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Ramadan S, Mayieka M, Pohl NLB, Liu J, Hsieh-Wilson LC, Huang X. Recent advances in the synthesis of extensive libraries of heparan sulfate oligosaccharides for structure-activity relationship studies. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2024; 80:102455. [PMID: 38636446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear, sulfated and highly negatively-charged polysaccharide that plays important roles in many biological events. As a member of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) family, HS is commonly found on mammalian cell surfaces and within the extracellular matrix. The structural complexities of natural HS polysaccharides have hampered the comprehension of their biological functions and structure-activity relationships (SARs). Although the sulfation patterns and backbone structures of HS can be major determinants of their biological activities, obtaining significant amounts of pure HS from natural sources for comprehensive SAR studies is challenging. Chemical and enzyme-based synthesis can aid in the production of structurally well-defined HS oligosaccharides. In this review, we discuss recent innovations enabling the syntheses of large libraries of HS and how these libraries can provide insights into the structural preferences of various HS binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Ramadan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Qaliobiya 13518, Egypt
| | - Morgan Mayieka
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Linda C Hsieh-Wilson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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2
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DeYong AE, Trinidad JC, Pohl NLB. An identification method to distinguish monomeric sugar isomers on glycopeptides. Analyst 2023; 148:4438-4446. [PMID: 37555458 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01036h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
A one-step protocol for the automated flow synthesis of protected glycosylated amino acids is described using pumps with open-source controls in overall yields of 21-50%. The resulting glycosylated amino acids could be used directly in solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) protocols to quickly produce glycopeptide standards. Access to a variety of stereoisomers of the sugar enabled the development of an LC-MS/MS protocol that can distinguish between peptides modified with carbohydrates having the same exact mass. This method could definitively identify fucose in an O-glycosylation site on the transmembrane protein, Notch1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E DeYong
- Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 S Hawthorne Dr., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Jonathan C Trinidad
- Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 S Hawthorne Dr., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 S Hawthorne Dr., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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3
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Wang L, Sorum AW, Huang BS, Kern MK, Su G, Pawar N, Huang X, Liu J, Pohl NLB, Hsieh-Wilson LC. Efficient platform for synthesizing comprehensive heparan sulfate oligosaccharide libraries for decoding glycosaminoglycan-protein interactions. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1108-1117. [PMID: 37349377 PMCID: PMC10979459 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are abundant, ubiquitous carbohydrates in biology, yet their structural complexity has limited an understanding of their biological roles and structure-function relationships. Synthetic access to large collections of well defined, structurally diverse GAG oligosaccharides would provide critical insights into this important class of biomolecules and represent a major advance in glycoscience. Here we report a new platform for synthesizing large heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharide libraries displaying comprehensive arrays of sulfation patterns. Library synthesis is made possible by improving the overall synthetic efficiency through universal building blocks derived from natural heparin and a traceless fluorous tagging method for rapid purification with minimal manual manipulation. Using this approach, we generated a complete library of 64 HS oligosaccharides displaying all possible 2-O-, 6-O- and N-sulfation sequences in the tetrasaccharide GlcN-IdoA-GlcN-IdoA. These diverse structures provide an unprecedented view into the sulfation code of GAGs and identify sequences for modulating the activities of important growth factors and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Alexander W Sorum
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Bo-Shun Huang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Mallory K Kern
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Guowei Su
- Glycan Therapeutics Corp, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Nitin Pawar
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Linda C Hsieh-Wilson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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4
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Yalamanchili S, Nguyen T, Zsikla A, Stamper G, DeYong AE, Florek J, Vasquez O, Pohl NLB, Bennett CS. Automated, Multistep Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of 2,6‐Dideoxy and 3‐Amino‐2,3,6‐trideoxy Monosaccharide Building Blocks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tu‐Anh Nguyen
- Chemistry Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave Medford MA 02145 USA
| | | | - Gavin Stamper
- Chemistry Indiana University 800 E Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Ashley E. DeYong
- Chemistry Indiana University 800 E Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - John Florek
- Chemistry Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave Medford MA 02145 USA
| | - Olivea Vasquez
- Chemistry Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave Medford MA 02145 USA
| | - Nicola L. B. Pohl
- Chemistry Indiana University 800 E Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Clay S. Bennett
- Chemistry Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave Medford MA 02145 USA
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5
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Yalamanchili S, Nguyen TA, Zsikla A, Stamper G, DeYong AE, Florek J, Vasquez O, Pohl NLB, Bennett CS. Automated, Multistep Continuous-Flow Synthesis of 2,6-Dideoxy and 3-Amino-2,3,6-trideoxy Monosaccharide Building Blocks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23171-23175. [PMID: 34463017 PMCID: PMC8511145 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An automated continuous flow system capable of producing protected deoxy-sugar donors from commercial material is described. Four 2,6-dideoxy and two 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy sugars with orthogonal protecting groups were synthesized in 11-32 % overall yields in 74-131.5 minutes of total reaction time. Several of the reactions were able to be concatenated into a continuous process, avoiding the need for chromatographic purification of intermediates. The modular nature of the experimental setup allowed for reaction streams to be split into different lines for the parallel synthesis of multiple donors. Further, the continuous flow processes were fully automated and described through the design of an open-source Python-controlled automation platform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tu-Anh Nguyen
- Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave, Medford, MA 02145
| | | | - Gavin Stamper
- Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN, 47405
| | - Ashley E. DeYong
- Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN, 47405
| | - John Florek
- Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave, Medford, MA 02145
| | - Olivea Vasquez
- Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave, Medford, MA 02145
| | - Nicola L. B. Pohl
- Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN, 47405
| | - Clay S. Bennett
- Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave, Medford, MA 02145
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6
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Li C, Callahan AJ, Simon MD, Totaro KA, Mijalis AJ, Phadke KS, Zhang G, Hartrampf N, Schissel CK, Zhou M, Zong H, Hanson GJ, Loas A, Pohl NLB, Verhoeven DE, Pentelute BL. Fully automated fast-flow synthesis of antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4396. [PMID: 34285203 PMCID: PMC8292409 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid development of antisense therapies can enable on-demand responses to new viral pathogens and make personalized medicine for genetic diseases practical. Antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs) are promising candidates to fill such a role, but their challenging synthesis limits their widespread application. To rapidly prototype potential PMO drug candidates, we report a fully automated flow-based oligonucleotide synthesizer. Our optimized synthesis platform reduces coupling times by up to 22-fold compared to previously reported methods. We demonstrate the power of our automated technology with the synthesis of milligram quantities of three candidate therapeutic PMO sequences for an unserved class of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). To further test our platform, we synthesize a PMO that targets the genomic mRNA of SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrate its antiviral effects. This platform could find broad application not only in designing new SARS-CoV-2 and DMD antisense therapeutics, but also for rapid development of PMO candidates to treat new and emerging diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- COVID-19/virology
- Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic/instrumentation
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/instrumentation
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/drug therapy
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/microbiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- High-Throughput Screening Assays/instrumentation
- High-Throughput Screening Assays/methods
- Humans
- Morpholinos/chemical synthesis
- Morpholinos/pharmacology
- Morpholinos/therapeutic use
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/drug therapy
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/chemical synthesis
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/therapeutic use
- Precision Medicine/methods
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Viral/antagonists & inhibitors
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- Time Factors
- Vero Cells
- COVID-19 Drug Treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alex J Callahan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark D Simon
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kyle A Totaro
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander J Mijalis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kruttika-Suhas Phadke
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Genwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nina Hartrampf
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- University of Zurich, Department of Chemistry, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carly K Schissel
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ming Zhou
- Sarepta Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hong Zong
- Sarepta Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Andrei Loas
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - David E Verhoeven
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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7
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Miller MC, Cai C, Wichapong K, Bhaduri S, Pohl NLB, Linhardt RJ, Gabius HJ, Mayo KH. Structural insight into the binding of human galectins to corneal keratan sulfate, its desulfated form and related saccharides. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15708. [PMID: 32973213 PMCID: PMC7515912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan chains of keratan sulfate proteoglycans appear to be physiologically significant by pairing with tissue lectins. Here, we used NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to characterize interactions of corneal keratan sulfate (KS), its desulfated form, as well as di-, tetra- (N-acetyllactosamine and lacto-N-tetraose) and octasaccharides with adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins, in particular galectin-3 (Gal-3). The KS contact region involves the lectin canonical binding site, with estimated KD values in the low µM range and stoichiometry of ~ 8 to ~ 20 galectin molecules binding per polysaccharide chain. Compared to Gal-3, the affinity to Gal-7 is relatively low, signaling preferences among galectins. The importance of the sulfate groups was delineated by using desulfated analogs that exhibit relatively reduced affinity. Binding studies with two related di- and tetrasaccharides revealed a similar decrease that underscores affinity enhancement by repetitive arrangement of disaccharide units. MD-based binding energies of KS oligosaccharide-loaded galectins support experimental data on Gal-3 and -7, and extend the scope of KS binding to Gal-1 and -9N. Overall, our results provide strong incentive to further probe the relevance of molecular recognition of KS by galectins in terms of physiological processes in situ, e.g. maintaining integrity of mucosal barriers, intermolecular (lattice-like) gluing within the extracellular meshwork or synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Chao Cai
- Biocatalysis and Metabolic Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Kanin Wichapong
- Department of Biochemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sayantan Bhaduri
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Biocatalysis and Metabolic Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximillians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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8
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Mehta AY, Veeraiah RKH, Dutta S, Goth CK, Hanes MS, Gao C, Stavenhagen K, Kardish R, Matsumoto Y, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Boyce M, Pohl NLB, Cummings RD. Parallel Glyco-SPOT Synthesis of Glycopeptide Libraries. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:1207-1219.e9. [PMID: 32610041 PMCID: PMC7556346 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycan recognition is typically studied using free glycans, but glycopeptide presentations represent more physiological conditions for glycoproteins. To facilitate studies of glycopeptide recognition, we developed Glyco-SPOT synthesis, which enables the parallel production of diverse glycopeptide libraries at microgram scales. The method uses a closed system for prolonged reactions required for coupling Fmoc-protected glycoamino acids, including O-, N-, and S-linked glycosides, and release conditions to prevent side reactions. To optimize reaction conditions and sample reaction progress, we devised a biopsy testing method. We demonstrate the efficient utilization of such microscale glycopeptide libraries to determine the specificity of glycan-recognizing antibodies (e.g., CTD110.6) using microarrays, enzyme specificity on-array and in-solution (e.g., ST6GalNAc1, GCNT1, and T-synthase), and binding kinetics using fluorescence polarization. We demonstrated that the glycosylation on these peptides can be expanded using glycosyltransferases both in-solution and on-array. This technology will promote the discovery of biological functions of peptide modifications by glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akul Y Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ravi Kumar H Veeraiah
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 120A Simon Hall, 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Sucharita Dutta
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christoffer K Goth
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Melinda S Hanes
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kathrin Stavenhagen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert Kardish
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Boyce
- Department of Biochemistry and Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 120A Simon Hall, 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Thioglycosides are more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis than their O-linked counterparts, thereby becoming attractive targets for carbohydrate-based therapeutic development. We report the first development of methods for the site-selective incorporation of S-linkages into automated solution-phase oligosaccharide protocols. The protocols were shown to be compatible with the formation of S- or O-glycosides for the synthesis of mannopyranoside trimmers that incorporate both S- and O-linkages to allow the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory K Kern
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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10
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Kabotso DEK, Smiley D, Mayer JP, Gelfanov VM, Perez-Tilve D, DiMarchi RD, Pohl NLB, Liu F. Addition of Sialic Acid to Insulin Confers Superior Physical Properties and Bioequivalence. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6134-6143. [PMID: 32406685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Native insulin is susceptible to biophysical aggregation and fibril formation, promoted by manual agitation and elevated temperatures. The safety of the drug and its application to alternative forms of administration could be enhanced through the identification of chemical modifications that strengthen its physical stability without compromising its biological properties. Complex polysialic acids (PSAs) exist naturally and provide a means to enhance the physical properties of peptide therapeutics. A set of insulin analogues site-specifically derivatized with sialic acid were prepared in an overall yield of 50-60%. Addition of a single or multiple sialic acids conferred remarkable enhancement to the biophysical stability of human insulin while maintaining its potency. The time to the onset of fibrillation was extended by more than 10-fold relative to that of the native hormone. These results demonstrate that simplified sialic acid conjugates represent a viable alternative to complex natural PSAs in increasing the stability of therapeutic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E K Kabotso
- School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31 Ho, Volta Region, Ghana.,Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - David Smiley
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - John P Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Vasily M Gelfanov
- Novo Nordisk Indianapolis Research Center, 5225 Exploration Dr., Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati-College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
| | - Richard D DiMarchi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, 530 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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11
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Abstract
An efficient, modular continuous flow process towards accessing two orthogonally protected glycals is described with the development of reaction conditions for several common protecting group additions in flow, including the addition of benzyl, naphthylmethyl and tert-butyldimethylsilyl ethers. The process affords the desired target compounds in 57-74% overall yield in just 21-37 minutes of flow time. Furthermore, unlike batch conditions, the flow processes avoided the need for active cooling to prevent unwanted exotherms and required shorter reaction times.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tu-Anh V Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave, Medford, MA 02145, USA.
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Dr, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Clay S Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave, Medford, MA 02145, USA.
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12
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Kohout VR, Pohl NLB. Automated solution-phase syntheses of alpha 1 → 2, 1 → 3 type rhamnans and rhamnan sulfate fragments. Carbohydr Res 2019; 486:107829. [PMID: 31614269 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnan and rhamnan sulfate are naturally occurring carbohydrates that have important biological functions and possible therapeutic applications, but studies are limited to the microheterogeneous mixtures from natural sources. This work reports the first synthesis of any sulfated rhamnan fragments and successful automation of the process with a recently developed automated solution-phase approach using N-iodosuccinimide/trimethylsilyl triflate (NIS/TMSOTf) promotor and levulinoyl ester deprotection conditions. The automated solution-phase activation/deprotection approach was initially able to create alpha 1 → 2, 1 → 3 type rhamnan di- and trisaccharide in moderate yields. Once these targets were achieved, a process to use SO3•pyridine complex in DMF for sulfation compatible with an automated solution-phase liquid handling system was developed and successfully applied to carbohydrate sulfation to create two rhamnan sulfate fragments with differing monosulfation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R Kohout
- Indiana University, Department of Chemistry, 212 S. Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Indiana University, Department of Chemistry, 212 S. Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States.
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13
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Gray CJ, Migas LG, Barran PE, Pagel K, Seeberger PH, Eyers CE, Boons GJ, Pohl NLB, Compagnon I, Widmalm G, Flitsch SL. Advancing Solutions to the Carbohydrate Sequencing Challenge. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14463-14479. [PMID: 31403778 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates possess a variety of distinct features with stereochemistry playing a particularly important role in distinguishing their structure and function. Monosaccharide building blocks are defined by a high density of chiral centers. Additionally, the anomericity and regiochemistry of the glycosidic linkages carry important biological information. Any carbohydrate-sequencing method needs to be precise in determining all aspects of this stereodiversity. Recently, several advances have been made in developing fast and precise analytical techniques that have the potential to address the stereochemical complexity of carbohydrates. This perspective seeks to provide an overview of some of these emerging techniques, focusing on those that are based on NMR and MS-hybridized technologies including ion mobility spectrometry and IR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Gray
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester M1 7DN , U.K
| | - Lukasz G Migas
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester M1 7DN , U.K
| | - Perdita E Barran
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester M1 7DN , U.K
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustraße 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Biomolecular Systems Department , Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces , Am Muehlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Claire E Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology , University of Liverpool , Crown Street , Liverpool L69 7ZB , U.K
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Isabelle Compagnon
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS , Université de Lyon , 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex , France.,Institut Universitaire de France IUF , 103 Blvd St Michel , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory , Stockholm University , S-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Sabine L Flitsch
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester M1 7DN , U.K
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14
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15
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Wooke Z, Nagy G, Barnes LF, Pohl NLB. Development of a Post-Column Liquid Chromatographic Chiral Addition Method for the Separation and Resolution of Common Mammalian Monosaccharides. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2019; 30:419-425. [PMID: 30430437 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The first solely MS-based methodology for the identification and resolution of the ten common mammalian monosaccharides is presented. Based on Cooks' fixed ligand kinetic method, this technique is effective on multiple classes of monosaccharides and includes the first example of two fixed ligand combinations used in a single multiplexed experiment. Subsequently, a post-HPLC chiral addition method is used in conjunction with this newly developed MS methodology for the separation and identification of mixtures of common neutral mammalian monosaccharides. This proposed technique is able to overcome a limitation of present carbohydrate analysis methods, namely the simultaneous isomeric resolution of multiple monosaccharides in a mixture. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Wooke
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Gabe Nagy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Lauren F Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02318, USA.
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16
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Vickman AE, Pohl NLB. Probing deoxysugar conformational preference: A comprehensive computational study investigating the effects of deoxygenation. Carbohydr Res 2018; 475:17-26. [PMID: 30771703 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Deoxysugars are intrinsic components in a number of antibiotics, antimicrobials, and therapeutic agents that often dictate receptor binding, improve efficacy, and provide a diverse toolbox in modifying glycoconjugate function due to an extensive number of unique isomers and inherent conformational flexibility. Hence, this work provides a comprehensive examination of the conformational effects associated with deoxygenation of the pyranose ring. Both the location and degree of deoxygenation were evaluated by interrogating the energetic landscape for a number of mono- and dideoxyhexopyranose derivatives using DFT methods (M05-2X/cc-pVTZ(-f)). Both anomeric forms and in some cases, the alternate chair form, have been investigated in the gas phase. As was documented in a preceding study, variation of the C-6 oxidation state has been shown to affect the anomeric preference of select glucose stereoisomers. Similar results were also observed for several deoxysugar isomers in this work, wherein the alternate anomer was favored upon reduction to the 6-deoxyhexose derivative or oxidation to the hexonic acid. Additionally, comparison of relative Gibbs free energies revealed C-3 deoxygenation imparts greater instability compared to C-2 or C-4 deoxygenation, as indicated by an increase in free energy for 3-deoxysugars. A polarizable continuum solvation model was also applied to empirically validate theoretical results for several deoxysugars, wherein good agreement with both carbon (σ = 1.6 ppm) and proton (σ = 0.20 ppm) NMR shifts was observed for the majority of isomers. Solvated and gas phase anomeric ratios were also calculated and compared favorably to reported literature values, although some discrepancies are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Vickman
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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17
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Marion KC, Wooke Z, Pohl NLB. Synthesis of protected glucose derivatives from levoglucosan by development of common carbohydrate protecting group reactions under continuous flow conditions. Carbohydr Res 2018; 468:23-29. [PMID: 30121415 PMCID: PMC6615043 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Common carbohydrate protecting group reactions under continuous flow processes are reported in the context of producing partially-protected glucose building blocks from levoglucosan. Benzyl ether protection was demonstrated without the use of NaH using barium oxide, which, however, pointed to the need for forms of this catalyst not as susceptible to close packing under flow. Acylation conditions were developed under continuous flow in acetonitrile and avoiding pyridine. Ring-opening the derivatized levoglucosan with propanethiol was also demonstrated producing S-alkyl 2,4-di-O-benzyl-glucopyranoside building block in 2 rather than 12 steps in increased overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keevan C Marion
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Zachary Wooke
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States.
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18
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Peng T, Wooke Z, Pohl NLB. Scope and limitations of carbohydrate hydrolysis for de novo glycan sequencing using a hydrogen peroxide/metallopeptide-based glycosidase mimetic. Carbohydr Res 2018; 458-459:85-88. [PMID: 29475194 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acidic hydrolysis is commonly used as a first step to break down oligo- and polysaccharides into monosaccharide units for structural analysis. While easy to set up and amenable to mass spectrometry detection, acid hydrolysis is not without its drawbacks. For example, ring-destruction side reactions and degradation products, along with difficulties in optimizing conditions from analyte to analyte, greatly limits its broad utility. Herein we report studies on a hydrogen peroxide/CuGGH metallopeptide-based glycosidase mimetic design for a more efficient and controllable carbohydrate hydrolysis. A library of methyl glycosides consisting of ten common monosaccharide substrates, along with oligosaccharide substrates, was screened with the artificial glycosidase for hydrolytic activity in a high-throughput format with a robotic liquid handling system. The artificial glycosidase was found to be active towards most screened linkages, including alpha- and beta-anomers, thus serving as a potential alternative method for traditional acidic hydrolysis approaches of oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Zachary Wooke
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Study, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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19
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Saliba RC, Wooke ZJ, Nieves GA, Chu AHA, Bennett CS, Pohl NLB. Challenges in the Conversion of Manual Processes to Machine-Assisted Syntheses: Activation of Thioglycoside Donors with Aryl(trifluoroethyl)iodonium Triflimide. Org Lett 2018; 20:800-803. [PMID: 29336575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The steps needed to adapt a stable iodonium promoter for use in automated fluorous-assisted solution-phase oligosaccharide synthesis are described. Direct adaptation of the originally reported batch procedure resulted in the formation of an orthoester or protecting group transfer to the glycosyl acceptor. Fortunately, the addition of inexpensive β-pinene as an acid scavenger avoided both of these side reactions. The utility of this newly developed protocol was applied to the automated solution-phase synthesis of a β-glucan fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regis C Saliba
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Zachary J Wooke
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Gabriel A Nieves
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - An-Hsiang Adam Chu
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University , 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Clay S Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University , 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States.,Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Study, Harvard University , 8 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02318, United States
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20
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Peng T, Nagy G, Trinidad JC, Jackson JM, Pohl NLB. A High-Throughput Mass-Spectrometry-Based Assay for Identifying the Biochemical Functions of Putative Glycosidases. Chembiochem 2017; 18:2306-2311. [PMID: 28960712 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The most commonly employed glycosidase assays rely on bulky ultraviolet or fluorescent tags at the anomeric position in potential carbohydrate substrates, thereby limiting the utility of these assays for broad substrate characterization. Here we report a qualitative mass spectrometry-based glycosidase assay amenable to high-throughput screening for the identification of the biochemical functions of putative glycosidases. The assay utilizes a library of methyl glycosides and is demonstrated on a high-throughput robotic liquid handling system for enzyme substrate screening. Identification of glycosidase biochemical function is achieved through the observation of an appropriate decrease in mass between a potential sugar substrate and its corresponding product by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). In addition to screening known glycosidases, the assay was demonstrated to characterize the biochemical function and enzyme substrate competency of the recombinantly expressed product of a putative glycosidase gene from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405-7102, USA
| | - Gabe Nagy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405-7102, USA
| | - Jonathan C Trinidad
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405-7102, USA.,Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405-7102, USA
| | - Joy Marie Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405-7102, USA
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405-7102, USA
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. K. Kabotso
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 120A
Simon Hall, 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Nicola L. B. Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 120A
Simon Hall, 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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22
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Nagy G, Peng T, Pohl NLB. Recent Liquid Chromatographic Approaches and Developments for the Separation and Purification of Carbohydrates. Anal Methods 2017; 9:3579-3593. [PMID: 28824713 PMCID: PMC5558844 DOI: 10.1039/c7ay01094j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydate purification remains a bottleneck in securing analytical standards from natural sources or by chemical or enzymatic synthesis. This review highlights the scope and remaining limitations of recent approaches and methods development in liquid chromatography for robust and higher-throughput carbohydrate separation and isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabe Nagy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Tianyuan Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gaunitz
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Gabe Nagy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Nicola L. B. Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Milos V. Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Regional Center for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Oncological Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
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24
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Nagy G, Peng T, Kabotso DEK, Novotny MV, Pohl NLB. Protocol for the purification of protected carbohydrates: toward coupling automated synthesis to alternate-pump recycling high-performance liquid chromatography. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:13253-13256. [PMID: 27775116 PMCID: PMC5123635 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07584c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Given recent advances in automated oligosaccharide synthesis, analytical techniques that can be coupled to a synthetic framework are needed to not just identify but also purify to homogeneity protected carbohydrate compounds at levels of ≥99.5% purity. Herein, an alternate-pump recycling high-performance liquid chromatography (R-HPLC) method has been developed to allow purification of protected carbohydrates at levels of ≥99.5% purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabe Nagy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Tianyuan Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Daniel E K Kabotso
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Milos V Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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25
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Tang SL, Pohl NLB. Automated fluorous-assisted solution-phase synthesis of β-1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,6-mannan oligomers. Carbohydr Res 2016; 430:8-15. [PMID: 27155895 PMCID: PMC4893899 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Automated solution-phase syntheses of β-1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,6-mannan oligomers have been accomplished by applying a β-directing C-5 carboxylate strategy. Fluorous-tag-assisted purification after each reaction cycle allowed the synthesis of short β-mannan oligomers with limited loading of glycosyl donor-as low as 3.0 equivalents for each glycosylation cycle. This study showed the capability of the automated solution-phase synthesis protocol for synthesizing various challenging glycosides, including use of a C-5 ester as a protecting group that could be converted under reductive conditions to a hydroxymethyl group for chain extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Lun Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabe Nagy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Tianyuan Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Nicola L. B. Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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27
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Goswami M, Ashley DC, Baik MH, Pohl NLB. Mechanistic Studies of Bismuth(V)-Mediated Thioglycoside Activation Reveal Differential Reactivity of Anomers. J Org Chem 2016; 81:5949-62. [PMID: 27295299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of bismuth(V)-mediated thioglycoside activation was examined using reaction kinetics and quantum chemical reaction models. NMR experiments show an unusual nonlinear growth/decay curve for the glycosylation reaction. Further studies suggest an anomeric inversion of the β-glycoside donor to the α-donor during its activation, even in the presence of a neighboring 2-position acetate. Interestingly, in situ anomerization was not observed in the activation of an α-glycoside donor, and this anomer also showed faster reaction times and higher product diastereoselectivites. Density functional theory calculations identify the structure of the promoter triphenyl bismuth ditriflate, [Ph3Bi(OTf)2, 1], in solution and map out the energetics of its interactions with the two thioglycoside anomers. These calculations suggest that 1 must bind the thiopropyl arm to induce triflate loss. The computational analyses also show that, unlike most O-glycosides, the β- and α-donor S-glycosides are similar in energy. One energetically reasonable anomerization pathway of the donors is an SN1-like mechanism promoted by forming a bismuth-sulfonium adduct with the Lewis acidic Bi(V) for the formation of an oxacarbenium intermediate. Finally, the computed energy compensations needed to form these α vs β Bi adducts is a possible explanation for the differential reactivity of these donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manibarsha Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Daniel C Ashley
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Daejeon 305-701, Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Bhaduri
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Nicola L. B. Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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29
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Abstract
Diastereomeric adducts comprising an enantiomerically pure monosaccharide analyte, a peptide, and/or an amino acid and a divalent metal ion (for 16 different monosaccharide isomers) are generated by electrospray ionization and analyzed by combined ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) techniques. Mobility distributions of [l-Ser + M + H](+) (where l-Ser is l-serine and M is a given monosaccharide), [l-Phe-Gly + M + H](+) (where l-Phe-Gly is l-phenylalanine-glycine), and [Mn(II) + (l-Phe-Gly - H) + M](+) complex ions are used to determine collision cross sections (ccs in Å(2)), and groups of cross sections for different clusters are proposed as means of identifying the sugar isomers. Within one type of complex, variations in ccs do not always allow delineation between the 16 glucose isomers, but interestingly, when ccs of three different ions are combined as a spatial vector, enantiomers are partially resolved. As a result of this analysis, l-glucose, d-glucose, l-allose, d-allose, d-gulose, d-galactose, and l-mannose are delineated, and for all eight enantiomeric pairs, d and l entities display different coordinates. In addition, different combinations of amino acids, peptide, and metal ions are surveyed, and the potential for yielding unique coordinates for the generated diastereomeric complexes is assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Gaye
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - G Nagy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - D E Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - N L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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30
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Tang SL, Linz LB, Bonning BC, Pohl NLB. Automated Solution-Phase Synthesis of Insect Glycans to Probe the Binding Affinity of Pea Enation Mosaic Virus. J Org Chem 2015; 80:10482-9. [PMID: 26457763 PMCID: PMC4640232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV)--a plant RNA virus transmitted exclusively by aphids--causes disease in multiple food crops. However, the aphid-virus interactions required for disease transmission are poorly understood. For virus transmission, PEMV binds to a heavily glycosylated receptor aminopeptidase N in the pea aphid gut and is transcytosed across the gut epithelium into the aphid body cavity prior to release in saliva as the aphid feeds. To investigate the role of glycans in PEMV-aphid interactions and explore the possibility of viral control through blocking a glycan interaction, we synthesized insect N-glycan terminal trimannosides by automated solution-phase synthesis. The route features a mannose building block with C-5 ester enforcing a β-linkage, which also provides a site for subsequent chain extension. The resulting insect N-glycan terminal trimannosides with fluorous tags were used in a fluorous microarray to analyze binding with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled PEMV; however, no specific binding between the insect glycan and PEMV was detected. To confirm these microarray results, we removed the fluorous tag from the trimannosides for isothermal titration calorimetry studies with unlabeled PEMV. The ITC studies confirmed the microarray results and suggested that this particular glycan-PEMV interaction is not involved in virus uptake and transport through the aphid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Lun Tang
- Department
of Chemistry, Hach Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Lucas B. Linz
- Department
of Entomology, 339 Science
II, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Bryony C. Bonning
- Department
of Entomology, 339 Science
II, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Nicola L. B. Pohl
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Hall, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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31
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Roychoudhury R, Martinez PA, Grinnage-Pulley T, Schaut RG, Petersen CA, Pohl NLB. Acid-Triggered Degradable Reagents for Differentiation of Adaptive and Innate Immune Responses to Leishmania-Associated Sugars. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Roychoudhury R, Martinez PA, Grinnage-Pulley T, Schaut RG, Petersen CA, Pohl NLB. Acid-Triggered Degradable Reagents for Differentiation of Adaptive and Innate Immune Responses to Leishmania-Associated Sugars. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9610-3. [PMID: 26096941 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Leishmania spp are known to alter innate immune responses. However, the ability of these sugars to specifically alter adaptive T-cell responses is unclear. To study cap sugar-T-cell interactions, pathogen mimics (namely glycodendrimer-coated latex beads with acid-labile linkers) were synthesized. Upon lysosomal acidification, linker breakdown releases glycodendrimers for possible loading on antigen presenting molecules to induce T-cell growth. T-cell proliferation was indeed higher after macrophage exposure to mannobioside or -trioside-containing glycodendrimers than to non-functionalized beads. Yet, blocking phagolysosomal acidification only reduced T-cell proliferation with macrophages exposed to beads with an acid-labile-linker and not to covalently-linked beads. These sugar-modified reagents show that oligosaccharides alone can drive T-cell proliferation by acidification-requiring presentation, most significantly in NKT receptor (CD160)-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Roychoudhury
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 (USA) http://www.indiana.edu/∼pohllab/
| | - Pedro A Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 (USA)
| | | | - Robert G Schaut
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 (USA)
| | | | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 (USA) http://www.indiana.edu/∼pohllab/.
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33
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Abstract
![]()
The
first automated solution-phase synthesis of β-1,4-mannuronate
and β-1,4-mannan oligomers has been accomplished by using a
β-directing C-5 carboxylate strategy. By utilizing fluorous-tag
assisting purification after repeated reaction cycles, β-1,4-mannuronate
was synthesized up to a hexasaccharide with limited loading of a glycosyl
donor (up to 3.5 equiv) for each glycosylation cycle due to the homogeneous
solution-phase reaction condition. After a global reduction of the
uronates, the β-1,4-mannan hexasaccharide was obtained, thereby
demonstrating a new approach to β-mannan synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Lun Tang
- †Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- †Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States.,‡Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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34
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Nagy G, Pohl NLB. Complete hexose isomer identification with mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2015; 26:677-685. [PMID: 25652933 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-1072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The first analytical method is presented for the identification and absolute configuration determination of all 24 aldohexose and 2-ketohexose isomers, including the D and L enantiomers for allose, altrose, galactose, glucose, gulose, idose, mannose, talose, fructose, psicose, sorbose, and tagatose. Two unique fixed ligand kinetic method combinations were discovered to create significant enough energetic differences to achieve chiral discrimination among all 24 hexoses. Each of these 24 hexoses yields unique ratios of a specific pair of fragment ions that allows for simultaneous determination of identification and absolute configuration. This mass spectrometric-based methodology can be readily employed for accurate identification of any isolated monosaccharide from an unknown biological source. This work provides a key step towards the goal of complete de novo carbohydrate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabe Nagy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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35
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Vela-Ramirez JE, Goodman JT, Boggiatto PM, Roychoudhury R, Pohl NLB, Hostetter JM, Wannemuehler MJ, Narasimhan B. Safety and biocompatibility of carbohydrate-functionalized polyanhydride nanoparticles. AAPS J 2014; 17:256-67. [PMID: 25421457 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9699-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate functionalization of nanoparticles allows for targeting of C-type lectin receptors. This family of pattern recognition receptors expressed on innate immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, can be used to modulate immune responses. In this work, the in vivo safety profile of carbohydrate-functionalized polyanhydride nanoparticles was analyzed following parenteral and intranasal administration in mice. Polyanhydride nanoparticles based on 1,6-bis-(p-carboxyphenoxy)hexane and 1,8-bis-(p-carboxyphenoxy)-3,6-dioxaoctane were used. Nanoparticle functionalization with di-mannose (specifically carboxymethyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1,2)-D-mannopyranoside), galactose (specifically carboxymethyl-β-galactoside), or glycolic acid induced no adverse effects after administration based on histopathological evaluation of liver, kidneys, and lungs. Regardless of the polymer formulation, there was no evidence of hepatic or renal damage or dysfunction observed in serum or urine samples. The histological profile of cellular infiltration and the cellular distribution and kinetics in the lungs of mice administered with nanoparticle treatments followed similar behavior as that observed in the lungs of animals administered with saline. Cytokine and chemokine profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid indicated surface chemistry dependence on modest secretion of IL-6, IP-10, and MCP-1; however, there was no evidence of any deleterious histopathological changes. Based on these analyses, carbohydrate-functionalized nanoparticles are safe for in vivo applications. These results provide foundational information towards the evaluation of the capabilities of these surface-modified nanoparticles as vaccine delivery formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Vela-Ramirez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 2035 Sweeney Hall, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
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36
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Vela Ramirez JE, Roychoudhury R, Habte HH, Cho MW, Pohl NLB, Narasimhan B. Carbohydrate-functionalized nanovaccines preserve HIV-1 antigen stability and activate antigen presenting cells. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2014; 25:1387-406. [PMID: 25068589 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2014.940243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The functionalization of polymeric nanoparticles with ligands that target specific receptors on immune cells offers the opportunity to tailor adjuvant properties by conferring pathogen mimicking attributes to the particles. Polyanhydride nanoparticles are promising vaccine adjuvants with desirable characteristics such as immunomodulation, sustained antigen release, activation of antigen presenting cells (APCs), and stabilization of protein antigens. These capabilities can be exploited to design nanovaccines against viral pathogens, such as HIV-1, due to the important role of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages in viral spread. In this work, an optimized process was developed for carbohydrate functionalization of HIV-1 antigen-loaded polyanhydride nanoparticles. The carbohydrate-functionalized nanoparticles preserved antigenic properties upon release and also enabled sustained antigen release kinetics. Particle internalization was observed to be chemistry-dependent with positively charged nanoparticles being taken up more efficiently by DCs. Up-regulation of the activation makers CD40 and CD206 was demonstrated with carboxymethyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl-(1,2)-d-mannopyranoside functionalized nanoparticles. The secretion of the cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α was shown to be chemistry-dependent upon stimulation with carbohydrate-functionalized nanoparticles. These results offer important new insights upon the interactions between carbohydrate-functionalized nanoparticles and APCs and provide foundational information for the rational design of targeted nanovaccines against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Vela Ramirez
- a Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Iowa State University , Ames , IA 50011 , USA
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37
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Mukherjee C, Liu L, Pohl NLB. Regioselective Benzylation of 2-Deoxy-2-Aminosugars Using Crown Ethers: Application to a Shortened Synthesis of Hyaluronic Acid Oligomers. Adv Synth Catal 2014; 356:2247-2256. [PMID: 25419207 PMCID: PMC4235972 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The combination of benzyl bromide, sodium hydroxide and 15-crown-5 in tetrahydrofuran is shown to be an efficient method for installing benzyl groups at both the 4- and 6-positions regioselectively directly from peracetylated N-trichloroacetyl-protected glucosamine and galactosamine. Application of this benzylation strategy proved to significantly shorten the synthetic route to hyaluronic acid tetra- and hexamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmoy Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Hall, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7003, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Hach Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, USA
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Hall, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7003, USA
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38
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Roychoudhury R, Pohl NLB. Synthesis of fluorous photolabile aldehyde and carbamate and alkyl carbamate protecting groups for carbohydrate-associated amines. Org Lett 2014; 16:1156-9. [PMID: 24512452 PMCID: PMC3993871 DOI: 10.1021/ol500023y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
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Two
new fluorous photolabile-protecting groups (FNBC and FNB) and
a new base-labile protecting group (FOC) for the masking of amines
are reported. The protecting groups survive a wide range of common
reaction conditions used in oligosaccharide synthesis and render the
attached molecules amenable to fluorous solid-phase extraction (FSPE).
A glycosyl acceptor containing the FNB group is shown to be useful
in the synthesis of carbohydrates tagged with free deactivated secondary
amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Roychoudhury
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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39
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Slade MC, Raker JR, Kobilka B, Pohl NLB. A Research Module for the Organic Chemistry Laboratory: Multistep Synthesis of a Fluorous Dye Molecule. J Chem Educ 2014; 91:126-130. [PMID: 24501431 PMCID: PMC3908737 DOI: 10.1021/ed300375v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A multi-session research-like module has been developed for use in the undergraduate organic teaching laboratory curriculum. Students are tasked with planning and executing the synthesis of a novel fluorous dye molecule and using it to explore a fluorous affinity chromatography separation technique, which is the first implementation of this technique in a teaching laboratory. Key elements of the project include gradually introducing students to the use of the chemical literature to facilitate their searching, as well as deliberate constraints designed to force them to think critically about reaction design and optimization in organic chemistry. The project also introduces students to some advanced laboratory practices such as Schlenk techniques, degassing of reaction mixtures, affinity chromatography, and microwave-assisted chemistry. This provides students a teaching laboratory experience that closely mirrors authentic synthetic organic chemistry practice in laboratories throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Slade
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Evansville, Evansville, Indiana 47722, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Raker
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Brandon Kobilka
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Nicola L. B. Pohl
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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40
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Phanse Y, Carrillo-Conde BR, Ramer-Tait AE, Roychoudhury R, Pohl NLB, Narasimhan B, Wannemuehler MJ, Bellaire BH. Functionalization of polyanhydride microparticles with di-mannose influences uptake by and intracellular fate within dendritic cells. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:8902-9. [PMID: 23796408 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Innovative vaccine delivery platforms can facilitate the development of effective single-dose treatment regimens to control emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Polyanhydride microparticles are promising vaccine delivery vehicles due to their ability to stably maintain antigens, provide tailored release kinetics and function as adjuvants. A major obstacle for the use of microparticle-based vaccines, however, is their limited uptake by dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, we functionalized the microparticle surface with di-mannose in order to target C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) on DCs. Polyanhydride particles based on sebacic acid (SA), 1,6-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)hexane (CPH) and 1,8-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)-3,6-dioxaoctane (CPTEG) were evaluated. Co-incubation of di-mannose-functionalized microparticles up-regulated the expression of CLRs on DCs. More importantly, di-mannose functionalization increased the uptake, as measured by the percentage of cells internalizing particles. The uptake of CPH:SA microparticles increased ∼20-fold, from 0.82% (non-functionalized) to 20.2%, and internalization of CPTEG:CPH microparticles increased ∼7-fold from 1.35% (non-functionalized) to 9.3% upon di-mannose functionalization. Both di-mannose-functionalized and non-functionalized particles trafficked to lysosomes. Together, these studies demonstrate that employing rational vaccine design principles, such as the targeting of CLRs on antigen-presenting cells, can enhance delivery of encapsulated antigens and potentially induce a more robust adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashdeep Phanse
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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41
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Ko KS, Mizanur RM, Jackson JM, Liu L, Pohl NLB. A mass-differentiated library strategy for identification of sugar nucleotidyltransferase activities from cell lysates. Anal Biochem 2013; 441:8-12. [PMID: 23811154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sugar nucleotidyltransferases, or nucleotide sugar pyrophosphorylases, are ubiquitous enzymes whose activities have been correlated to disease states and pathogen virulence. Here we report a rapid "one-pot" method to identify a range of sugar nucleotidyltransferase activities of purified proteins or in cell lysates using a mass-differentiated carbohydrate library designed for mass spectrometry-based analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Seuk Ko
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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42
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43
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44
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Liu L, Pohl NLB. Synthesis of a series of maltotriose phosphates with an evaluation of the utility of a fluorous phosphate protecting group. Carbohydr Res 2013; 369:14-24. [PMID: 23376679 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A series of methyl maltotrioside phosphates were synthesized for application in the determination of the actual molecular substrate of the Lafora enzyme involved in Lafora disease. Several different synthetic routes were applied for the successful synthesis of six methyl maltotrioside phosphate regioisomers. The utility of a new fluorous phosphate protecting group was also evaluated, but its utility was found to be limited in this particular late stage introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and the Plant Sciences Institute, Hach Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3111, USA
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45
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Carrillo-Conde BR, Roychoudhury R, Chavez-Santoscoy AV, Narasimhan B, Pohl NLB. High-throughput synthesis of carbohydrates and functionalization of polyanhydride nanoparticles. J Vis Exp 2012:3967. [PMID: 22806007 DOI: 10.3791/3967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdisciplinary approaches involving areas such as material design, nanotechnology, chemistry, and immunology have to be utilized to rationally design efficacious vaccines carriers. Nanoparticle-based platforms can prolong the persistence of vaccine antigens, which could improve vaccine immunogenicity. Several biodegradable polymers have been studied as vaccine delivery vehicles(1); in particular, polyanhydride particles have demonstrated the ability to provide sustained release of stable protein antigens and to activate antigen presenting cells and modulate immune responses. The molecular design of these vaccine carriers needs to integrate the rational selection of polymer properties as well as the incorporation of appropriate targeting agents. High throughput automated fabrication of targeting ligands and functionalized particles is a powerful tool that will enhance the ability to study a wide range of properties and will lead to the design of reproducible vaccine delivery devices. The addition of targeting ligands capable of being recognized by specific receptors on immune cells has been shown to modulate and tailor immune responses. C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize carbohydrates present on the surface of pathogens. The stimulation of immune cells via CLRs allows for enhanced internalization of antigen and subsequent presentation for further T cell activation. Therefore, carbohydrate molecules play an important role in the study of immune responses; however, the use of these biomolecules often suffers from the lack of availability of structurally well-defined and pure carbohydrates. An automation platform based on iterative solution-phase reactions can enable rapid and controlled synthesis of these synthetically challenging molecules using significantly lower building block quantities than traditional solid-phase methods. Herein we report a protocol for the automated solution-phase synthesis of oligosaccharides such as mannose-based targeting ligands with fluorous solid-phase extraction for intermediate purification. After development of automated methods to make the carbohydrate-based targeting agent, we describe methods for their attachment on the surface of polyanhydride nanoparticles employing an automated robotic set up operated by LabVIEW as previously described. Surface functionalization with carbohydrates has shown efficacy in targeting CLRs and increasing the throughput of the fabrication method to unearth the complexities associated with a multi-parametric system will be of great value (Figure 1a).
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46
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Warner CD, Camci-Unal G, Pohl NLB, Ford C, Reilly PJ. Substrate Binding by the Catalytic Domain and Carbohydrate Binding Module ofRuminococcus flavefaciensFD-1 Xyloglucanase/Endoglucanase. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie202988a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Chavez-Santoscoy AV, Roychoudhury R, Pohl NLB, Wannemuehler MJ, Narasimhan B, Ramer-Tait AE. Tailoring the immune response by targeting C-type lectin receptors on alveolar macrophages using "pathogen-like" amphiphilic polyanhydride nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2012; 33:4762-72. [PMID: 22465338 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) offer unique advantages for tailoring immune responses. Engagement of CLRs regulates antigen presenting cell (APC) activation and promotes delivery of antigens to specific intracellular compartments inside APCs for efficient processing and presentation. In these studies, we have designed an approach for targeted antigen delivery by decorating the surface of polyanhydride nanoparticles with specific carbohydrates to provide pathogen-like properties. Two conserved carbohydrate structures often found on the surface of respiratory pathogens, galactose and di-mannose, were used to functionalize the surface of polyanhydride nanoparticles and target CLRs on alveolar macrophages (AMϕ), a principle respiratory tract APC. Co-culture of functionalized nanoparticles with AMϕ significantly increased cell surface expression of MHC I and II, CD86, CD40 and the CLR CIRE over non-functionalized nanoparticles. Di-mannose and galactose functionalization also enhanced the expression of the macrophage mannose receptor (MMR) and the macrophage galactose lectin, respectively. This enhanced AMϕ activation phenotype was found to be dependent upon nanoparticle internalization. Functionalization also promoted increased AMϕ production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Additional studies demonstrated the requirement of the MMR for the enhanced cellular uptake and activation provided by the di-mannose functionalized nanoparticles. Together, these data indicate that targeted engagement of MMR and other CLRs is a viable strategy for enhancing the intrinsic adjuvant properties of nanovaccine adjuvants and promoting robust pulmonary immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana V Chavez-Santoscoy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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48
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Liu L, Abdel Motaal B, Schmidt-Supprian M, Pohl NLB. Multigram synthesis of isobutyl-β-C-galactoside as a substitute of isopropylthiogalactoside for exogenous gene induction in mammalian cells. J Org Chem 2012; 77:1539-46. [PMID: 22283618 DOI: 10.1021/jo2024569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report that isobutyl-β-C-galactoside (IBCG) is also a promising inducer of gene expression in mammalian cells and report a new synthetic route to the compound that should make obtaining the multigram quantities of material required for animal studies more feasible. A convenient synthesis of IBCG, an inducer of genes controlled by the lac operon system in bacterial cells, was achieved in 5 steps from galactose in 81% overall yield without any chromatographic separation steps. An optimized microwave-assisted reaction at high concentration was key to making the C-glycosidic linkage. A Wittig reaction on a per-O-silylated rather than per-O-acetylated or -benzylated substrate proved most effective in installing the final carbon atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Plant Sciences Institute, Hach Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, USA
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49
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Abstract
Fluorous-based carbohydrate microarrays provide an alternative to traditional covalent microarray -platforms for probing protein-carbohydrate-binding interactions. The most studied plant lectin, concanavalin A (ConA), is known to bind to terminally α-linked mannose. In the studies presented, the binding of ConA with α-mannose is analyzed using a microarray formed on a fluorous-coated glass slide with the sugar containing a fluorous tag at the anomeric position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana K Nagappayya
- Department of Chemistry, The Plant Sciences Institute, and the Interdepartmental Program in Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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50
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Edwards HD, Nagappayya SK, Pohl NLB. Probing the limitations of the fluorous content for tag-mediated microarray formation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:510-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc16022b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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