Cell imaging of dopamine receptor using agonist labeling iridium(iii) complex

Rhodamine-modified fluorescent half-sandwich iridium and ruthenium complexes: potential application as bioimaging and anticancer agents

Most half-sandwich metal anticancer complexes are non-fluorescent, which results in an uncertain mechanism of action (MoA).

A study of 99mTc/Re-tricarbonyl complexes of 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimides

4-Amino-1,8-naphthalimide ligands were coordinated to fac-Re/^99mTc(CO)₃ giving complexes of varying charge for applications in fluorescence microscopy and as components of SPECT imaging agents.

Lysosome-specific sensing and imaging of pH variations in vitro and in vivo utilizing a near-infrared boron complex

A NIR lysosome-targeting boron complex has been developed based on hemicyanine for monitoring pH variations in vitro and in vivo.

Disease-specific protein corona sensor arrays may have disease detection capacity

Protein corona sensor array technology identifies diseases through specific proteomics pattern recognition.

Regulatory Activities of Dopamine and Its Derivatives toward Metal-Free and Metal-Induced Amyloid-β Aggregation, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease

A catecholamine neurotransmitter, dopamine (DA), is suggested to be linked to the pathology of dementia; however, the involvement of DA and its structural analogues in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, composed of multiple pathogenic factors has not been clear. Herein, we report that DA and its rationally designed structural derivatives (1-6) based on DA's oxidative transformation are able to modulate multiple pathological elements found in AD [i.e., metal ions, metal-free amyloid-β (Aβ), metal-bound Aβ (metal-Aβ), and reactive oxygen species (ROS)], with demonstration of detailed molecular-level mechanisms. Our multidisciplinary studies validate that the protective effects of DA and its derivatives on Aβ aggregation and Aβ-mediated toxicity are induced by their oxidative transformation with concomitant ROS generation under aerobic conditions. In particular, DA and the derivatives (i.e., 3 and 4) show their noticeable anti-amyloidogenic ability toward metal-free Aβ and/or metal-Aβ, verified to occur via their oxidative transformation that facilitates Aβ oxidation. Moreover, in primary pan-microglial marker (CD11b)-positive cells, the major producers of inflammatory mediators in the brain, DA and its derivatives significantly diminish inflammation and oxidative stress triggered by lipopolysaccharides and Aβ through the reduced induction of inflammatory mediators as well as upregulated expression of heme oxygenase-1, the enzyme responsible for production of antioxidants. Collectively, we illuminate how DA and its derivatives could prevent multiple pathological features found in AD. The overall studies could advance our understanding regarding distinct roles of neurotransmitters in AD and identify key interactions for alleviation of AD pathology.

Alkyl chain-modified cyclometalated iridium complexes as tunable anticancer and imaging agents

Five mononuclear cyclometalated iridium complexes [1](PF6)-[5](PF6) were prepared using imidazole-based ligands of varying alkyl chain length. The complexes were characterised by various analytical techniques. The single crystal X-ray structures of [2](PF6), [3](PF6) and [4](PF6) revealed the expected distorted Oh structures around the metal centre; however, the chain length was found to play a crucial role in deciding the overall geometry. Theoretical investigations demonstrated that the HOMOs were mainly contributed by iridium and cyclometalated ligands, whereas the LUMOs were constituted from bpy/phen units. The complexes were found to be luminescent with a moderate emission quantum yield and lifetime in CH3CN. The in vitro growth inhibition assay of the complexes with a shorter alkyl chain ([4]+ and [5]+) displayed higher anticancer activity (IC50 < 0.5 μM) compared to the complexes with a longer alkyl chain ([1]+-[3]+) (IC50 < 30 μM) against human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. The complexes [4]+ and [5]+ also displayed moderate cancer cell selectivity (∼3 times) over normal breast (MCF-10) cells. The flow cytometry assay and fluorescence microscopy analysis suggested that cellular accumulation was primarily responsible for the variation in anticancer activity. Interestingly, without possessing any anticancer activity or toxicity ((IC50 > 50 μM), the complex [1]+ mainly accumulated near the cell membrane outside the cell and displayed a clear image of the cell membrane. The light microscopy images and western blot analysis reveal that complex [4]+ induced combined apoptosis and paraptosis. Thus, tuning the anticancer activity and cellular imaging property mediated by the alkyl chain would be of great importance and would be useful in anticancer research.

Half-sandwich Iridium(III) Benzimidazole-Appended Imidazolium-Based N-heterocyclic Carbene Complexes and Antitumor Application

A series of half-sandwich iridium(III) benzimidazole-appended imidazolium-based N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) antitumor complexes [(η⁵ -Cp^x )Ir(C^N)Cl]Cl, where Cp^x is pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (Cp*) or its biphenyl derivative (Cp^xbiph ) and C^N is a NHC chelating ligand, were successfully synthesized and characterized. The Ir^III complexes showed potential antitumor activity against A549 cells, at most three times more potent than cis-platin under the same conditions. Complexes could bind to BSA by a static quenching mode, catalyzing the change of NADH to NAD⁺ and inducing the production of reactive oxygen species (maximum turnover number, 9.8), which play an important role in regulating cell apoptosis. Confocal microscopy showed that the complexes could specifically target lysosomes in cells with a Pearson's co-localization coefficient 0.76 and 0.72 after 1 h and 6 h, respectively, followed an energy-dependent cellular uptake mechanism and damaged the integrity of lysosomes. At the same time, complexes caused a marked loss of mitochondrial membrane potential.

Bioactive Heterometallic CuII-ZnII Complexes with Potential Biomedical Applications

A series of multinuclear heterometallic Cu-Zn complexes of molecular formula [(CuL)₂Zn(dca)₂] (1), [(CuL)₂Zn(NO₃)₂] (2), [(CuL)₂Zn₂(Cl)₄] (3), and [(CuL)₂Zn₂(NO₂)₄] (4) have been synthesized by reacting [CuL] as a "metalloligand (ML)" (where HL = N,N'-bis(5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine) and by varying the anions or coligands using the same molar ratios of the reactants. All of the four products including the ML have been characterized by infrared and UV-vis spectroscopies and elemental and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. By varying the anions, different structures and topologies are obtained which we have tried to rationalize by means of thorough density functional theory calculations. All of the complexes (1-4) have now been applied for several biological investigations to verify their therapeutic worth. First, their cytotoxicity properties were assessed against HeLa human cervical carcinoma along with the determination of IC₅₀ values. The study was extended with extensive DNA and protein binding experiments followed by detailed fluorescence quenching study with suitable reagents to comprehend the mechanistic pathway. From all of these biological studies, it has been found that all of these heterometallic complexes show more than a few fold improvement of their therapeutic values as compared to the similar homometallic ones probably because of the simultaneous synergic effect of copper and zinc. Among all of the four heterometallic complexes, complex 3 exhibits highest binding constants and IC₅₀ values suggest for their better interaction toward the biological targets and hence have better clinical importance.

Extending Hypochlorite Sensing from Cells to Elesclomol-Treated Tumors in Vivo by Using a Near-Infrared Dual-Phosphorescent Nanoprobe

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), when beyond the threshold, can exhaust the capacity of cellular antioxidants and ultimately trigger cell apoptosis in tumor biology. However, the roles of hypochlorite (ClO^-) in this process are much less clear compared with those of ROS, and its detection is easily obstructed by tissue penetration and endogenous fluorophores. Herein, we first synthesized a near-infrared (NIR) ratiometric ClO^- probe (Ir NP) composed of two kinds of phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes (Ir1 and Ir2) encapsulated with amphiphilic DSPE-mPEG5000. Ir NPs are dual-emissive and show obvious changes in phosphorescence intensity ratios and lifetimes of two emission bands upon exposure to ClO^-. During the ClO^- detection, ratiometric photoluminescence imaging is much more reliable over the intensity-based one for its self-calibration, while time-resolved photoluminescence imaging (TRPI) could distinguish the phosphorescence with long lifetime of Ir NPs from short-lived autofluorescence of tissues, resulting in the high accuracy of ClO^- determination. With NIR emission, a long phosphorescence lifetime, fast response, and excellent biocompatibility, Ir NPs were applied to the detection of ClO^- in vitro and in vivo by means of ratiometric phosphorescence imaging and TRPI with high signal-to noise-ratios (SNR). Importantly, we demonstrated the elevated ClO^- in elesclomol-stimulated tumors in living mice for the first time, which holds great potential for the visualization of the boost of ClO^- in anti-carcinogen-treated tumors and the further investigation of ROS-related oncotherapeutics.

Dual-Emitting Eu(III)-Cu(II) Heterometallic-Organic Framework: Simultaneous, Selective, and Sensitive Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide and Ascorbic Acid in a Wide Range

As important biomolecules, the deficiency or maladjustment of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) or ascorbic acid (AA) is associated with the symptoms of the same disease (e.g., cardiovascular disease or cancer). There is an urgent need to develop a fluorescent probe capable of distinguishing between H₂S and AA simultaneously. Here, we report the syntheses, structure, and property of the first dual-detection fluorescent probe which can differentiate H₂S or/and AA in aqueous media. Accordingly, a novel [EuCu(pydc)₂(ox)_0.5(H₂O)₃·1.5H₂O]_{2 n} (1, H₂pydc = 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid and ox = oxalic acid) for selective and sensitive detection of H₂S and AA in a wide range has been constructed (H₂S: [130 nM, +∞); AA: [55 nM, +∞)), exhibiting excellent catalytic activity comparable to horseradish peroxidase. In addition, the highly efficient detection in human serum sample also proves the potential application in medical diagnosis. Meanwhile, a combinatorial logic gate (AND(INH)-OR) based on activated 1 has also been constructed. Furthermore, this approach for simultaneous H₂S and AA detection suggests that the current work will expand the potential application of metal-organic frameworks for dual or multiple detections in biomedical fields.

Fabrication of Liquid-Crystal-Based Optical Sensing Platform for Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide and Blood Glucose

Rapid and accurate determination of H₂O₂ is of great importance in practical applications. In this study, we demonstrate construction of liquid-crystal (LC)-based sensing platforms for sensitive and real-time detection of H₂O₂ with high accuracy for the first time. Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) adsorbed onto the surface of nanoceria is released to the aqueous solution in the presence of H₂O₂, which disrupts arrangement of the self-assembled cationic surfactant monolayer decorated at the aqueous/LC interface. Thus, the orientation of LCs changes from a homeotropic to planar state, leading to change in the optical response from dark-to-bright appearance. As H₂O₂ can be produced during oxidation of glucose by glucose oxidase (GOx), detection of glucose is also fulfilled by employing the H₂O₂ sensing platform. Our system can detect H₂O₂ and glucose with concentrations as low as 28.9 nM and 0.52 μM, respectively. It shows high promise of using LC-based sensors for the detection of H₂O₂ and its relevant biomarkers in practical applications.

Graphene Oxide as a Bifunctional Material toward Superior RNA Protection and Extraction

It is well known that graphene oxide (GO), a planar nanomaterial, is endowed with the capacity to immobilize short ssRNA via π-π stacking, thus enhancing its stability. However, whether large RNA molecules, such as total RNA, extracted from biological tissues can be protected using GO has not been investigated. It is usually believed that the protection of total RNA by GO is not effective because the lengths of total RNA, which range from a few to thousands of bases, are inclined to undergo desorption due to their complicated structure. Herein, the nanobiological effects of total RNA/GO are first investigated and demonstrate that the total RNA can be harbored on the surface of GO, thus resulting in a shield effect. This shield effect allows total RNA to highly resist RNase degradation and maintain RNA stability at room temperature up to 4 days, enabling the discovery of GO as the potential next-generation RNase nanoinhibitor. Furthermore, GO can be conjugated to nanomagnetic beads, defined as magnetic graphene oxide, enabling the rapid purification and protection of RNA from animal cells and tissues, whole blood, bacteria, and plant tissue.

Application of delayed luminescence method on measuring of the processing of Chinese herbal materials

BACKGROUND

Based on the principle of tradition Chinese medicine, the processing refers to various techniques that alter the overall properties of herbal materials to meet the requirements of therapeutic applications. However, the standards of quality control and scientific standard operation protocol for processing manufacturing are largely unknown and there is a huge demand for the development of scientific tools for evaluating the quality during and after the processing. The key challenge in evidence-based medicine is to characterize the processing of herbal materials from system-based perspective.

METHODS

Delayed luminescence (DL) as a rapid, direct, systemic tool was used to characterize the properties of raw and processed materials of Rehmanniae radix and Ginseng radix et rhizome. Hyperbolic function was used to extract four parameters from DL curves of herbal materials. Statistical tools, including one-way analysis of variance and principal component analysis, were used to differentiate raw and processed herbal materials.

RESULTS

Our results showed DL properties were able to reliably identify raw and processed materials of Rehmanniae radix and Ginseng radix et rhizoma, respectively. In addition, the results indicated that after four cycles of processing for Rehmanniae radix, there was no much significant change in DL parameters which resembles the results obtained from chemical analyses (after five cycles) using 1HNMR and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in previous studies.

CONCLUSION

DL may serve as a fast, robust and sensitive tool for evaluating processing on herbs and may be used as part of a comprehensive platform for assessing the quality of herbal materials.

Iridium-based probe for luminescent nitric oxide monitoring in live cells

Nitric oxide (NO) is an intra- and extracellular messenger with important functions during human physiology process. A long-lived luminescent iridium(III) complex probe 1 has been designed and synthesized for the monitoring of NO controllably released from sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Probe 1 displayed a 15-fold switch-on luminescence in the presence of SNP at 580 nm. The probe exhibited a linear response towards SNP between 5 to 25 μM with detection limit at 0.18 μM. Importantly, the luminescent switch-on detection of NO in HeLa cells was demonstrated. Overall, complex 1 has the potential to be applied for NO tracing in complicated cellular environment.

Selective non-enzymatic total bilirubin detection in serum using europium complexes with different β-diketone-derived ligands as luminescence probes

Three europium(III) complexes, Eu(ectfd)₃ (Hectfd = 1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-7-yl)-4,4,4-trifluorobutane-1,3-dione), Eu(tta)₃ (Htta = 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(thiophen-2-yl)-butane-1,3-dione), and Eu(dbt)₃ (Hdbt = 2-(4',4',4'-trifluoro-1',3'-dioxobutyl)dibenzothiophene), were synthesized and employed to detect total bilirubin (BR) in blood-serum samples. UV-visible absorption and fluorescence (FL) spectroscopies were used to evaluate the selectivity of each europium (III) fluorescence probe to BR, which was shown to remarkably reduce the luminescence intensities of the europium(III) complexes at a wavelength of 612 nm. The luminescence intensity of each complex is linearly related to BR concentration. Eu(tta)₃ was shown to be the more-appropriate fluorescence probe for the sensitive and reliable detection of total BR in blood serum samples than either Eu(ectfd)₃ or Eu(dbt)₃. This observation can be ascribed to special σ-hole bonding between Htta and BR. In addition, the optimal pH test conditions for the detection of BR in human serum by the Eu(tta)₃ probe were determined. Sensitivity was shown to be dramatically affected by the pH of the medium. The experimental results reveal that pH 7.5 is optimal for this probe, which coincides with the pH of human serum. Furthermore, BR detection using the Eu(tta)₃ luminescence probe is simple, practical, and relatively free of interference from coexisting substances; it has a minimum detection limit (DL) of 68 nM and is a potential candidate for the routine assessment of total BR in serum samples. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.

Polypharmacology of Berberine Based on Multi-Target Binding Motifs

Background: Polypharmacology is emerging as the next paradigm in drug discovery. However, considerable challenges still exist for polypharmacology modeling. In this study, we developed a rational design to identify highly potential targets (HPTs) for polypharmacological drugs, such as berberine. Methods and Results: All the proven co-crystal structures locate berberine in the active cavities of a redundancy of aromatic, aliphatic, and acidic residues. The side chains from residues provide hydrophobic and electronic interactions to aid in neutralization for the positive charge of berberine. Accordingly, we generated multi-target binding motifs (MBM) for berberine, and established a new mathematical model to identify HPTs based on MBM. Remarkably, the berberine MBM was embodied in 13 HPTs, including beta-secretase 1 (BACE1) and amyloid-β_1-42 (Aβ_1-42). Further study indicated that berberine acted as a high-affinity BACE1 inhibitor and prevented Aβ_1-42 aggregation to delay the pathological process of Alzheimer's disease. Conclusion: Here, we proposed a MBM-based drug-target space model to analyze the underlying mechanism of multi-target drugs against polypharmacological profiles, and demonstrated the role of berberine in Alzheimer's disease. This approach can be useful in derivation of rules, which will illuminate our understanding of drug action in diseases.

Optical assays based on colloidal inorganic nanoparticles

Colloidal inorganic nanoparticles have wide applications in the detection of analytes and in biological assays. A large number of these assays rely on the ability of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs, in the 20 nm diameter size range) to undergo a color change from red to blue upon aggregation. AuNP assays can be based on cross-linking, non-cross linking or unmodified charge-based aggregation. Nucleic acid-based probes, monoclonal antibodies, and molecular-affinity agents can be attached by covalent or non-covalent means. Surface plasmon resonance and SERS techniques can be utilized. Silver NPs also have attractive optical properties (higher extinction coefficient). Combinations of AuNPs and AgNPs in nanocomposites can have additional advantages. Magnetic NPs and ZnO, TiO2 and ZnS as well as insulator NPs including SiO2 can be employed in colorimetric assays, and some can act as peroxidase mimics in catalytic applications. This review covers the synthesis and stabilization of inorganic NPs and their diverse applications in colorimetric and optical assays for analytes related to environmental contamination (metal ions and pesticides), and for early diagnosis and monitoring of diseases, using medically important biomarkers.

Half Sandwich Rhodium(III) and Iridium(III) Complexes as Cytotoxic and Metallonuclease Agents

Half sandwich complexes of the type [(η5-C₅Me₅)M(L^1-3)Cl]Cl.2H₂O were synthesized using [{(η⁵-C₅Me₅)M(μ-Cl)Cl}₂], where M = Rh(III)/Ir(III) and L^1-3 = pyrimidine-based ligands. The complexes were characterized by spectral analysis. DNA interaction studies by absorption titration and hydrodynamic measurement and suggest intercalative mode of binding of complexes with CT-DNA. The molecular docking study also supports intercalation of the complexes between the stacks of nucleotide base pairs. The gel electrophoresis assay demonstrated the ability of the complexes to interact and cleave plasmid DNA. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the complexes were investigated by the microdilution broth method. The cytotoxic properties of the metal complexes were evaluated using brine shrimp lethality bioassay.

Small molecule-protein interactions in branch migration thermodynamics: modelling and application in the homogeneous detection of proteins and small molecules

We have disclosed the unique inhibition effect of small molecule-protein interactions toward the DNA branch migration process and constructed a complete thermodynamic model for it. The disclosed effect was further coupled with the steric hindrance effect to establish a homogeneous assay for proteins and small molecules with ultra-high inhibition factors and sensitivity.

Dopamine Receptor Subtypes Differentially Regulate Autophagy

Some dopamine receptor subtypes were reported to participate in autophagy regulation, but their exact functions and mechanisms are still unclear. Here we found that dopamine receptors D2 and D3 (D2-like family) are positive regulators of autophagy, while dopamine receptors D1 and D5 (D1-like family) are negative regulators. Furthermore, dopamine and ammonia, the two reported endogenous ligands of dopamine receptors, both can induce dopamine receptor internalization and degradation. In addition, we found that AKT (protein kinase B)-mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) and AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) pathways are involved in DRD3 (dopamine receptor D3) regulated autophagy. Moreover, autophagy machinery perturbation inhibited DRD3 degradation and increased DRD3 oligomer. Therefore, our study investigated the functions and mechanisms of dopamine receptors in autophagy regulation, which not only provides insights into better understanding of some dopamine receptor-related neurodegeneration diseases, but also sheds light on their potential treatment in combination with autophagy or mTOR pathway modulations.

Fluorometric aptamer based assay for ochratoxin A based on the use of exonuclease III

This study describes an aptamer based assay for the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA). The method is based on the use of an OTA-specific aptamer, exonuclease (Exo) III, SYBR Gold as a fluorescent probe, and a complementary strand that specifically combines with the aptamer. In the presence of OTA, the aptamer and OTA hybridize, thereby resulting in the formation of ssDNA, which is not digested by Exo III. Intense fluorescence is observed after addition of SYBR Gold (best measured at excitation/emission wavelengths of 495/540 nm). Fluorescence increases linearly with the log of the OTA concentration in the range from 8 to 1000 ng·mL^-1. The detection limit is 4.7 ng·mL^-1. The assay was applied to the determination of OTA in diluted [2%(v/v)] red wine, and recoveries and RSDs ranged between 93.5% and 113.8%, and between 3.2% and 5.7%, respectively. Graphical abstract In the presence of ochratoxin A (OTA), specific combinations of aptamer and OTA may occur and result in DNA double strands being untied, which avoids being digested by Exo III. Intense fluorescence is observed after SYBR Gold addition.

Iridium(iii) complexes as reaction based chemosensors for medical diagnostics

This frontier article introduces recent developments and applications of iridium(iii) complexes as luminescent probes for ions and biomolecules.

Water-soluble cyclometalated platinum(ii) and iridium(iii) complexes: synthesis, tuning of the photophysical properties, and in vitro and in vivo phosphorescence lifetime imaging

This paper presents synthesis and photophysical investigation of cyclometalated water-soluble Pt(ii) and Ir(iii) complexes containing auxiliary sulfonated diphosphine (bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene (dppb), P^P*) ligand. The complexes demonstrate considerable variations in excitation (extending up to 450 nm) and emission bands (with maxima ranging from ca. 450 to ca. 650 nm), as well as in the sensitivity of excited state lifetimes to molecular oxygen (from almost negligible to more than 4-fold increase in degassed solution). Moreover, all the complexes possess high two-photon absorption cross sections (400–500 GM for Pt complexes, and 600–700 GM for Ir complexes). Despite their negative net charge, all the complexes demonstrate good uptake by HeLa cells and low cytotoxicity within the concentration and time ranges suitable for two-photon phosphorescence lifetime (PLIM) microscopy. The most promising complex, [(ppy)₂Ir(sulfo-dppb)] (Ir1*), upon incubation in HeLa cells demonstrates two-fold lifetime variations under normal and nitrogen atmosphere, correspondingly. Moreover, its in vivo evaluation in athymic nude mice bearing HeLa tumors did not reveal acute toxicity upon both intravenous and topical injections. Finally, Ir1* demonstrated statistically significant difference in lifetimes between normal tissue (muscle) and tumor in macroscopic in vivo PLIM imaging.

Novel water-soluble iridium complexes with sulfonated diphosphine allow in vitro and in vivo lifetime hypoxia imaging.

A cationic organoiridium(iii) complex-based AIEgen for selective light-up detection of rRNA and nucleolar staining

Cyclometalated Ir(iii) complex-based AIEgen has been developed to selectively detect and stain the cell rRNA which has been revealed by in vitro PL studies and cell imaging experiment.

Nitroolefin-modified cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes for tunable detection of biothiols with deep-red emission

Two nitroolefin-modified cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes were employed as turn-on probes for the rapid (1 min) detection of biothiols with tunable emission.

Phosphorescent iridium(iii) complexes: a versatile tool for biosensing and photodynamic therapy

This Frontier article highlights the utilization of phosphorescent iridium(iii) complexes for biosensing and photodynamic therapy.

Glycodendron–rhenium complexes as luminescent probes for lectin sensing

Enhanced emission intensity of novel Re(i)-glycoprobes resulting from the specific recognition of carbohydrate-binding proteins as a potential tool in bioimaging applications.

A cytotoxic tantalum(v) half-sandwich complex: a new challenge for metal-based anticancer agents

The new and pharmacologically promising electroneutral half-sandwich Ta(v)-dichlorido Schiff-base complex was described.

Future potential of osmium complexes as anticancer drug candidates, photosensitizers and organelle-targeted probes

Here we summarize recent progress in the design and application of innovative osmium compounds as anticancer agents with diverse modes of action, as organelle-targeted imaging probes and photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy.