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Abstract
The microfluidics field is at a critical crossroads. The vast majority of microfluidic devices are presently manufactured using micromolding processes that work very well for a reduced set of biocompatible materials, but the time, cost, and design constraints of micromolding hinder the commercialization of many devices. As a result, the dissemination of microfluidic technology-and its impact on society-is in jeopardy. Digital manufacturing (DM) refers to a family of computer-centered processes that integrate digital three-dimensional (3D) designs, automated (additive or subtractive) fabrication, and device testing in order to increase fabrication efficiency. Importantly, DM enables the inexpensive realization of 3D designs that are impossible or very difficult to mold. The adoption of DM by microfluidic engineers has been slow, likely due to concerns over the resolution of the printers and the biocompatibility of the resins. In this article, we review and discuss the various printer types, resolution, biocompatibility issues, DM microfluidic designs, and the bright future ahead for this promising, fertile field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Naderi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA;
| | - Nirveek Bhattacharjee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA;
| | - Albert Folch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA;
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Kinstlinger IS, Saxton SH, Calderon GA, Ruiz KV, Yalacki DR, Deme PR, Rosenkrantz JE, Louis-Rosenberg JD, Johansson F, Janson KD, Sazer DW, Panchavati SS, Bissig KD, Stevens KR, Miller JS. Generation of model tissues with dendritic vascular networks via sacrificial laser-sintered carbohydrate templates. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:916-932. [DOI: 10.1038/s41551-020-0566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Leth Jepsen M, Willumsen A, Mazzoni C, Boisen A, Hagner Nielsen L, Dufva M. 3D Printed Stackable Titer Plate Inserts Supporting Three Interconnected Tissue Models for Drug Transport Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900289. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Leth Jepsen
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation’s Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN)Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 345C Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Andreas Willumsen
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation’s Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN)Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 345C Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Chiara Mazzoni
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation’s Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN)Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 345C Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Anja Boisen
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation’s Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN)Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 345C Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Line Hagner Nielsen
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation’s Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN)Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 345C Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Martin Dufva
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation’s Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN)Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 345C Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
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Pradhan S, Banda OA, Farino CJ, Sperduto JL, Keller KA, Taitano R, Slater JH. Biofabrication Strategies and Engineered In Vitro Systems for Vascular Mechanobiology. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901255. [PMID: 32100473 PMCID: PMC8579513 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The vascular system is integral for maintaining organ-specific functions and homeostasis. Dysregulation in vascular architecture and function can lead to various chronic or acute disorders. Investigation of the role of the vascular system in health and disease has been accelerated through the development of tissue-engineered constructs and microphysiological on-chip platforms. These in vitro systems permit studies of biochemical regulation of vascular networks and parenchymal tissue and provide mechanistic insights into the biophysical and hemodynamic forces acting in organ-specific niches. Detailed understanding of these forces and the mechanotransductory pathways involved is necessary to develop preventative and therapeutic strategies targeting the vascular system. This review describes vascular structure and function, the role of hemodynamic forces in maintaining vascular homeostasis, and measurement approaches for cell and tissue level mechanical properties influencing vascular phenomena. State-of-the-art techniques for fabricating in vitro microvascular systems, with varying degrees of biological and engineering complexity, are summarized. Finally, the role of vascular mechanobiology in organ-specific niches and pathophysiological states, and efforts to recapitulate these events using in vitro microphysiological systems, are explored. It is hoped that this review will help readers appreciate the important, but understudied, role of vascular-parenchymal mechanotransduction in health and disease toward developing mechanotherapeutics for treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Pradhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Omar A. Banda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Cindy J. Farino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - John L. Sperduto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Keely A. Keller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Ryan Taitano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - John H. Slater
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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55
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Xie R, Zheng W, Guan L, Ai Y, Liang Q. Engineering of Hydrogel Materials with Perfusable Microchannels for Building Vascularized Tissues. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1902838. [PMID: 31559675 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Vascular systems are responsible for various physiological and pathological processes related to all organs in vivo, and the survival of engineered tissues for enough nutrient supply in vitro. Thus, biomimetic vascularization is highly needed for constructing both a biomimetic organ model and a reliable engineered tissue. However, many challenges remain in constructing vascularized tissues, requiring the combination of suitable biomaterials and engineering techniques. In this review, the advantages of hydrogels on building engineered vascularized tissues are discussed and recent engineering techniques for building perfusable microchannels in hydrogels are summarized, including micromolding, 3D printing, and microfluidic spinning. Furthermore, the applications of these perfusable hydrogels in manufacturing organ-on-a-chip devices and transplantable engineered tissues are highlighted. Finally, current challenges in recapitulating the complexity of native vascular systems are discussed and future development of vascularized tissues is prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxiao Xie
- MOE Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenchen Zheng
- MOE Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Liandi Guan
- MOE Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yongjian Ai
- MOE Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qionglin Liang
- MOE Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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56
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Recapitulating the Vasculature Using Organ-On-Chip Technology. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7010017. [PMID: 32085464 PMCID: PMC7175276 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of Vasculature-on-Chip has progressed rapidly over the last decade and recently, a wealth of fabrication possibilities has emerged that can be used for engineering vessels on a chip. All these fabrication methods have their own advantages and disadvantages but, more importantly, the capability of recapitulating the in vivo vasculature differs greatly between them. The first part of this review discusses the biological background of the in vivo vasculature and all the associated processes. We then evaluate the biological relevance of different fabrication methods proposed for Vasculature-on-Chip, we indicate their possibilities and limitations, and we assess which fabrication methods are capable of recapitulating the intrinsic complexity of the vasculature. This review illustrates the complexity involved in developing in vitro vasculature and provides an overview of fabrication methods for Vasculature-on-Chip in relation to the biological relevance of such methods.
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57
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Seppälä J, van Bochove B, Lendlein A. Developing Advanced Functional Polymers for Biomedical Applications. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:273-275. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Seppälä
- Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Bas van Bochove
- Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Biomedical Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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58
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3D Sugar Printing of Networks Mimicking the Vasculature. MICROMACHINES 2019; 11:mi11010043. [PMID: 31905877 PMCID: PMC7019326 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The vasculature plays a central role as the highway of the body, through which nutrients and oxygen as well as biochemical factors and signals are distributed by blood flow. Therefore, understanding the flow and distribution of particles inside the vasculature is valuable both in healthy and disease-associated networks. By creating models that mimic the microvasculature fundamental knowledge can be obtained about these parameters. However, microfabrication of such models remains a challenging goal. In this paper we demonstrate a promising 3D sugar printing method that is capable of recapitulating the vascular network geometry with a vessel diameter range of 1 mm down to 150 µm. For this work a dedicated 3D printing setup was built that is capable of accurately printing the sugar glass material with control over fibre diameter and shape. By casting of printed sugar glass networks in PDMS and dissolving the sugar glass, perfusable networks with circular cross-sectional channels are obtained. Using particle image velocimetry, analysis of the flow behaviour was conducted showing a Poisseuille flow profile inside the network and validating the quality of the printing process.
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59
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A compact LED-based projection microstereolithography for producing 3D microstructures. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19692. [PMID: 31873101 PMCID: PMC6928235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Projection microstereolithography (PµSL) is a promising additive manufacturing technique due to its low cost, accuracy, speed, and also the diversity of the materials that it can use. Recently it has shown great potentials in various applications such as microfluidics, tissue engineering, micro-optics, biomedical microdevices, and so on. However, studies on PµSL are still ongoing in terms of the quality and accuracy of the construction process, which particularly affect the fabrication of complex 3D microstructures and make it attractive enough to be considered for commercial applications. In this paper, a compact LED-based PµSL 3D printer for the fabrication of 3D microstructures was developed, and the effective parameters that influence the quality of construction were thoroughly investigated and optimized. Accordingly, a customized optical system, including illumination optics and projection optics, was designed using optical engineering principles. This custom 3D printer was proposed for the PµSL process, which besides improving the quality of construction, led to the reduction of the size of the device, its cost-effectiveness, and the repeatability of its performance. To demonstrate the performance of the fabricated device, a variety of complex 3D microstructures such as porous, hollow, helical, and self-support microstructures were constructed. In addition, the repeatability of the device was assessed by fabricating microstructure arrays. The device performance showed that the lateral accuracy of printing was better than 5 μm, and the smallest thickness of the printed layer was 1 μm. Moreover, the maximum printable size of the device was 6.4 mm × 4 mm × 40 mm.
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60
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Christensen RK, von Halling Laier C, Kiziltay A, Wilson S, Larsen NB. 3D Printed Hydrogel Multiassay Platforms for Robust Generation of Engineered Contractile Tissues. Biomacromolecules 2019; 21:356-365. [PMID: 31860278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a method for reproducible manufacture of multiassay platforms with tunable mechanical properties for muscle tissue strip analysis. The platforms result from stereolithographic 3D printing of low protein-binding poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels. Contractile microtissues have previously been engineered by immobilizing suspended cells in a confined hydrogel matrix with embedded anchoring cantilevers to facilitate muscle tissue strip formation. The 3D shape and mechanical properties of the confinement and the embedded cantilevers are critical for the tissue robustness. High-resolution 3D printing of PEGDA hydrogels offers full design freedom to engineer cantilever stiffness, while minimizing unwanted cell attachment. We demonstrate the applicability by generating suspended muscle tissue strips from C2C12 mouse myoblasts in a compliant fibrin-based hydrogel matrix. The full design freedom allows for new platform geometries that reduce local stress in the matrix and tissue, thus, reducing the risk of tissue fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Kjær Christensen
- Department of Health Technology , DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads 345C , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark.,Sophion Bioscience A/S , Baltorpvej 154 , 2750 Ballerup , Denmark
| | - Christoffer von Halling Laier
- Department of Health Technology , DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads 345C , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Aysel Kiziltay
- Department of Health Technology , DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads 345C , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Sandra Wilson
- Sophion Bioscience A/S , Baltorpvej 154 , 2750 Ballerup , Denmark
| | - Niels Bent Larsen
- Department of Health Technology , DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads 345C , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
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61
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Catarino SO, Rodrigues RO, Pinho D, Miranda JM, Minas G, Lima R. Blood Cells Separation and Sorting Techniques of Passive Microfluidic Devices: From Fabrication to Applications. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10090593. [PMID: 31510012 PMCID: PMC6780402 DOI: 10.3390/mi10090593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Since the first microfluidic device was developed more than three decades ago, microfluidics is seen as a technology that exhibits unique features to provide a significant change in the way that modern biology is performed. Blood and blood cells are recognized as important biomarkers of many diseases. Taken advantage of microfluidics assets, changes on blood cell physicochemical properties can be used for fast and accurate clinical diagnosis. In this review, an overview of the microfabrication techniques is given, especially for biomedical applications, as well as a synopsis of some design considerations regarding microfluidic devices. The blood cells separation and sorting techniques were also reviewed, highlighting the main achievements and breakthroughs in the last decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana O Catarino
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Raquel O Rodrigues
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Diana Pinho
- Research Centre in Digitalization and Intelligent Robotics (CeDRI), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- CEFT, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - João M Miranda
- CEFT, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Graça Minas
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui Lima
- CEFT, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Rua Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
- MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal.
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62
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Kim YT, Bohjanen S, Bhattacharjee N, Folch A. Partitioning of hydrogels in 3D-printed microchannels. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3086-3093. [PMID: 31502633 PMCID: PMC8806468 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00535h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels allow for controlling the diffusion rate and amount of solute according to the hydrogel network and thus have found many applications in drug delivery, biomaterials, toxicology, and tissue engineering. This paper describes a 3D-printed microfluidic chip for the straightforward partitioning of hydrogel barriers between microchannels. We use a previously-reported 3-channel architecture whereby the middle channel is filled with a hydrogel - acting like a porous barrier for diffusive transport - and the two side channels act as sink and source; the middle channel communicates with the side channels via orthogonal, small capillary channels that are also responsible for partitioning the hydrogel during filling. Our 3D-printed microfluidic chip is simple to fabricate by stereolithography (SL), inexpensive, reproducible, and convenient, so it is more adequate for transport studies than a microchip fabricated by photolithographic procedures. The chip was fabricated in a resin made of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA) (MW = 258) (PEG-DA-258). The SL process allowed us to print high aspect ratio (37 : 1) capillary channels (27 μm-width and 1 mm-height) and enable the trapping of liquid-phase hydrogels in the hydrogel barrier middle channel. We studied the permeability of hydrogel barriers made of PEG-DA (MW = 700) (PEG-DA-700, 10% polymer content by wt. in water) - as a model of photopolymerizable barriers - and agarose (MW = 120 000, 2% polymer content by wt. in water) - as a model of thermally-gelled barriers. We measured the diffusion of fluorescein, 10k-dextran-Alexa 680 and BSA-Texas Red through these barriers. Fluorescein diffusion was observed through both 10% PEG-DA-700 and 2% agarose barriers while 10k-dextran-Alexa 680 and BSA-Texas Red diffused appreciably only through the 2% agarose hydrogel barrier. Our microfluidic chip facilitates the tuning of such barriers simply by altering the hydrogel materials. The straightforward trapping of selective barriers in 3D-printed microchannels should find wide applicability in drug delivery, tissue engineering, cell separation, and organ-on-a-chip platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tae Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Foege Building N423A, Seattle, Wa 98195, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Korea Polytechnic University, 237 Sangidaehak-ro, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do 15073, Republic of Korea
| | - Sara Bohjanen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Foege Building N423A, Seattle, Wa 98195, USA
| | - Nirveek Bhattacharjee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Foege Building N423A, Seattle, Wa 98195, USA
| | - Albert Folch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Foege Building N423A, Seattle, Wa 98195, USA
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63
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Creff J, Courson R, Mangeat T, Foncy J, Souleille S, Thibault C, Besson A, Malaquin L. Fabrication of 3D scaffolds reproducing intestinal epithelium topography by high-resolution 3D stereolithography. Biomaterials 2019; 221:119404. [PMID: 31419651 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine is a complex tissue with a crypt/villus architecture and high tissue polarity. Maintenance of tissue integrity and function is supported by a constant renewal of the epithelium, with proliferative cells located in the crypts and differentiated cells migrating upward to the top of villi. So far, most in vitro studies have been limited to 2D surfaces or 3D organoid cultures that do not fully recapitulate the tissue 3D architecture, microenvironment and cell compartmentalization found in vivo. Here, we report the development of a 3D model that reproduces more faithfully the architecture of the intestinal epithelium in vitro. We developed a new fabrication process combining a photopolymerizable hydrogel that supports the growth of intestinal cell lines with high-resolution stereolithography 3D printing. This approach offers the possibility to create artificial 3D scaffolds matching the dimensions and architecture of mouse intestinal crypts and villi. We demonstrate that these 3D culture models support the growth and differentiation of Caco-2 cells for 3 weeks. These models may constitute a complementary approach to organoid cultures to study intestinal homeostasis by allowing guided self-organization and controlled differentiation, as well as for in vitro drug screening and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Creff
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062, Toulouse Cedex, France; LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Rémi Courson
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Mangeat
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Julie Foncy
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | | | - C Thibault
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31400, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées-INSA, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Besson
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062, Toulouse Cedex, France.
| | - Laurent Malaquin
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31400, Toulouse, France.
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64
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Miri AK, Mirzaee I, Hassan S, Mesbah Oskui S, Nieto D, Khademhosseini A, Zhang YS. Effective bioprinting resolution in tissue model fabrication. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2019-2037. [PMID: 31080979 PMCID: PMC6554720 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01037d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in bioprinting techniques have enabled convenient fabrication of micro-tissues in organ-on-a-chip platforms. In a sense, the success of bioprinted micro-tissues depends on how close their architectures are to the anatomical features of their native counterparts. The bioprinting resolution largely relates to the technical specifications of the bioprinter platforms and the physicochemical properties of the bioinks. In this article, we compare inkjet, extrusion, and light-assisted bioprinting technologies for fabrication of micro-tissues towards construction of biomimetic organ-on-a-chip platforms. Our theoretical analyses reveal that for a given printhead diameter, surface contact angle dominates inkjet bioprinting resolution, while nozzle moving speed and the nonlinearity of viscosity for bioinks regulate extrusion bioprinting resolution. The resolution of light-assisted bioprinting is strongly affected by the photocrosslinking behavior and light characteristics. Our tutorial guideline for optimizing bioprinting resolution would potentially help model the complex microenvironment of biological tissues in organ-on-a-chip platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir K Miri
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Iman Mirzaee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Shabir Hassan
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shirin Mesbah Oskui
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and Bioengineering Program, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Daniel Nieto
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. and Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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65
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Benjamin AD, Abbasi R, Owens M, Olsen RJ, Walsh DJ, LeFevre TB, Wilking JN. Light-based 3D printing of hydrogels with high-resolution channels. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aad667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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66
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Valentin TM, DuBois EM, Machnicki CE, Bhaskar D, Cui FR, Wong IY. 3D printed self-adhesive PEGDA–PAA hydrogels as modular components for soft actuators and microfluidics. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel building blocks that are stimuli-responsive and self-adhesive could be utilized as a simple “do-it-yourself” construction set for soft machines and microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Valentin
- School of Engineering
- Center for Biomedical Engineering
- Brown University
- Providence
- USA
| | - Eric M. DuBois
- School of Engineering
- Center for Biomedical Engineering
- Brown University
- Providence
- USA
| | | | - Dhananjay Bhaskar
- School of Engineering
- Center for Biomedical Engineering
- Brown University
- Providence
- USA
| | - Francis R. Cui
- School of Engineering
- Center for Biomedical Engineering
- Brown University
- Providence
- USA
| | - Ian Y. Wong
- School of Engineering
- Center for Biomedical Engineering
- Brown University
- Providence
- USA
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67
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Gao G, Park JY, Kim BS, Jang J, Cho D. Coaxial Cell Printing of Freestanding, Perfusable, and Functional In Vitro Vascular Models for Recapitulation of Native Vascular Endothelium Pathophysiology. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1801102. [PMID: 30370670 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
3D printing technology is used to produce channels within hydrogels followed by endothelial cells (ECs)-seeding to establish in vitro vascular models. However, as built-in bulk hydrogels, it is difficult to incorporate additional cells and molecules into the crosslinked matrix to study the pathophysiological responses of healthy endothelium. In this study, freestanding in vitro vascular models (VMs) are developed using the coaxial cell printing technique and a vascular tissue-specific bioink. It has various advantages in plotting tubular cell-laden vessels with designed patterns, providing pump-driven circulating perfusion, generating endothelium without ECs-seeding, and implementing further expansions to study vascular pathophysiology. Following the maturation of endothelium, the VMs exhibit representative vascular functions (i.e., selective permeability, antiplatelets/leukocytes adhesion, and vessel remodeling under shear stress). Moreover, with the expansions of the VMs, the directional angiogenesis and inflammatory responses are demonstrated by giving asymmetric distributions of proangiogenic factors and an airway inflammatory ambience, respectively. Therefore, the freestanding, perfusable, and functional VMs can be useful devices to engineer diverse in vitro platforms for a wide range of biomedical applications, from modeling blood vessel relevant diseases to building vascularized tissues/organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Gao
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Park
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Jinah Jang
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, and School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and BioengineeringPohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong‐Woo Cho
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
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68
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Sasmal P, Datta P, Wu Y, Ozbolat IT. 3D bioprinting for modelling vasculature. MICROPHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 2018; 2:9. [PMID: 30931432 PMCID: PMC6436836 DOI: 10.21037/mps.2018.10.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Though in vivo models provide the most physiologically-relevant environment for studying tissue development and function, an in vitro substitute is being offered by the advancement of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology, which is a reproducible and scalable fabrication strategy providing precise 3D control compared to conventional microfluidic tissue fabrication methods. In this review, vasculature models printed using extrusion-, droplet-, and laser-based bioprinting techniques are summarized and compared. Besides bioprinting of hydrogels as bioinks, an alternative method to obtain vascular models by bioprinting is to use exogenous biomaterial-free cell aggregates such as tissue spheroids and cell pellet, which has also been discussed here. In addition, there have been efforts to fabricate micro-vasculature constructs (e.g., capillaries) to overcome the practical limitations of bioprinting of large scale vascular networks. At the end of the review, limitations and prospective of bioprinting in vasculature modelling has also been expounded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranabesh Sasmal
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur, Howrah, India
| | - Pallab Datta
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur, Howrah, India
| | - Yang Wu
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ibrahim T. Ozbolat
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
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69
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Mi S, Du Z, Xu Y, Sun W. The crossing and integration between microfluidic technology and 3D printing for organ-on-chips. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:6191-6206. [PMID: 32254609 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01661e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-chips were designed to simulate the real tissue or organ microenvironment by precise control of the cells, the extracellular matrix and other micro-environmental factors to clarify physiological or pathological mechanisms. The organ chip is mainly based on the poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic devices, whereas the conventional soft lithography requires a cumbersome manufacturing process, and the complex on-chip tissue or organ chip also depends on the complicated loading process of the cells and biomaterials. 3D printing can efficiently design and automatically print micrometre-scale devices, while bio-printing can also precisely manipulate cells and biomaterials to create complex organ or tissue structures. In recent years, the popularization of 3D printing has provided more possibilities for its application to 3D printed organ-on-chips. The combination of 3D printing and microfluidic technology in organ-on-chips provides a more efficient choice for building complex flow channels or chambers, as well as the ability to create biological structures with a 3D cell distribution, heterogeneity and tissue-specific function. The fabrication of complex, heterogeneous 3D printable biomaterials based on microfluidics also provides new assistance for building complex organ-on-chips. Here, we discuss the recent advances and potential applications of 3D printing in combination with microfluidics to organ-on-chips and provide outlooks on the integration of the two technologies in building efficient, automated, modularly integrated, and customizable organ-on-chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Mi
- Biomanufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Advanced Manufacturing Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P. R. China.
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70
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A Review of Current Methods in Microfluidic Device Fabrication and Future Commercialization Prospects. INVENTIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/inventions3030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices currently play an important role in many biological, chemical, and engineering applications, and there are many ways to fabricate the necessary channel and feature dimensions. In this review, we provide an overview of microfabrication techniques that are relevant to both research and commercial use. A special emphasis on both the most practical and the recently developed methods for microfluidic device fabrication is applied, and it leads us to specifically address laminate, molding, 3D printing, and high resolution nanofabrication techniques. The methods are compared for their relative costs and benefits, with special attention paid to the commercialization prospects of the various technologies.
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71
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Chartrain NA, Williams CB, Whittington AR. A review on fabricating tissue scaffolds using vat photopolymerization. Acta Biomater 2018; 74:90-111. [PMID: 29753139 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vat Photopolymerization (stereolithography, SLA), an Additive Manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing technology, holds particular promise for the fabrication of tissue scaffolds for use in regenerative medicine. Unlike traditional tissue scaffold fabrication techniques, SLA is capable of fabricating designed scaffolds through the selective photopolymerization of a photopolymer resin on the micron scale. SLA offers unprecedented control over scaffold porosity and permeability, as well as pore size, shape, and interconnectivity. Perhaps even more significantly, SLA can be used to fabricate vascular networks that may encourage angio and vasculogenesis. Fulfilling this potential requires the development of new photopolymers, the incorporation of biochemical factors into printed scaffolds, and an understanding of the effects scaffold geometry have on cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation. This review compares SLA to other scaffold fabrication techniques, highlights significant advances in the field, and offers a perspective on the field's challenges and future directions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Engineering de novo tissues continues to be challenging due, in part, to our inability to fabricate complex tissue scaffolds that can support cell proliferation and encourage the formation of developed tissue. The goal of this review is to first introduce the reader to traditional and Additive Manufacturing scaffold fabrication techniques. The bulk of this review will then focus on apprising the reader of current research and provide a perspective on the promising use of vat photopolymerization (stereolithography, SLA) for the fabrication of complex tissue scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Chartrain
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Christopher B Williams
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Abby R Whittington
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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72
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Xue D, Wang Y, Zhang J, Mei D, Wang Y, Chen S. Projection-Based 3D Printing of Cell Patterning Scaffolds with Multiscale Channels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:19428-19435. [PMID: 29782142 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To fully actualize artificial, cell-laden biological models in tissue engineering, such as 3D organoids and organs-on-a-chip systems, cells need to be patterned such that they can precisely mimic natural microenvironments in vitro. Despite increasing interest in this area, patterning cells at multiscale (∼10 μm to 10 mm) remains a significant challenge in bioengineering. Here, we report a projection-based 3D printing system that achieves rapid and high-resolution fabrication of hydrogel scaffolds featuring intricate channels for multiscale cell patterning. Using this system, we were able to use biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate in fabricating a variety of scaffold architectures, ranging from regular geometries such as serpentine, spiral, and fractal-like to more irregular/intricate geometries, such as biomimetic arborescent and capillary networks. A red food dye solution was able to freely fill all channels in the scaffolds, from the trunk (>1100 μm in width) to the small branch (∼17 μm in width) without an external pump. The dimensions of the printed scaffolds remained stable over 3 days while being immersed in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline at 37 °C, and a penetration analysis revealed that these scaffolds are suitable for metabolic and nutrient transport. Cell patterning experiments showed that red fluorescent protein-transfected A549 human nonsmall lung cancer cells adhered well in the scaffolds' channels, and showed further attachment and penetration during cell culture proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Xue
- Department of NanoEngineering , University of California , San Diego , California 92093 , United States
| | | | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Department of Toxicology , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032 , China
| | | | | | - Shaochen Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering , University of California , San Diego , California 92093 , United States
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73
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A 3D Printed Membrane-Based Gas Microflow Regulator for On-Chip Cell Culture. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8040579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A miniature 3D printed membrane-based gas microflow regulator which delivers gaseous media to on-chip cell cultures is presented in this paper. The device uses a polydimethylosiloxane (PDMS) membrane to act as a diffusion barrier and maintain gas flow at the desired rate. The regulator was characterized, and repeatable flow values for different membrane thicknesses and gas types in the function of pressure were obtained. As a result, a long-term on-chip culture of Euglena gracilis was achieved, this was due to constant and stable carbon dioxide release from the regulator (flow rate: 0.3 μL/min).
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