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Cyndari KI, Scorza BM, Zacharias ZR, Strand L, Mahachi K, Oviedo JM, Gibbs L, Pessoa-Pereira D, Ausdal G, Hendricks D, Yahashiri R, Elkins JM, Gulbrandsen T, Peterson AR, Willey MC, Fairfax KC, Petersen CA. Resident Synovial Macrophages in Synovial Fluid: Implications for Immunoregulation in Infectious and Inflammatory Arthritis. bioRxiv 2024:2023.09.29.560183. [PMID: 37873090 PMCID: PMC10592878 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.29.560183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Resident synovial macrophages (RSM) provide immune sequestration of the joint space and are likely involved in initiation and perpetuation of the joint-specific immune response. We sought to identify RSM in synovial fluid (SF) and demonstrate migratory ability, in additional to functional changes that may perpetuate a chronic inflammatory response within joint spaces. Methods We recruited human patients presenting with undifferentiated arthritis in multiple clinical settings. We used flow cytometry to identify mononuclear cells in peripheral blood and SF. We used a novel transwell migration assay with human ex-vivo synovium obtained intra-operatively to validate flow cytometry findings. We used single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to further identify macrophage/monocyte subsets. ELISA was used to evaluate the bone-resorption potential of SF. Results We were able to identify a rare population of CD14dim, OPG+, ZO-1+ cells consistent with RSM in SF via flow cytometry. These cells were relatively enriched in the SF during infectious processes, but absolutely decreased compared to healthy controls. Similar putative RSM were identified using ex vivo migration assays when MCP-1 and LPS were used as migratory stimulus. scRNA-seq revealed a population consistent with RSM transcriptionally related to CD56+ cytotoxic dendritic cells and IDO+ M2 macrophages. Conclusion We identified a rare cell population consistent with RSM, indicating these cells are likely migratory and able to initiate or coordinate both acute (septic) or chronic (autoimmune or inflammatory) arthritis. RSM analysis via scRNA-seq indicated these cells are M2 skewed, capable of antigen presentation, and have consistent functions in both septic and inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen I Cyndari
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases
| | - Breanna M Scorza
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Zeb R Zacharias
- Human Immunology Core, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA
| | | | - Kurayi Mahachi
- Research and Analytics, Enterprise Analytics, Sentara Health
| | | | - Lisa Gibbs
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Danielle Pessoa-Pereira
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Graham Ausdal
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Dylan Hendricks
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | - Jacob M Elkins
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | | | | | - Keke C Fairfax
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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2
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Pabon-Rodriguez FM, Brown GD, Scorza BM, Petersen CA. Within-host bayesian joint modeling of longitudinal and time-to-event data of Leishmania infection. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297175. [PMID: 38335163 PMCID: PMC10857584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The host immune system plays a significant role in managing and clearing pathogen material during an infection, but this complex process presents numerous challenges from a modeling perspective. There are many mathematical and statistical models for these kinds of processes that take into account a wide range of events that happen within the host. In this work, we present a Bayesian joint model of longitudinal and time-to-event data of Leishmania infection that considers the interplay between key drivers of the disease process: pathogen load, antibody level, and disease. The longitudinal model also considers approximate inflammatory and regulatory immune factors. In addition to measuring antibody levels produced by the immune system, we adapt data from CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation, and expression of interleukin 10, interferon-gamma, and programmed cell death 1 as inflammatory or regulatory factors mediating the disease process. The model is developed using data collected from a cohort of dogs naturally exposed to Leishmania infantum. The cohort was chosen to start with healthy infected animals, and this is the majority of the data. The model also characterizes the relationship features of the longitudinal outcomes and time-to-death due to progressive Leishmania infection. In addition to describing the mechanisms causing disease progression and impacting the risk of death, we also present the model's ability to predict individual trajectories of Canine Leishmaniosis (CanL) progression. The within-host model structure we present here provides a way forward to address vital research questions regarding the understanding of the progression of complex chronic diseases such as Visceral Leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease causing significant morbidity worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M. Pabon-Rodriguez
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Grant D. Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Breanna M. Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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3
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Petersen CA, Sise CV, Dewing JX, Yun J, Zimmerman BK, Guo XE, Hung CT, Ateshian GA. Immature bovine cartilage wear is due to fatigue failure from repetitive compressive forces and not reciprocating frictional forces. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2023; 31:1594-1601. [PMID: 37633593 PMCID: PMC10841040 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wear of articular cartilage is not well understood. We hypothesize that cartilage wears due to fatigue failure in repetitive compression instead of reciprocating friction. DESIGN This study compares reciprocating sliding of immature bovine articular cartilage against glass in two testing configurations: (1) a stationary contact area configuration (SCA), which results in static compression, interstitial fluid depressurization, and increasing friction coefficient during reciprocating sliding, and (2) a migrating contact area configuration (MCA), which maintains pressurization and low friction while producing repetitive compressive loading in addition to reciprocating sliding. Contact pressure, sliding duration, and sliding distance were controlled to be similar between test groups. RESULTS SCA tests exhibited an average friction coefficient of μ=0.084±0.032, while MCA tests exhibited a lower average friction coefficient of μ=0.020±0.008 (p<10-4). Despite the lower friction, MCA cartilage samples exhibited clear surface damage with a significantly greater average surface deviation from a fitted plane after wear testing (Rq=0.125±0.095 mm) than cartilage samples slid in a SCA configuration (Rq=0.044±0.017 mm, p=0.002), which showed minimal signs of wear. Polarized light microscopy confirmed that delamination damage occurred between the superficial and middle zones of the articular cartilage in MCA samples. CONCLUSIONS The greatest wear was observed in the group with lowest friction coefficient, subjected to cyclical instead of static compression, implying that friction is not the primary driver of cartilage wear. Delamination between superficial and middle zones implies the main mode of wear is fatigue failure under cyclical compression, not fatigue or abrasion due to reciprocating frictional sliding.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Petersen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - C V Sise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - J X Dewing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - J Yun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - B K Zimmerman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - X E Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - C T Hung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - G A Ateshian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
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4
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Seedorff N, Brown G, Scorza B, Petersen CA. Joint Bayesian longitudinal models for mixed outcome types and associated model selection techniques. Comput Stat 2023; 38:1735-1769. [PMID: 38292019 PMCID: PMC10825672 DOI: 10.1007/s00180-022-01280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by data measuring progression of leishmaniosis in a cohort of US dogs, we develop a Bayesian longitudinal model with autoregressive errors to jointly analyze ordinal and continuous outcomes. Multivariate methods can borrow strength across responses and may produce improved longitudinal forecasts of disease progression over univariate methods. We explore the performance of our proposed model under simulation, and demonstrate that it has improved prediction accuracy over traditional Bayesian hierarchical models. We further identify an appropriate model selection criterion. We show that our method holds promise for use in the clinical setting, particularly when ordinal outcomes are measured alongside other variables types that may aid clinical decision making. This approach is particularly applicable when multiple, imperfect measures of disease progression are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Seedorff
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Grant Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Breanna Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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5
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Ryan GW, Askelson NM, Woodworth KR, Lindley MC, Gedlinske A, Parker AM, Gidengil CA, Petersen CA, Scherer AM. Unvaccinated Adolescents' COVID-19 Vaccine Intentions: Implications for Public Health Messaging. J Adolesc Health 2023; 73:679-685. [PMID: 37395695 PMCID: PMC10529916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE COVID-19 vaccine uptake remains low for US adolescents and contributes to excess morbidity and mortality. Most research has assessed parental intention to vaccinate their children. We explored differences between vaccine-acceptant and vaccine-hesitant unvaccinated US adolescents using national survey data. METHODS A nonprobability, quota-based sample of adolescents, aged 13-17 years, was recruited through an online survey panel in April 2021. One thousand nine hundred twenty seven adolescents were screened for participation and the final sample included 985 responses. We assessed responses from unvaccinated adolescents (n = 831). Our primary measure was COVID-19 vaccination intent ("vaccine-acceptant" defined as "definitely will" get a COVID-19 vaccine and any other response classified as "vaccine-hesitant") and secondary measures included reasons for intending or not intending to get vaccinated and trusted sources of COVID-19 vaccine information. We calculated descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to explore differences between vaccine-acceptant and vaccine-hesitant adolescents. RESULTS Most (n = 831; 70.9%) adolescents were hesitant, with more hesitancy observed among adolescents with low levels of concern about COVID-19 and high levels of concern about side effects of COVID-19 vaccination. Among vaccine-hesitant adolescents, reasons for not intending to get vaccinated included waiting for safety data and having parents who would make the vaccination decision. Vaccine-hesitant adolescents had a lower number of trusted information sources than vaccine-acceptant adolescents. DISCUSSION Differences identified between vaccine-acceptant and vaccine-hesitant adolescents can inform message content and dissemination. Messages should include accurate, age-appropriate information about side effects and risks of COVID-19 infection. Prioritizing dissemination of these messages through family members, state and local government officials, and healthcare providers may be most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace W Ryan
- Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
| | - Natoshia M Askelson
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | | | - Amber Gedlinske
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Courtney A Gidengil
- RAND Corporation, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Aaron M Scherer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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6
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Pabon-Rodriguez FM, Brown GD, Scorza BM, Petersen CA. Bayesian multivariate longitudinal model for immune responses to Leishmania: A tick-borne co-infection study. Stat Med 2023; 42:3860-3876. [PMID: 37350148 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
While many Bayesian state-space models for infectious disease processes focus on population infection dynamics (eg, compartmental models), in this work we examine the evolution of infection processes and the complexities of the immune responses within the host using these techniques. We present a joint Bayesian state-space model to better understand how the immune system contributes to the control of Leishmania infantum infections over the disease course. We use longitudinal molecular diagnostic and clinical data of a cohort of dogs to describe population progression rates and present evidence for important drivers of clinical disease. Among these results, we find evidence for the importance of co-infection in disease progression. We also show that as dogs progress through the infection, parasite load is influenced by their age, ectoparasiticide treatment status, and serology. Furthermore, we present evidence that pathogen load information from an earlier point in time influences its future value and that the size of this effect varies depending on the clinical stage of the dog. In addition to characterizing the processes driving disease progression, we predict individual and aggregate patterns of Canine Leishmaniasis progression. Both our findings and the application to individual-level predictions are of direct clinical relevance, presenting possible opportunities for application in veterinary practice and motivating lines of additional investigation to better understand and predict disease progression. Finally, as an important zoonotic human pathogen, these results may support future efforts to prevent and treat human Leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M Pabon-Rodriguez
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Grant D Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Breanna M Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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7
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Pabon-Rodriguez FM, Brown GD, Scorza BM, Petersen CA. Within-Host Bayesian Joint Modeling of Longitudinal and Time-to-Event Data of Leishmania Infection. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.11.557114. [PMID: 37745423 PMCID: PMC10515798 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.11.557114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The host immune system plays a significant role in managing and clearing pathogen material during an infection, but this complex process presents numerous challenges from a modeling perspective. There are many mathematical and statistical models for these kinds of processes that take into account a wide range of events that happen within the host. In this work, we present a Bayesian joint model of longitudinal and time-to-event data of Leishmania infection that considers the interplay between key drivers of the disease process: pathogen load, antibody level, and disease. The longitudinal model also considers approximate inflammatory and regulatory immune factors. In addition to measuring antibody levels produced by the immune system, we adapt data from CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation, and expression of interleukin 10, interferon-gamma, and programmed cell death 1 as inflammatory or regulatory factors mediating the disease process. The model is developed using data collected from a cohort of dogs naturally exposed to Leishmania infantum. The cohort was chosen to start with healthy infected animals, and this is the majority of the data. The model also characterizes the relationship features of the longitudinal outcomes and time of death due to progressive Leishmania infection. In addition to describing the mechanisms causing disease progression and impacting the risk of death, we also present the model's ability to predict individual trajectories of Canine Leishmaniosis (CanL) progression. The within-host model structure we present here provides a way forward to address vital research questions regarding the understanding progression of complex chronic diseases such as Visceral Leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease causing significant morbidity worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M. Pabon-Rodriguez
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Grant D. Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Breanna M. Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
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8
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Pessôa-Pereira D, Scorza BM, Cyndari KI, Beasley EA, Petersen CA. Modulation of Macrophage Redox and Apoptotic Processes to Leishmania infantum during Coinfection with the Tick-Borne Bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi. Pathogens 2023; 12:1128. [PMID: 37764937 PMCID: PMC10537792 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a zoonotic disease caused by protozoan Leishmania infantum. Dogs with CanL are often coinfected with tick-borne bacterial pathogens, including Borrelia burgdorferi in the United States. These coinfections have been causally associated with hastened disease progression and mortality. However, the specific cellular mechanisms of how coinfections affect microbicidal responses against L. infantum are unknown. We hypothesized that B. burgdorferi coinfection impacts host macrophage effector functions, prompting L. infantum intracellular survival. In vitro experiments demonstrated that exposure to B. burgdorferi spirochetes significantly increased L. infantum parasite burden and pro-inflammatory responses in DH82 canine macrophage cells. Induction of cell death and generation of mitochondrial ROS were significantly decreased in coinfected DH82 cells compared to uninfected and L. infantum-infected cells. Ex vivo stimulation of PBMCs from L. infantum-seronegative and -seropositive subclinical dogs with spirochetes and/or total Leishmania antigens promoted limited induction of IFNγ. Coexposure significantly induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines associated with Th17 differentiation and neutrophilic and monocytic recruitment in PBMCs from L. infantum-seropositive dogs. Excessive pro-inflammatory responses have previously been shown to cause CanL pathology. This work supports effective tick prevention and risk management of coinfections as critical strategies to prevent and control L. infantum progression in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Pessôa-Pereira
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.); (E.A.B.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Breanna M. Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.); (E.A.B.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Karen I. Cyndari
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Erin A. Beasley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.); (E.A.B.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.); (E.A.B.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
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Chaubey R, Shukla A, Kushwaha AK, Tiwary P, Singh SK, Hennings S, Singh OP, Lawyer P, Rowton E, Petersen CA, Bernhardt SA, Sundar S. Correction: Assessing insecticide susceptibility, diagnostic dose and time for the sand fly Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in India, using the CDC bottle bioassay. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011480. [PMID: 37467196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010613.].
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10
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Chaubey R, Shukla A, Kushwaha AK, Tiwary P, Kumar Singh S, Hennings S, Singh OP, Lawyer P, Rowton E, Petersen CA, Bernhardt SA, Sundar S. Assessing insecticide susceptibility, diagnostic dose and time for the sand fly Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in India, using the CDC bottle bioassay. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011276. [PMID: 37163529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne protozoan disease, which can be fatal if left untreated. Synthetic chemical insecticides are very effective tools for controlling of insect vectors, including the sand fly Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of VL in the Indian subcontinent. However, repeated use of the same insecticide with increasing doses potentially can create high selection pressure and lead to tolerance and resistance development. The objective of this study was to determine the lethal concentrations and assess levels of susceptibility, diagnostic doses and times to death of laboratory-reared P. argentipes to five insecticides that are used worldwide to control vectors. Using the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle bioassay, 20-30 sand flies were exposed in insecticide- coated 500-ml glass bottles. Flies were then observed for 24 hours and mortality was recorded. Dose-response survival curves were generated for each insecticide using QCal software and lethal concentrations causing 50%, 90% and 95% mortality were determined. A bioassay was also conducted to determine diagnostic doses and diagnostic times by exposing 20-30 flies in each bottle containing set concentrations of insecticide. Mortality was recorded at 10-minute intervals for 120 minutes to generate the survival curve. Phlebotomus argentipes are highly susceptible to alpha-cypermethrin, followed by deltamethrin, malathion, chlorpyrifos, and least susceptible to DDT. Also, the lowest diagnostic doses and diagnostic times were established for alpha-cypermethrin (3μg/ml for 40 minutes) to kill 100% of the flies. The susceptibility data, diagnostic doses and diagnostic times presented here will be useful as baseline reference points for future studies to assess insecticide susceptibility and resistance monitoring of field caught sand flies and to assist in surveillance as VL elimination is achieved in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Chaubey
- Kala-Azar Medical Research Center, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish Shukla
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Anurag Kumar Kushwaha
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Puja Tiwary
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Shawna Hennings
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Om Praksh Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Phillip Lawyer
- Arthropod Collections, Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Edgar Rowton
- Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Coralville, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Scott A Bernhardt
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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11
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Gidengil CA, Parker AM, Gedlinske AM, Askelson NM, Petersen CA, Lindley MC, Woodworth KR, Scherer AM. Parental Perceptions Related to Co-Administration of Adolescent COVID-19 and Routine Vaccines. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:667-673. [PMID: 36609120 PMCID: PMC9722677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.11.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vaccinating adolescents against COVID-19 while avoiding delays in other routine vaccination is paramount to protecting their health. Our objective was to assess parental preferences to have their adolescents aged 12-17 years receive COVID-19 and other routine vaccines at the same time. METHODS An online survey with a national, quota-based cross-sectional sample of United States parents of youth aged 12-17 years was fielded in April 2021 ahead of FDA's Emergency Use Authorization of COVID-19 vaccine for age 12-15 years. Parents were asked about their willingness to have their adolescents aged 12-17 years receive both COVID-19 and routine vaccines at the same visit and/or to follow their provider's recommendation. Predictors included demographic characteristics, being behind on routine vaccines, and perceived risks and benefits. RESULTS Few parents were willing to have their adolescent receive COVID-19 and routine vaccines at the same visit (10.6%) or follow the healthcare provider's recommendation (18.5%). In multivariate analyses, demographic characteristics had no effect on willingness, reporting that the adolescent was behind on routine vaccines correlated with decreased willingness (p = .004). Greater concern about the adolescent getting COVID-19 (p = .001), lower concern about the adolescent having side effects from the COVID-19 vaccine (p = .013), and more positive feelings about vaccines in general (p = .002) were associated with higher willingness. DISCUSSION Few parents would prefer to have their adolescents receive COVID-19 and routine vaccines at the same visit. Understanding what drives willingness to receive all recommended vaccines in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic could inform policies to optimize adolescent vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Gidengil
- RAND Corporation, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | | | - Amber M Gedlinske
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Natoshia M Askelson
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Megan C Lindley
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kate R Woodworth
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aaron M Scherer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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12
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Gidengil CA, Parker AM, Markowitz LE, Gedlinske AM, Askelson NM, Petersen CA, Meites E, Lindley MC, Scherer AM. Health care provider knowledge around shared clinical decision-making regarding HPV vaccination of adults aged 27-45 years in the United States. Vaccine 2023; 41:2650-2655. [PMID: 36990828 PMCID: PMC10337214 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends shared clinical decision-making (SCDM) regarding HPV vaccination for adults aged 27-45 years who are not adequately vaccinated. The objective of this survey was to understand physician knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding HPV vaccination in this age group. METHODS An online survey was administered in June 2021 to physicians who reported practicing internal medicine, family medicine, or obstetrics and gynecology (targeted N = 250 in each practice specialty), selected randomly from potentially eligible physicians from a panel of 2 million U.S. health care providers. RESULTS In total, 753 physicians participated in the survey: 33.3% practiced internal medicine, 33.1% practiced family medicine, and 33.6% practiced obstetrics/gynecology; 62.5% were male and mean physician age was 52.7 years. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, at least a third of participating physicians in each practice specialty reported having more HPV vaccine SCDM discussions with patients aged 27-45 years in the past 12 months. While a majority of physicians (79.7%) reported being aware of the SCDM recommendation for adults in this age group, only half of physicians answered an objective knowledge question about SCDM recommendations correctly. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that there are physician knowledge gaps related to SCDM for HPV vaccination. To improve access to HPV vaccination for people most likely to benefit, increasing availability and use of decision aids to support SCDM discussions might help healthcare providers and patients jointly make the most informed decisions about HPV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lauri E Markowitz
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Elissa Meites
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Megan C Lindley
- Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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13
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Hernandez HG, Brown GD, Lima ID, Coutinho JF, Wilson ME, Nascimento ELT, Jeronimo SMB, Petersen CA, Oleson JJ. Hierarchical spatiotemporal modeling of human visceral leishmaniasis in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011206. [PMID: 37011128 PMCID: PMC10101641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease that is globally distributed and has the potential to cause very serious illness. Prior literature highlights the emergence and spread of VL is influenced by multiple factors, such as socioeconomic status, sanitation levels or animal and human reservoirs. The study aimed to retrospectively investigate the presence and infectiousness of VL in Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil between 2007 and 2020. We applied a hierarchical Bayesian approach to estimate municipality-specific relative risk of VL across space and time. The results show evidence that lower socioeconomic status is connected to higher municipality-specific VL risk. Overall, estimates reveal spatially heterogeneous VL risks in RN, with a high probability that VL risk for municipalities within the West Potiguar mesoregion are more than double the expected VL risk. Additionally, given the data available, results indicate there is a high probability of increasing VL risk in the municipalities of Natal, Patu and Pau dos Ferros. These findings demonstrate opportunities for municipality-specific public health policy interventions and warrant future research on identifying epidemiological drivers in at-risk regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helin G Hernandez
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Grant D Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Iraci D Lima
- State Health Secretariat, State Government of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - José F Coutinho
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Mary E Wilson
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Eliana L T Nascimento
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Selma M B Jeronimo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- National Institute of Sciences and Technology of Tropical Disease, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jacob J Oleson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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14
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Scherer AM, Gidengil CA, Gedlinske AM, Parker AM, Askelson NM, Woodworth KR, Petersen CA, Lindley MC. COVID-19 Vaccination Intentions, Concerns, and Facilitators Among US Parents of Children Ages 6 Months Through 4 Years. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2227437. [PMID: 35921107 PMCID: PMC9350710 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.27437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Children aged 6 months through 4 years have become eligible for COVID-19 vaccination, but little is known about parental intentions regarding, concerns about, or facilitators to COVID-19 vaccination for this age group. OBJECTIVES To evaluate parental intentions, concerns, and facilitators for COVID-19 vaccination for children aged 6 months through 4 years and to help inform the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' deliberations and recommendations for COVID-19 vaccination for children aged 6 months through 4 years. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study fielded an online survey from February 2 to 10, 2022, among a nonprobability sample of US parents of children aged 6 months through 4 years who were recruited through Qualtrics using quota-based sampling for respondent gender, race and ethnicity, and child age group. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES COVID-19 vaccination intentions, time to COVID-19 vaccination, COVID-19 vaccination concerns and facilitators, and trusted COVID-19 vaccination locations for children aged 6 months through 4 years. RESULTS The final weighted sample of 2031 participants (73.5% participation rate) had more respondents who identified as male (985; weighted percentage, 54.8%) or White (696; weighted percentage, 66.2%), were aged 25 to 49 years (1628; weighted percentage, 85.6%), had at least a bachelor's degree (711; weighted percentage, 40.0%), lived in a metropolitan area (1743; weighted percentage, 82.9%) or the South (961; weighted percentage, 43.4%), or received at least 1 dose of a COVID-19 vaccine (1205; weighted percentage, 59.8%). Half of respondents (645; weighted percentage, 45.6%) indicated that they "definitely" or "probably" will vaccinate their child aged 6 months through 4 years once they became eligible. However, only one-fifth (396; weighted percentage, 19.0%) indicated they would get a COVID-19 vaccine for their child in this age group within 3 months of them becoming eligible for vaccination. Vaccine safety and efficacy were parents' top concerns, and receiving more information about safety and efficacy were the top facilitators to COVID-19 vaccination for this age group. A doctor's office or clinic and local pharmacy were the most trusted COVID-19 vaccination locations for this age group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These results suggest that only a minority of parents of children in this age group are eager to vaccinate their children within the first few months of eligibility, with widespread concerns about COVID-19 vaccination for this age group. Thus, considerable efforts to increase parental COVID-19 vaccine confidence for children aged 6 months through 4 years may be needed to maximize COVID-19 vaccination for this age group in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Courtney A. Gidengil
- RAND Corporation, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Kate R. Woodworth
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Megan C. Lindley
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response, Atlanta, Georgia
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15
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Scherer AM, Parker AM, Gidengil CA, Gedlinske AM, Askelson NM, Petersen CA, Lindley MC. COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake and Intentions Following US Food and Drug Administration Approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine. JAMA Intern Med 2022; 182:678-680. [PMID: 35404416 PMCID: PMC9002709 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This survey study assesses vaccination intentions of unvaccinated US adults in response to full US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) COVID-19 vaccine and any demographic characteristics associated with those intentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Scherer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | | | - Courtney A Gidengil
- RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Natoshia M Askelson
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Megan C Lindley
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response, Atlanta, Georgia
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16
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Franssen SU, Sanders MJ, Berriman M, Petersen CA, Cotton JA. Geographic Origin and Vertical Transmission of Leishmania infantum Parasites in Hunting Hounds, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1211-1223. [PMID: 35608628 PMCID: PMC9155895 DOI: 10.3201/eid2806.211746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertical transmission of leishmaniasis is common but is difficult to study against the background of pervasive vector transmission. We present genomic data from dogs in the United States infected with Leishmania infantum parasites; these infections have persisted in the apparent absence of vector transmission. We demonstrate that these parasites were introduced from the Old World separately and more recently than L. infantum from South America. The parasite population shows unusual genetics consistent with a lack of meiosis: a high level of heterozygous sites shared across all isolates and no decrease in linkage with genomic distance between variants. Our data confirm that this parasite population has been evolving with little or no sexual reproduction. This demonstration of vertical transmission has profound implications for the population genetics of Leishmania parasites. When investigating transmission in complex natural settings, considering vertical transmission alongside vector transmission is vital.
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17
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Poje JE, Azevedo JF, Nair N, Mahachi K, Frank LE, Sherpa P, Krizek RS, Baccam T, Gomes-Solecki M, Petersen CA. Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) Infection Prevalence and Host Associations of Ticks Found on Peromyscus spp. in Maryland. J Med Entomol 2022; 59:752-757. [PMID: 34971369 PMCID: PMC8924970 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and most commonly transmitted by Ixodes scapularis Say (Ixodida: Ixodidae), is the most common tick-borne disease in Maryland. Because B. burgdorferi s.s. is maintained in enzootic cycles among wild mice (Peromyscus spp) and Ixodes spp ticks, differing patterns of parasitism of ticks on mice could impact the infection prevalence with B. burgdorferi. We determined the infection prevalence of Peromyscus spp as well as questing and partially engorged nymphal ticks collected at six sites on private land in five counties in Maryland from May to August 2020. Questing nymph infection prevalence (NIP) was 14%. We trapped 1258 mice and collected 554 ticks and 413 ear tissue samples. The prevalence of infested Peromyscus spp varied based on host age and sex, with older and male mice more likely to be infested. We detected a significant difference amongst the proportion of attached Ixodes and the location of trapping. Similarly, the prevalence of B. burgdorferi infected Peromyscus spp mice varied between locations (average mouse infection prevalence was 40%), with the highest prevalence in locations where Ixodes were the most commonly found ticks. The B. burgdorferi infection prevalence in partially engorged I. scapularis nymphs retrieved from Peromyscus spp was ~36% which lends further support to the host infection prevalence. Local differences in distribution of infected vectors and reservoirs are important factors to consider when planning interventions to reduce Lyme disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Poje
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jose F Azevedo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 858 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Nisha Nair
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 858 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Kurayi Mahachi
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lexi E Frank
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Phurchhoki Sherpa
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Rachel S Krizek
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Tyler Baccam
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Maria Gomes-Solecki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 858 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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18
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Kushwaha AK, Scorza BM, Singh OP, Rowton E, Lawyer P, Sundar S, Petersen CA. Domestic mammals as reservoirs for Leishmania donovani on the Indian subcontinent: Possibility and consequences on elimination. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:268-277. [PMID: 33686764 PMCID: PMC8455064 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania donovani is the causative agent of historically anthroponotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) on the Indian subcontinent (ISC). L. donovani is transmitted by the sand fly species Phlebotomus argentipes. Our collaborative group and others have shown that sand flies trapped outside in endemic villages have fed on cattle and dogs in addition to people. Domestic animals are reservoirs for L. donovani complex spp., particularly L. infantum, in other endemic areas. Multiple studies using quantitative PCR or serological detection methods have demonstrated that goats, cattle, rats and dogs were diagnostically positive for L. donovani infection or exposure in eastern Africa, Bangladesh, Nepal and India. There is a limited understanding of the extent to which L. donovani infection of domestic animals drives transmission to other animals or humans on the ISC. Evidence from other vector-borne disease elimination strategies indicated that emerging infections in domestic species hindered eradication. The predominant lesson learned from these other situations is that non-human reservoirs must be identified, controlled and/or prevented. Massive efforts are underway for VL elimination on the Indian subcontinent. Despite these herculean efforts, residual VL incidence persists. The spectre of an animal reservoir complicating elimination efforts haunts the final push towards full VL control. Better understanding of L. donovani transmission on the Indian subcontinent and rigorous consideration of how non-human reservoirs alter VL ecology are critical to sustain elimination goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Kumar Kushwaha
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Breanna M. Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Edgar Rowton
- Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Phillip Lawyer
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.,corresponding authors: Dr. Christine A. Petersen, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA. Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241, USA. , Prof. Shyam Sundar, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005, India. Phone No. +91 542 2369632,
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Coralville, Iowa, USA.,corresponding authors: Dr. Christine A. Petersen, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA. Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241, USA. , Prof. Shyam Sundar, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005, India. Phone No. +91 542 2369632,
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19
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Petersen CA, Chen A, Chen PP. How should we measure intraocular pressure in the era of coronavirus disease 2019? Balancing infectious risk, cleaning requirements, and accuracy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2022; 33:67-72. [PMID: 35025839 PMCID: PMC8826615 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Accurate and precise measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) is a vitally important component of the ophthalmic examination. There are multiple methods of tonometry, each of which has considerations in light of the ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. This review discusses these considerations and compares various tonometer methods with the gold standard of Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT). RECENT FINDINGS The SARS-CoV-2 virus may spread via droplets, microaerosols, or direct contact in the ophthalmology clinic. Tonometry poses a high risk of contamination. The accuracy and reliability of various methods of tonometry with single-use disposable equipment has been compared with Goldmann applanation tonometry. SUMMARY Goldmann applanation tonometry with disposable applanation tips, Tono-pen, and iCare employ single use tips to decrease the risk of cross-contamination of infectious agents. Review of the literature demonstrates good correlation between these devices and GAT, although the published level of agreement between devices varies.
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20
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Beasley EA, Mahachi KG, Petersen CA. Possibility of Leishmania Transmission via Lutzomyia spp. Sand Flies Within the USA and Implications for Human and Canine Autochthonous Infection. Curr Trop Med Rep 2022; 9:160-168. [PMID: 36159745 PMCID: PMC9490703 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-022-00267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Leishmaniasis is a leading cause of parasitic death, with incidence rising from decreased resources to administer insecticide and anti-leishmanial treatments due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Leishmaniasis is nonendemic in the United States (U.S.), but enzootic canine populations and potentially competent vectors warrant monitoring of autochthonous disease as a fluctuating climate facilitates vector expansion. Recent studies concerning sand fly distribution and vector capacity were assessed for implications of autochthonous transmission within the U.S. Recent Findings Climate change and insecticide resistance provide challenges in sand fly control. While most Leishmania-infected dogs in the U.S. were infected via vertical transmission or were imported, autochthonous vector-borne cases were reported. Autochthonous vector-borne human cases have been reported in four states. Further vaccine research could contribute to infection control. Summary Both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis cases in the U.S. are increasingly reported. Prevention measures including vector control and responsible animal breeding are critical to halt this zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Beasley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, CPHB S429, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kurayi G. Mahachi
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, CPHB S429, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, CPHB S429, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Interdepartmental Immunology Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Beasley EA, Pessôa-Pereira D, Scorza BM, Petersen CA. Epidemiologic, Clinical and Immunological Consequences of Co-Infections during Canine Leishmaniosis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113206. [PMID: 34827938 PMCID: PMC8614518 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Canine leishmaniosis (CanL), the most severe, visceralizing form of disease caused by Leishmania infantum transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. CanL is frequently diagnosed in the Mediterranean basin and South America, although it is also found in other regions, including the United States (U.S.). Dogs in these regions are at risk for co-infections, prominently tick-borne diseases. Our review examines epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic mechanisms found during the most common eight CanL co-infections reported in published literature. Co-infections alter immunologic processes and disease progression impacting CanL diagnosis, therapeutic responses, and prognosis. Abstract Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a vector-borne, parasitic disease. CanL is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and South America but also found in Northern Africa, Asia, and the U.S. Regions with both competent sand fly vectors and L. infantum parasites are also endemic for additional infectious diseases that could cause co-infections in dogs. Growing evidence indicates that co-infections can impact immunologic responses and thus the clinical course of both CanL and the comorbid disease(s). The aim for this review is to summarize epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic factors contributing to eight primary co-infections reported with CanL: Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Borrelia spp., Babesia spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii, Dirofilaria immitis, Paracoccidioides braziliensis. Co-infection causes mechanistic differences in immunity which can alter diagnostics, therapeutic management, and prognosis of dogs with CanL. More research is needed to further explore immunomodulation during CanL co-infection(s) and their clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Beasley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Danielle Pessôa-Pereira
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Breanna M. Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence:
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22
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Mehta P, Petersen CA, Wen JC, Banitt MR, Chen PP, Bojikian KD, Egan C, Lee SI, Balazinska M, Lee AY, Rokem A. Automated Detection of Glaucoma With Interpretable Machine Learning Using Clinical Data and Multimodal Retinal Images. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 231:154-169. [PMID: 33945818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a multimodal model to automate glaucoma detection DESIGN: Development of a machine-learning glaucoma detection model METHODS: We selected a study cohort from the UK Biobank data set with 1193 eyes of 863 healthy subjects and 1283 eyes of 771 subjects with glaucoma. We trained a multimodal model that combines multiple deep neural nets, trained on macular optical coherence tomography volumes and color fundus photographs, with demographic and clinical data. We performed an interpretability analysis to identify features the model relied on to detect glaucoma. We determined the importance of different features in detecting glaucoma using interpretable machine learning methods. We also evaluated the model on subjects who did not have a diagnosis of glaucoma on the day of imaging but were later diagnosed (progress-to-glaucoma [PTG]). RESULTS Results show that a multimodal model that combines imaging with demographic and clinical features is highly accurate (area under the curve 0.97). Interpretation of this model highlights biological features known to be related to the disease, such as age, intraocular pressure, and optic disc morphology. Our model also points to previously unknown or disputed features, such as pulmonary function and retinal outer layers. Accurate prediction in PTG highlights variables that change with progression to glaucoma-age and pulmonary function. CONCLUSIONS The accuracy of our model suggests distinct sources of information in each imaging modality and in the different clinical and demographic variables. Interpretable machine learning methods elucidate subject-level prediction and help uncover the factors that lead to accurate predictions, pointing to potential disease mechanisms or variables related to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmita Mehta
- From the Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, Seattle, Washington, USA (PM, S-IL, MB)
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seattle, Washington, USA (CAP, JCW, MRB, PPC, KDB, AYL)
| | - Joanne C Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seattle, Washington, USA (CAP, JCW, MRB, PPC, KDB, AYL)
| | - Michael R Banitt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seattle, Washington, USA (CAP, JCW, MRB, PPC, KDB, AYL)
| | - Philip P Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seattle, Washington, USA (CAP, JCW, MRB, PPC, KDB, AYL)
| | - Karine D Bojikian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seattle, Washington, USA (CAP, JCW, MRB, PPC, KDB, AYL)
| | | | - Su-In Lee
- From the Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, Seattle, Washington, USA (PM, S-IL, MB)
| | - Magdalena Balazinska
- From the Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, Seattle, Washington, USA (PM, S-IL, MB); eScience Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA (MB, AR)
| | - Aaron Y Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seattle, Washington, USA (CAP, JCW, MRB, PPC, KDB, AYL)
| | - Ariel Rokem
- eScience Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA (MB, AR); Department of Psychology, Seattle, Washington, USA (AR).
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23
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Scorza BM, Mahachi KG, Cox AC, Toepp AJ, Leal-Lima A, Kumar Kushwaha A, Kelly P, Meneses C, Wilson G, Gibson-Corley KN, Bartholomay L, Kamhawi S, Petersen CA. Leishmania infantum xenodiagnosis from vertically infected dogs reveals significant skin tropism. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009366. [PMID: 34613967 PMCID: PMC8523039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs are the primary reservoir for human visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum. Phlebotomine sand flies maintain zoonotic transmission of parasites between dogs and humans. A subset of dogs is infected transplacentally during gestation, but at what stage of the clinical spectrum vertically infected dogs contribute to the infected sand fly pool is unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We examined infectiousness of dogs vertically infected with L. infantum from multiple clinical states to the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis using xenodiagnosis and found that vertically infected dogs were infectious to sand flies at differing rates. Dogs with mild to moderate disease showed significantly higher transmission to the vector than dogs with subclinical or severe disease. We documented a substantial parasite burden in the skin of vertically infected dogs by RT-qPCR, despite these dogs not having received intradermal parasites via sand flies. There was a highly significant correlation between skin parasite burden at the feeding site and sand fly parasite uptake. This suggests dogs with high skin parasite burden contribute the most to the infected sand fly pool. Although skin parasite load and parasitemia correlated with one another, the average parasite number detected in skin was significantly higher compared to blood in matched subjects. Thus, dermal resident parasites were infectious to sand flies from dogs without detectable parasitemia. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Together, our data implicate skin parasite burden and earlier clinical status as stronger indicators of outward transmission potential than blood parasite burden. Our studies of a population of dogs without vector transmission highlights the need to consider canine vertical transmission in surveillance and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna M. Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kurayi G. Mahachi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Arin C. Cox
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Angela J. Toepp
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Adam Leal-Lima
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Patrick Kelly
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Claudio Meneses
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Geneva Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Lyric Bartholomay
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Scherer AM, Gedlinske AM, Parker AM, Gidengil CA, Askelson NM, Petersen CA, Woodworth KR, Lindley MC. Acceptability of Adolescent COVID-19 Vaccination Among Adolescents and Parents of Adolescents - United States, April 15-23, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70:997-1003. [PMID: 34264908 PMCID: PMC8314712 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7028e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Phillip K, Nair N, Samanta K, Azevedo JF, Brown GD, Petersen CA, Gomes-Solecki M. Maternal transfer of neutralizing antibodies to B. burgdorferi OspA after oral vaccination of the rodent reservoir. Vaccine 2021; 39:4320-4327. [PMID: 34172332 PMCID: PMC8495753 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lyme Disease presents unique challenges for public health. Transfer of protective antibodies between mothers and offspring should occur after vaccination of mice. We present new evidence for maternal transfer of oral vaccine induced neutralizing anti-OspA IgG antibodies to mouse pups mainly through ingestion of colostrum. We found a strong statistical correlation of antibody transfer between mothers that produced the most robust IgG response to OspA and their respective pups. OspA-specific antibody was detected as early as 24 h after birth and protective levels of antibodies lasted until ~5 weeks of age in the majority of pups but persisted in some mice until 9 weeks. This was further supported by detection of neutralizing antibodies in serum of all pups at 2-3 weeks after birth and in some offspring adult mice at 9 weeks of age. A clear association was found between robust antibody responses in mothers and the length of time antibody persisted in the respective pups using a novel longitudinal Bayesian model. These factors are likely to impact the enzootic cycle of B. burgdorferi if reservoir targeted OspA-based vaccination interventions are implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Phillip
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center Department of Comparative Medicine
| | - Nisha Nair
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry
| | - Kamalika Samanta
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry
| | - Jose F. Azevedo
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry
| | | | - Christine A. Petersen
- University of Iowa Department of Epidemiology, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases
| | - Maria Gomes-Solecki
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, United States.
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26
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Meyers AC, Auckland L, Meyers HF, Rodriguez CA, Kontowicz E, Petersen CA, Travi BL, Sanders JP, Hamer SA. Epidemiology of Vector-Borne Pathogens Among U.S. Government Working Dogs. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:358-368. [PMID: 33601954 PMCID: PMC8086402 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of U.S. domestic dogs for exposure to vector-borne pathogens can identify regions of transmission that are relevant for human and animal health. Working dogs with high levels of outdoor exposure may be sensitive indicators of local risk, owing to increased contact with vectors. We randomly selected 476 high-value government working dogs from 40 states to determine the prevalence of infection with Dirofilaria immitis and Rickettsia spp., and exposure to Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., and Borrelia burgdorferi, and identify risk factors for positivity. Additionally, we tested 100 of these dogs from Texas for Leishmania spp. where sand fly vectors occur. Previously published Trypanosoma cruzi infection data on these dogs were used to identify coinfection or co-exposures. Infection prevalence was 0.84% for D. immitis, and all dogs were negative for Rickettsia spp. DNA. Seroprevalence of each pathogen was: B. burgdorferi 0.84%, Ehrlichia spp. 1.3%, Anaplasma spp. 1.5%, Leishmania spp. 2.0%, and T. cruzi 12.2%. Coinfection or co-exposure took place in four (0.84%) dogs. In bivariable analysis, we found that D. immitis-positive and Ehrlichia-seropositive dogs were significantly older than negative dogs (p < 0.05). Furthermore, seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. was significantly higher among dogs in the Northeast United States relative to other areas of the country (4.7% vs. ≤1.4%; p = 0.041). Although autochthonous Leishmania infections have been described in the United States, the cases reported herein may represent imported Leishmania infection. Most federal working dogs are bred in Europe, where the parasite is endemic and congenitally transmitted. Serological cross-reaction between T. cruzi and Leishmania spp. complicates diagnosis. In this study, the use of multiple testing strategies in a comparative complementary manner provided evidence for these dogs' true exposures. Comprehensive surveillance for vector-borne pathogens in dogs can improve clinician awareness and target prevention and treatment in a One Health manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C. Meyers
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Lisa Auckland
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Hannah F. Meyers
- Department of Chemistry, Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Carlos A. Rodriguez
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Eric Kontowicz
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Bruno L. Travi
- Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - John P. Sanders
- Office of Workforce Health and Safety, Department of Homeland Security, Office of the Chief Human Capital Officer, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Sarah A. Hamer
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.,Address correspondence to: Sarah A. Hamer, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4458 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
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27
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Alonso FH, Vasilatis DM, Veluvolu SM, Willcox JL, Scorza BM, Petersen CA, Kol A. Canine leishmaniasis in Northern California-A case report. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50:71-75. [PMID: 33745143 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 3-year-old dog was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the University of California-Davis for further evaluation of episodes of epistaxis of 1-year duration and peripheral lymphadenopathy. The patient had a history of atopic dermatitis with no travel history outside of California. Hyperglobulinemia with a polyclonal gammopathy was noted on serum protein electrophoresis. Microscopic evaluation of a bone marrow aspirate sample revealed many free and intra-cellular amastigotes of Leishmania sp. that was further confirmed by qPCR as L infantum. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first reported case of canine leishmaniasis in the state of California. The patient is believed to have been vertically infected from the dam who is from Serbia and remained subclinical until presentation. Because the clinical progression of leishmaniasis is variable, it is important that precautions be discussed with owners acquiring puppies with dams from endemic regions of leishmaniasis to prevent zoonotic exposure in states where competent vectors are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio H Alonso
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Demitria M Vasilatis
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sridhar M Veluvolu
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Willcox
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Breanna M Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Amir Kol
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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28
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Petersen CA, Bourdeau P, Rowton E. Response from the authors re Bourdeau et al. 2020. Vet Parasitol 2021; 293:109409. [PMID: 33826965 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Bourdeau
- Laboratoire de Dermatologie, Parasitologie et Mycologie, ONIRIS, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation Nantes-Atlantique, Nantes, France
| | - Edgar Rowton
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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29
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Petersen CA, Terveen DC, Quist T, Taravati P, Ding L, Oetting TA, Chen PP. Accuracy of partial coherence interferometry in patients with large inter-eye axial length difference. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246721. [PMID: 33561129 PMCID: PMC7872294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To determine accuracy of partial coherence interferometry (PCI) in patients with large inter-eye axial eye length (AEL) difference. Methods Patients undergoing cataract surgery at two academic medical centers with an inter-eye axial eye length (AEL) difference of > 0.30 mm were identified and were matched to control patients without inter-eye AEL difference > 0.30 mm on the basis of age, sex, and AEL. The expected post-operative refraction for the implanted IOL was calculated using SRK/T, Holladay II, and Hoffer Q formulae. The main outcome measures were the refractive prediction error and the equivalence of the refractive outcomes between the subjects and controls. Results Review of 2212 eyes from 1617 patients found 131 eyes of 93 patients which met inclusion criteria. These were matched to 131 control eyes of 115 patients. The mean AEL was 24.92 ± 1.50 mm. The mean absolute error (MAE) ranged from 0.47 D to 0.69 D, and was not statistically different between subjects and controls. The refractive prediction error was equivalent between the cases and controls, with no significant difference between the MAE for any formula, nor in the number of cases vs. controls with a refractive prediction error of at least 0.50 D or 1.00 D. Conclusions Among eyes in our study population, good-quality PCI data was equally accurate in patients with or without an inter-eye AEL difference > 0.30 mm. Confirmatory AEL measurements using different AEL measuring modalities in patients with a large inter-eye AEL difference may not be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel C. Terveen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Tyler Quist
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Parisa Taravati
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Leona Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Oetting
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Philip P. Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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30
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Petersen CA, Mehta P, Lee AY. Data-Driven, Feature-Agnostic Deep Learning vs Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness for the Diagnosis of Glaucoma. JAMA Ophthalmol 2020; 138:339-340. [PMID: 32053135 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.6143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Parmita Mehta
- Paul Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle.,eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Aaron Y Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle.,eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle
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31
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Ozanne MV, Brown GD, Toepp AJ, Scorza BM, Oleson JJ, Wilson ME, Petersen CA. Bayesian compartmental models and associated reproductive numbers for an infection with multiple transmission modes. Biometrics 2020; 76:711-721. [PMID: 31785149 PMCID: PMC7673222 DOI: 10.1111/biom.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) is a serious neglected tropical disease that is endemic in 98 countries. ZVL is primarily transmitted via a sand fly vector. In the United States, it is enzootic in some canine populations; it is transmitted from infectious mother to pup transplacentally, and vector-borne transmission is absent. This absence affords a unique opportunity to study (1) vertical transmission dynamics in dogs and (2) the importance of vertical transmission in maintaining an infectious reservoir in the presence of a vector. In this paper, we present Bayesian compartmental models and reproductive number formulations to examine (1) and (2), providing a mechanism to plan and evaluate interventions in regions where both transmission modes are present. First, we propose an individual-level susceptible, infectious, removed (SIR) model to study the effect of maternal infection status during pregnancy on pup infection progression. We provide evidence that pups born to diagnostically positive mothers during pregnancy are more likely to become diagnostically positive both earlier in life, and at some point during their lifetime, than those born to diagnostically negative mothers. Second, we propose a population-level SIR model to study the impact of a vertically maintained reservoir on propagating infection in a naive canine population through emergent vector transmission using simulation studies. We also present reproductive numbers to quantify contributions of vertically infected and vector-infected dogs to maintaining infection in the population. We show that a vertically maintained canine reservoir can propagate infection in a theoretical naive population in the presence of a vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie V Ozanne
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Grant D Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Angela J Toepp
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Breanna M Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jacob J Oleson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Mary E Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
- Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa
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32
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Mahachi K, Kontowicz E, Anderson B, Toepp AJ, Lima AL, Larson M, Wilson G, Grinnage-Pulley T, Bennett C, Ozanne M, Anderson M, Fowler H, Parrish M, Saucier J, Tyrrell P, Palmer Z, Buch J, Chandrashekar R, Scorza B, Brown G, Oleson JJ, Petersen CA. Predominant risk factors for tick-borne co-infections in hunting dogs from the USA. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:247. [PMID: 32404151 PMCID: PMC7218638 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both incidence and geographical range of tick-borne disease has increased across the USA. Similar to people, dogs are hosts for Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., Ehrlichia spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi. Dogs also share our homes and beds, making them both a sentinel for the ticks in our backyards but also increasing our exposure to ticks. Measures to better track, prevent, and/or treat tick-borne diseases in companion animals can lead to better control and prevention of human tick-borne disease. This study identifies demographic and co-infection risk factors for canine seropositivity to tick-borne infections in a cohort of hunting dogs across the USA. Results Human patterns of tick-borne disease co-infection in the USA have been predominantly driven by the geographical distribution of the tick vector. Dogs who tested seropositive for Anaplasma spp. were 1.40 times more likely (P = 0.0242) to also test seropositive for Babesia spp. and vice versa (1.60 times more likely, P = 0.0014). Dogs living in the West had 5% lower risk (P = 0.0001) for Ehrlichia spp. seropositivity compared to other regions. Controlling for age and Anaplasma spp. seroprevalence, dogs in all three other regions were 2.30 times more likely (P = 0.0216) to test seropositive for B. burgdorferi than dogs in the West. Dogs seropositive for B. burgdorferi were 1.60 times more likely (P = 0.0473) to be seropositive for Anaplasma spp. Conclusions Tick geographical distributions have a prominent impact on the regional distribution of hunting dog exposure to tick-borne diseases. Education concerning regional tick prevalence and disease risk is important for everyone, but particularly dog owners, regarding ticks in their region and protection from infection and co-infection of tick-borne pathogens as they travel or move with their dogs. Dogs are sentinel species for human exposure to ticks, and as such surveillance of canine tick-borne infections and understanding the probability that these infections might be seen together as co-infections helps predict emerging areas where people are more likely to be exposed as well.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurayi Mahachi
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Eric Kontowicz
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Bryan Anderson
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Angela J Toepp
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Adam Leal Lima
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Mandy Larson
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Geneva Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Tara Grinnage-Pulley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Carolyne Bennett
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Marie Ozanne
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Michael Anderson
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Hailie Fowler
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Immunology Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Molly Parrish
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Jill Saucier
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc, One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, 04092, USA
| | - Phyllis Tyrrell
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc, One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, 04092, USA
| | - Zachary Palmer
- Department of Geographical and Sustainability Sciences, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jesse Buch
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc, One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, 04092, USA
| | | | - Breanna Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Grant Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jacob J Oleson
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA. .,Immunology Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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Abstract
Immune control of Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of most canine leishmaniosis (CanL), requires a balancing act between inflammatory and regulatory responses. This balance is specifically between the proinflammatory T helper 1 type (Th1) CD4+ T cells that are responsible for controlling parasite replication and T regulatory 1 cells which mediate an immunosuppressive, regulatory, response needed to dampen overabundant inflammation but if predominant, result in CanL progression. How this delicate immune cell interaction occurs in the dog will be highlighted in this review, focusing on the progressive changes observed within myeloid lineage cells (predominantly macrophages), B cells and T cells. After exposure to parasites, macrophages should become activated, eliminating L. infantum through release of reactive oxygen species. Unfortunately, multiple parasite and host factors can prevent macrophage activation allowing parasites to persist within them. T cells balance between a productive TH1 type CD4+ response capable of producing IFN-γ which aids macrophage activation versus T cell exhaustion which reduces T cell proliferation, IFN-γ production and allows parasite expansion within macrophages. Neutrophils and Th17 cells add to the inflammatory state, aiding in parasite removal, but also leading to pathology. A regulatory B cell population increases IL-10 production and down regulates the TH1 response allowing parasite growth. All of these immune challenges affect the balance between progression to clinical disease and maintaining sub-clinical disease. Vaccines and immunotherapies targeted at recovering or maintaining T and B cell function can be important factors in mending the immune balance required to survive CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Toepp
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA 52241, USA
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA 52241, USA.
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Abstract
The genus Brucella is a primary cause of reproductive diseases. Widely known as a problem in livestock, Brucella is gaining notoriety as a cause of canine reproductive disease and as a scourge to dog breeders. Only within the last few decades has the risk of severe brucellosis in dogs, and the people who own and work with them, been more fully appreciated. This review summarizes the epidemiology, clinical signs, and advances in diagnosis and management of Brucella canis. Canine brucellosis prevention, owner education, and possible therapies for the future are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 North Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA 52241, USA.
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Toepp AJ, Bennett C, Scott B, Senesac R, Oleson JJ, Petersen CA. Maternal Leishmania infantum infection status has significant impact on leishmaniasis in offspring. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007058. [PMID: 30759078 PMCID: PMC6391032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis is a deadly disease caused by Leishmania infantum, endemic in more than 98 countries across the globe. Although the most common means of transmission is via a sand fly vector, there is growing evidence that vertical transmission may be critical for maintaining L. infantum infection within the reservoir, canine, population. Vertical transmission is also an important cause of infant morbidity and mortality particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. While vertical transmission of visceralizing species of Leishmania has been reported around the globe, risk factors associated with this unique means of Leishmania transmission have not been identified therefore interventions regarding this means of transmission have been virtually non-existent. Furthermore, the basic reproductive number, (R0), or number of new L. infantum infections that one infected mother or dam can cause has not been established for vertical transmission, also hampering the ability to assess the impact of this means of transmission within reservoir of human hosts. Canine Leishmaniosis (CanL) is enzootic within a U.S. hunting dog population. CanL is transmitted within this population via transplacental transmission with no reported vector transmission, despite many repeated attempts to find infected sand flies associated with these dogs and kennels. This population with predominantly, if not solely, vertical transmission of L. infantum was used to evaluate the critical risk factors for vertical transmission of Leishmania and establish the R0 of vertical L. infantum infection. Evaluation of 124 animals born to eighteen dams diagnostically positive for infection with L. infantum showed that there was a 13.84x greater chance of being positive for L. infantum within their lifetime if the mother was also positive within her lifetime (RR: 13.84, 95% CI: 3.54-54.20, p-value: <0.0001). The basic reproductive number for vertically transmitted L. infantum within this cohort was 4.12. These results underscore that there is a high risk of L. infantum infection to transmit from mother to offspring. Targeted public health interventions and control efforts that address vertical transmission of L. infantum are necessary in endemic countries to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J. Toepp
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Carolyne Bennett
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Scott
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Reid Senesac
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jacob J. Oleson
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa, United States of America
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Toepp AJ, Monteiro GRG, Coutinho JFV, Lima AL, Larson M, Wilson G, Grinnage-Pulley T, Bennett C, Mahachi K, Anderson B, Ozanne MV, Anderson M, Fowler H, Parrish M, Willardson K, Saucier J, Tyrell P, Palmer Z, Buch J, Chandrashekar R, Brown GD, Oleson JJ, Jeronimo SMB, Petersen CA. Comorbid infections induce progression of visceral leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:54. [PMID: 30674329 PMCID: PMC6345068 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector borne zoonotic disease endemic in humans and dogs in Brazil. Due to the increased risk of human infection secondary to the presence of infected dogs, public health measures in Brazil mandate testing and culling of infected dogs. Despite this important relationship between human and canine infection, little is known about what makes the dog reservoir progress to clinical illness, significantly tied to infectiousness to sand flies. Dogs in endemic areas of Brazil are exposed to many tick-borne pathogens, which are likely to alter the immune environment and thus control of L. infantum. RESULTS A cross-sectional study of 223 dogs from an area of Natal, in the Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, were studied to determine the association between comorbid tick-borne disease and Leishmania infection in this endemic area. The risk of Leishmania seropositivity was 1.68× greater in dogs with tick-borne disease seropositivity compared to those without (Adjusted RR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.09-2.61, P = 0.019). A longitudinal study of 214 hunting dogs in the USA was conducted to determine the causal relationship between infection with tick-borne diseases and progression of VL. Hunting dogs were evaluated three times across a full tick season to detect incident infection with tick-borne diseases. A logistic regression model with generalized estimating equations to estimate the parameters was used to determine how exposure to tick-borne disease altered VL progression over these three time points when controlling for other variables. Dogs infected with three or more tick-borne diseases were 11× more likely to be associated with progression to clinical VL than dogs with no tick-borne disease (Adjusted RR: 11.64, 95% CI: 1.22-110.99, P = 0.03). Dogs with exposure to both Leishmania spp. and tick-borne diseases were five times more likely to die during the study period (RR: 4.85, 95% CI: 1.65-14.24, P = 0.0051). CONCLUSIONS Comorbid tick-borne diseases dramatically increased the likelihood that a dog had clinical L. infantum infection, making them more likely to transmit infection to sand flies and people. As an important consequence, reduction of tick-borne disease exposure through topical or oral insecticides may be an important way to reduce progression and transmissibility of Leishmania infection from the canine reservoir to people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J. Toepp
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
| | - Glória R. G. Monteiro
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970 Brazil
| | - José F. V. Coutinho
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970 Brazil
| | - Adam Leal Lima
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
| | - Mandy Larson
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
| | - Geneva Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
| | - Tara Grinnage-Pulley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
| | - Carolyne Bennett
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
| | - Kurayi Mahachi
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
| | - Bryan Anderson
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
| | - Marie V. Ozanne
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
| | - Michael Anderson
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
| | - Hailie Fowler
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Immunology Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
| | - Molly Parrish
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
| | - Kelsey Willardson
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
| | - Jill Saucier
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, Maine 04092 USA
| | - Phyllis Tyrell
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, Maine 04092 USA
| | - Zachary Palmer
- Department of Geographical and Sustainability Sciences, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
| | - Jesse Buch
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, Maine 04092 USA
| | | | - Grant D. Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
| | - Jacob J. Oleson
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
| | - Selma M. B. Jeronimo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970 Brazil
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241 USA
- Immunology Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
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Ozanne MV, Brown GD, Oleson JJ, Lima ID, Queiroz JW, Jeronimo SMB, Petersen CA, Wilson ME. Bayesian compartmental model for an infectious disease with dynamic states of infection. J Appl Stat 2018; 46:1043-1065. [PMID: 31537954 PMCID: PMC6752225 DOI: 10.1080/02664763.2018.1531979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Population-level proportions of individuals that fall at different points in the spectrum [of disease severity], from asymptomatic infection to severe disease, are often difficult to observe, but estimating these quantities can provide information about the nature and severity of the disease in a particular population. Logistic and multinomial regression techniques are often applied to infectious disease modeling of large populations and are suited to identifying variables associated with a particular disease or disease state. However, they are less appropriate for estimating infection state prevalence over time because they do not naturally accommodate known disease dynamics like duration of time an individual is infectious, heterogeneity in the risk of acquiring infection, and patterns of seasonality. We propose a Bayesian compartmental model to estimate latent infection state prevalence over time that easily incorporates known disease dynamics. We demonstrate how and why a stochastic compartmental model is a better approach for determining infection state proportions than multinomial regression is by using a novel method for estimating Bayes factors for models with high-dimensional parameter spaces. We provide an example using visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil and present an empirically-adjusted reproductive number for the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie V Ozanne
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa College of Public Health, USA
| | - Grant D Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa College of Public Health, USA
| | - Jacob J Oleson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa College of Public Health, USA
| | - Iraci D Lima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Jose W Queiroz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Selma M B Jeronimo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa College of Public Health, USA
| | - Mary E Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, USA
- Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Toepp AJ, Willardson K, Larson M, Scott BD, Johannes A, Senesac R, Petersen CA. Frequent Exposure to Many Hunting Dogs Significantly Increases Tick Exposure. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:519-523. [PMID: 30016206 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain professionals have more exposure to animals and therefore an increased risk of zoonoses. Professional hunting dog caretakers work with upwards of 50 dogs and are exposed to zoonoses through exposure to multiple potentially infectious canine secretions or excretions, as well as to the ticks that dogs carry. Dog caretakers reported having found embedded ticks on their bodies 5.83 times more than environment-only controls. Zoonotic Lyme disease, first in the United States for morbidity due to a vector-borne infection, has dramatically expanded its geographic range over the last two decades. This finding emphasizes the increased risk of tick-borne diseases, including Lyme disease, based on dog exposure and in areas of disease emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Toepp
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kelsey Willardson
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Mandy Larson
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Benjamin D Scott
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ashlee Johannes
- 2 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa College of Public Health , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Reid Senesac
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Christine A Petersen
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health , Iowa City, Iowa
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Happi AN, Toepp AJ, Ugwu CA, Petersen CA, Sykes JE. Detection and identification of blood-borne infections in dogs in Nigeria using light microscopy and the polymerase chain reaction. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2017; 11:55-60. [PMID: 31014619 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many sick dogs brought to the University of Ibadan Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UIVTH) are infested with ticks and are anemic. Up until recently, light microscopy (LM) has been the only available means used for detection of blood-borne infections. In other parts of the world, PCR-based assays been used as a gold standard for accurate diagnosis of blood-borne infections. In this study, we used LM and broad-spectrum rRNA gene PCR-based assays on 116 blood samples from dogs brought to the UIVTH for detection of the 18S rRNA gene of Babesia and the 16S rRNA genes of Ehrlichia and hemotropic mycoplasmas. The relationship between clinicopathological findings and PCR results was evaluated. Age, sex, presence of ticks, anemia, co-infection status, and fever were also assessed in relation to PCR positivity to determine the risk factors using stepwise logistic regression analyses. Light microscopic examination revealed an overall prevalence of infection of 14.7% (17/116). Organisms detected were Babesia canis (3.5%), Ehrlichia canis (10.3%) and Trypanosoma congolense (0.9%) and a single co-infection with Babesia canis and Ehrlichia canis (0.9%). PCR analysis revealed 89/116 (76.7%) positive samples. Infections with 1, 2 and 3 infectious agents occurred in 49 (55.1%), 36 (40.4%) and 4 (4.5%) samples, respectively. Specifically, among the 89 PCR positive samples, Babesia spp. (85.4%) was the most abundant infection followed by Ehrlichia spp. (46.1%) and hemoplasmas (13.5%). Sequencing of PCR products identified two samples (1.7%) that contained Hepatozoon canis DNA. Sequencing of hemoplasma positive samples identified 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' in 0.8% of dogs. Using PCR, a 5-fold higher prevalence of blood-borne infections was found in the dogs (76.7%, 89/116) than with LM (14.7%, 17/116) alone" Dogs between 1 and 12months were the most frequently infected with multiple agents (47.2% double and 50.0% triple infections). Male dogs had the highest prevalence of infection (80.4%) and more triple infections (75.0%). A total of 57.3% of infected dogs were anemic. Anemic dogs were 2.77 times more likely to test positive for Ehrlichia spp. (OR: 2.77 95% CI: 1.25-6.16) and dogs with ticks were 3.6 times more likely to test positive for hemoplasmas (OR=3.60 95% CI: 1.05-12.38). This study underscores the abundance of blood-borne infections in dogs in Ibadan, Nigeria, which is underestimated using light microscopy. This is also the first evidence of existence of 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' in a dog in Nigeria and in Africa. Consequently there is a need for molecular diagnostic facilities for routine screening of sick animals, as multiple infections were not found by light microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anise N Happi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Angela J Toepp
- College of Public Health, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - C A Ugwu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Christine A Petersen
- College of Public Health, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jane E Sykes
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Toepp AJ, Schaut RG, Scott BD, Mathur D, Berens AJ, Petersen CA. Leishmania incidence and prevalence in U.S. hunting hounds maintained via vertical transmission. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2017; 10:75-81. [PMID: 31014604 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania is the causative agent of leishmaniasis, a deadly protozoan disease which affects over 1 million people each year. Autochthonous cases of canine leishmaniasis are generally associated with tropical and subtropical climatic zones. However, in 1999, U.S. hunting dogs were found to have leishmaniasis with no history of travel outside the country. Transmission of this disease was found to be primarily vertical. In endemic areas, dogs are a dominant domestic reservoir host for Leishmania infantum. This study evaluated L. infantum infection prevalence and incidence within US dogs tested over a nine-year span (2007-2015). This investigation used both passive and active surveillance, following an initial outbreak investigation by the Centers for Disease Control. L. infantum infection incidence and prevalence over time and across regions were examined to evaluate whether transmission was sufficient to maintain ongoing infection within this population. These studies also established whether this disease is becoming more or less prominent within this reservoir host, dogs. There was no significant difference between prevalence and incidence rates via as measured by passive vs. active surveillance. Although due to fluctuations in sample submission there were significant changes in both incidence and prevalence of L. infantum in US hunting dogs over this nine year span, these differences were not outside of the interquartile range and therefore there is likely to be a steady-state of transmission within U.S. dogs. Based on these findings, if vertical transmission is the primary means of L. infantum spread in U.S. dogs, with appropriate husbandry and infection control procedures, elimination of L. infantum from US dogs could be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Toepp
- College of Public Health, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Robert G Schaut
- College of Public Health, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Benjamin D Scott
- College of Public Health, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Divida Mathur
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Lab, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Ali J Berens
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Lab, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Christine A Petersen
- College of Public Health, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Kekilli D, Petersen CA, Pixton DA, Ghafoor DD, Abdullah GH, Dworkowski FSN, Wilson MT, Heyes DJ, Hardman SJO, Murphy LM, Strange RW, Scrutton NS, Andrew CR, Hough MA. Engineering proximal vs. distal heme-NO coordination via dinitrosyl dynamics: implications for NO sensor design. Chem Sci 2017; 8:1986-1994. [PMID: 28451315 PMCID: PMC5390784 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04190f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Proximal vs. distal heme-NO coordination is a novel strategy for selective gas response in heme-based NO-sensors. In the case of Alcaligenes xylosoxidans cytochrome c' (AXCP), formation of a transient distal 6cNO complex is followed by scission of the trans Fe-His bond and conversion to a proximal 5cNO product via a putative dinitrosyl species. Here we show that replacement of the AXCP distal Leu16 residue with smaller or similar sized residues (Ala, Val or Ile) traps the distal 6cNO complex, whereas Leu or Phe residues lead to a proximal 5cNO product with a transient or non-detectable distal 6cNO precursor. Crystallographic, spectroscopic, and kinetic measurements of 6cNO AXCP complexes show that increased distal steric hindrance leads to distortion of the Fe-N-O angle and flipping of the heme 7-propionate. However, it is the kinetic parameters of the distal NO ligand that determine whether 6cNO or proximal 5cNO end products are formed. Our data support a 'balance of affinities' mechanism in which proximal 5cNO coordination depends on relatively rapid release of the distal NO from the dinitrosyl precursor. This mechanism, which is applicable to other proteins that form transient dinitrosyls, represents a novel strategy for 5cNO formation that does not rely on an inherently weak Fe-His bond. Our data suggest a general means of engineering selective gas response into biologically-derived gas sensors in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Kekilli
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Essex , Wivenhoe Park , Colchester , Essex CO4 3SQ , UK .
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Eastern Oregon University , La Grande , Oregon 97850 , USA .
| | - David A Pixton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Eastern Oregon University , La Grande , Oregon 97850 , USA .
| | - Dlzar D Ghafoor
- Faculty of Science and Education Science , University of Sulaimani , Sulaymaniyah , Iraq
| | | | | | - Michael T Wilson
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Essex , Wivenhoe Park , Colchester , Essex CO4 3SQ , UK .
| | - Derren J Heyes
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , 131 Princess Street , Manchester M1 7DN , UK
| | - Samantha J O Hardman
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , 131 Princess Street , Manchester M1 7DN , UK
| | - Loretta M Murphy
- School of Chemistry , Bangor University , Bangor , Gwynedd , Wales LL57 2UW , UK
| | - Richard W Strange
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Essex , Wivenhoe Park , Colchester , Essex CO4 3SQ , UK .
- Molecular Biophysics Group , Institute of Integrative Biology , Faculty of Health and Life Sciences , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , L69 7ZB , UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , 131 Princess Street , Manchester M1 7DN , UK
| | - Colin R Andrew
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Eastern Oregon University , La Grande , Oregon 97850 , USA .
| | - Michael A Hough
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Essex , Wivenhoe Park , Colchester , Essex CO4 3SQ , UK .
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Schaut RG, Grinnage-Pulley TL, Esch KJ, Toepp AJ, Duthie MS, Howard RF, Reed SG, Petersen CA. Recovery of antigen-specific T cell responses from dogs infected with Leishmania (L.) infantum by use of vaccine associated TLR-agonist adjuvant. Vaccine 2016; 34:5225-5234. [PMID: 27665354 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by infection with the obligate intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum, is a fatal disease of dogs and humans. Protection against VL requires a T helper 1 (Th1) skewed CD4+ T response, but despite this knowledge, there are currently no approved-to-market vaccines for humans and only three veterinary-use vaccines globally. As VL progresses from asymptomatic to symptomatic, L. infantum-specific interferon gamma (IFNγ) driven-Th1 responses become dampened and a state of immune exhaustion established. T cell exhaustion and other immunoregulatory processes, starting during asymptomatic disease, are likely to hinder vaccine-induced responses if vaccine is administered to infected, but asymptomatic and seronegative, individuals. In this study we evaluated how immune exhaustion, shown previously by our group to worsen in concert with VL progression, effected the capacity of vaccine candidate antigen/toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist combinations to promote protective CD4+ T cell responses during progressive VL. In conjunction with Th1 responses, we also evaluated concomitant stimulation of immune-balanced IL-10 regulatory cytokine production by these vaccine products in progressive VL canine T cells. Vaccine antigen L111f in combination with TLR agonists significantly recovered CD4+ T cell IFNγ intracellular production in T cells from asymptomatic VL dogs. Vaccine antigen NS with TLR agonists significantly recovered CD4+ T cell production in both endemic control and VL dogs. Combinations of TLR agonists and vaccine antigens overcame L. infantum induced cellular exhaustion, allowing robust Th1 CD4+ T cell responses from symptomatic dogs that previously had dampened responses to antigen alone. Antigen-agonist adjuvants can be utilized to promote more robust vaccine responses from infected hosts in endemic areas where vaccination of asymptomatic, L. infantum-infected animals is likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Schaut
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA 52241, USA
| | - Tara L Grinnage-Pulley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kevin J Esch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Angela J Toepp
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA 52241, USA
| | | | | | - Steven G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA 52241, USA.
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43
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Schaut RG, Robles-Murguia M, Juelsgaard R, Esch KJ, Bartholomay LC, Ramalho-Ortigao M, Petersen CA. Vectorborne Transmission of Leishmania infantum from Hounds, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:2209-12. [PMID: 26583260 PMCID: PMC4672406 DOI: 10.3201/eid2112.141167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by predominantly vectorborne Leishmania spp. In the United States, canine visceral leishmaniasis is common among hounds, and L. infantum vertical transmission among hounds has been confirmed. We found that L. infantum from hounds remains infective in sandflies, underscoring the risk for human exposure by vectorborne transmission.
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44
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Grinnage-Pulley T, Roychoudhury R, Schaut R, Osanya A, Martinez P, Gibson-Corley K, Toepp A, Lamb I, Pohl N, Petersen CA. Immunomodulation by Leishmania-derived surface oligosaccharides promotes pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and reduces L. major parasite load. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.135.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Lipophosphoglycans (LPG) of Leishmania spp. are known to alter innate immune responses and be critical for parasite binding to the vector gut wall. LPG displays various oligosaccharides capping the terminal and branch apexes. However, it is unknown how these capping oligosaccharides serve as immunomodulators in the absence of a conjugated protein. Several oligosaccharides including dimannose and trimannose, were synthesized and covalently linked to latex beads to study their effect in a Leishmania infection model. In vitro incubation of activated J774 or bone marrow derived macrophages with di- and tri-mannose resulted in differential modulation of IL-12p40, a key cytokine to control intracellular pathogens by driving a Th1 response. Co-inoculation of trimannose and L. major into the footpad of C57BL/6 mice increased IL-12p40 and IFN-γ production 48 hours post-infection, a significantly Th1 skewed response. Noticeably at 14 days post-infection, L. major infected, trimannose treated mice had significantly decreased lesion size and decreased parasite load compared to infected untreated, controls. Cytokines from draining lymph node supernatants measured via Luminex at 14 days post infection showed decreased IL-12p40 and IL-10 secretion and increased IFN-γ in the co-inoculated mice. In vitro, the effects of trimannose were mediated by macrophage TLR and mannose receptors as well as T cell proliferation. Leishmania-derived trimannose represents a novel immunomodulator that provides early Th1 skewed cytokine production to control parasite load and alter the course of infection.
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45
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Schaut RG, Lamb IM, Toepp AJ, Scott B, Mendes-Aguiar CO, Coutinho JFV, Jeronimo SMB, Wilson ME, Harty JT, Waldschmidt TJ, Petersen CA. Regulatory IgDhi B Cells Suppress T Cell Function via IL-10 and PD-L1 during Progressive Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Immunol 2016; 196:4100-9. [PMID: 27076677 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
During visceral leishmaniasis (VL), Th1-based inflammation is induced to control intracellular parasites. Inflammation-based pathology was shown to be dampened by IL-10 and eventual programmed death 1-mediated T cell exhaustion. Cell type(s) responsible for the initiation of T cell-produced IL-10 during VL are unknown. CD19(+), CD5(-), CD1d(-), IgD(hi) regulatory B cells from healthy controls produced IL-10 in the absence of infection or stimulation, in contrast to IgD(lo/neg) B cells. IgD(hi) B cells may have a de novo versus induced regulatory program. The population of IgD(hi) B cells increased 3-fold as VL progressed. B cells from VL dogs were necessary and sufficient to suppress Th1 cell effector function. IgD(hi) B cells induced IL-10 production by T cells and IgD(lo) B cells. Blockage of B cell-specific PD-L1 restored Th1 responses. IgD(hi) regulatory B cells represent a novel regulatory B cell that may precipitate T cell exhaustion during VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Schaut
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Ian M Lamb
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Angela J Toepp
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Benjamin Scott
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Carolina O Mendes-Aguiar
- Department of Biochemistry, Health Graduate Program, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 1655, 59072-970, Brazil; Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 4365, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Jose F V Coutinho
- Department of Biochemistry, Health Graduate Program, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 1655, 59072-970, Brazil; Center for Zoonosis, Health Secretariat, Natal 1655, 59072-970, Brazil; and
| | - Selma M B Jeronimo
- Department of Biochemistry, Health Graduate Program, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 1655, 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Mary E Wilson
- Immunology Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - John T Harty
- Immunology Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Thomas J Waldschmidt
- Immunology Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA 52242; Immunology Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Grinnage-Pulley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Scott
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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47
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Vida B, Toepp A, Schaut RG, Esch KJ, Juelsgaard R, Shimak RM, Petersen CA. Immunologic progression of canine leishmaniosis following vertical transmission in United States dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 169:34-8. [PMID: 26827836 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is caused by Leishmania infantum, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, endemic in U.S. hunting dog populations. CanL has been found in dogs in 28 states and two Canadian provinces. Previous studies by our group, (Boggiatto et al., 2011), demonstrated that vertical transmission of Leishmania was the predominant means of transmission within U.S. dogs. Very little is known regarding how this alternative means of transmission, alters the long-term immunity and clinical presentation of leishmaniosis in dogs born to a positive bitch. This study follows the immunological progression of CanL in three pups after birth to an infected bitch. During the course of the study, these dogs were tested every six months over the course of six years. Both immunologic (IFN-γ, T cell proliferation, antibody production) and parasitological parameters (qPCR) of vertically-infected dogs were measured. Within the six years after birth to an L. infantum-infected, oligosymptomatic bitch, all dogs had at least one L. infantum PCR-positive test. Interestingly, despite living in the same location for their entire lives and being full siblings, these pups demonstrate three different disease progression patterns of L. infantum infection. One dog progressed to oligosymptomatic disease, maintaining a positive titer and had intermittent positive PCR results. One asymptomatic dog had positive serological titers and demonstrated a robust CD4(+) immune response to infection. The third dog had a negligible response to L. infantum antigen and was healthy. This work demonstrates the biologic variability associated with vertically-transmitted infection similar to the variety of presentations observed during vector-borne leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Vida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Angela Toepp
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Robert G Schaut
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kevin J Esch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Rachel Juelsgaard
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Raeann M Shimak
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Immunology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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48
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Roychoudhury R, Martinez PA, Grinnage-Pulley T, Schaut RG, Petersen CA, Pohl NLB. Acid-Triggered Degradable Reagents for Differentiation of Adaptive and Innate Immune Responses to Leishmania-Associated Sugars. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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49
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Roychoudhury R, Martinez PA, Grinnage-Pulley T, Schaut RG, Petersen CA, Pohl NLB. Acid-Triggered Degradable Reagents for Differentiation of Adaptive and Innate Immune Responses to Leishmania-Associated Sugars. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9610-3. [PMID: 26096941 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Leishmania spp are known to alter innate immune responses. However, the ability of these sugars to specifically alter adaptive T-cell responses is unclear. To study cap sugar-T-cell interactions, pathogen mimics (namely glycodendrimer-coated latex beads with acid-labile linkers) were synthesized. Upon lysosomal acidification, linker breakdown releases glycodendrimers for possible loading on antigen presenting molecules to induce T-cell growth. T-cell proliferation was indeed higher after macrophage exposure to mannobioside or -trioside-containing glycodendrimers than to non-functionalized beads. Yet, blocking phagolysosomal acidification only reduced T-cell proliferation with macrophages exposed to beads with an acid-labile-linker and not to covalently-linked beads. These sugar-modified reagents show that oligosaccharides alone can drive T-cell proliferation by acidification-requiring presentation, most significantly in NKT receptor (CD160)-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Roychoudhury
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 (USA) http://www.indiana.edu/∼pohllab/
| | - Pedro A Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 (USA)
| | | | - Robert G Schaut
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 (USA)
| | | | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 (USA) http://www.indiana.edu/∼pohllab/.
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50
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Esch KJ, Schaut RG, Lamb IM, Clay G, Morais Lima ÁL, do Nascimento PRP, Whitley EM, Jeronimo SMB, Sutterwala FS, Haynes JS, Petersen CA. Activation of autophagy and nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome during Leishmania infantum-associated glomerulonephritis. Am J Pathol 2015; 185:2105-17. [PMID: 26079813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a major contributor to human and companion animal morbidity and mortality. Renal complications are sequelae of canine and human visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Despite the high incidence of infection-mediated glomerulonephritis, little is known about pathogenesis of VL-associated renal disease. Leishmania infantum-infected dogs are a naturally occurring model of VL-associated glomerulonephritis. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I [24 of 25 (96%)], with interstitial lymphoplasmacytic nephritis [23 of 25 (92%)], and glomerular and interstitial fibrosis [12 of 25 (48%)] were predominant lesions. An ultrastructural evaluation of glomeruli from animals with VL identified mesangial cell proliferation and interposition. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated significant Leishmania antigen, IgG, and C3b deposition in VL dog glomeruli. Asymptomatic and symptomatic dogs had increased glomerular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 and autophagosome-associated microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 associated with glomerular lesion severity. Transcriptional analyses from symptomatic dogs confirmed induction of autophagy and inflammasome genes within glomeruli and tubules. On the basis of temporal VL staging, glomerulonephritis was initiated by IgG and complement deposition. This deposition preceded presence of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3-associated inflammasomes and increased light chain 3 puncta indicative of autophagosomes in glomeruli from dogs with clinical VL and renal failure. These findings indicate potential roles for inflammasome complexes in glomerular damage during VL and autophagy in ensuing cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Esch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Robert G Schaut
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ian M Lamb
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Gwendolyn Clay
- Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ádila L Morais Lima
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Paulo R P do Nascimento
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth M Whitley
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Selma M B Jeronimo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Fayyaz S Sutterwala
- Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Joseph S Haynes
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
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