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Bian X, Garber JM, Cooper KK, Huynh S, Jones J, Mills MK, Rafala D, Nasrin D, Kotloff KL, Parker CT, Tennant SM, Miller WG, Szymanski CM. Campylobacter Abundance in Breastfed Infants and Identification of a New Species in the Global Enterics Multicenter Study. mSphere 2020; 5:e00735-19. [PMID: 31941810 PMCID: PMC6968651 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00735-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial diarrhea worldwide and is associated with high rates of mortality and growth stunting in children inhabiting low- to middle-resource countries. To better understand the impact of breastfeeding on Campylobacter infection in infants in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, we examined fecal microbial compositions, bacterial isolates, and their carbohydrate metabolic pathways in Campylobacter-positive infants <1 year of age from the Global Enterics Multicenter Study. Exclusively breastfed infants with diarrhea exhibited high Campylobacter abundances, and this negatively correlated with bacterial carbohydrate metabolism. Although C. jejuni and Campylobacter coli are prevalent among these infants, the second most abundant Campylobacter species was a new species, which we named "Candidatus Campylobacter infans." Asymptomatic Campylobacter carriers also possess significantly different proportions of specific gut microbes compared to diarrheal cases. These findings provide insight into Campylobacter infections in infants in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia and help inform strategies aimed at eliminating campylobacteriosis in these areas.IMPORTANCECampylobacter is the primary cause of bacterial diarrhea in the United States and can lead to the development of the postinfectious autoimmune neuropathy known as Guillain-Barré syndrome. Also, drug-resistant campylobacters are becoming a serious concern both locally and abroad. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), infection with Campylobacter is linked to high rates of morbidity, growth stunting, and mortality in children, and breastfeeding is important for infant nutrition, development, and protection against infectious diseases. In this study, we examined the relationship between breastfeeding and Campylobacter infection and demonstrate the increased selection for C. jejuni and C. coli strains unable to metabolize fucose. We also identify a new Campylobacter species coinfecting these infants with a high prevalence in five of the seven countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia examined. These findings indicate that more detailed studies are needed in LMICs to understand the Campylobacter infection process in order to devise a strategy for eliminating this pathogenic microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Bian
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jolene M Garber
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Kerry K Cooper
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Steven Huynh
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Jones
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael K Mills
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel Rafala
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Dilruba Nasrin
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen L Kotloff
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Craig T Parker
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Sharon M Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William G Miller
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Christine M Szymanski
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Huo J, Lu Y, Jiao Y, Chen D. Structural characterization and anticomplement activity of an acidic polysaccharide from Hedyotis diffusa. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 155:1553-1560. [PMID: 31751720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An acidic homogeneous polysaccharide (HD-PS-1) was purified from Hedyotis diffusa (Willd.) Roxb. HD-PS-1 possessed a backbone chain of →[4)-β-Glcp-3-OAc-(1]6→[6)-β-Manp-(1]2→6)-α-Galp-(1→[4)-α-Galp-(1]2→, with three branches of β-Manp-(1→3)-β-GlcpA, α-Rhap-(1→3)-α-Rhap and α-Galp attached to the backbone chain at O-4 position of 1,4,6-linked β-Manp, O-3 position of 1,3,6-linked α-Galp and O-3 position of 1,3,4-linked α-Galp, respectively. HD-PS-1 exhibited significant anticomplement activity (CH50: 0.084 ± 0.009 mg/mL, AP50: 0.176 ± 0.013 mg/mL). It was found that the presence of uronic acids is important to anticomplement activity of HD-PS-1, given that the reduced HD-PS-1 showed weaker activity (CH50: 0.456 ± 0.008 mg/mL, AP50: 0.572 ± 0.010 mg/mL). Preliminary mechanism study indicated that HD-PS-1 interacted with C3 and C4 in the complement activation cascade. In addition, a neutral homogeneous polysaccharide (HD-PS-2) was also purified and characterized. HD-PS-2 displayed antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH· radicals without anticomplement activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyan Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yukun Jiao
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daofeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Galermo AG, Nandita E, Castillo JJ, Amicucci MJ, Lebrilla CB. Development of an Extensive Linkage Library for Characterization of Carbohydrates. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13022-13031. [PMID: 31525948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The extensive characterization of glycosidic linkages in carbohydrates remains a challenge because of the lack of known standards and limitations in current analytical techniques. This study encompasses the construction of an extensive glycosidic linkage library built from synthesized standards. It includes an improved liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantitation of glycosidic linkages derived from disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides present in complicated matrices. We present a method capable of the simultaneous identification of over 90 unique glycosidic linkages using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC/QqQ MS) operated in dynamic multiple reaction monitoring (dMRM) mode. To build the library, known monosaccharides commonly found in plants were subjected to partial methylation to yield partially derivatized species representing trisecting, bisecting, linear, and terminal structures. The library includes glycosidic linkage information for three hexoses (glucose, galactose, and mannose), three pentoses (xylose, arabinose, and ribose), two deoxyhexoses (fucose and rhamnose), and two hexuronic acids (glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid). The resulting partially methylated monosaccharides were then labeled with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) followed by separation and analysis by UHPLC/dMRM MS. Validation of the synthesized standards was performed using disaccharide, oligosaccharide, and polysaccharide standards. Accuracy, reproducibility, and robustness of the method was demonstrated by analysis of xyloglucan (tamarind) and whole carrot root. The synthesized standards represent the most comprehensive group of carbohydrate linkages to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ace G Galermo
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Eshani Nandita
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Juan J Castillo
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Matthew J Amicucci
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States.,Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group , University of California Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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Sample Preparation and Analysis of Tomato Pectin Monomers. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03719-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Amicucci MJ, Galermo AG, Guerrero A, Treves G, Nandita E, Kailemia MJ, Higdon SM, Pozzo T, Labavitch JM, Bennett AB, Lebrilla CB. Strategy for Structural Elucidation of Polysaccharides: Elucidation of a Maize Mucilage that Harbors Diazotrophic Bacteria. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7254-7265. [PMID: 30983332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The recruitment of a bacterial consortium by the host is a strategy not limited to animals but is also used in plants. A maize aerial root mucilage has been found that harbors nitrogen fixing bacteria that are attracted to the carbohydrate rich environment. This synbiotic relationship is facilitated by a polysaccharide, whose complicated structure has been previously unknown. In this report, we present the characterization of the maize polysaccharide by employing new analytical strategies combining chemical depolymerization, oligosaccharide sequencing, and monosaccharide and glycosidic linkage quantitation. The mucilage contains a single heterogeneous polysaccharide composed of a highly fucosylated and xylosylated galactose backbone with arabinan and mannoglucuronan branches. This unique polysaccharide structure may select for the diazotrophic community by containing monosaccharides and linkages that correspond to the glycosyl hydrolases associated with the microbial community. The elucidation of this complicated structure illustrates the power of the analytical methods, which may serve as a general platform for polysaccharide analysis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Amicucci
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Ace G Galermo
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Andres Guerrero
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Guy Treves
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Eshani Nandita
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Muchena J Kailemia
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Shawn M Higdon
- Department of Plant Sciences , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Tania Pozzo
- Department of Plant Sciences , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - John M Labavitch
- Department of Plant Sciences , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Alan B Bennett
- Department of Plant Sciences , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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Amicucci MJ, Nandita E, Lebrilla CB. Function without Structures: The Need for In-Depth Analysis of Dietary Carbohydrates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4418-4424. [PMID: 30925054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates make up the largest component of plant-based foods and have long been known to provide fuel. However, many carbohydrates possess intrinsic biological activities that are dictated by their structures. Carbohydrates are the most abundant biopolymers in nature and are also the most structurally complicated and diverse. Consequently, the structural analysis of carbohydrates remains severely limited. To further understand their biological activities, we need new analytical tools to analyze the different classes of carbohydrates that range in size from monosaccharides to polysaccharides. These tools must be capable of rapid throughput with highly sensitive quantitation for use in clinical studies that probe their fate in human and animal fluids and tissues.
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Wooke Z, Nagy G, Barnes LF, Pohl NLB. Development of a Post-Column Liquid Chromatographic Chiral Addition Method for the Separation and Resolution of Common Mammalian Monosaccharides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:419-425. [PMID: 30430437 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The first solely MS-based methodology for the identification and resolution of the ten common mammalian monosaccharides is presented. Based on Cooks' fixed ligand kinetic method, this technique is effective on multiple classes of monosaccharides and includes the first example of two fixed ligand combinations used in a single multiplexed experiment. Subsequently, a post-HPLC chiral addition method is used in conjunction with this newly developed MS methodology for the separation and identification of mixtures of common neutral mammalian monosaccharides. This proposed technique is able to overcome a limitation of present carbohydrate analysis methods, namely the simultaneous isomeric resolution of multiple monosaccharides in a mixture. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Wooke
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Gabe Nagy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Lauren F Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02318, USA.
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Galermo AG, Nandita E, Barboza M, Amicucci MJ, Vo TTT, Lebrilla CB. Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Approach for Determining Glycosidic Linkages. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13073-13080. [PMID: 30299929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The structural analysis of carbohydrates remains challenging mainly due to the lack of rapid analytical methods able to determine and quantitate glycosidic linkages between the diverse monosaccharides found in natural oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. In this research, we present the first liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based method for the rapid and simultaneous relative quantitation of glycosidic linkages for oligosaccharide and polysaccharide characterization. The method developed employs ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC/QqQ-MS) analysis performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. A library of 22 glycosidic linkages was built using commercial oligosaccharide standards. Permethylation and hydrolysis conditions along with LC-MS/MS parameters were optimized resulting in a workflow requiring only 50 μg of substrate for the analysis. Samples were homogenized, permethylated, hydrolyzed, and then derivatized with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) prior to analysis by UHPLC/MRM-MS. Separation by C18 reversed-phase UHPLC along with the simultaneous monitoring of derivatized terminal, linear, bisecting, and trisecting monosaccharide linkages by mass spectrometry is achieved within a 15 min run time. Reproducibility, efficacy, and robustness of the method was demonstrated with galactan ( Lupin) and polysaccharides within food such as whole carrots. The speed and specificity of the method enables its application toward the rapid glycosidic linkage analysis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
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