99 % yield without decrease in catalytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yamada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 5011196, Japan
| | - Kwihwan Park
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 5011196, Japan
| | - Chikara Furugen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 5011196, Japan
| | - Jing Jiang
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 5011196, Japan
| | - Eisho Shimizu
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 5011196, Japan
| | - Naoya Ito
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 5011196, Japan
| | - Hironao Sajiki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 5011196, Japan
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70
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Liu C, Shen N, Shang R. Photocatalytic defluoroalkylation and hydrodefluorination of trifluoromethyls using o-phosphinophenolate. Nat Commun 2022; 13:354. [PMID: 35039496 PMCID: PMC8764036 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Under visible light irradiation, o-phosphinophenolate functions as an easily accessible photoredox catalyst to activate trifluoromethyl groups in trifluoroacetamides, trifluoroacetates, and trifluoromethyl (hetero)arenes to deliver corresponding difluoromethyl radicals. It works in relay with a thiol hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalyst to enable selective defluoroalkylation and hydrodefluorination. The reaction allows for the facile synthesis of a broad scope of difluoromethylene-incorporated carbonyl and (hetero)aromatic compounds, which are valuable fluorinated intermediates of interest in the pharmaceutical industry. The ortho-diphenylphosphino substituent, which is believed to facilitate photoinduced electron transfer, plays an essential role in the redox reactivity of phenolate. In addition to trifluoromethyl groups, pentafluoroethyl groups could also be selectively defluoroalkylated. Photoredox catalysis can strongly reduce and cleave unactivated chemical bonds via photoinduced electron transfer. Here the authors use o-phosphinophenolate for photocatalytic C–F activation of a wide range of trifluoromethyl groups in trifluoroacetamides, trifluoroacetates, and trifluoromethyl(hetero)arenes to deliver corresponding difluoromethyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Ni Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Rui Shang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China. .,Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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71
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Sacher S, Castillo I, Rehrl J, Sagmeister P, Lebl R, Kruisz J, Celikovic S, Sipek M, Williams JD, Kirschneck D, Kappe CO, Horn M. Automated and continuous synthesis of drug substances. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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72
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Simon K, Sagmeister P, Munday RH, Leslie K, Hone CA, Kappe CO. Automated Flow and Real-Time Analytics Approach for Screening Functional Group Tolerance in Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00059h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous hydrogenation reactions are widely used in synthesis, and performing them using continuous flow technologies addresses many of the safety, scalability and sustainability issues. However, one of the main potential...
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73
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Wan L, Jiang M, Cheng D, Liu M, Chen F. Continuous flow technology-a tool for safer oxidation chemistry. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00520k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advantages and benefits of continuous flow technology for oxidation chemistry have been illustrated in tube reactors, micro-channel reactors, tube-in-tube reactors and micro-packed bed reactors in the presence of various oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meifen Jiang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dang Cheng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Minjie Liu
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
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74
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Purwa M, Rana A, Singh AK. The assembly of integrated continuous flow platform for on-demand rosiglitazone and pioglitazone synthesis. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00228k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Manufacturing thiazolidinediones in a batch process is often carried out at different locations, where each successive batch collects a certain amount of intermediate followed by its transportation to another location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Purwa
- Division of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhilash Rana
- Division of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajay K. Singh
- Division of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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75
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Alves AJS, Silvestre JAD, Pinho e Melo TMVD. Synthesis of novel chiral spiro-β-lactams from nitrile oxides and 6-( Z)-(benzoylmethylene)penicillanate: batch, microwave-induced and continuous flow methodologies. RSC Adv 2022; 12:30879-30891. [PMID: 36349033 PMCID: PMC9614636 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04848e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The first examples of the diastereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nitrile oxides and 6-alkylidene penicillanates leading to chiral spiroisoxazoline-penicillanates are reported. The synthesis of this new type of penicillanate involved the selective generation of two consecutive stereogenic centers, including a quaternary chiral center. Furthermore, the present work also describes the outcomes of these 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions under three distinct reaction conditions (conventional heating, microwave irradiation and continuous flow). The successful use of the continuous flow technique as well as the proper selection of the reaction media allowed the development of a sustainable route to chiral spiroisoxazoline-penicillanates. The first examples of the diastereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nitrile oxides and 6-alkylidene penicillanates leading to chiral spiroisoxazoline-penicillanates are reported.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Américo J. S. Alves
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João A. D. Silvestre
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa M. V. D. Pinho e Melo
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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76
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Sagandira CR, Nqeketo S, Mhlana K, Sonti T, Gaqa S, Watts P. Towards 4th industrial revolution efficient and sustainable continuous flow manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00483b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The convergence of end-to-end continuous flow synthesis with downstream processing, process analytical technology (PAT), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning and automation in ensuring improved accessibility of quality medicines on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sinazo Nqeketo
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Kanyisile Mhlana
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Thembela Sonti
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Sibongiseni Gaqa
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Paul Watts
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
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77
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Souto JA. Continuous‐Flow Preparation of Benzotropolones: Combined Batch and Flow Synthesis of Epigenetic Modulators of the (JmjC)‐Containing Domain. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José A. Souto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultade de Química Centro de Investigacións Biomédicas (CINBIO) and IIS Galicia Sur. Universidade de Vigo 36310 Vigo Spain
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78
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Yalamanchili S, Nguyen T, Zsikla A, Stamper G, DeYong AE, Florek J, Vasquez O, Pohl NLB, Bennett CS. Automated, Multistep Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of 2,6‐Dideoxy and 3‐Amino‐2,3,6‐trideoxy Monosaccharide Building Blocks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tu‐Anh Nguyen
- Chemistry Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave Medford MA 02145 USA
| | | | - Gavin Stamper
- Chemistry Indiana University 800 E Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Ashley E. DeYong
- Chemistry Indiana University 800 E Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - John Florek
- Chemistry Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave Medford MA 02145 USA
| | - Olivea Vasquez
- Chemistry Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave Medford MA 02145 USA
| | - Nicola L. B. Pohl
- Chemistry Indiana University 800 E Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Clay S. Bennett
- Chemistry Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave Medford MA 02145 USA
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79
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Yalamanchili S, Nguyen TA, Zsikla A, Stamper G, DeYong AE, Florek J, Vasquez O, Pohl NLB, Bennett CS. Automated, Multistep Continuous-Flow Synthesis of 2,6-Dideoxy and 3-Amino-2,3,6-trideoxy Monosaccharide Building Blocks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23171-23175. [PMID: 34463017 PMCID: PMC8511145 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An automated continuous flow system capable of producing protected deoxy-sugar donors from commercial material is described. Four 2,6-dideoxy and two 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy sugars with orthogonal protecting groups were synthesized in 11-32 % overall yields in 74-131.5 minutes of total reaction time. Several of the reactions were able to be concatenated into a continuous process, avoiding the need for chromatographic purification of intermediates. The modular nature of the experimental setup allowed for reaction streams to be split into different lines for the parallel synthesis of multiple donors. Further, the continuous flow processes were fully automated and described through the design of an open-source Python-controlled automation platform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tu-Anh Nguyen
- Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave, Medford, MA 02145
| | | | - Gavin Stamper
- Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN, 47405
| | - Ashley E. DeYong
- Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN, 47405
| | - John Florek
- Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave, Medford, MA 02145
| | - Olivea Vasquez
- Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave, Medford, MA 02145
| | - Nicola L. B. Pohl
- Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN, 47405
| | - Clay S. Bennett
- Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave, Medford, MA 02145
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80
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Baumann M, Moody TS, Smyth M, Wharry S. Interrupted Curtius Rearrangements of Quaternary Proline Derivatives: A Flow Route to Acyclic Ketones and Unsaturated Pyrrolidines. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14199-14206. [PMID: 34170701 PMCID: PMC8524412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Conversion of N-Boc-protected quaternary proline
derivatives under thermal Curtius rearrangement conditions was found
to afford a series of ring-opened ketone and unsaturated pyrrolidine
products instead of the expected carbamate species. The nature of
the substituent on the quaternary carbon thereby governs the product
outcome due to the stability of a postulated N-acyliminium
species. A continuous flow process with in-line scavenging was furthermore
developed to streamline this transformation and safely create products
on a gram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, Belfield D04 N2E2, Ireland
| | - Thomas S Moody
- Department of Technology, Almac Sciences, 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom.,Arran Chemical Company, Roscommon N37 DN24, Ireland
| | - Megan Smyth
- Department of Technology, Almac Sciences, 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Wharry
- Department of Technology, Almac Sciences, 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom
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81
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Franco F, Meninno S, Lattanzi A, Puglisi A, Benaglia M. Continuous Flow Synthesis of α-Trifluoromethylthiolated Esters and Amides from Carboxylic Acids: a Telescoped Approach. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14207-14212. [PMID: 34314582 PMCID: PMC8524418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A continuous flow approach to access α-trifluoromethylthiolated esters and amides using commercially available arylacetic acids and N-(trifluoromethylthio)phthalimide as the electrophilic reagent is described. The experimental protocol involves the in-flow conversion of the carboxylic acid into N-acylpyrazole followed by the α-trifluoromethylthiolation in a PTFE coil reactor and final reaction with primary or secondary amines, or alcohols, to afford in a telescoped process α-substituted SCF3 amides and esters, respectively, in good overall yield and short reaction times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Franco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Sara Meninno
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lattanzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Benaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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82
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Sagandira CR, Akwi FM, Sagandira MB, Watts P. Multistep Continuous Flow Synthesis of Stavudine. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13934-13942. [PMID: 34060836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate an elegant multistep continuous flow synthesis for stavudine (d4T), a potent nucleoside chemotherapeutic agent for human immunodeficiency virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related conditions. This was accomplished via six chemical transformations in five sequential continuous flow reactors from an affordable starting material, 5-methyluridine. In the first instance, single step continuous flow synthesis was demonstrated with an average of 97% yield, 21.4 g/h throughput per step, and a total of 15.5 min residence time. Finally, multistep continuous flow synthesis of d4T in 87% total yield with a total residence time of 19.9 min and 117 mg/h throughput without intermediate purification was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faith M Akwi
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | - Mellisa B Sagandira
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | - Paul Watts
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
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83
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Ono M, Sumii Y, Fujihira Y, Kagawa T, Mimura H, Shibata N. Pentafluoroethylation of Carbonyl Compounds Using HFC-125 in a Flow Microreactor System. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14044-14053. [PMID: 34060312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The protocol of micro-flow nucleophilic pentafluoroethylation using pentafluoroethane (HC2F5, HFC-125), a nontoxic, inexpensive, and commercially available greenhouse gas, is described. The micro-flow pentafluoroethylation by HFC-125 proceeded smoothly at room temperature or at -10 °C in DMF or toluene in the presence of a potassium base, namely, t-BuOK or KHMDS. A broad range of ketones, aldehydes, and chalcones with various substituted benzene rings were successfully converted to the corresponding pentafluoroethyl carbinols instantly with good to high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ono
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yuji Sumii
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yamato Fujihira
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Takumi Kagawa
- Tosoh Finechem Corporation, 4988, Kaiseicho, Shunan 746-0006, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Mimura
- Tosoh Finechem Corporation, 4988, Kaiseicho, Shunan 746-0006, Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.,Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.,Institute of Advanced Fluorine-Containing Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Avenue, 321004 Jinhua, China
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84
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Bonner A, Loftus A, Padgham AC, Baumann M. Forgotten and forbidden chemical reactions revitalised through continuous flow technology. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7737-7753. [PMID: 34549240 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01452h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow technology has played an undeniable role in enabling modern chemical synthesis, whereby a myriad of reactions can now be performed with greater efficiency, safety and control. As flow chemistry furthermore delivers more sustainable and readily scalable routes to important target structures a growing number of industrial applications are being reported. In this review we highlight the impact of flow chemistry on revitalising important chemical reactions that were either forgotten soon after their initial report as necessary improvements were not realised due to a lack of available technology, or forbidden due to unacceptable safety concerns relating to the experimental procedure. In both cases flow processing in combination with further reaction optimisation has rendered a powerful set of tools that make such transformations not only highly efficient but moreover very desirable due to a more streamlined construction of desired scaffolds. This short review highlights important contributions from academic and industrial laboratories predominantly from the last 5 years allowing the reader to gain an appreciation of the impact of flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene Bonner
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Aisling Loftus
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Alex C Padgham
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
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85
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Progress on the Stereoselective Synthesis of Chiral Molecules Based on Metal-Catalyzed Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Alcohols with Lipases. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13091744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal/lipase-combo catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of racemic chiral alcohols is a general and practical process to obtain the corresponding enantiopure esters R with quantitative conversion. The use of known Ru-catalysts as well as newly developed homogeneous and heterogeneous metal catalysts (Fe, V) contributed to make the DKR process more sustainable and to expand the substrate scope of the reaction. In addition to classical substrates, challenging allylic alcohols, tertiary alcohols, C1-and C2-symmetric biaryl diols turned out to be competent substrates. Synthetic utility further emerged from the integration of this methodology into cascade reactions leading to linear/cyclic chiral molecules with high ee through the formation of multiple bonds, in a one-pot procedure.
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86
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Ötvös SB, Kappe CO. Continuous flow asymmetric synthesis of chiral active pharmaceutical ingredients and their advanced intermediates. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:6117-6138. [PMID: 34671222 PMCID: PMC8447942 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc01615f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic enantioselective transformations provide well-established and direct access to stereogenic synthons that are broadly distributed among active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). These reactions have been demonstrated to benefit considerably from the merits of continuous processing and microreactor technology. Over the past few years, continuous flow enantioselective catalysis has grown into a mature field and has found diverse applications in asymmetric synthesis of pharmaceutically active substances. The present review therefore surveys flow chemistry-based approaches for the synthesis of chiral APIs and their advanced stereogenic intermediates, covering the utilization of biocatalysis, organometallic catalysis and metal-free organocatalysis to introduce asymmetry in continuously operated systems. Single-step processes, interrupted multistep flow syntheses, combined batch/flow processes and uninterrupted one-flow syntheses are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
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87
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Elliott LD, Booker-Milburn KI, Lennox AJJ. Daisy-Chaining Photo- and Thermal Chemistry: Multistep Continuous Flow Synthesis of Visible-Light-Mediated Photochemistry with a High-Temperature Cascade Reaction. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke D. Elliott
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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88
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Conformally anchoring nanocatalyst onto quartz fibers enables versatile microreactor platforms for continuous-flow catalysis. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-021-1101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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89
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Multistep batch-flow hybrid synthesis of a terbinafine precursor. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA three-step batch-flow hybrid process has been developed for an expeditious synthesis of the enynol key intermediate of antifungal terbinafine. This procedure involves consecutive organometallic steps without the necessity of any in-line purification: after a metalation by n-butyllithium, a selective addition of the lithium salt was elaborated followed by a Grignard reaction resulting in a high yield of 6,6-dimethylhept-1-en-4-yn-3-ol. Moreover, as an alternative to tetrahydrofuran, cyclopentyl methyl ether was used as solvent implementing a safe, sustainable, yet selective synthetic process. Even on a laboratory-scale, the optimized batch-flow hybrid process had a theoretical throughput of 41 g/h. Furthermore, the newly developed process provides an efficient synthesis route to the key-intermediate, while making acrolein obsolete, minimizing side-products, and enabling safe and convenient scale-up.
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90
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Liu Y, Sun L, Zhang H, Shang L, Zhao Y. Microfluidics for Drug Development: From Synthesis to Evaluation. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7468-7529. [PMID: 34024093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug development is a long process whose main content includes drug synthesis, drug delivery, and drug evaluation. Compared with conventional drug development procedures, microfluidics has emerged as a revolutionary technology in that it offers a miniaturized and highly controllable environment for bio(chemical) reactions to take place. It is also compatible with analytical strategies to implement integrated and high-throughput screening and evaluations. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the entire microfluidics-based drug development system, from drug synthesis to drug evaluation. The challenges in the current status and the prospects for future development are also discussed. We believe that this review will promote communications throughout diversified scientific and engineering communities that will continue contributing to this burgeoning field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lingyu Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Luoran Shang
- Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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91
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Li Y, Wang C, Chen Q, Li H, Su Y, Cheng T, Liu G, Tan C. Integrated Suzuki Cross-Coupling/Reduction Cascade Reaction of meta-/para-Chloroacetophenones and Arylboronic Acids under Batch and Continuous Flow Conditions. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2338-2345. [PMID: 34190417 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Overcoming the incompatibility of a pair of conflicting catalysts via a flow methodology has great significance in the practical applications for multistep organic transformations. In this study, a multiple continuous-flow system is developed, which can boost the reactivity and selectivity in a sequential enantioselective cascade reaction. During this process, a periodic mesoporous organosilica-supported Pd/carbene species as a Suzuki cross-coupling catalyst is packed in the first column reactor, whereas another periodic mesoporous organosilica-supported Ru/diamine species as an asymmetric transfer hydrogenation catalyst is packed in the second column reactor. As we envisioned, the initially Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of meta-/para-chloroacetophenones and aryl boronic acids followed by the subsequentially Ru-catalyzed reduction provides chiral biarylols with enhanced yields and enantioselectivities. Furthermore, the advantages of the easy handling and the simple procedure make this system an attractive application in a scale-up preparation of optically pure organic molecules under environmentally-friendly conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Chengyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Qipeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yu Su
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Tanyu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Guohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Chunxia Tan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
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92
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Fuse S, Komuro K, Otake Y, Masui H, Nakamura H. Rapid and Mild Lactamization Using Highly Electrophilic Triphosgene in a Microflow Reactor. Chemistry 2021; 27:7525-7532. [PMID: 33496974 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lactams are cyclic amides that are indispensable as drugs and as drug candidates. Conventional lactamization includes acid-mediated and coupling-agent-mediated approaches that suffer from narrow substrate scope, much waste, and/or high cost. Inexpensive, less-wasteful approaches mediated by highly electrophilic reagents are attractive, but there is an imminent risk of side reactions. Herein, a methods using highly electrophilic triphosgene in a microflow reactor that accomplishes rapid (0.5-10 s), mild, inexpensive, and less-wasteful lactamization are described. Methods A and B, which use N-methylmorpholine and N-methylimidazole, respectively, were developed. Various lactams and a cyclic peptide containing acid- and/or heat-labile functional groups were synthesized in good to high yields without the need for tedious purification. Undesired reactions were successfully suppressed, and the risk of handling triphosgene was minimized by the use of microflow technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Keiji Komuro
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuma Otake
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hisashi Masui
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
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93
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Borah P, Fianchini M, Pericàs MA. Assessing the Role of Site Isolation and Compartmentalization in Packed-Bed Flow Reactors for Processes Involving Wolf-and-Lamb Scenarios. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Borah
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Mauro Fianchini
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
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94
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He S, Joseph N, Feng S, Jellicoe M, Raston CL. Application of microfluidic technology in food processing. Food Funct 2021; 11:5726-5737. [PMID: 32584365 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01278e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology is interdisciplinary with a diversity of applications including in food processing. The rapidly growing global population demands more advanced technologies in food processing to produce more functional and safer food, and for such processing microfluidic devices are a popular choice. This review critically critiques the state-of-the-art designs of microfluidic devices and their applications in food processing, and identifies the key research trends and future research directions for maximizing the value of microfluidic technology. Capillary, planar, and terrace droplet generation systems are currently used in the design of microfluidic devices, each with their strengths and weaknesses as applied in food processing, for emulsification, food safety measurements, and bioactive compound extraction. Conventional channel-based microfluidic devices are prone to clogging, and have high labor costs and low productivity, and their "directional pressure" restricts scaling-up capabilities. These disadvantages can be overcome by using "inside-out centrifugal force" and the new generation continuous flow thin-film microfluidic Vortex Fluidic Device (VFD) which facilitates translating laboratory processing into commercial products. Also highlighted is controlling protein-polysaccharide interactions and the applications of the produced ingredients in food formulations as targets for future development in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- Department of Food Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China. and Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia.
| | - Nikita Joseph
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia.
| | - Shilun Feng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Matt Jellicoe
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia.
| | - Colin L Raston
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia.
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95
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Yamada T, Park K, Sajiki H. Development of Solid Catalysts for Selective Reactions and their Application to Continuous-Flow Reactions. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2021. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.79.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yamada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | | | - Hironao Sajiki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
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96
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Sun M, Yang J, Fu Y, Liang C, Li H, Yan G, Yin C, Yu W, Ma Y, Cheng R, Ye J. Continuous Flow Process for the Synthesis of Betahistine via Aza-Michael-Type Reaction in Water. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jingxin Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Youtian Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chaoming Liang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Hong Li
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guoming Yan
- Shanghai Zhongxi Sunve Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 158 Minle Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201419, China
| | - Chao Yin
- Shanghai Zhongxi Sunve Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 158 Minle Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201419, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Shanghai Zhongxi Sunve Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 158 Minle Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201419, China
| | - Yueyue Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ruihua Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jinxing Ye
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006 China
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97
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Leslie A, Moody TS, Smyth M, Wharry S, Baumann M. Coupling biocatalysis with high-energy flow reactions for the synthesis of carbamates and β-amino acid derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:379-384. [PMID: 33828617 PMCID: PMC7871027 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A continuous flow process is presented that couples a Curtius rearrangement step with a biocatalytic impurity tagging strategy to produce a series of valuable Cbz-carbamate products. Immobilized CALB was exploited as a robust hydrolase to transform residual benzyl alcohol into easily separable benzyl butyrate. The resulting telescoped flow process was effectively applied across a series of acid substrates rendering the desired carbamate structures in high yield and purity. The derivatization of these products via complementary flow-based Michael addition reactions furthermore demonstrated the creation of β-amino acid species. This strategy thus highlights the applicability of this work towards the creation of important chemical building blocks for the pharmaceutical and speciality chemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Leslie
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, D04 N2E2, Ireland
| | - Thomas S Moody
- Almac Group Ltd., Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom.,Arran Chemical Company, Athlone, Co. Roscommon N37 DN24, Ireland
| | - Megan Smyth
- Almac Group Ltd., Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Wharry
- Almac Group Ltd., Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, D04 N2E2, Ireland
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98
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Sagmeister P, Lebl R, Castillo I, Rehrl J, Kruisz J, Sipek M, Horn M, Sacher S, Cantillo D, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Advanced Real-Time Process Analytics for Multistep Synthesis in Continuous Flow*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8139-8148. [PMID: 33433918 PMCID: PMC8048486 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In multistep continuous flow chemistry, studying complex reaction mixtures in real time is a significant challenge, but provides an opportunity to enhance reaction understanding and control. We report the integration of four complementary process analytical technology tools (NMR, UV/Vis, IR and UHPLC) in the multistep synthesis of an active pharmaceutical ingredient, mesalazine. This synthetic route exploits flow processing for nitration, high temperature hydrolysis and hydrogenation reactions, as well as three inline separations. Advanced data analysis models were developed (indirect hard modeling, deep learning and partial least squares regression), to quantify the desired products, intermediates and impurities in real time, at multiple points along the synthetic pathway. The capabilities of the system have been demonstrated by operating both steady state and dynamic experiments and represents a significant step forward in data-driven continuous flow synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - René Lebl
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Ismael Castillo
- Institute of Automation and ControlGraz University of TechnologyInffeldgasse 21b8010GrazAustria
| | - Jakob Rehrl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
| | - Julia Kruisz
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
| | - Martin Sipek
- Evon GmbHWollsdorf 1548181St. Ruprecht a. d. RaabAustria
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Automation and ControlGraz University of TechnologyInffeldgasse 21b8010GrazAustria
| | - Stephan Sacher
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
| | - David Cantillo
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
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Fülöp Z, Bana P, Greiner I, Éles J. C-N Bond Formation by Consecutive Continuous-Flow Reductions towards A Medicinally Relevant Piperazine Derivative. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072040. [PMID: 33918489 PMCID: PMC8038289 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new, continuous-flow consecutive reduction method was developed for the C-N bond formation in the synthesis of the key intermediate of the antipsychotic drug cariprazine. The two-step procedure consists of a DIBAL-H mediated selective ester reduction conducted in a novel, miniature alternating diameter reactor, followed by reductive amination using catalytic hydrogenation on 5% Pt/C. The connection of the optimized modules was accomplished using an at-line extraction to prevent precipitation of the aluminum salt byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Fülöp
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Péter Bana
- Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, 1475 Budapest, Hungary; (P.B.); (I.G.)
| | - István Greiner
- Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, 1475 Budapest, Hungary; (P.B.); (I.G.)
| | - János Éles
- Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, 1475 Budapest, Hungary; (P.B.); (I.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-1-889-8703
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Shida N, Nakamura Y, Atobe M. Electrosynthesis in Laminar Flow Using a Flow Microreactor. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2164-2177. [PMID: 33734573 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis and microflow synthesis have become essential tools in their own rights in modern organic synthesis. In this personal account, we summarize our works on the integrated use of these techniques, i. e., electrosynthesis in a flow microreactor. Our group has developed an electrochemical microflow system composed of a pair of electrodes that face each other to form a micrometer-scale gap for the flow path, through which solution passes in laminar flow. By the aid of laminar flow, unprecedented chemo- and electrochemical selectivity has been observed, which is not achievable with conventional batch-type electrochemical cells. In addition, we showcase various unique electrochemical systems and reactions achieved with the flow microreactor, including self-supported electrolysis, efficient paired electrolysis, in situ generation of active species and its flash use, the spaciotemporal control of electropolymerization, and combinatorial screening of the reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shida
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuto Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mahito Atobe
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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